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Massip-Veloso Y, Hoagstrom CW, McMahan CD, Matamoros WA. Biogeography of Greater Antillean freshwater fishes, with a review of competing hypotheses. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:901-927. [PMID: 38205676 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In biogeography, vicariance and long-distance dispersal are often characterised as competing scenarios. However, they are related concepts, both relying on collective geological, ecological, and phylogenetic evidence. This is illustrated by freshwater fishes, which may immigrate to islands either when freshwater connections are temporarily present and later severed (vicariance), or by unusual means when ocean gaps are crossed (long-distance dispersal). Marine barriers have a strong filtering effect on freshwater fishes, limiting immigrants to those most capable of oceanic dispersal. The roles of vicariance and dispersal are debated for freshwater fishes of the Greater Antilles. We review three active hypotheses [Cretaceous vicariance, Greater Antilles-Aves Ridge (GAARlandia), long-distance dispersal] and propose long-distance dispersal to be an appropriate model due to limited support for freshwater fish use of landspans. Greater Antillean freshwater fishes have six potential source bioregions (defined from faunal similarity): Northern Gulf of México, Western Gulf of México, Maya Terrane, Chortís Block, Eastern Panamá, and Northern South America. Faunas of the Greater Antilles are composed of taxa immigrating from many of these bioregions, but there is strong compositional disharmony between island and mainland fish faunas (>90% of Antillean species are cyprinodontiforms, compared to <10% in Northern Gulf of México and Northern South America, and ≤50% elsewhere), consistent with a hypothesis of long-distance dispersal. Ancestral-area reconstruction analysis indicates there were 16 or 17 immigration events over the last 51 million years, 14 or 15 of these by cyprinodontiforms. Published divergence estimates and evidence available for each immigration event suggests they occurred at different times and by different pathways, possibly with rafts of vegetation discharged from rivers or washed to sea during storms. If so, ocean currents likely provide critical pathways for immigration when flowing from one landmass to another. On the other hand, currents create dispersal barriers when flowing perpendicularly between landmasses. In addition to high salinity tolerance, cyprinodontiforms collectively display a variety of adaptations that could enhance their ability to live with rafts (small body size, viviparity, low metabolism, amphibiousness, diapause, self-fertilisation). These adaptations likely also helped immigrants establish island populations after arrival and to persist long term thereafter. Cichlids may have used a pseudo bridge (Nicaragua Rise) to reach the Greater Antilles. Gars (Lepisosteidae) may have crossed the Straits of Florida to Cuba, a relatively short crossing that is not a barrier to gene flow for several cyprinodontiform immigrants. Indeed, widespread distributions of Quaternary migrants (Cyprinodon, Gambusia, Kryptolebias), within the Greater Antilles and among neighbouring bioregions, imply that long-distance dispersal is not necessarily inhibitory for well-adapted species, even though it appears to be virtually impossible for all other freshwater fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibril Massip-Veloso
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150, C.P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | | | - Wilfredo A Matamoros
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biodiversidad y Conservación de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150, C.P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
- Laboratorio de Diversidad Acuática y Biogeografía, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Libramiento Norte Poniente 1150, C.P. 29039, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
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Goderis S, Sato H, Ferrière L, Schmitz B, Burney D, Kaskes P, Vellekoop J, Wittmann A, Schulz T, Chernonozhkin SM, Claeys P, de Graaff SJ, Déhais T, de Winter NJ, Elfman M, Feignon JG, Ishikawa A, Koeberl C, Kristiansson P, Neal CR, Owens JD, Schmieder M, Sinnesael M, Vanhaecke F, Van Malderen SJM, Bralower TJ, Gulick SPS, Kring DA, Lowery CM, Morgan JV, Smit J, Whalen MT. Globally distributed iridium layer preserved within the Chicxulub impact structure. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/9/eabe3647. [PMID: 33627429 PMCID: PMC7904271 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction is marked globally by elevated concentrations of iridium, emplaced by a hypervelocity impact event 66 million years ago. Here, we report new data from four independent laboratories that reveal a positive iridium anomaly within the peak-ring sequence of the Chicxulub impact structure, in drill core recovered by IODP-ICDP Expedition 364. The highest concentration of ultrafine meteoritic matter occurs in the post-impact sediments that cover the crater peak ring, just below the lowermost Danian pelagic limestone. Within years to decades after the impact event, this part of the Chicxulub impact basin returned to a relatively low-energy depositional environment, recording in unprecedented detail the recovery of life during the succeeding millennia. The iridium layer provides a key temporal horizon precisely linking Chicxulub to K-Pg boundary sections worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Goderis
- Analytical, Environmental, and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Honami Sato
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Submarine Resources Research Center, Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Birger Schmitz
- Astrogeobiology Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Burney
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Pim Kaskes
- Analytical, Environmental, and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratoire G-Time, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan Vellekoop
- Analytical, Environmental, and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Geology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Axel Wittmann
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Toni Schulz
- Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Stepan M Chernonozhkin
- Atomic and Mass Spectrometry-A&MS research group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Claeys
- Analytical, Environmental, and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sietze J de Graaff
- Analytical, Environmental, and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratoire G-Time, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Déhais
- Analytical, Environmental, and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratoire G-Time, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Niels J de Winter
- Analytical, Environmental, and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mikael Elfman
- Astrogeobiology Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Akira Ishikawa
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Submarine Resources Research Center, Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Christian Koeberl
- Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Per Kristiansson
- Astrogeobiology Laboratory, Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Clive R Neal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jeremy D Owens
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Martin Schmieder
- HNU Neu-Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Neu-Ulm, Germany
- Lunar and Planetary Institute-USRA, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthias Sinnesael
- Analytical, Environmental, and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Atomic and Mass Spectrometry-A&MS research group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn J M Van Malderen
- Atomic and Mass Spectrometry-A&MS research group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Timothy J Bralower
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sean P S Gulick
- Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Planetary Systems Habitability, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - David A Kring
- Lunar and Planetary Institute-USRA, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Joanna V Morgan
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jan Smit
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael T Whalen
- Department of Geosciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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Evans NJ, Gregoire DC, Goodfellow WD, Miles N, Veizer J. The Cretaceous-Tertiary fireball layer, ejecta layer and coal seam: Platinum-group element content and mineralogy of size fractions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1994.tb00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Premo WR, Izett GA. Isotopic signatures of black tektites from the K-T boundary on Haiti: Implications for the age and type of source material. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1992.tb00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bohor BF, Glass BP. Origin and diagenesis of K/T impact spherules-From Haiti to Wyoming and beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1995.tb01113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Glikson AY. Early precambrian asteroid impact-triggered tsunami: excavated seabed, debris flows, exotic boulders, and turbulence features associated with 3.47-2.47 Ga-old asteroid impact fallout units, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. ASTROBIOLOGY 2004; 4:19-50. [PMID: 15104901 DOI: 10.1089/153110704773600212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pioneering studies of Precambrian impact fallout units and associated tsunami deposits in the Hamersley Basin, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, by B.M. Simonson and S.W. Hassler, document a range of tsunami deposits associated with impact fallout units whose impact connection is identified by associated microtektites and microkrystites (condensation spherules). The impact connection of these particles is demonstrated by iridium anomalies, unique platinum group elements patterns, and Ni-rich mineral phases. Densely packed tsunami-transported fragments and boulders overlie microkrystite units of the >2629 +/- 5 Ma top Jeerinah Impact Layer (JIL). Tsunami events closely follow spherule settling associated with the 2561 +/- 8 Ma Spherule Marker Bed SMB-1 and SMB-2 impact events, Bee Gorge Member, Wittenoom Formation. The two impact cycles are separated by a stratigraphically consistent silicified black siltstone, representing a "Quiet Interval." The SMB turbidites display turbulence eddies, climbing ripples, conglomerate pockets, slumps, and waterlogged sediment deformation features. Consequences of tsunami in the probably contemporaneous Carawine Dolomite (Pb-Pb carbonate ages of approximately 2.56-2.54 Ga), eastern Hamersley Basin, include sub-autochthonous below-wave base excavation and megabrecciation of sea floor substrata, resulting in a unique 10-30-m-thick spherule-bearing megabreccia marker mapped over a nearly 100-km north-south strike distance in the east Hamersley Basin. The field relations suggest a pretsunami settling of the bulk of the spherules. Tsunami wave effects include: (1). dispersal of the spherule-rich soft upper sea floor sediments as a subaqueous mud cloud and (2). excavation of consolidated substrata below the soft sediment zone. Excavation and megabrecciation included injection of liquefied spherule-bearing microbreccia into dilated fractures in the disrupted underlying carbonates. Near-perfect preservation of the spherules within the basal microbreccia veins suggests tsunami-induced hydraulic pressures locally exceeded lithostatic pressure. Late-stage settling of spherule-bearing mud clouds in the wake of the tsunami is represented by an abundance of spherules in the uppermost microbreccia zones of the megabreccia pile. From the deep below-wave base facies of the Carawine Dolomite, tsunami wave amplitudes may have exceeded 200 m depth. The approximately 2.47-2.50 Ga DGS4 (S4 Macroband, Dales Gorge Member, Brockman Iron Formation) fallout units include exotic chert and carbonate boulders transported by tsunami following settling of a 10-20-cm-thick microkrystite and microtektite-rich unit. Seismic perturbations preceding deposition of the JIL and SMB fallout units are marked by rip-up clasts. The geochemistry of microkrystites and microtektites suggests impact fallout originated from impacts in simatic/oceanic crustal regions, although tsunami waves may have originated from seismically reactivated faults and plate margins located at distance from the impact craters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Y Glikson
- Research School of Earth Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT.
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Lowe DR, Byerly GR, Kyte FT, Shukolyukov A, Asaro F, Krull A. Spherule beds 3.47-3.24 billion years old in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: a record of large meteorite impacts and their influence on early crustal and biological evolution. ASTROBIOLOGY 2003; 3:7-48. [PMID: 12804363 DOI: 10.1089/153110703321632408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Four layers, S1-S4, containing sand-sized spherical particles formed as a result of large meteorite impacts, occur in 3.47-3.24 Ga rocks of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Ir levels in S3 and S4 locally equal or exceed chondritic values but in other sections are at or only slightly above background. Most spherules are inferred to have formed by condensation of impact-produced rock vapor clouds, although some may represent ballistically ejected liquid droplets. Extreme Ir abundances and heterogeneity may reflect element fractionation during spherule formation, hydraulic fractionation during deposition, and/or diagenetic and metasomatic processes. Deposition of S1, S2, and S3 was widely influenced by waves and/or currents interpreted to represent impact-generated tsunamis, and S1 and S2 show multiple graded layers indicating the passage of two or more wave trains. These tsunamis may have promoted mixing within a globally stratified ocean, enriching surface waters in nutrients for biological communities. S2 and S3 mark the transition from the 300-million-year-long Onverwacht stage of predominantly basaltic and komatiitic volcanism to the late orogenic stage of greenstone belt evolution, suggesting that regional and possibly global tectonic reorganization resulted from these large impacts. These beds provide the oldest known direct record of terrestrial impacts and an opportunity to explore their influence on early life, crust, ocean, and atmosphere. The apparent presence of impact clusters at 3.26-3.24 Ga and approximately 2.65-2.5 Ga suggests either spikes in impact rates during the Archean or that the entire Archean was characterized by terrestrial impact rates above those currently estimated from the lunar cratering record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Lowe
- Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115, USA.
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9
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Alvarez W. Comparing the evidence relevant to impact and flood basalt at times of major mass extinctions. ASTROBIOLOGY 2003; 3:153-161. [PMID: 12804370 DOI: 10.1089/153110703321632480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The five major mass extinctions identified in 1982 by Raup and Sepkoski have expanded to six, with the suggestion that the Permian-Triassic extinction was a double event. Is there a general explanation for great mass extinctions, or can they result from different triggers, or even from internal system instabilities? The two most-discussed candidates for a general extinction mechanism are impacts and flood-basalt eruptions. A compilation of evidence for impact at the times of mass extinctions shows that this cause is abundantly confirmed in the case of the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction and the late Eocene, which is a time of minor and gradual extinction, but little or no evidence connects other major extinctions to impact. On the other hand, there is a remarkable time correlation between flood basalts and four major extinctions, but no other evidence that flood basalts cause mass extinctions. The evidence for an impact-extinction linkage is strikingly different from that for a connection between flood basalts and extinctions. Flood basalts cover larger areas than craters and their associated thick ejecta blankets, which are thus less likely to be found. Impacts distribute proxies globally at instantaneous time horizons, whereas flood-basalt events are extended in time, and no remote proxies have been recognized. Many global killing mechanisms have been proposed in the case of impacts, but few have been suggested for flood basalts. It is possible that flood basalts are triggered by impact, but it is not obvious how impacts could result from anything other than chance. The hypothesis that impacts are the general cause of mass extinctions has not received supporting evidence, but has not been falsified. The hypothesis that flood basalts are the general cause of mass extinctions is supported by evidence from timing, but is not susceptible to falsification. Other candidates for general extinction causes, especially sea-level changes and system instabilities, would require separate treatment. The question is still very much open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Alvarez
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley 94720-4767, USA.
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A Geographic Database Approach to the KT Boundary. GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IMPACT EVENTS 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59388-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Kring DA. Trajectories and distribution of material ejected from the Chicxulub impact crater: Implications for postimpact wildfires. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001je001532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Hildebrand AR, Pilkington M, Ortiz-Aleman C, Chavez RE, Urrutia-Fucugauchi J, Connors M, Graniel-Castro E, Camara-Zi A, Halpenny JF, Niehaus D. Mapping Chicxulub crater structure with gravity and seismic reflection data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.1998.140.01.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Blair Hedges
- Department of Biology and Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Glasby GP, Kunzendorf H. Multiple factors in the origin of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: the role of environmental stress and Deccan Trap volcanism. GEOLOGISCHE RUNDSCHAU : ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE GEOLOGIE 1996; 85:191-210. [PMID: 11543126 DOI: 10.1007/bf02422228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A review of the scenarios for the Cretaceous/ Tertiary (K/T) boundary event is presented and a coherent hypothesis for the origin of the event is formulated. Many scientists now accept that the event was caused by a meteorite impact at Chicxulub in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Our investigations show that the oceans were already stressed by the end of the Late Cretaceous as a result of the long-term drop in atmospheric CO2, the long-term drop in sea level and the frequent development of oceanic anoxia. Extinction of some marine species was already occurring several million years prior to the K/T boundary. The biota were therefore susceptible to change. The eruption of the Deccan Traps, which began at 66.2 Ma, coincides with the K/T boundary events. It erupted huge quantities of H2SO4, HCl, CO2, dust and soot into the atmosphere and led to a significant drop in sea level and marked changes in ocean temperature. The result was a major reduction in oceanic productivity and the creation of an almost dead ocean. The volcanism lasted almost 0.7 m.y. Extinction of biological species was graded and appeared to correlate with the main eruptive events. Elements such as Ir were incorporated into the volcanic ash, possibly on soot particles. This horizon accumulated under anoxic conditions in local depressions and became the marker horizon for the K/T boundary. An oxidation front penetrated this horizon leading to the redistribution of elements. The eruption of the Deccan Traps is the largest volcanic event since the Permian-Triassic event at 245 Ma. It followed a period of 36 m.y. in which the earth's magnetic field failed to reverse. Instabilities in the mantle are thought to be responsible for this eruption and therefore for the K/T event. We therefore believe that the K/T event can be explained in terms of the effects of the Deccan volcanism on an already stressed biosphere. The meteorite impact at Chicxulub took place after the onset of Deccan volcanism. It probably played a regional, rather than global, role in the K/T extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Glasby
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Sheffield, England
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Zhang Q, Xu D. Inquiring into indicators and origin of catastrophic events at stratigraphic boundaries. JOURNAL OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN EARTH SCIENCES 1996; 13:373-8. [PMID: 12747349 DOI: 10.1016/0743-9547(96)00043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since 1982, numerous indicators of catastrophic events have been observed at the main stratigraphic boundaries in China during the Phanerozoic, i.e. Precambrian-Cambrian, Permian-Triassic, Cretaceous-Tertiary as well as Ordovician-Silurian and Devonian-Carboniferous boundaries. These markers are boundary clay layer, microspherules, high Ir anomaly, mass extinction of organisms and impact of meteorite. We support the hypothesis of the extraterrestrial origin of catastrophic events and suggest that the events at different stratigraphic boundaries might be different in features and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhang
- Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau, Beijing, China
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Pilkington M, Hildebrand AR, Ortiz-Aleman C. Gravity and magnetic field modeling and structure of the Chicxulub Crater, Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94je01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Izett GA, Cobban WA, Obradovich JD, Kunk MJ. The Manson Impact Structure:
40
Ar/
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Ar Age and Its Distal Impact Ejecta in the Pierre Shale in Southeastern South Dakota. Science 1993; 262:729-32. [PMID: 17812340 DOI: 10.1126/science.262.5134.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The (40)Ar/(39)Ar ages of a sanidine clast from a melt-matrix breccia of the Manson, Iowa, impact structure (MIS) indicate that the MIS formed 73.8 +/- 0.3 million years ago (Ma) and is not coincident with the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (64.43 +/- 0.05 Ma). The MIS sanidine is 9 million years older than (40)Ar/(39)Ar age spectra of MIS shock-metamorphosed microcline and melt-matrix breccia interpreted earlier to be 64 to 65 Ma. Grains of shock-metamorphosed quartz, feldspar, and zircon were found in the Crow Creek Member (upper Campanian) at a biostratigraphic level constrained by radiometric ages in the Pierre Shale of South Dakota that are consistent with the (40)Ar/(39)Ar age of 73.8 +/- 0.3 Ma for MIS reported herein.
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Isotopic comparison of K/T boundary impact glass with melt rock from the Chicxulub and Manson impact structures. Nature 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/364325a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pope KO, Ocampo AC, Duller CE. Surficial geology of the Chicxulub impact crater, Yucatan, Mexico. EARTH, MOON, AND PLANETS 1993; 63:93-104. [PMID: 11539441 DOI: 10.1007/bf00575099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Chicxulub impact crater in northwestern Yucatan, Mexico is the primary candidate for the proposed impact that caused mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous Period. The crater is buried by up to a kilometer of Tertiary sediment and the most prominent surface expression is a ring of sink holes, known locally as cenotes, mapped with Landsat imagery. This 165 +/- 5 km diameter Cenote Ring demarcates a boundary between unfractured limestones inside the ring, and fractured limestones outside. The boundary forms a barrier to lateral ground water migration, resulting in increased flows, dissolution, and collapse thus forming the cenotes. The subsurface geology indicates that the fracturing that created the Cenote Ring is related to slumping in the rim of the buried crater, differential thicknesses in the rocks overlying the crater, or solution collapse within porous impact deposits. The Cenote Ring provides the most accurate position of the Chicxulub crater's center, and the associated faults, fractures, and stratigraphy indicate that the crater may be approximately 240 km in diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Pope
- Geo Eco Arc Research, La Canada, CA 91011, USA
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20
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Hass CA, Hedges S, Maxson LR. Molecular insights into the relationships and biogeography of West Indian anoline lizards. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(93)90015-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Blum JD, Chamberlain CP. Oxygen Isotope Constraints on the Origin of Impact Glasses from the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary. Science 1992; 257:1104-7. [PMID: 17840280 DOI: 10.1126/science.257.5073.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Laser-extraction oxygen isotope and major element analyses of individual glass spherules from Haitian Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sediments demonstrate that the glasses fall on a mixing line between an isotopically heavy (delta(18)O = 14 per mil) high-calcium composition and an isotopically light (delta(18)O = 6 per mil) high-silicon composition. This trend can be explained by melting of heterogeneous source rocks during the impact of an asteroid (or comet) approximately 65 million years ago. The data indicate that the glasses are a mixture of carbonate and silicate rocks and exclude derivation of the glasses either by volcanic processes or as mixtures of sulfate-rich evaporate and silicate rocks.
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Petrogenesis of an augite-bearing melt rock in the Chicxulub structure and its relationship to K/T impact spherules in Haiti. Nature 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/358141a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hedges SB, Hass CA, Maxson LR. Caribbean biogeography: molecular evidence for dispersal in West Indian terrestrial vertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:1909-13. [PMID: 11607282 PMCID: PMC48563 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.5.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The geological association of the Greater Antilles with North and South America in the late Cretaceous led to the hypothesis that the present Antillean biota reflects those ancient land connections. Molecular data from diverse West Indian amphibians and reptiles and their mainland relatives support a more recent derivation of the Antillean vertebrate fauna by overwater dispersal. The catastrophic bolide impact in the Caribbean region at the close of the Cretaceous provides a proximate cause for the absence of an ancient West Indian biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hedges
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Abstract
The marker bed at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary of the Beloc Formation (southern Haiti) contains abundant coarse-grained microtektites and minor amounts of shocked quartz grains in the basal part. The upper part is composed of medium-grained marl with amalgamated microtektite lenses and finer-grained marl lenses disseminated throughout. Field and petrographic observations, and the distribution of planktonic foraminifera suggest that the bed formed from a complex sequence of events. A bolide impact nearby produced microtektites that sett1led to form a nearly pure layer at the base. Vaporized materials with anomalously high extraterrestrial components settled last, along with carbonate sediments. The entire bed became sparsely consolidated. Subsequently, another major disruptive event, perhaps a giant tsunami, partly reworked the initial deposit. Cohesive fragments of the original marker bed mixed with exotic materials were redeposited as lenticular bodies. This process also may have caused further mixing of Cretaceous and Tertiary microfossils, as observed at Beloc and elsewhere.
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Izett GA, Dalrymple GB, Snee LW. 40Ar/39Ar Age of Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Tektites from Haiti. Science 1991; 252:1539-42. [PMID: 17834880 DOI: 10.1126/science.252.5012.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
(40)Ar/(39)Ar dating of tektites discovered recently in Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary marine sedimentary rocks on Haiti indicates that the K-T boundary and impact event are coeval at 64.5 +/- 0.1 million years ago. Sanidine from a bentonite that lies directly above the K-T boundary in continental, coal-bearing, sedimentary rocks of Montana was also dated and has a (40)Ar/(39)Ar age of 64.6 +/- 0.2 million years ago, which is indistinguishable statistically from the age of the tektites.
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Izett GA. Tektites in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary rocks on Haiti and their bearing on the Alvarez Impact Extinction Hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91je02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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