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Jahnavi Y, Sharada RG, Wahab AJ. Uncombable Hair in a Case of Zellweger Syndrome - A New Association. Indian Dermatol Online J 2023; 14:395-398. [PMID: 37266105 PMCID: PMC10231715 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_467_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zellweger syndrome (ZS) is a rare autosomal recessive, peroxisomal biogenesis disorder (PBD) that occurs due to a mutation in any of the thirteen peroxin (PEX) genes. It is reported to manifest with varying degrees of severity, ranging from non-specific gastrointestinal abnormalities, nail and enamel defects to multisystem involvement (cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome, eye, ear, and neurological abnormalities). Uncombable hair syndrome (UHS) is a rare hair shaft disorder characterized by dry, frizzy, unmanageable hair. Diagnosis of UHS can be confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which reveals a triangular cross-section of the hair. We report a case of UHS with a hitherto unreported association of ZS (due to a homozygous mutation of PEX 12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatham Jahnavi
- Department of Dermatology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. G Sharada
- Department of Dermatology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Afthab Jameela Wahab
- Department of Dermatology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Soni M, Pratap JV. Development of Novel Anti-Leishmanials: The Case for Structure-Based Approaches. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080950. [PMID: 36015070 PMCID: PMC9414883 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical disease (NTD) leishmaniasis is the collective name given to a diverse group of illnesses caused by ~20 species belonging to the genus Leishmania, a majority of which are vector borne and associated with complex life cycles that cause immense health, social, and economic burdens locally, but individually are not a major global health priority. Therapeutic approaches against leishmaniasis have various inadequacies including drug resistance and a lack of effective control and eradication of the disease spread. Therefore, the development of a rationale-driven, target based approaches towards novel therapeutics against leishmaniasis is an emergent need. The utilization of Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning methods, which have made significant advances in drug discovery applications, would benefit the discovery process. In this review, following a summary of the disease epidemiology and available therapies, we consider three important leishmanial metabolic pathways that can be attractive targets for a structure-based drug discovery approach towards the development of novel anti-leishmanials. The folate biosynthesis pathway is critical, as Leishmania is auxotrophic for folates that are essential in many metabolic pathways. Leishmania can not synthesize purines de novo, and salvage them from the host, making the purine salvage pathway an attractive target for novel therapeutics. Leishmania also possesses an organelle glycosome, evolutionarily related to peroxisomes of higher eukaryotes, which is essential for the survival of the parasite. Research towards therapeutics is underway against enzymes from the first two pathways, while the third is as yet unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Soni
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - J. Venkatesh Pratap
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Correspondence:
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Wickramasinghe NM, Sachs D, Shewale B, Gonzalez DM, Dhanan-Krishnan P, Torre D, LaMarca E, Raimo S, Dariolli R, Serasinghe MN, Mayourian J, Sebra R, Beaumont K, Iyengar S, French DL, Hansen A, Eschenhagen T, Chipuk JE, Sobie EA, Jacobs A, Akbarian S, Ischiropoulos H, Ma'ayan A, Houten SM, Costa K, Dubois NC. PPARdelta activation induces metabolic and contractile maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:559-576.e7. [PMID: 35325615 PMCID: PMC11072853 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (PSC-CMs) provide an unprecedented opportunity to study human heart development and disease, but they are functionally and structurally immature. Here, we induce efficient human PSC-CM (hPSC-CM) maturation through metabolic-pathway modulations. Specifically, we find that peroxisome-proliferator-associated receptor (PPAR) signaling regulates glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in an isoform-specific manner. While PPARalpha (PPARa) is the most active isoform in hPSC-CMs, PPARdelta (PPARd) activation efficiently upregulates the gene regulatory networks underlying FAO, increases mitochondrial and peroxisome content, enhances mitochondrial cristae formation, and augments FAO flux. PPARd activation further increases binucleation, enhances myofibril organization, and improves contractility. Transient lactate exposure, which is frequently used for hPSC-CM purification, induces an independent cardiac maturation program but, when combined with PPARd activation, still enhances oxidative metabolism. In summary, we investigate multiple metabolic modifications in hPSC-CMs and identify a role for PPARd signaling in inducing the metabolic switch from glycolysis to FAO in hPSC-CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeera M Wickramasinghe
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David Sachs
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bhavana Shewale
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David M Gonzalez
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Priyanka Dhanan-Krishnan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Denis Torre
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elizabeth LaMarca
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Serena Raimo
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rafael Dariolli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Madhavika N Serasinghe
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joshua Mayourian
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kristin Beaumont
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Srinivas Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mount Sinai Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Deborah L French
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arne Hansen
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | | | - Jerry E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Eric A Sobie
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adam Jacobs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kevin Costa
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicole C Dubois
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Shimozawa N, Takashima S, Kawai H, Kubota K, Sasai H, Orii K, Ogawa M, Ohnishi H. Advanced Diagnostic System and Introduction of Newborn Screening of Adrenoleukodystrophy and Peroxisomal Disorders in Japan. Int J Neonatal Screen 2021; 7:ijns7030058. [PMID: 34449525 PMCID: PMC8395936 DOI: 10.3390/ijns7030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We established a diagnostic system for adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and peroxisomal disorders (PD) over 35 years ago in Japan, and have diagnosed 237 families with ALD and more than 100 cases of PD other than ALD using biochemical and molecular analyses. In particular, since the only treatment for the cerebral form of ALD is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at an early stage of onset, we have developed a protocol for the rapid diagnosis of ALD that can provide the measurements of the levels of very-long-chain fatty acids in the serum and genetic analysis within a few days. In addition, to improve the prognosis of patients with ALD, we are working on the detection of pre-symptomatic patients by familial analysis from the proband, and the introduction of newborn screening. In this review, we introduce the diagnostic and newborn screening approaches for ALD and PD in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Shimozawa
- Life Science Research Center, Division of Genomics Research, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.T.); (H.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (K.K.); (H.S.); (K.O.); (H.O.)
- Clinical Genetics Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-58-293-3170
| | - Shigeo Takashima
- Life Science Research Center, Division of Genomics Research, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.T.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiroki Kawai
- Life Science Research Center, Division of Genomics Research, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.T.); (H.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (K.K.); (H.S.); (K.O.); (H.O.)
| | - Kazuo Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (K.K.); (H.S.); (K.O.); (H.O.)
- Clinical Genetics Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hideo Sasai
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (K.K.); (H.S.); (K.O.); (H.O.)
- Clinical Genetics Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kenji Orii
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (K.K.); (H.S.); (K.O.); (H.O.)
| | - Megumi Ogawa
- Gifu Research Center for Public Health, Gifu 500-8148, Japan;
| | - Hidenori Ohnishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; (K.K.); (H.S.); (K.O.); (H.O.)
- Clinical Genetics Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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5
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Takashima S, Takemoto S, Toyoshi K, Ohba A, Shimozawa N. Zebrafish model of human Zellweger syndrome reveals organ-specific accumulation of distinct fatty acid species and widespread gene expression changes. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 133:307-323. [PMID: 34016526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In Zellweger syndrome (ZS), lack of peroxisome function causes physiological and developmental abnormalities in many organs such as the brain, liver, muscles, and kidneys, but little is known about the exact pathogenic mechanism. By disrupting the zebrafish pex2 gene, we established a disease model for ZS and found that it exhibits pathological features and metabolic changes similar to those observed in human patients. By comprehensive analysis of the fatty acid profile, we found organ-specific accumulation and reduction of distinct fatty acid species, such as an accumulation of ultra-very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ultra-VLC-PUFAs) in the brains of pex2 mutant fish. Transcriptome analysis using microarray also revealed mutant-specific gene expression changes that might lead to the symptoms, including reduction of crystallin, troponin, parvalbumin, and fatty acid metabolic genes. Our data indicated that the loss of peroxisomes results in widespread metabolic and gene expression changes beyond the causative peroxisomal function. These results suggest the genetic and metabolic basis of the pathology of this devastating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Takashima
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Shoko Takemoto
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kayoko Toyoshi
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akiko Ohba
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimozawa
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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6
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Abe Y, Nishimura Y, Nakamura K, Tamura S, Honsho M, Udo H, Yamashita T, Fujiki Y. Peroxisome Deficiency Impairs BDNF Signaling and Memory. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:567017. [PMID: 33163488 PMCID: PMC7591468 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.567017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome is an intracellular organelle that functions in essential metabolic pathways including β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids and biosynthesis of plasmalogens. Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) manifest severe dysfunction in multiple organs including central nervous system (CNS), whilst the pathogenic mechanisms are largely unknown. We recently reported that peroxisome-deficient neural cells secrete an increased level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), resulting in the cerebellar malformation. Peroxisomal functions in adulthood brain have been little investigated. To induce the peroxisome deficiency in adulthood brain, we here established tamoxifen-inducible conditional Pex2-knockout mouse. Peroxisome deficiency in the conditional Pex2-knockout adult mouse brain induces the upregulated expression of BDNF and its inactive receptor TrkB-T1 in hippocampus, which notably results in memory disturbance. Our results suggest that peroxisome deficiency gives rise to the dysfunction of hippocampal circuit via the impaired BDNF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Abe
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nishimura
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaori Nakamura
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Tamura
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Udo
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Barillari MR, Karali M, Di Iorio V, Contaldo M, Piccolo V, Esposito M, Costa G, Argenziano G, Serpico R, Carotenuto M, Cappuccio G, Banfi S, Melillo P, Simonelli F. Mild form of Zellweger Spectrum Disorders (ZSD) due to variants in PEX1: Detailed clinical investigation in a 9-years-old female. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 24:100615. [PMID: 32596134 PMCID: PMC7306489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2020.100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBD) are rare autosomal recessive disorders with various degrees of severity caused by hypomorphic mutations in 13 different peroxin (PEX) genes. In this study, we report the clinical and molecular characterization of a 9-years-old female presenting an apparently isolated pre-lingual sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and early onset Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) that may clinically overlap with Usher syndrome. Genetic testing by clinical exome sequencing identified two variants in PEX1: the missense variant c.274G > C; p.(Val92Leu) that was already reported in a PBD patient, and the variant c.2140_2145dup; p.(Ser714_Gln715dup) which is a novel, non-frameshift variant, absent in control databases. On the basis of the molecular analysis, a thorough clinical examination revealed nail and dental abnormalities, a mild cognitive impairment, learning disabilities and poor feeding, apart from the retinal and audiological features initially identified. The clinical and molecular findings led us to the diagnosis of a mild form of PBD. This study further emphasizes that mild forms of PBD can be a differential diagnosis of Usher syndrome and suggests that patients with mild cognitive impairment associated to visual and hearing loss should perform a comprehensive mutation screening that includes PEX genes.
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Key Words
- ABR, Auditory Brainstem Responses
- BCVA, Best Corrected Visual Acuity
- CDI, Children’s Depression Inventory
- ERG, full-field electroretinogram
- Enamel defects
- FAF, color fundus and fundus autofluorescence
- GVF, Goldmann Visual Field
- HS, Heimler syndrome
- Mild Zellweger syndrome
- OCT, optical coherence tomography
- PBD, Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders
- PEX genes
- PEX, peroxin
- PTA, Pure Tone Average
- Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders
- RP, retinitis pigmentosa
- Retinitis pigmentosa
- SNHL, sensorineural hearing loss
- Sensorineural hearing loss
- TEOAE, Transient-Evoked Otoacustic Emission
- VLCFA, Very Long Chain Fatty Acid
- WISC-IV, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (4th Edition)
- ZS, Zellweger Syndrome
- ZSD, Zellweger spectrum disorder
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Barillari
- Division of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 4, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marianthi Karali
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Iorio
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Contaldo
- Dental Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio 6, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Piccolo
- Pediatric Dermatology, Dermatology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Esposito
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Costa
- Division of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 4, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Argenziano
- Pediatric Dermatology, Dermatology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Serpico
- Dental Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio 6, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Melillo
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Honsho M, Okumoto K, Tamura S, Fujiki Y. Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1299:45-54. [PMID: 33417206 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are presented in all eukaryotic cells and play essential roles in many of lipid metabolic pathways, including β-oxidation of fatty acids and synthesis of ether-linked glycerophospholipids, such as plasmalogens. Impaired peroxisome biogenesis, including defects of membrane assembly, import of peroxisomal matrix proteins, and division of peroxisome, causes peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs). Fourteen complementation groups of PBDs are found, and their complementing genes termed PEXs are isolated. Several new mutations in peroxins from patients with mild PBD phenotype or patients with phenotypes unrelated to the commonly observed impairments of PBD patients are found by next-generation sequencing. Exploring a dysfunctional step(s) caused by the mutation is important for unveiling the pathogenesis of novel mutation by means of cellular and biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yukio Fujiki
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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9
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Laboratory diagnosis of disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis and function: a technical standard of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Genet Med 2019; 22:686-697. [PMID: 31822849 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal disorders are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of diseases caused by defects in peroxisomal biogenesis or function, usually impairing several metabolic pathways. Peroxisomal disorders are rare; however, the incidence may be underestimated due to the broad spectrum of clinical presentations. The inclusion of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy to the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel for newborn screening programs in the United States may increase detection of this and other peroxisomal disorders. The current diagnostic approach relies heavily on biochemical genetic tests measuring peroxisomal metabolites, including very long-chain and branched-chain fatty acids in plasma and plasmalogens in red blood cells. Molecular testing can confirm biochemical findings and identify the specific genetic defect, usually utilizing a multiple-gene panel or exome/genome approach. When next-generation sequencing is used as a first-tier test, evaluation of peroxisome metabolism is often necessary to assess the significance of unknown variants and establish the extent of peroxisome dysfunction. This document provides a resource for laboratories developing and implementing clinical biochemical genetic testing for peroxisomal disorders, emphasizing technical considerations for sample collection, test performance, and result interpretation. Additionally, considerations on confirmatory molecular testing are discussed.
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10
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Sen P, Lan Y, Li CY, Sidoli S, Donahue G, Dou Z, Frederick B, Chen Q, Luense LJ, Garcia BA, Dang W, Johnson FB, Adams PD, Schultz DC, Berger SL. Histone Acetyltransferase p300 Induces De Novo Super-Enhancers to Drive Cellular Senescence. Mol Cell 2019; 73:684-698.e8. [PMID: 30773298 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of senescent cells during aging contributes to chronic inflammation and age-related diseases. While senescence is associated with profound alterations of the epigenome, a systematic view of epigenetic factors in regulating senescence is lacking. Here, we curated a library of short hairpin RNAs for targeted silencing of all known epigenetic proteins and performed a high-throughput screen to identify key candidates whose downregulation can delay replicative senescence of primary human cells. This screen identified multiple new players including the histone acetyltransferase p300 that was found to be a primary driver of the senescent phenotype. p300, but not the paralogous CBP, induces a dynamic hyper-acetylated chromatin state and promotes the formation of active enhancer elements in the non-coding genome, leading to a senescence-specific gene expression program. Our work illustrates a causal role of histone acetyltransferases and acetylation in senescence and suggests p300 as a potential therapeutic target for senescence and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sen
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yemin Lan
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Catherine Y Li
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Greg Donahue
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhixun Dou
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian Frederick
- High Throughput Screening Core, Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qijun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lacey J Luense
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Weiwei Dang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - F Bradley Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter D Adams
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David C Schultz
- High Throughput Screening Core, Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11
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Atypical PEX16 peroxisome biogenesis disorder with mild biochemical disruptions and long survival. Brain Dev 2019; 41:57-65. [PMID: 30078639 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in PEX16 cause peroxisome biogenesis disorder (PBD). Zellweger syndrome characterized by neurological dysfunction, dysmorphic features, liver disease and early death represents the severe end of this clinical spectrum. Here we discuss the diagnostic challenge of atypical PEX16 related PBD in 3 patients from highly inbred kindred and describe the role of specific metabolites analyses, fibroblasts studies, whole-exome sequencing (WES) and metabolomics profiling to establish the diagnosis. METHODS AND PATIENTS The proband is a 12-year-old male born to consanguineous parents. Despite normal development in the first year, regression and progressive spastic diplegia, poor coordination and dysarthria occurred thereafter. Patient 2 (3-year old female) and Patient 3 (19-month old female) shared similar clinical course with the proband. Biochemical studies on plasma and fibroblasts, WES and global metabolomics analyses were performed. RESULTS Very-long-chain fatty acids analysis showed subtle elevations in C26 and C26/C22. Global Metabolomics-Assisted Pathway profiling was not remarkable. Immunocytochemical investigations on fibroblasts revealed fewer catalase and PMP70-containing particles indicating aberrant peroxisomal assembly. Complementation studies were inconclusive. WES revealed a novel homozygous variant in PEX16 (c.859C>T). The biochemical profiles of Patient 2 and Patient 3 were similar to the proband and the same genotype was confirmed. CONCLUSION This paper highlights the diagnostic challenge of PEX16 patients due to the widely variable clinical and biochemical phenotypes. It also emphasizes the important roles of combined biochemical assays with next generation sequencing techniques in reaching diagnosis in the context of atypical clinical presentations, subtle biomarker abnormalities and consanguinity.
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12
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Abe Y, Honsho M, Itoh R, Kawaguchi R, Fujitani M, Fujiwara K, Hirokane M, Matsuzaki T, Nakayama K, Ohgi R, Marutani T, Nakayama KI, Yamashita T, Fujiki Y. Peroxisome biogenesis deficiency attenuates the BDNF-TrkB pathway-mediated development of the cerebellum. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800062. [PMID: 30519675 PMCID: PMC6277683 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) manifest as neurological deficits in the central nervous system, including neuronal migration defects and abnormal cerebellum development. However, the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis remain enigmatic. Here, to investigate how peroxisome deficiency causes neurological defects of PBDs, we established a new PBD model mouse defective in peroxisome assembly factor Pex14p, termed Pex14 ΔC/ΔC mouse. Pex14 ΔC/ΔC mouse manifests a severe symptom such as disorganization of cortical laminar structure and dies shortly after birth, although peroxisomal biogenesis and metabolism are partially defective. The Pex14 ΔC/ΔC mouse also shows malformation of the cerebellum including the impaired dendritic development of Purkinje cells. Moreover, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and AKT signaling are attenuated in this mutant mouse by an elevated level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) together with the enhanced expression of TrkB-T1, a dominant-negative isoform of the BDNF receptor. Our results suggest that dysregulation of the BDNF-TrkB pathway, an essential signaling for cerebellar morphogenesis, gives rise to the pathogenesis of the cerebellum in PBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Abe
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Honsho
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Itoh
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masashi Fujitani
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazushirou Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hirokane
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuzaki
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Division of Cell Proliferation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ohgi
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Marutani
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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13
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Takashima S, Saitsu H, Shimozawa N. Expanding the concept of peroxisomal diseases and efficient diagnostic system in Japan. J Hum Genet 2018; 64:145-152. [PMID: 30237433 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The concept of peroxisomal diseases is expanding because of improvements in diagnostic technology based on advanced biochemical analysis and development of next-generation sequencing. For quicker and more accurate diagnosis of as many patients as possible, we developed a new diagnostic system combining the conventional diagnostic system and comprehensive mutational analysis by whole-exome sequencing in Japan. Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is the most common peroxisomal disease. In the cerebral type of ALD, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only treatment in the early stage, and thus prompt diagnosis will improve the prognosis of affected patients. Furthermore, it is also important to identify pre-symptomatic patients by family analysis of probands by providing appropriate disease information and genetic counseling, which will also lead to early intervention. Here, we summarize current information related to peroxisomal diseases and ALD and introduce our efficient diagnostic system for use in Japan, which resulted in the diagnosis of 73 Japanese patients with peroxisome biogenesis disorders, 16 with impaired β-oxidation of fatty acids, three with impaired etherphospholipid biosynthesis, and 191 Japanese families with ALD so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Takashima
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimozawa
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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14
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Taking Stock of Retinal Gene Therapy: Looking Back and Moving Forward. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1076-1094. [PMID: 28391961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, there has been tremendous progress in retinal gene therapy. The safety and efficacy results in one early-onset severe blinding disease may lead to the first gene therapy drug approval in the United States. Here, we review how far the field has come over the past two decades and speculate on the directions that the field will take in the future.
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15
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Yamashita T, Mitsui J, Shimozawa N, Takashima S, Umemura H, Sato K, Takemoto M, Hishikawa N, Ohta Y, Matsukawa T, Ishiura H, Yoshimura J, Doi K, Morishita S, Tsuji S, Abe K. Ataxic form of autosomal recessive PEX10-related peroxisome biogenesis disorders with a novel compound heterozygous gene mutation and characteristic clinical phenotype. J Neurol Sci 2017; 375:424-429. [PMID: 28320181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis factor 10 (PEX10) is involved in the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins, and the mutation of this gene causes 3 subtypes of peroxisome biogenesis disorders, namely Zellweger syndrome (severe), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (moderate) and an ataxic form (mild). Here, we report 3 siblings of the ataxic form with cerebellar ataxia, mild mental retardation, and 3 additional characteristic features: mydriasis, hyperreflexia and involuntary head movement. All 3 siblings are compound heterozygous for a previously reported mutation, c.2T>C (p.M1T), and a novel mutation, c.920G>A, causing a missense change (p.C307Y) located in the RING finger domain of PEX10. The present cases suggest that these PEX10 mutations involve not only cerebellar but also more multiple nervous systems including pupillary autonomic, pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimozawa
- Division of Genomic Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takashima
- Division of Genomic Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Umemura
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mami Takemoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Jun Yoshimura
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koichiro Doi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinichi Morishita
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan..
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16
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FUJIKI Y. Peroxisome biogenesis and human peroxisome-deficiency disorders. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016; 92:463-477. [PMID: 27941306 PMCID: PMC5328784 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.92.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome is a single-membrane-bounded ubiquitous organelle containing a hundred different enzymes that catalyze various metabolic pathways such as β-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids and synthesis of plasmalogens. To investigate peroxisome biogenesis and human peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) including Zellweger syndrome, more than a dozen different complementation groups of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants impaired in peroxisome biogenesis are isolated as a model experimental system. By taking advantage of rapid functional complementation assay of the CHO cell mutants, successful cloning of PEX genes encoding peroxins required for peroxisome assembly invaluably contributed to the accomplishment of cloning of pathogenic genes responsible for PBDs. Peroxins are divided into three groups: 1) peroxins including Pex3p, Pex16p and Pex19p, are responsible for peroxisome membrane biogenesis via Pex19p- and Pex3p-dependent class I and Pex19p- and Pex16p-dependent class II pathways; 2) peroxins that function in matrix protein import; 3) those such as Pex11pβ are involved in peroxisome division where DLP1, Mff, and Fis1 coordinately function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio FUJIKI
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: Y. Fujiki, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan (e-mail: )
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17
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Berger J, Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Kunze M. Peroxisomes in brain development and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:934-55. [PMID: 26686055 PMCID: PMC4880039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes contain numerous enzymatic activities that are important for mammalian physiology. Patients lacking either all peroxisomal functions or a single enzyme or transporter function typically develop severe neurological deficits, which originate from aberrant development of the brain, demyelination and loss of axonal integrity, neuroinflammation or other neurodegenerative processes. Whilst correlating peroxisomal properties with a compilation of pathologies observed in human patients and mouse models lacking all or individual peroxisomal functions, we discuss the importance of peroxisomal metabolites and tissue- and cell type-specific contributions to the observed brain pathologies. This enables us to deconstruct the local and systemic contribution of individual metabolic pathways to specific brain functions. We also review the recently discovered variability of pathological symptoms in cases with unexpectedly mild presentation of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Finally, we explore the emerging evidence linking peroxisomes to more common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Peroxisomes edited by Ralf Erdmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Targeting and insertion of peroxisomal membrane proteins: ER trafficking versus direct delivery to peroxisomes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:870-80. [PMID: 26392202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The importance of peroxisomes is highlighted by severe inherited human disorders linked to impaired peroxisomal biogenesis. Besides the simple architecture of these ubiquitous and dynamic organelles, their biogenesis is surprisingly complex and involves specialized proteins, termed peroxins, which mediate targeting and insertion of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) into the peroxisomal bilayer, and the import of soluble proteins into the protein-dense matrix of the organelle. The long-standing paradigm that all peroxisomal proteins are imported directly into preexisting peroxisomes has been challenged by the detection of PMPs inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). New models propose that the ER originates peroxisomal biogenesis by mediating PMP trafficking to the peroxisomes via budding vesicles. However, the relative contribution of this ER-derived pathway to the total peroxisome population in vivo, and the detailed mechanisms of ER entry and exit of PMPs are controversially discussed. This review aims to summarize present knowledge about how PMPs are targeted to the ER, instead of being inserted directly into preexisting peroxisomes. Moreover, molecular mechanisms that facilitate bilayer insertion of PMPs among different species are discussed.
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19
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Fujiki Y, Okumoto K, Mukai S, Honsho M, Tamura S. Peroxisome biogenesis in mammalian cells. Front Physiol 2014; 5:307. [PMID: 25177298 PMCID: PMC4133648 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate peroxisome assembly and human peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) such as Zellweger syndrome, thirteen different complementation groups (CGs) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants defective in peroxisome biogenesis have been isolated and established as a model research system. Successful gene-cloning studies by a forward genetic approach utilized a rapid functional complementation assay of CHO cell mutants led to isolation of human peroxin (PEX) genes. Search for pathogenic genes responsible for PBDs of all 14 CGs is now completed together with the homology search by screening the human expressed sequence tag database using yeast PEX genes. Peroxins are divided into three groups: (1) peroxins including Pex3p, Pex16p, and Pex19p, are responsible for peroxisome membrane biogenesis via classes I and II pathways; (2) peroxins that function in matrix protein import; (3) those such as three forms of Pex11p, Pex11pα, Pex11pβ, and Pex11pγ, are involved in peroxisome proliferation where DLP1, Mff, and Fis1 coordinately function. In membrane assembly, Pex19p forms complexes in the cytosol with newly synthesized PMPs including Pex16p and transports them to the receptor Pex3p, whereby peroxisomal membrane is formed (Class I pathway). Pex19p likewise forms a complex with newly made Pex3p and translocates it to the Pex3p receptor, Pex16p (Class II pathway). In matrix protein import, newly synthesized proteins harboring peroxisome targeting signal type 1 or 2 are recognized by Pex5p or Pex7p in the cytoplasm and are imported to peroxisomes via translocation machinery. In regard to peroxisome-cytoplasmic shuttling of Pex5p, Pex5p initially targets to an 800-kDa docking complex consisting of Pex14p and Pex13p and then translocates to a 500-kDa RING translocation complex. At the terminal step, Pex1p and Pex6p of the AAA family mediate the export of Pex5p, where Cys-ubiquitination of Pex5p is essential for the Pex5p exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Mukai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Honsho
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Tamura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School Fukuoka, Japan
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20
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Hiebler S, Masuda T, Hacia JG, Moser AB, Faust PL, Liu A, Chowdhury N, Huang N, Lauer A, Bennett J, Watkins PA, Zack DJ, Braverman NE, Raymond GV, Steinberg SJ. The Pex1-G844D mouse: a model for mild human Zellweger spectrum disorder. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 111:522-532. [PMID: 24503136 PMCID: PMC4901203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zellweger spectrum disorder (ZSD) is a disease continuum that results from inherited defects in PEX genes essential for normal peroxisome assembly. These autosomal recessive disorders impact brain development and also cause postnatal liver, adrenal, and kidney dysfunction, as well as loss of vision and hearing. The hypomorphic PEX1-G843D missense allele, observed in approximately 30% of ZSD patients, is associated with milder clinical and biochemical phenotypes, with some homozygous individuals surviving into early adulthood. Nonetheless, affected children with the PEX1-G843D allele have intellectual disability, failure to thrive, and significant sensory deficits. To enhance our ability to test candidate therapies that improve human PEX1-G843D function, we created the novel Pex1-G844D knock-in mouse model that represents the murine equivalent of the common human mutation. We show that Pex1-G844D homozygous mice recapitulate many classic features of mild ZSD cases, including growth retardation and fatty livers with cholestasis. In addition, electrophysiology, histology, and gene expression studies provide evidence that these animals develop a retinopathy similar to that observed in human patients, with evidence of cone photoreceptor cell death. Similar to skin fibroblasts obtained from ZSD patients with a PEX1-G843D allele, we demonstrate that murine cells homozygous for the Pex1-G844D allele respond to chaperone-like compounds, which normalizes peroxisomal β-oxidation. Thus, the Pex1-G844D mouse provides a powerful model system for testing candidate therapies that address the most common genetic cause of ZSD. In addition, this murine model will enhance studies focused on mechanisms of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandi Hiebler
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tomohiro Masuda
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph G Hacia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ann B Moser
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Phyllis L Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anita Liu
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nivedita Chowdhury
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Lauer
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jean Bennett
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul A Watkins
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institut de la Vision, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Nancy E Braverman
- Department of Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gerald V Raymond
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven J Steinberg
- Department of Neurogenetics, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Okumoto K, Noda H, Fujiki Y. Distinct modes of ubiquitination of peroxisome-targeting signal type 1 (PTS1) receptor Pex5p regulate PTS1 protein import. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14089-108. [PMID: 24662292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.527937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome targeting signal type-1 (PTS1) receptor, Pex5p, is a key player in peroxisomal matrix protein import. Pex5p recognizes PTS1 cargoes in the cytosol, targets peroxisomes, translocates across the membrane, unloads the cargoes, and shuttles back to the cytosol. Ubiquitination of Pex5p at a conserved cysteine is required for the exit from peroxisomes. However, any potential ubiquitin ligase (E3) remains unidentified in mammals. Here, we establish an in vitro ubiquitination assay system and demonstrate that RING finger Pex10p functions as an E3 with an E2, UbcH5C. The E3 activity of Pex10p is essential for its peroxisome-restoring activity, being enhanced by another RING peroxin, Pex12p. The Pex10p·Pex12p complex catalyzes monoubiquitination of Pex5p at one of multiple lysine residues in vitro, following the dissociation of Pex5p from Pex14p and the PTS1 cargo. Several lines of evidence with lysine-to-arginine mutants of Pex5p demonstrate that Pex10p RING E3-mediated ubiquitination of Pex5p is required for its efficient export from peroxisomes to the cytosol and peroxisomal matrix protein import. RING peroxins are required for both modes of Pex5p ubiquitination, thus playing a pivotal role in Pex5p shuttling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Okumoto
- From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and the Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hiromi Noda
- From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- From the Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and
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22
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Molecular Species of Phospholipids with Very Long Chain Fatty Acids in Skin Fibroblasts of Zellweger Syndrome. Lipids 2013; 48:1253-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Matsui S, Funahashi M, Honda A, Shimozawa N. Newly identified milder phenotype of peroxisome biogenesis disorder caused by mutated PEX3 gene. Brain Dev 2013; 35:842-8. [PMID: 23245813 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We identified the first patient with infantile Refsum disease (IRD), a milder phenotype of peroxisome biogenesis disorder (PBD) caused by a mutated PEX3, and investigated the clinical, molecular and cellular characterization in this patient. The patient presented psychomotor regression, late-onset leukodystrophy, peripheral neuropathy, hearing impairment, a renal cyst, and renal hypertension and survived until the age of 36. Furthermore, fibroblasts from the patient indicated a mosaic pattern of catalase-positive particles (peroxisomes) and numerous peroxisomal membrane structures. Molecular analysis was homozygous for the D347Y mutation and reduced gene expression of PEX3 which encodes a peroxisomal membrane protein, pex3p, involved in peroxisome assembly at the early stage of peroxisomal membrane vesicle formation, therefore, patients with a mutated PEX3 gene have been reported to have only a severe phenotype of Zellweger syndrome and no or less peroxisomal remnant membrane structure. This is not only a newly identified milder PBD caused by a mutated PEX3 gene but also the first report of a Japanese patient with IRD who had not been diagnosed until over 30years of age, which suggests there must be more variant PBD in patients with degenerative neurologic disorder, and to bring them to light is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Matsui
- Tokyo Children's Rehabilitation Hospital, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Francisco T, Rodrigues TA, Pinto MP, Carvalho AF, Azevedo JE, Grou CP. Ubiquitin in the peroxisomal protein import pathway. Biochimie 2013; 98:29-35. [PMID: 23954799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PEX5 is the shuttling receptor for newly synthesized peroxisomal matrix proteins. Alone, or with the help of an adaptor protein, this receptor binds peroxisomal matrix proteins in the cytosol and transports them to the peroxisomal membrane docking/translocation module (DTM). The interaction between cargo-loaded PEX5 and the DTM ultimately results in its insertion into the DTM with the concomitant translocation of the cargo protein across the organelle membrane. PEX5 is not consumed in this event; rather it is dislocated back into the cytosol so that it can promote additional rounds of protein transportation. Remarkably, the data collected in recent years indicate that dislocation is preceded by monoubiquitination of PEX5 at a conserved cysteine residue. This mandatory modification is not the only type of ubiquitination occurring at the DTM. Indeed, several findings suggest that defective receptors jamming the DTM are polyubiquitinated and targeted to the proteasome for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Francisco
- Organelle Biogenesis and Function Group, Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, R. de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tony A Rodrigues
- Organelle Biogenesis and Function Group, Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, R. de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel P Pinto
- Organelle Biogenesis and Function Group, Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia F Carvalho
- Organelle Biogenesis and Function Group, Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- Organelle Biogenesis and Function Group, Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, R. de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia P Grou
- Organelle Biogenesis and Function Group, Instituto de Biologia Celular e Molecular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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25
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Lipid droplets and peroxisomes: key players in cellular lipid homeostasis or a matter of fat--store 'em up or burn 'em down. Genetics 2013; 193:1-50. [PMID: 23275493 PMCID: PMC3527239 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.143362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) and peroxisomes are central players in cellular lipid homeostasis: some of their main functions are to control the metabolic flux and availability of fatty acids (LDs and peroxisomes) as well as of sterols (LDs). Both fatty acids and sterols serve multiple functions in the cell—as membrane stabilizers affecting membrane fluidity, as crucial structural elements of membrane-forming phospholipids and sphingolipids, as protein modifiers and signaling molecules, and last but not least, as a rich carbon and energy source. In addition, peroxisomes harbor enzymes of the malic acid shunt, which is indispensable to regenerate oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis, thus allowing yeast cells to generate sugars from fatty acids or nonfermentable carbon sources. Therefore, failure of LD and peroxisome biogenesis and function are likely to lead to deregulated lipid fluxes and disrupted energy homeostasis with detrimental consequences for the cell. These pathological consequences of LD and peroxisome failure have indeed sparked great biomedical interest in understanding the biogenesis of these organelles, their functional roles in lipid homeostasis, interaction with cellular metabolism and other organelles, as well as their regulation, turnover, and inheritance. These questions are particularly burning in view of the pandemic development of lipid-associated disorders worldwide.
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26
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Fedick A, Jalas C, Treff NR. A deleterious mutation in the PEX2 gene causes Zellweger syndrome in individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Clin Genet 2013; 85:343-6. [PMID: 23590336 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zellweger syndrome is known to be caused by numerous mutations that occur in at least 12 of the PEX genes. While phenotypes vary, many are severely debilitating, and death can result in affected newborns. Since the disease follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, carrier screening can be done for at-risk couples, but the number of potential mutations sites to screen can be daunting. Ethnicity-specific studies can help narrow this range by highlighting mutations that are present at higher percentages in certain populations. In this article, the carrier frequencies for two mutations causative of the severe Zellweger syndrome spectrum phenotype that occur in the PEX2 gene, c.355C>T and c.550del, were studied in individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent in order to advise on inclusion in existing carrier screening mutation panels for this population. The screening was performed for 2093 individuals through the use of TaqMan genotyping assays, real-time PCR, and allelic discrimination. Results indicated a carrier frequency of 0.813% (±0.385%) for the c.355C>T mutation and a carrier frequency of 0.00% (±0.00%) for the c.550del mutation. On the basis of these frequencies, we believe that the c.355C>T mutation should be considered for inclusion in carrier screening panels for the Ashkenazi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fedick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854-5635, USA; Reproductive Medicine Associates of New Jersey, Basking Ridge, NJ, 07920, USA
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27
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Platta HW, Hagen S, Erdmann R. The exportomer: the peroxisomal receptor export machinery. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1393-411. [PMID: 22983384 PMCID: PMC11113987 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes constitute a dynamic compartment of almost all eukaryotic cells. Depending on environmental changes and cellular demands peroxisomes can acquire diverse metabolic roles. The compartmentalization of peroxisomal matrix enzymes is a prerequisite to carry out their physiologic function. The matrix proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol and are ferried to the peroxisomal membrane by specific soluble receptors. Subsequent to cargo release into the peroxisomal matrix, the receptors are exported back to the cytosol to facilitate further rounds of matrix protein import. This dislocation step is accomplished by a remarkable machinery, which comprises enzymes required for the ubiquitination as well as the ATP-dependent extraction of the receptor from the membrane. Interestingly, receptor ubiquitination and dislocation are the only known energy-dependent steps in the peroxisomal matrix protein import process. The current view is that the export machinery of the receptors might function as molecular motor not only in the dislocation of the receptors but also in the import step of peroxisomal matrix protein by coupling ATP-dependent removal of the peroxisomal import receptor with cargo translocation into the organelle. In this review we will focus on the architecture and function of the peroxisomal receptor export machinery, the peroxisomal exportomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald W. Platta
- Abteilung für Systembiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hagen
- Abteilung für Systembiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Abteilung für Systembiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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28
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Sun Y, Wang L, Wei X, Zhu Q, Yang Y, Lan Z, Qu N, Chu Y, Wang Y, Yang S, Liang Y, Wang W, Yi X. Analysis of a Chinese pedigree with Zellweger syndrome reveals a novel PEX1 mutation by next-generation sequencing. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 417:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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30
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Iwasa M, Yamagata T, Mizuguchi M, Itoh M, Matsumoto A, Hironaka M, Honda A, Momoi MY, Shimozawa N. ContiguousABCD1 DXS1357Edeletion syndrome: Report of an autopsy case. Neuropathology 2012; 33:292-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2012.01348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Iwasa
- Department of Pediatrics; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi
| | | | - Masashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences; Graduate School of Medicine; the University of Tokyo; Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research; National Institute of Neuroscience; National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry; Tokyo; Japan
| | | | | | - Ayako Honda
- Division of Genomics Research; Life Science Research Center; Gifu University; Gifu; Japan
| | | | - Nobuyuki Shimozawa
- Division of Genomics Research; Life Science Research Center; Gifu University; Gifu; Japan
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31
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Itoyama A, Honsho M, Abe Y, Moser A, Yoshida Y, Fujiki Y. Docosahexaenoic acid mediates peroxisomal elongation, a prerequisite for peroxisome division. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:589-602. [PMID: 22389399 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome division is regulated by several factors, termed fission factors, as well as the conditions of the cellular environment. Over the past decade, the idea of metabolic control of peroxisomal morphogenesis has been postulated, but remains largely undefined to date. In the current study, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) was identified as an inducer of peroxisome division. In fibroblasts isolated from patients that carry defects in peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation, peroxisomes are much less abundant than normal cells. Treatment of these patient fibroblasts with DHA induced the proliferation of peroxisomes to the level seen in normal fibroblasts. DHA-induced peroxisomal proliferation was abrogated by treatment with a small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) targeting dynamin-like protein 1 and with dynasore, an inhibitor of dynamin-like protein 1, which suggested that DHA stimulates peroxisome division. DHA augmented the hyper-oligomerization of Pex11pβ and the formation of Pex11pβ-enriched regions on elongated peroxisomes. Time-lapse imaging analysis of peroxisomal morphogenesis revealed a sequence of steps involved in peroxisome division, including elongation in one direction followed by peroxisomal fission. DHA enhanced peroxisomal division in a microtubule-independent manner. These results suggest that DHA is a crucial signal for peroxisomal elongation, a prerequisite for subsequent fission and peroxisome division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Itoyama
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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32
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Fujiki Y, Yagita Y, Matsuzaki T. Peroxisome biogenesis disorders: molecular basis for impaired peroxisomal membrane assembly: in metabolic functions and biogenesis of peroxisomes in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1337-42. [PMID: 22705440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome is a single-membrane organelle in eukaryotes. The functional importance of peroxisomes in humans is highlighted by peroxisome-deficient peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) such as Zellweger syndrome (ZS). Gene defects of peroxins required for both membrane assembly and matrix protein import are identified: ten mammalian pathogenic peroxins for ten complementation groups of PBDs, are required for matrix protein import; three, Pex3p, Pex16p and Pex19p, are shown to be essential for peroxisome membrane assembly and responsible for the most severe ZS in PBDs of three complementation groups 12, 9, and 14, respectively. Patients with severe ZS with defects of PEX3, PEX16, and PEX19 tend to carry severe mutation such as nonsense mutations, frameshifts and deletions. With respect to the function of these three peroxins in membrane biogenesis, two distinct pathways have been proposed for the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins in mammalian cells: a Pex19p- and Pex3p-dependent class I pathway and a Pex19p- and Pex16p-dependent class II pathway. In class II pathway, Pex19p also forms a soluble complex with newly synthesized Pex3p as the chaperone for Pex3p in the cytosol and directly translocates it to peroxisomes. Pex16p functions as the peroxisomal membrane receptor that is specific to the Pex3p-Pex19p complexes. A model for the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins is suggested, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis of peroxisomes and its regulation involving Pex3p, Pex19p, and Pex16p. Another model suggests that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae peroxisomes likely emerge from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan.
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33
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Molecular basis of peroxisomal biogenesis disorders caused by defects in peroxisomal matrix protein import. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1326-36. [PMID: 22617146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs) represent a spectrum of autosomal recessive metabolic disorders that are collectively characterized by abnormal peroxisome assembly and impaired peroxisomal function. The importance of this ubiquitous organelle for human health is highlighted by the fact that PBDs are multisystemic disorders that often cause death in early infancy. Peroxisomes contribute to central metabolic pathways. Most enzymes in the peroxisomal matrix are linked to lipid metabolism and detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Proper assembly of peroxisomes and thus also import of their enzymes relies on specific peroxisomal biogenesis factors, so called peroxins with PEX being the gene acronym. To date, 13 PEX genes are known to cause PBDs when mutated. Studies of the cellular and molecular defects in cells derived from PBD patients have significantly contributed to the understanding of the functional role of the corresponding peroxins in peroxisome assembly. In this review, we discuss recent data derived from both human cell culture as well as model organisms like yeasts and present an overview on the molecular mechanism underlying peroxisomal biogenesis disorders with emphasis on disorders caused by defects in the peroxisomal matrix protein import machinery.
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34
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Pexophagy: the selective degradation of peroxisomes. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:512721. [PMID: 22536249 PMCID: PMC3320016 DOI: 10.1155/2012/512721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are single-membrane-bounded organelles present in the majority of eukaryotic cells. Despite the existence of great diversity among different species, cell types, and under different environmental conditions, peroxisomes contain enzymes involved in β-oxidation of fatty acids and the generation, as well as detoxification, of hydrogen peroxide. The exigency of all eukaryotic cells to quickly adapt to different environmental factors requires the ability to precisely and efficiently control peroxisome number and functionality. Peroxisome homeostasis is achieved by the counterbalance between organelle biogenesis and degradation. The selective degradation of superfluous or damaged peroxisomes is facilitated by several tightly regulated pathways. The most prominent peroxisome degradation system uses components of the general autophagy core machinery and is therefore referred to as “pexophagy.” In this paper we focus on recent developments in pexophagy and provide an overview of current knowledge and future challenges in the field. We compare different modes of pexophagy and mention shared and distinct features of pexophagy in yeast model systems, mammalian cells, and other organisms.
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35
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Kanzawa N, Shimozawa N, Wanders RJA, Ikeda K, Murakami Y, Waterham HR, Mukai S, Fujita M, Maeda Y, Taguchi R, Fujiki Y, Kinoshita T. Defective lipid remodeling of GPI anchors in peroxisomal disorders, Zellweger syndrome, and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:653-63. [PMID: 22253471 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m021204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cell surface proteins in mammalian cells are anchored to the plasma membrane via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). The predominant form of mammalian GPI contains 1-alkyl-2-acyl phosphatidylinositol (PI), which is generated by lipid remodeling from diacyl PI. The conversion of diacyl PI to 1-alkyl-2-acyl PI occurs in the ER at the third intermediate in the GPI biosynthetic pathway. This lipid remodeling requires the alkyl-phospholipid biosynthetic pathway in peroxisome. Indeed, cells defective in dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (DHAP-AT) or alkyl-DHAP synthase express only the diacyl form of GPI-anchored proteins. A defect in the alkyl-phospholipid biosynthetic pathway causes a peroxisomal disorder, rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP), and defective biogenesis of peroxisomes causes Zellweger syndrome, both of which are lethal genetic diseases with multiple clinical phenotypes such as psychomotor defects, mental retardation, and skeletal abnormalities. Here, we report that GPI lipid remodeling is defective in cells from patients with Zellweger syndrome having mutations in the peroxisomal biogenesis factors PEX5, PEX16, and PEX19 and in cells from patients with RCDP types 1, 2, and 3 caused by mutations in PEX7, DHAP-AT, and alkyl-DHAP synthase, respectively. Absence of the 1-alkyl-2-acyl form of GPI-anchored proteins might account for some of the complex phenotypes of these two major peroxisomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kanzawa
- Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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36
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Goh J, Jeon J, Kim KS, Park J, Park SY, Lee YH. The PEX7-mediated peroxisomal import system is required for fungal development and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28220. [PMID: 22194815 PMCID: PMC3237427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, microbodies called peroxisomes play important roles in cellular activities during the life cycle. Previous studies indicate that peroxisomal functions are important for plant infection in many phytopathogenic fungi, but detailed relationships between fungal pathogenicity and peroxisomal function still remain unclear. Here we report the importance of peroxisomal protein import through PTS2 (Peroxisomal Targeting Signal 2) in fungal development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae. Using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation library, a pathogenicity-defective mutant was isolated from M. oryzae and identified as a T-DNA insert in the PTS2 receptor gene, MoPEX7. Gene disruption of MoPEX7 abolished peroxisomal localization of a thiolase (MoTHL1) containing PTS2, supporting its role in the peroxisomal protein import machinery. ΔMopex7 showed significantly reduced mycelial growth on media containing short-chain fatty acids as a sole carbon source. ΔMopex7 produced fewer conidiophores and conidia, but conidial germination was normal. Conidia of ΔMopex7 were able to develop appressoria, but failed to cause disease in plant cells, except after wound inoculation. Appressoria formed by ΔMopex7 showed a defect in turgor generation due to a delay in lipid degradation and increased cell wall porosity during maturation. Taken together, our results suggest that the MoPEX7-mediated peroxisomal matrix protein import system is required for fungal development and pathogenicity M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeduk Goh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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7 Mb de novo deletion within 8q21 in a patient with distal arthrogryposis type 2B (DA2B). Eur J Med Genet 2011; 54:e495-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Shaheen R, Al-Dirbashi OY, Al-Hassnan ZN, Al-Owain M, Makhsheed N, Basheeri F, Seidahmed MZ, Salih MAM, Faqih E, Zaidan H, Al-Sayed M, Rahbeeni Z, Al-Sheddi T, Hashem M, Kurdi W, Shimozawa N, Alkuraya FS. Clinical, biochemical and molecular characterization of peroxisomal diseases in Arabs. Clin Genet 2011; 79:60-70. [PMID: 20681997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are single membrane-bound cellular organelles that carry out critical metabolic reactions perturbation of which leads to an array of clinical phenotypes known as peroxisomal disorders (PD). In this study, the largest of its kind in the Middle East, we sought to comprehensively characterize these rare disorders at the clinical, biochemical and molecular levels. Over a 2-year period, we have enrolled 17 patients representing 16 Arab families. Zellweger-spectrum phenotype was observed in 12 patients and the remaining 5 had the rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata phenotype. We show that homozygosity mapping is a cost-effective strategy that enabled the identification of the underlying genetic defect in 100% of the cases. The pathogenic nature of the mutations identified was confirmed by immunofluorescence and complementation assays. We confirm the genetic heterogeneity of PD in our population, expand the pool of pathogenic alleles and draw some phenotype/genotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shaheen
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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39
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Müller CC, Nguyen TH, Ahlemeyer B, Meshram M, Santrampurwala N, Cao S, Sharp P, Fietz PB, Baumgart-Vogt E, Crane DI. PEX13 deficiency in mouse brain as a model of Zellweger syndrome: abnormal cerebellum formation, reactive gliosis and oxidative stress. Dis Model Mech 2010; 4:104-19. [PMID: 20959636 PMCID: PMC3014351 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.004622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed cerebellar development is a hallmark of Zellweger syndrome (ZS), a severe neonatal neurodegenerative disorder. ZS is caused by mutations in PEX genes, such as PEX13, which encodes a protein required for import of proteins into the peroxisome. The molecular basis of ZS pathogenesis is not known. We have created a conditional mouse mutant with brain-restricted deficiency of PEX13 that exhibits cerebellar morphological defects. PEX13 brain mutants survive into the postnatal period, with the majority dying by 35 days, and with survival inversely related to litter size and weaning body weight. The impact on peroxisomal metabolism in the mutant brain is mixed: plasmalogen content is reduced, but very-long-chain fatty acids are normal. PEX13 brain mutants exhibit defects in reflex and motor development that correlate with impaired cerebellar fissure and cortical layer formation, granule cell migration and Purkinje cell layer development. Astrogliosis and microgliosis are prominent features of the mutant cerebellum. At the molecular level, cultured cerebellar neurons from E19 PEX13-null mice exhibit elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-2 (MnSOD), and show enhanced apoptosis together with mitochondrial dysfunction. PEX13 brain mutants show increased levels of MnSOD in cerebellum. Our findings suggest that PEX13 deficiency leads to mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress, neuronal cell death and impairment of cerebellar development. Thus, PEX13-deficient mice provide a valuable animal model for investigating the molecular basis and treatment of ZS cerebellar pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Catharina Müller
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, and School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
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40
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Sexton JZ, He Q, Forsberg LJ, Brenman JE. High content screening for non-classical peroxisome proliferators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2010:127-140. [PMID: 21132080 DOI: 10.2147/ijhts.s10547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous cellular organelles that perform vital functions including fatty acid beta-oxidation, plasmalogen synthesis, and detoxification of harmful oxidative species. In rodents numerous compounds that increase peroxisome biogenesis also alleviate metabolic syndrome (MetS)/type 2 diabetes (T2D) symptoms. However, compounds that increase peroxisome biogenesis in rodents largely do not increase peroxisome biogenesis in humans. We designed a novel genetically encoded high throughput screening (HTS) high content assay to identify small molecule compounds that function as peroxisome proliferators in human cells. From this assay we have confirmed that 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA), a PPAR independent peroxisome proliferator and chemical chaperone, increases peroxisome proliferation in human cells and serves as a positive control for our screen. We performed a small pilot and larger 15,000 compound production screen with an overall Z' factor of 0.74 for 384-well plate format, providing a valuable screening tool for identifying peroxisome modulator compounds. From this screen we have identified 4 existing drugs and 10 novel compounds, some with common scaffolds 1000X more potent than PBA. It is hoped that these novel compounds may serve as scaffolds for testing for efficacy in alleviating MetS/T2D symptoms both in mouse models and ultimately human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Sexton
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University
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41
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Pex2 and pex12 function as protein-ubiquitin ligases in peroxisomal protein import. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:5505-16. [PMID: 19687296 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00388-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The PTS1-dependent peroxisomal matrix protein import is facilitated by the receptor protein Pex5 and can be divided into cargo recognition in the cytosol, membrane docking of the cargo-receptor complex, cargo release, and recycling of the receptor. The final step is controlled by the ubiquitination status of Pex5. While polyubiquitinated Pex5 is degraded by the proteasome, monoubiquitinated Pex5 is destined for a new round of the receptor cycle. Recently, the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes involved in Pex5 ubiquitination were identified as Ubc4 and Pex4 (Ubc10), whereas the identity of the corresponding protein-ubiquitin ligases remained unknown. Here we report on the identification of the protein-ubiquitin ligases that are responsible for the ubiquitination of the peroxisomal protein import receptor Pex5. It is demonstrated that each of the three RING peroxins Pex2, Pex10, and Pex12 exhibits ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase activity. Our results show that Pex2 mediates the Ubc4-dependent polyubiquitination whereas Pex12 facilitates the Pex4-dependent monoubiquitination of Pex5.
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Al-Dirbashi OY, Shaheen R, Al-Sayed M, Al-Dosari M, Makhseed N, Abu Safieh L, Santa T, Meyer BF, Shimozawa N, Alkuraya FS. Zellweger syndrome caused by PEX13 deficiency: report of two novel mutations. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:1219-23. [PMID: 19449432 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders represent a group of genetically heterogeneous conditions that have in common failure of proper peroxisomal assembly. Clinically, they are characterized by a spectrum of dysmorphia, neurological, liver, and other organ involvement. To date, mutations in 13 PEX genes encoding peroxins have been identified in patients with peroxisomal biogenesis disorders. Mutations in PEX13, which encodes peroxisomal membrane protein PEX13, are among the least common causes of peroxisomal biogenesis disorders with only three mutations reported so far. Here, we report on two infants whose clinical and biochemical profile was consistent with classical Zellweger syndrome and whose complementation analysis assigned them both to group H of peroxisomal biogenesis disorders. We show that they harbor two novel mutations in PEX13. One patient had a genomic rearrangement resulting in a 147 kb deletion that spans the whole of PEX13, while the other had an out-of-frame deletion of 14 bp. This represents the first report of a PEX13 deletion and suggests that further work is needed to examine the frequency of PEX13 mutations among Arab patients with peroxisomal biogenesis disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Y Al-Dirbashi
- National Laboratory for Newborn Screening, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Identifying relationships among genomic disease regions: predicting genes at pathogenic SNP associations and rare deletions. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000534. [PMID: 19557189 PMCID: PMC2694358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Translating a set of disease regions into insight about pathogenic mechanisms requires not only the ability to identify the key disease genes within them, but also the biological relationships among those key genes. Here we describe a statistical method, Gene Relationships Among Implicated Loci (GRAIL), that takes a list of disease regions and automatically assesses the degree of relatedness of implicated genes using 250,000 PubMed abstracts. We first evaluated GRAIL by assessing its ability to identify subsets of highly related genes in common pathways from validated lipid and height SNP associations from recent genome-wide studies. We then tested GRAIL, by assessing its ability to separate true disease regions from many false positive disease regions in two separate practical applications in human genetics. First, we took 74 nominally associated Crohn's disease SNPs and applied GRAIL to identify a subset of 13 SNPs with highly related genes. Of these, ten convincingly validated in follow-up genotyping; genotyping results for the remaining three were inconclusive. Next, we applied GRAIL to 165 rare deletion events seen in schizophrenia cases (less than one-third of which are contributing to disease risk). We demonstrate that GRAIL is able to identify a subset of 16 deletions containing highly related genes; many of these genes are expressed in the central nervous system and play a role in neuronal synapses. GRAIL offers a statistically robust approach to identifying functionally related genes from across multiple disease regions—that likely represent key disease pathways. An online version of this method is available for public use (http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/grail/). Modern genetic studies, including genome-wide surveys for disease-associated loci and copy number variation, provide a list of critical genomic regions that play an important role in predisposition to disease. Using these regions to understand disease pathogenesis requires the ability to first distinguish causal genes from other nearby genes spuriously contained within these regions. To do this we must identify the key pathways suggested by those causal genes. In this manuscript we describe a statistical approach, Gene Relationships Across Implicated Loci (GRAIL), to achieve this task. It starts with genomic regions and identifies related subsets of genes involved in similar biological processes—these genes highlight the likely causal genes and the key pathways. GRAIL uses abstracts from the entirety of the published scientific literature about the genes to look for potential relationships between genes. We apply GRAIL to four very different phenotypes. In each case we identify a subset of highly related genes; in cases where false positive regions are present, GRAIL is able to separate out likely true positives. GRAIL therefore offers the potential to translate disease genomic regions from unbiased genomic surveys into the key processes that may be critical to the disease.
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Goertzel B, Pennachin C, de Alvarenga Mudado M, de Souza Coelho L. Identifying the genes and genetic interrelationships underlying the impact of calorie restriction on maximum lifespan: an artificial intelligence-based approach. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:735-48. [PMID: 18729806 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel artificial intelligence methodologies were applied to analyze gene expression microarray data gathered from mice under a calorie restriction (CR) regimen. The data were gathered from three previously published mouse studies; these datasets were merged together into a single composite dataset for the purpose of conducting a broader-based analysis. The result was a list of genes that are important for the impact of CR on lifespan, not necessarily in terms of their individual actions but in terms of their interactions with other genes. Furthermore, a map of gene interrelationships was provided, suggesting which intergene interactions are most important for the effect of CR on life extension. In particular our analysis showed that the genes Mrpl12, Uqcrh, and Snip1 play central roles regarding the effects of CR on life extension, interacting with many other genes (which the analysis enumerates) in carrying out their roles. This is the first time that the genes Snip1 and Mrpl12 have been identified in the context of aging. In a follow-up analysis aimed at validating these results, the analytic process was rerun with a fourth dataset included, yielding largely comparable results. Broadly, the biological interpretation of these analytical results suggests that the effects of CR on life extension are due to multiple factors, including factors identified in prior theories of aging, such as the hormesis, development, cellular, and free radical theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Goertzel
- Biomind LLC, 1405 Bernerd Place, Rockville, ND 20851, USA.
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45
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Al-Dirbashi OY, Santa T, Rashed MS, Al-Hassnan Z, Shimozawa N, Chedrawi A, Jacob M, Al-Mokhadab M. Rapid UPLC-MS/MS method for routine analysis of plasma pristanic, phytanic, and very long chain fatty acid markers of peroxisomal disorders. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1855-62. [PMID: 18441019 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d800019-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of pristanic acid, phytanic acid, and very long chain fatty acids (i.e., hexacosanoic, tetracosanoic, and docosanoic acids) in plasma is the primary method for investigateing a multitude of peroxisomal disorders (PDs). Typically based on GC-MS, existing methods are time-consuming and laborious. In this paper, we present a rapid and specific liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method based on derivatization with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylaminosulfonyl]-7-(2-aminoethylamino)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DAABD-AE). Derivatization was undertaken to improve the poor mass spectrometric properties of these fatty acids. Analytes in plasma (20 mul) were hydrolyzed, extracted, and derivatized with DAABD-AE in approximately 2 h. Derivatives were separated on a reverse-phase column and detected by positive-ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with a 5 min injection-to-injection time. Calibration plots were linear over ranges that cover physiological and pathological concentrations. Intraday (n = 12) and interday (n = 10) variations at low and high concentrations were less than 9.2%. Reference intervals in normal plasma (n = 250) were established for each compound and were in agreement with the literature. Using specimens from patients with established diagnosis (n = 20), various PDs were reliably detected. In conclusion, this method allows for the detection of at least nine PDs in a 5 min analytical run. Furthermore, this derivatization approach is potentially applicable to other disease markers carrying the carboxylic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Y Al-Dirbashi
- National Laboratory for Newborn Screening, Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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46
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Wiese S, Gronemeyer T, Ofman R, Kunze M, Grou CP, Almeida JA, Eisenacher M, Stephan C, Hayen H, Schollenberger L, Korosec T, Waterham HR, Schliebs W, Erdmann R, Berger J, Meyer HE, Just W, Azevedo JE, Wanders RJA, Warscheid B. Proteomics characterization of mouse kidney peroxisomes by tandem mass spectrometry and protein correlation profiling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:2045-57. [PMID: 17768142 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700169-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome represents a ubiquitous single membrane-bound key organelle that executes various metabolic pathways such as fatty acid degradation by alpha- and beta-oxidation, ether-phospholipid biosynthesis, metabolism of reactive oxygen species, and detoxification of glyoxylate in mammals. To fulfil this vast array of metabolic functions, peroxisomes accommodate approximately 50 different enzymes at least as identified until now. Interest in peroxisomes has been fueled by the discovery of a group of genetic diseases in humans, which are caused by either a defect in peroxisome biogenesis or the deficient activity of a distinct peroxisomal enzyme or transporter. Although this research has greatly improved our understanding of peroxisomes and their role in mammalian metabolism, deeper insight into biochemistry and functions of peroxisomes is required to expand our knowledge of this low abundance but vital organelle. In this work, we used classical subcellular fractionation in combination with MS-based proteomics methodologies to characterize the proteome of mouse kidney peroxisomes. We could identify virtually all known components involved in peroxisomal metabolism and biogenesis. Moreover through protein localization studies by using a quantitative MS screen combined with statistical analyses, we identified 15 new peroxisomal candidates. Of these, we further investigated five candidates by immunocytochemistry, which confirmed their localization in peroxisomes. As a result of this joint effort, we believe to have compiled the so far most comprehensive protein catalogue of mammalian peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wiese
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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47
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Shimozawa N. Molecular and clinical aspects of peroxisomal diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2007; 30:193-7. [PMID: 17347916 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-007-0516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal diseases, an expanding group of inborn errors of metabolism, can be classified into three categories--peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs), single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies, and contiguous gene syndrome. PBDs comprise 13 complementation groups and their responsible genes have been identified, including our newly identified group with a PEX14 defect. We have established a diagnostic system of peroxisomal diseases in Japan, and have identified 40 Japanese with PBDs, 11 patients with beta-oxidation enzyme deficiencies and more than 100 patients with adrenoleukodystrophy. Further study of and enlightenment on peroxisomal diseases is necessary to overcome these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shimozawa
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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48
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Fujiki Y, Okumoto K, Kinoshita N, Ghaedi K. Lessons from peroxisome-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1374-81. [PMID: 17045664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells with a genetic defect affecting a biological activity and/or a cell phenotype are generally called "cell mutants" and are a highly useful tool in genetic, biochemical, as well as cell biological research. To investigate peroxisome biogenesis and human peroxisome biogenesis disorders, more than a dozen complementation groups of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants defective in peroxisome assembly have been successfully isolated and established as a model system. Moreover, successful PEX gene cloning studies by taking advantage of rapid functional complementation assay of CHO cell mutants invaluably contributed to the accomplishment of isolation of pathogenic genes responsible for peroxisome biogenesis diseases. Molecular mechanisms of peroxisome assembly are currently investigated by making use of such mammalian cell mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Fujiki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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49
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Steinberg SJ, Dodt G, Raymond GV, Braverman NE, Moser AB, Moser HW. Peroxisome biogenesis disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1733-48. [PMID: 17055079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Defects in PEX genes impair peroxisome assembly and multiple metabolic pathways confined to this organelle, thus providing the biochemical and molecular bases of the peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBD). PBD are divided into two types--Zellweger syndrome spectrum (ZSS) and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). Biochemical studies performed in blood and urine are used to screen for the PBD. DNA testing is possible for all of the disorders, but is more challenging for the ZSS since 12 PEX genes are known to be associated with this spectrum of PBD. In contrast, PBD-RCDP is associated with defects in the PEX7 gene alone. Studies of the cellular and molecular defects in PBD patients have contributed significantly to our understanding of the role of each PEX gene in peroxisome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Steinberg
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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50
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Powers JM, Moser HW. Peroxisomal disorders: genotype, phenotype, major neuropathologic lesions, and pathogenesis. Brain Pathol 2006; 8:101-20. [PMID: 9458170 PMCID: PMC8098283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1998.tb00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders. Enormous progress in defining their gene defects has been achieved. The genes and gene products, peroxins (PEX), in five of the complementation groups have been defined. These studies confirm that Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), and infantile Refsum disease (IRD) are a disease continuum. The gene defect in adreno-leukodystrophy (ALD) / adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) involves an integral peroxisomal membrane protein. Neuropathologic lesions are of three major classes: (i) abnormalities in neuronal migration or differentiation, (ii) defects in the formation or maintenance of central white matter, and (iii) postdevelopmental neuronal degenerations. The central white matter lesions are those of: (i) inflammatory demyelination, (ii) non-inflammatory dysmyelination, and (iii) non-specific reductions in myelin volume or staining with or without reactive astrocytosis. The neuronal degenerations are of two major types: (i) the axonopathy of AMN involving ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord, and (ii) cerebellar atrophy in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and probably IRD. We postulate that the abnormal fatty acids in peroxisomal disorders, particularly very long chain fatty acids and phytanic acid, are incorporated into cell membranes and perturb their microenvironments resulting in dysfunction, atrophy and death of vulnerable cells. The advent of mouse models for ZS and ALD is anticipated to provide even greater pathogenetic insights into the peroxisomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Powers
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology and Postmortem Medicine), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA.
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