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Zaritsky A, Wang P, Vischer NOE. Instructive simulation of the bacterial cell division cycle. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:1876-1885. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The coupling between chromosome replication and cell division includes temporal and spatial elements. In bacteria, these have globally been resolved during the last 40 years, but their full details and action mechanisms are still under intensive study. The physiology of growth and the cell cycle are reviewed in the light of an established dogma that has formed a framework for development of new ideas, as exemplified here, using the Cell Cycle Simulation (CCSim) program. CCSim, described here in detail for the first time, employs four parameters related to time (replication, division and inter-division) and size (cell mass at replication initiation) that together are sufficient to describe bacterial cells under various conditions and states, which can be manipulated environmentally and genetically. Testing the predictions of CCSim by analysis of time-lapse micrographs of Escherichia coli during designed manipulations of the rate of DNA replication identified aspects of both coupling elements. Enhanced frequencies of cell division were observed following an interval of reduced DNA replication rate, consistent with the prediction of a minimum possible distance between successive replisomes (an eclipse). As a corollary, the notion that cell poles are not always inert was confirmed by observed placement of division planes at perpendicular planes in monstrous and cuboidal cells containing multiple, segregating nucleoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arieh Zaritsky
- Life Sciences Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Be'er-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ping Wang
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Norbert O. E. Vischer
- Molecular Cytology, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, NL1098 XH, The Netherlands
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Salser JS, Balis ME. Relationships between non-extractable DNA and the bacterial growth cycle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1975; 378:22-34. [PMID: 1091291 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(75)90133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli DNA has been fractionated into extractable and non-extractable DNA after deproteinization of detergent-lysed cell preparations with chloroform-isoamyl alcohol. The former was extracted with dilut buffered saline whereas the latter remained in the interphase layer associated with residual cellular debris from which almost 40 percent could be released by incubating with pronase. About 20-25 percent more amino acid residues were bound to the pronase-released DNA than to the extractable DNA, but the relative distribution of the residues in the two DNA samples was virtually identical. The specific activities and the relative amounts of denser (1.709g-cm-3) and lighter (on the surface of CsCl gradients) DNA fractions from E. coli, grown in the presence of labeled thymidine, indicated that these two corresponded to extractable and non-extractable DNA, respectively. The relative amounts of the two fractions varied with the growth phase primarily as a function of the growth rate. Age and metabolic state of cells in the culture or those used as inocula could modify this relative distribution. When growth rate was maximal, the ratio of the two remained at about 1. During lag phase when no appreciable net synthesis of DNA could be detected, there was a rapid and preferential incorporation of labeled thymidine into non-extractable DNA. A disproportionate increase in the fraction of the total DNA which was extractable, was also abserved but only when stationary phase cultures were used as inocula. Complete equilibration of the label in the two DNA fractions was attained only after cultures had reached mid-log phase of growth. Similar results were obtained when prelabeled cells were used. These data have been interpreted as suggesting that the rate of cell growth and DNA synthesis are related to the number or size of sites of attachment of DNA to some cellular structure. Newly synthesized DNA would be attached to different sites on this structure and initiation of DNA replication in lag phase would require reorientation of the two kinds of DNA. Small peptides which are firmly bound to the DNA and which vary quantitatively with the rate of DNA synthesis could perhaps be involved in the attachment to the sites.
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Stein GH, Hanawalt PC. Initiation of the DNA replication cycle in Escherichia coli: linkage of origin daughter DNA to parental DNA? J Mol Biol 1972; 64:393-407. [PMID: 4554018 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
The relationships between macromolecular synthesis and viability have been studied in the pleuropneumonia-like organism Mycoplasma laidlawii B adapted to a semidefined grwoth medium. This organism exhibited an absolute growth requirement for the nucleosides uridine and thymidine, a partial requirement for guanosine and deoxyguanosine, but no requirement for adenosine, deoxyadenosine, cytosine, and deoxycytosine. Cytosine and deoxycytosine partially satisfied the requirement for uridine. Loss in viability resulted from thymidine deprivation, but not from a deficiency in other growth requirements. This phenomenon of thymineless death in a mycoplasma is similar in many respects to that reported in other bacterial systems. Chloramphenicol specifically inhibited protein synthesis and allowed deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis to proceed to only about 40% of that normally produced per generation period, while causing less inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis. Protein synthesis inhibition permitted thymineless death to a survival level of less than 0.5%, but ribonucleic acid synthesis inhibition resulted in a higher (10%) survival level. These results are consistent with previously noted aspects of thymineless death in Escherichia coli strains, which suggest that thymineless death is coupled to ribonucleic acid synthesis.
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Overath P. Control of basal level activity of beta-falactosidase in Escherichia coli. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1968; 101:155-65. [PMID: 4878916 DOI: 10.1007/bf00336581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cerdá-Olmedo E, Hanawalt PC, Guerola N. Mutagenesis of the replication point by nitrosoguanidine: map and pattern of replication of the Escherichia coli chromosome. J Mol Biol 1968; 33:705-19. [PMID: 4882616 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(68)90315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cozzarelli NR, Freedberg WB, Lin EC. Genetic control of L-alpha-glycerophosphate system in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1968; 31:371-87. [PMID: 4866330 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(68)90415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Dubnau E, Maas WK. Inhibition of replication of an F'lac episome in Hfr cells of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1968; 95:531-9. [PMID: 4867745 PMCID: PMC252049 DOI: 10.1128/jb.95.2.531-539.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hfr strains of Escherichia coli K-12 were found capable of accepting a F'lac episome during mating, with a frequency approximating that of F(-) strains. However, the F'lac episome was unable to replicate in the Hfr cells, and was diluted out during the growth of the culture. The lac(+) gene of the episome can be "rescued" by recombination into the host chromosome, as shown by the appearance of variegated recombinant colonies on a lactose-fermentation indicator medium. In recA Hfr strains, however, no lac(+) offspring were obtained in crosses with F'lac donors. The induced synthesis of beta-galactosidase in F'lac(+) x Hfr zygotes was studied. Rates of enzyme synthesis were approximately constant with respect to time as expected from unilinear inheritance of the F'lac episome. However, the rate of synthesis eventually increased, presumably due to integration of the lac(+) gene in some of the zygotes. In F'lac(+) x recA Hfr zygotes the rate of beta-galactosidase synthesis remained constant with respect to time, as expected.
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Steinberg W, Halvorson HO. Timing of enzyme synthesis during outgrowth of spores of Bacillus cereus. II. Relationship between ordered enzyme synthesis and deoxyribonucleic acid replication. J Bacteriol 1968; 95:479-89. [PMID: 4230703 PMCID: PMC252043 DOI: 10.1128/jb.95.2.479-489.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments were carried out to determine whether, during outgrowth of bacterial spores, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication provided the basis by which ordered transcription was controlled. During outgrowth, significant DNA synthesis does not occur until just prior to the onset of cell division. However, incorporation of radioactive DNA precursors into DNA is observed within 5 to 10 min after the initiation of germination. By employing a thymine-requiring auxotroph and (3)H-bromodeoxyuridine, this incorporation appears to be a result of DNA replication and not repair synthesis. For the following reasons it was concluded that, during outgrowth, transcriptional processes were not ordered by DNA replication. (i) In a thymine auxotroph, thymine addition did not alter the periodicity of induced alpha-glucosidase and histidase synthesis during outgrowth. (ii) DNA synthesis was inhibited 80% by 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR), and, after a 5-min lag, completely by mitomycin C, but these inhibitors exerted a differential effect on induced histidase synthesis. Enzyme synthesis was insensitive to FUdR but was inhibited by mitomycin C, presumably as a result of cross-linking of the complementary DNA strands.
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Kauffman SA. Sequential DNA replication and the control of differences in gene activity between sister chromatids--a possible factor in cell differentiation. J Theor Biol 1967; 17:483-97. [PMID: 5586527 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(67)90108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Fangman WL, Gross C, Novick A. Continuation of basal enzyme synthesis after cessation of DNA synthesis. J Mol Biol 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Cutler RG, Evans JE. Relative transcription activity of different segments of the genome throughout the cell division cycle of Escherichia coli. The mapping of ribosomal and transfer RNA and the determination of the direction of replication. J Mol Biol 1967; 26:91-105. [PMID: 5341414 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Regulation of synthesis of alkaline phosphatase by deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in a constitutive mutant of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1966; 91:2192-9. [PMID: 4957612 PMCID: PMC316193 DOI: 10.1128/jb.91.6.2192-2199.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hiraga, Sota (Osaka University, Osaka, Japan). Regulation of synthesis of alkaline phosphatase by deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in a constitutive mutant of Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 91:2192-2199. 1966.-It was found that synthesis of alkaline phosphatase (APase) correlated with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in a partially constitutive mutant of Bacillus subtilis. When cultures of the mutant were made to undergo synchronous growth by germination of spores in an excess-phosphate medium, synthesis of APase was repressed at the beginning of DNA synthesis. If the initiation of DNA synthesis was inhibited by thymine starvation, the repression of APase was not observed. When DNA synthesis, previously initiated, was inhibited by thymine or uracil starvation, or by addition of mitomycin C, the repression was partially released at a later stage. In contrast, this correlation between repression and DNA synthesis was not observed in a repressible strain.
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Kidson C. Deoxyribonucleic acid secondary structure in the region of the replication point. J Mol Biol 1966; 17:1-9. [PMID: 4960115 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(66)80089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sibatani A. Genetic transcription or DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1966; 16:15-88. [PMID: 5338780 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(66)90002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Goldstein A, Kirschbaum JB, Roman A. Direction of synthesis of messenger RNA in cells of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1965; 54:1669-75. [PMID: 5326384 PMCID: PMC300532 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.54.6.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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OISHI M, YOSHIKAWA H, SUEOKA N. SYNCHRONOUS AND DICHOTOMOUS REPLICATIONS OF THE BACILLUS SUBTILIS CHROMOSOME DURING SPORE GERMINATION. Nature 1964; 204:1069-73. [PMID: 14243385 DOI: 10.1038/2041069a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Overath P, Stange H. On the transcription of repressed genes in the absence of DNA-synthesis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR VERERBUNGSLEHRE 1967; 98:71-81. [PMID: 4861070 DOI: 10.1007/bf00898298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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