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Stern SA, Weaver HA, Spencer JR, Olkin CB, Gladstone GR, Grundy WM, Moore JM, Cruikshank DP, Elliott HA, McKinnon WB, Parker JW, Verbiscer AJ, Young LA, Aguilar DA, Albers JM, Andert T, Andrews JP, Bagenal F, Banks ME, Bauer BA, Bauman JA, Bechtold KE, Beddingfield CB, Behrooz N, Beisser KB, Benecchi SD, Bernardoni E, Beyer RA, Bhaskaran S, Bierson CJ, Binzel RP, Birath EM, Bird MK, Boone DR, Bowman AF, Bray VJ, Britt DT, Brown LE, Buckley MR, Buie MW, Buratti BJ, Burke LM, Bushman SS, Carcich B, Chaikin AL, Chavez CL, Cheng AF, Colwell EJ, Conard SJ, Conner MP, Conrad CA, Cook JC, Cooper SB, Custodio OS, Dalle Ore CM, Deboy CC, Dharmavaram P, Dhingra RD, Dunn GF, Earle AM, Egan AF, Eisig J, El-Maarry MR, Engelbrecht C, Enke BL, Ercol CJ, Fattig ED, Ferrell CL, Finley TJ, Firer J, Fischetti J, Folkner WM, Fosbury MN, Fountain GH, Freeze JM, Gabasova L, Glaze LS, Green JL, Griffith GA, Guo Y, Hahn M, Hals DW, Hamilton DP, Hamilton SA, Hanley JJ, Harch A, Harmon KA, Hart HM, Hayes J, Hersman CB, Hill ME, Hill TA, Hofgartner JD, Holdridge ME, Horányi M, Hosadurga A, Howard AD, Howett CJA, Jaskulek SE, Jennings DE, Jensen JR, Jones MR, Kang HK, Katz DJ, Kaufmann DE, Kavelaars JJ, Keane JT, Keleher GP, Kinczyk M, Kochte MC, Kollmann P, Krimigis SM, Kruizinga GL, Kusnierkiewicz DY, Lahr MS, Lauer TR, Lawrence GB, Lee JE, Lessac-Chenen EJ, Linscott IR, Lisse CM, Lunsford AW, Mages DM, Mallder VA, Martin NP, May BH, McComas DJ, McNutt RL, Mehoke DS, Mehoke TS, Nelson DS, Nguyen HD, Núñez JI, Ocampo AC, Owen WM, Oxton GK, Parker AH, Pätzold M, Pelgrift JY, Pelletier FJ, Pineau JP, Piquette MR, Porter SB, Protopapa S, Quirico E, Redfern JA, Regiec AL, Reitsema HJ, Reuter DC, Richardson DC, Riedel JE, Ritterbush MA, Robbins SJ, Rodgers DJ, Rogers GD, Rose DM, Rosendall PE, Runyon KD, Ryschkewitsch MG, Saina MM, Salinas MJ, Schenk PM, Scherrer JR, Schlei WR, Schmitt B, Schultz DJ, Schurr DC, Scipioni F, Sepan RL, Shelton RG, Showalter MR, Simon M, Singer KN, Stahlheber EW, Stanbridge DR, Stansberry JA, Steffl AJ, Strobel DF, Stothoff MM, Stryk T, Stuart JR, Summers ME, Tapley MB, Taylor A, Taylor HW, Tedford RM, Throop HB, Turner LS, Umurhan OM, Van Eck J, Velez D, Versteeg MH, Vincent MA, Webbert RW, Weidner SE, Weigle GE, Wendel JR, White OL, Whittenburg KE, Williams BG, Williams KE, Williams SP, Winters HL, Zangari AM, Zurbuchen TH. Initial results from the New Horizons exploration of 2014 MU₆₉, a small Kuiper Belt object. Science 2019;364:364/6441/eaaw9771. [PMID: 31097641 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw9771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Affiliation(s)

S A Stern Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA.
H A Weaver Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J R Spencer Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
C B Olkin Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
G R Gladstone Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
W M Grundy Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
J M Moore NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
D P Cruikshank NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
H A Elliott Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
W B McKinnon Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
J Wm Parker Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
A J Verbiscer Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
L A Young Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
D A Aguilar Independent consultant, Carbondale, CO 81623, USA
J M Albers Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
T Andert Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg 85577, Germany
J P Andrews Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
F Bagenal Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
M E Banks NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
B A Bauer Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J A Bauman KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
K E Bechtold Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C B Beddingfield NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
N Behrooz Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
K B Beisser Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S D Benecchi Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
E Bernardoni Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
R A Beyer NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
S Bhaskaran Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
C J Bierson Earth and Planetary Science Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
R P Binzel Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
E M Birath Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
M K Bird Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, University of Bonn, Bonn D-53121, Germany.,Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
D R Boone Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
A F Bowman Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
V J Bray Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
D T Britt Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
L E Brown Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M R Buckley Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M W Buie Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
B J Buratti Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
L M Burke Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S S Bushman Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
B Carcich Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.,Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
A L Chaikin Independent science writer, Arlington, VT 05250, USA
C L Chavez NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
A F Cheng Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
E J Colwell Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S J Conard Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M P Conner Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C A Conrad Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
J C Cook Pinhead Institute, Telluride, CO 81435, USA
S B Cooper Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
O S Custodio Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C M Dalle Ore NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
C C Deboy Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
P Dharmavaram Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
R D Dhingra University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
G F Dunn Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
A M Earle Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
A F Egan Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
J Eisig Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M R El-Maarry Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
C Engelbrecht Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
B L Enke Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
C J Ercol Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
E D Fattig Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
C L Ferrell Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
T J Finley Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
J Firer Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J Fischetti KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
W M Folkner Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
M N Fosbury Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
G H Fountain Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J M Freeze Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
L Gabasova University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
L S Glaze NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
J L Green NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
G A Griffith Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
Y Guo Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M Hahn Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
D W Hals Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D P Hamilton Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
S A Hamilton Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J J Hanley Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
A Harch Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
K A Harmon Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
H M Hart Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J Hayes Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
C B Hersman Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M E Hill Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
T A Hill Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J D Hofgartner Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
M E Holdridge Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M Horányi Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
A Hosadurga Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A D Howard Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
C J A Howett Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
S E Jaskulek Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D E Jennings NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
J R Jensen Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M R Jones Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
H K Kang Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D J Katz Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D E Kaufmann Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
J J Kavelaars National Research Council of Canada, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7, Canada
J T Keane Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
G P Keleher Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M Kinczyk Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
M C Kochte Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
P Kollmann Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S M Krimigis Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
G L Kruizinga Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
D Y Kusnierkiewicz Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M S Lahr Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
T R Lauer National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Tucson, AZ 26732, USA
G B Lawrence Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J E Lee NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
E J Lessac-Chenen KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
I R Linscott Independent consultant, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
C M Lisse Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A W Lunsford NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
D M Mages Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
V A Mallder Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
N P Martin Independent consultant, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA
B H May Independent collaborator, Windlesham GU20 6YW, UK
D J McComas Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA.,Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
R L McNutt Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D S Mehoke Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
T S Mehoke Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D S Nelson KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
H D Nguyen Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
J I Núñez Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A C Ocampo NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
W M Owen Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
G K Oxton Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A H Parker Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
M Pätzold Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung, Universität zu Köln, Cologne 50931, Germany
J Y Pelgrift KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
F J Pelletier KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
J P Pineau Stellar Solutions, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
M R Piquette Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
S B Porter Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
S Protopapa Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
E Quirico University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
J A Redfern Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
A L Regiec Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
H J Reitsema Independent consultant, Holland, MI 49424, USA
D C Reuter NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
D C Richardson Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
J E Riedel Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
M A Ritterbush Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
S J Robbins Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
D J Rodgers Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
G D Rogers Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D M Rose Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
P E Rosendall Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
K D Runyon Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M G Ryschkewitsch Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M M Saina Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M J Salinas KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
P M Schenk Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX 77058, USA
J R Scherrer Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
W R Schlei Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
B Schmitt University Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, France
D J Schultz Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D C Schurr NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
F Scipioni NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
R L Sepan Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
R G Shelton Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
M R Showalter SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
M Simon Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
K N Singer Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
E W Stahlheber Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D R Stanbridge KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
J A Stansberry Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
A J Steffl Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
D F Strobel Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
M M Stothoff Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
T Stryk Roane State Community College, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
J R Stuart Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
M E Summers George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
M B Tapley Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
A Taylor KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
H W Taylor Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
R M Tedford Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
H B Throop Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
L S Turner Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
O M Umurhan NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
J Van Eck Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
D Velez Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
M H Versteeg Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
M A Vincent Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
R W Webbert Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
S E Weidner Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
G E Weigle Independent consultant, Burden, KS 67019, USA
J R Wendel NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA
O L White NASA Ames Research Center, Space Science Division, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.,SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
K E Whittenburg Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
B G Williams KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
K E Williams KinetX Aerospace, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
S P Williams Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
H L Winters Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
A M Zangari Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
T H Zurbuchen NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA

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Carlson RW, Anderson MS, Johnson RE, Smythe WD, Hendrix AR, Barth CA, Soderblom LA, Hansen GB, McCord TB, Dalton JB, Clark RN, Shirley JH, Ocampo AC, Matson DL. Hydrogen peroxide on the surface of Europa. Science 1999;283:2062-4. [PMID: 10092224 DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5410.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]

Pope KO, Baines KH, Ocampo AC, Ivanov BA. Energy, volatile production, and climatic effects of the Chicxulub Cretaceous/Tertiary impact. J Geophys Res 1997;102:21645-64. [PMID: 11541145 DOI: 10.1029/97je01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]

Abstract

A comprehensive analysis of volatiles in the Chicxulub impact strongly supports the hypothesis that impact-generated sulfate aerosols caused over a decade of global cooling, acid rain, and disruption of ocean circulation, which contributed to the mass extinction at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary. The crater size, meteoritic content of the K/T boundary clay, and impact models indicate that the Chicxulub crater was formed by a short period comet or an asteroid impact that released 0.7-3.4 x 10(31) ergs of energy. Impact models and experiments combined with estimates of volatiles in the projectile and target rocks predict that over 200 gigatons (Gt) each of SO2 and water vapor, and over 500 Gt of CO2, were globally distributed in the stratosphere by the impact. Additional volatiles may have been produced on a global or regional scale that formed sulfate aerosols rapidly in cooler parts of the vapor plume, causing an early, intense pulse of sulfuric acid rain. Estimates of the conversion rate of stratospheric SO2 and water vapor to sulfate aerosol, based on volcanic production of sulfate aerosols, coupled with calculations of diffusion, coagulation, and sedimentation, demonstrate that the 200 Gt stratospheric SO2 and water vapor reservoir would produce sulfate aerosols for 12 years. These sulfate aerosols caused a second pulse of acid rain that was global. Radiative transfer modeling of the aerosol clouds demonstrates (1) that if the initial rapid pulse of sulfate aerosols was global, photosynthesis may have been shut down for 6 months and (2) that for the second prolonged aerosol cloud, solar transmission dropped 80% by the end of first year and remained 50% below normal for 9 years. As a result, global average surface temperatures probably dropped between 5 degrees and 31 degrees K, suggesting that global near-freezing conditions may have been reached. Impact-generated CO2 caused less than 1 degree K greenhouse warming and therefore was insignificant compare to the sulfate cooling. The magnitude of sulfate cooling depends largely upon the rate of ocean mixing as surface waters cool, sink, and are replaced by upwelling of deep ocean water. This upwelling apparently drastically altered ocean stratification and circulation, which may explain the global collapse of the delta 13C gradient between surface and deep ocean waters at the K/T boundary.

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Vega FJ, Feldmann RM, Ocampo AC, Pope KO. A new species of Late Cretaceous crab (Brachyura: Carcineretidae) from Albion Island, Belize). J Paleontol 1997;71:615-620. [PMID: 11541235 DOI: 10.1017/s0022336000040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]

Pope KO, Ocampo AC, Kinsland GL, Smith R. Surface expression of the Chicxulub crater. Geology 1996;24:527-530. [PMID: 11539331 DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0527:seotcc>2.3.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]

Pope KO, Baines KH, Ocampo AC, Ivanov BA. Impact winter and the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinctions: results of a Chicxulub asteroid impact model. Earth Planet Sci Lett 1994;128:719-725. [PMID: 11539442 DOI: 10.1016/0012-821x(94)90186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]

Pope KO, Ocampo AC, Duller CE. Surficial geology of the Chicxulub impact crater, Yucatan, Mexico. Earth Moon Planets 1993;63:93-104. [PMID: 11539441 DOI: 10.1007/bf00575099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]

Carlson RW, Baines KH, Encrenaz T, Taylor FW, Drossart P, Kamp LW, Pollack JB, Lellouch E, Collard AD, Calcutt SB, Grinspoon D, Weissman PR, Smythe WD, Ocampo AC, Danielson GE, Fanale FP, Johnson TV, Kieffer HH, Matson DL, McCord TB, Soderblom LA. Galileo Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy Measurements at Venus. Science 1991;253:1541-8. [PMID: 17784099 DOI: 10.1126/science.253.5027.1541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]