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Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) can cause devastating impacts to marine life. Despite the serious consequences of MHWs, our understanding of their drivers is largely based on isolated case studies rather than any systematic unifying assessment. Here we provide the first global assessment under a consistent framework by combining a confidence assessment of the historical refereed literature from 1950 to February 2016, together with the analysis of MHWs determined from daily satellite sea surface temperatures from 1982–2016, to identify the important local processes, large-scale climate modes and teleconnections that are associated with MHWs regionally. Clear patterns emerge, including coherent relationships between enhanced or suppressed MHW occurrences with the dominant climate modes across most regions of the globe – an important exception being western boundary current regions where reports of MHW events are few and ocean-climate relationships are complex. These results provide a global baseline for future MHW process and prediction studies. Impacts from marine heatwaves can be devastating, but understanding their causes is largely based on case studies. Here the authors carry out a global assessment of literature and sea surface temperatures to identify important local processes, climate modes and teleconnections that drive marine heatwaves regionally.
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Strub PT, James C, Montecino V, Rutllant JA, Blanco JL. Ocean circulation along the southern Chile transition region (38°-46°S): Mean, seasonal and interannual variability, with a focus on 2014-2016. PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY 2019; 172:159-198. [PMID: 33204044 PMCID: PMC7668349 DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Satellite and atmospheric model fields are used to describe the wind forcing, surface ocean circulation, temperature and chlorophyll-a pigment concentrations along the coast of southern Chile in the transition region between 38° and 46°S. Located inshore of the bifurcation of the eastward South Pacific Current into the equatorward Humboldt and the poleward Cape Horn Currents, the region also includes the Chiloé Inner Sea and the northern extent of the complex system of fjords, islands and canals that stretch south from near 42°S. The high resolution satellite data reveal that equatorward currents next to the coast extend as far south as 48°-51°S in spring-summer. They also display detailed distributions of forcing from wind stress and wind stress curl near the coast and within the Inner Sea. Between 38°-46°S, both winds and surface currents during 1993-2016 change directions seasonally from equatorward during summer upwelling to poleward during winter downwelling, with cooler SST and greater surface chlorophyll-a concentrations next to the coast during upwelling, opposite conditions during downwelling. Over interannual time scales during 1993-2016, there is a strong correlation between equatorial El Niño events and sea level and a moderate correlation with alongshore currents. Looking more closely at the 2014-2016 period, we find a marginal El Niño during 2014 and a strong El Niño during 2015 that connect the region to the tropics through the oceanic pathway, with some atmospheric connections through the phenomenon of atmospheric blocking (as noted by others). The period also includes a Harmful Algal Bloom of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella during early-2016 that occurred during a sequence of physical conditions (winds, currents and temperatures) that would favor such a bloom. The most anomalous physical condition during this specific bloom is an extreme case of atmospheric blocking that creates a long period of calm in austral autumn after strong upwelling in austral summer. The blocking is related to the 2015-2016 El Niño and an unusual coincident positive phase of the Southern Annular Mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Ted Strub
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 CEOAS Admin. Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, United States
| | - Corinne James
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 CEOAS Admin. Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331-5503, United States
| | - Vivian Montecino
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - José A. Rutllant
- Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 2777, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - José Luis Blanco
- Bluewater Consulting Company, Ramalab Laboratory, O’Higgins 464, Castro, Chile
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Abstract
Cross-shelf exchange dominates the pathways and rates by which nutrients, biota, and materials on the continental shelf are delivered and removed. This follows because cross-shelf gradients of most properties are usually far greater than those in the alongshore direction. The resulting transports are limited by Earth's rotation, which inhibits flow from crossing isobaths. Thus, cross-shelf flows are generally weak compared with alongshore flows, and this leads to interesting observational issues. Cross-shelf flows are enabled by turbulent mixing processes, nonlinear processes (such as momentum advection), and time dependence. Thus, there is a wide range of possible effects that can allow these critical transports, and different natural settings are often governed by different combinations of processes. This review discusses examples of representative transport mechanisms and explores possible observational and theoretical paths to future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Brink
- Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543;
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Montes I, Schneider W, Colas F, Blanke B, Echevin V. Subsurface connections in the eastern tropical Pacific during La Niña 1999–2001 and El Niño 2002–2003. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jc007624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Observations of the 1982-1983 El Niño make it possible to relate the anomalous ocean conditions to specific biological responses. In October 1982 upwelling ecosystems in the eastern equatorial Pacific began a series of transitions from the normal highly productive condition to greatly reduced productivity. The highly productive condition had returned by July 1983. Nutrients, phytoplankton biomass, and primary productivity are clearly regulated by the physical changes of El Niño. Evidence from 1982 and 1983 also suggests effects on higher organisms such as fish, seabirds, and marine mammals, but several more years of observation are required to accurately determine the magnitude of the consequences on these higher trophic levels.
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Thompson LG, Mosley-Thompson E, Arnao BM. El nino-southern oscillation events recorded in the stratigraphy of the tropical quelccaya ice cap, peru. Science 2010; 226:50-3. [PMID: 17815420 DOI: 10.1126/science.226.4670.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Snow accumulation measured during 1982-1983 on the Quelccaya ice cap, Peru, was 70 percent of the average from 1975 through 1983. Inspection of 19 years (1964 through 1983) of accumulation measured near the summit of Quelccaya reveals a substantial decrease ( approximately 30 percent) in association with the last five El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) occurrences in the equatorial Pacific. The ENSO phenomenon is now recognized as a global event arising from large-scale interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere. Understanding this extreme event, with the goal of prediction, requires a record of past occurrences. The Quelccaya ice cap, which contains 1500 years of annually accumulated ice layers, may provide a long and detailed record of the most extreme ENSO events.
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Torres R. Continued CO2outgassing in an upwelling area off northern Chile during the development phase of El Niño 1997–1998 (July 1997). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jc000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Blanco JL. Hydrographic conditions off northern Chile during the 1996–1998 La Niña and El Niño events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jc001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Norton JG, McLain DR. Diagnostic patterns of seasonal and interannual temperature variation off the west coast of the United States: Local and remote large-scale atmospheric forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jc01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Heinze PM, Wefer G. The history of coastal upwelling off Peru (11°S, ODP Leg 112, Site 680B) over the past 650 000 years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1992.064.01.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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11
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Huyer A, Knoll M, Paluszkiewicz T, Smith RL. The Peru Undercurrent: a study in variability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0198-0149(12)80012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Arntz WE, Tarazona J. Effects of El Niño 1982-83 on Benthos, Fish and Fisheries off the South American Pacific Coast. GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 1982–83 EL NINO—SOUTHERNOSCILLATION 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0422-9894(08)70040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Duffy DC. Seabirds and the 1982-1984 El Niño-Southern Oscillation. GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 1982–83 EL NINO—SOUTHERNOSCILLATION 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0422-9894(08)70043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Nutrients and Productivity During the 1982/83 El Niño. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0422-9894(08)70032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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15
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Workshop summary: Poleward flow-observational and theoretical issues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ce034p0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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16
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Poleward flow near the northern and southern boundaries of the U.S. West Coast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ce034p0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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Do nitrogen transformations in the Poleward Undercurrent off Peru and Chile have a globally significant influence? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ce034p0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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An overview of the poleward undercurrent and upwelling along the Chilean coast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ce034p0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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19
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Church JA, Cresswell GR, Godfrey JS. The Leeuwin Current. COASTAL AND ESTUARINE STUDIES 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ce034p0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Poleward motion in the Benguela area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ce034p0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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On the Northeast Atlantic Slope Current. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ce034p0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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Poleward flow in the California Current System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ce034p0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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23
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The Poleward undercurrent on the eastern boundary of the subtropical North Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ce034p0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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24
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Topographic stress in coastal circulation dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ce034p0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Prologue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ce034p000v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Tarazona J, Salzwedel H, Arntz W. Positive effects of ?El Ni�o? on macrozoobenthos inhabiting hypoxic areas of the Peruvian upwelling system. Oecologia 1988; 76:184-190. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00379951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/1987] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Huyer A, Smith RL, Paluszkiewicz T. Coastal upwelling off Peru during normal and El Niño times, 1981–1984. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jc092ic13p14297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Wilkerson FP, Dugdale RC, Barber RT. Effects of El Niño on new, regenerated, and total production in eastern boundary upwelling systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jc092ic13p14347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Quinn WH, Neal VT, Antunez De Mayolo SE. El Niño occurrences over the past four and a half centuries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jc092ic13p14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Brink KH, Muench RD. Circulation in the Point Conception-Santa Barbara Channel region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/jc091ic01p00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Grant PR. Climatic Fluctuations on the Galapagos Islands and Their Influence on Darwin's Finches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.2307/40168299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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McLachlan J, Bird CJ. Geographical and experimental assessment of the distribution ofGracilaria species (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) in relation to temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02027684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Hoek C. World-wide latitudinal and longitudinal seaweed distribution patterns and their possible causes, as illustrated by the distribution of Rhodophytan genera. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01997483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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37
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Abstract
El Niño events, the most spectacular instances of interannual variability in the ocean, have profound consequences for climate and the ocean ecosystem. The 1982-1983 El Niño is perhaps the strongest in this century. El Niño events usually have followed a predictable pattern, but the recent event differs markedly. The physical oceanography of this El Niño is described and compared with that of earlier events.
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