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Mycosporine-like amino acids: Algal metabolites shaping the safety and sustainability profiles of commercial sunscreens. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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2
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Madronich S, Lee-Taylor JM, Wagner M, Kyle J, Hu Z, Landolfi R. Estimation of Skin and Ocular Damage Avoided in the United States through Implementation of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2021; 5:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00183. [PMID: 34497969 PMCID: PMC8422883 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a threat to human health. It can cause skin cancer and cataracts. Human-made ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) reduce the ozone concentration in the Earth's stratosphere, which acts as a protective shield from UV radiation. To protect and restore the ozone layer, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was enacted in 1987 to phase out the production and consumption of certain ODSs and was later amended and adjusted to significantly strengthen its requirements. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses its Atmospheric and Health Effects Framework (AHEF) model to assess the adverse human health effects associated with stratospheric ozone depletion and the U.S. health benefits from the global implementation of the Montreal Protocol. Comparing the Montreal Protocol as amended and adjusted with a scenario of no controls on ODSs showed the prevention of an estimated 443 million cases of skin cancer and 63 million cataract cases for people born in the United States between 1890 and 2100. In addition, 2.3 million skin cancer deaths are avoided. Compared with the original 1987 Montreal Protocol, strengthening the Montreal Protocol, through its subsequent amendments and adjustments, resulted in an estimated 230 million fewer skin cancer cases, 1.3 million fewer skin cancer deaths, and 33 million fewer cataract cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307, United States
| | - Julia M Lee-Taylor
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307, United States
| | - Mark Wagner
- ICF, Arlington, Virginia 22202, United States
| | | | - Zeyu Hu
- ICF, Arlington, Virginia 22202, United States
| | - Robert Landolfi
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, , Washington, District of Columbia 20460, United States
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Mmbando GS, Teranishi M, Hidema J. Transgenic rice Oryza glaberrima with higher CPD photolyase activity alleviates UVB-caused growth inhibition. GM CROPS & FOOD 2021; 12:435-448. [PMID: 34935587 PMCID: PMC8820246 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2021.1977068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The ultraviolet B (UVB) sensitivity of rice cultivated in Asia and Africa varies greatly, with African rice cultivars (Oryza glaberrima Steud. and O. barthii A. Chev.) being more sensitive to UVB because of their low cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photolyase activity, which is a CPD repair enzyme, relative to Asian rice cultivars (O. sativa L.). Hence, the production of UVB-resistant African rice with augmented CPD photolyase activity is of great importance, although difficulty in transforming the African rice cultivars to this end has been reported. Here, we successfully produced overexpressing transgenic African rice with higher CPD photolyase activity by modifying media conditions for callus induction and regeneration using the parental line (PL), UVB-sensitive African rice TOG12380 (O. glaberrima). The overexpressing transgenic African rice carried a single copy of the CPD photolyase enzyme, with a 4.4-fold higher level of CPD photolyase transcripts and 2.6-fold higher activity than its PL counterpart. When the plants were grown for 21 days in a growth chamber under visible radiation or with supplementary various UVB radiation, the overexpressing transgenic plants have a significantly increased UVB resistance index compared to PL plants. These results strongly suggest that CPD photolyase remains an essential factor for tolerating UVB radiation stress in African rice. As a result, African rice cultivars with overexpressed CPD photolyase may survive better in tropical areas more prone to UVB radiation stress, including Africa. Collectively, our results provide strong evidence that CPD photolyase is a useful biotechnological tool for reducing UVB-induced growth inhibition in African rice crops of O. glaberrima.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mika Teranishi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Hidema
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Huang B, Zhou Y, Sun Y. Atmospheric chemistry of CHBr2O2: a theoretical study on mechanisms and kinetics of the CHBr2O2 + ClO reaction. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-020-01546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dhomse SS, Chipperfield MP, Feng W, Hossaini R, Mann GW, Santee ML. Revisiting the hemispheric asymmetry in midlatitude ozone changes following the Mount Pinatubo eruption: A 3-D model study. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 42:3038-3047. [PMID: 27867234 PMCID: PMC5102144 DOI: 10.1002/2015gl063052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, satellite and in situ measurements showed a large enhancement in stratospheric aerosol in both hemispheres, but significant midlatitude column O3 depletion was observed only in the north. We use a three-dimensional chemical transport model to determine the mechanisms behind this hemispheric asymmetry. The model, forced by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA-Interim reanalyses and updated aerosol surface area density, successfully simulates observed large column NO2 decreases and the different extents of ozone depletion in the two hemispheres. The chemical ozone loss is similar in the Northern (NH) and Southern Hemispheres (SH), but the contrasting role of dynamics increases the depletion in the NH and decreases it in the SH. The relevant SH dynamics are not captured as well by earlier ERA-40 reanalyses. Overall, the smaller SH column O3 depletion can be attributed to dynamical variability and smaller SH background lower stratosphere O3 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Dhomse
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- National Centre for Earth ObservationUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - M. P. Chipperfield
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- National Centre for Earth ObservationUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - W. Feng
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - R. Hossaini
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - G. W. Mann
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- National Centre for Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - M. L. Santee
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
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Hui R, Li X, Chen C, Zhao X, Jia R, Liu L, Wei Y. Responses of photosynthetic properties and chloroplast ultrastructure of Bryum argenteum from a desert biological soil crust to elevated ultraviolet-B radiation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 147:489-501. [PMID: 22901234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of plant responses to enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation has improved over recent decades. However, research on cryptogams is scarce and it remains controversial whether UV-B radiation causes changes in physiology related to photosynthesis. To investigate the effects of supplementary UV-B radiation on photosynthesis and chloroplast ultrastructure in Bryum argenteum Hedw., specimens were cultured for 10 days under four UV-B treatments (2.75, 3.08, 3.25 and 3.41 W m(-2) ), simulating depletion of 0% (control), 6%, 9% and 12% of stratospheric ozone at the latitude of Shapotou, a temperate desert area of northwest China. Analyses showed malondialdehyde content significantly increased, whereas chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters and Chl contents decreased with increased UV-B intensity. These results corresponded with changes in thylakoid protein complexes and chloroplast ultrastructure. Overall, enhanced UV-B radiation leads to significant decreases in photosynthetic function and serious destruction of the chloroplast ultrastructure of B. argenteum. The degree of negative influences increased with the intensity of UV-B radiation. These results may not only provide a potential mechanism for supplemental UV-B effects on photosynthesis of moss crust, but also establish a theoretical basis for further studies of adaptation and response mechanisms of desert ecosystems under future ozone depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hui
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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Bhartia PK, Herman J, McPeters RD, Torres O. Effect of Mount Pinatubo aerosols on total ozone measurements from backscatter ultraviolet (BUV) experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hilsenrath E, Cebula RP, DeLand MT, Laamann K, Taylor S, Wellemeyer C, Bhartia PK. Calibration of the NOAA 11 solar backscatter ultraviolet (SBUV/2) ozone data set from 1989 to 1993 using in-flight calibration data and SSBUV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lemus-Deschamps L, Makin JK. Fifty years of changes in UV Index and implications for skin cancer in Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2012; 56:727-735. [PMID: 21870202 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-011-0474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays an important role in human health. Increased exposure to UV radiation increases the risk of skin cancer. In Australia, public campaigns to prevent skin cancer include the promotion of daily UV forecasts. If all other atmospheric factors are equal, stratospheric ozone decreases result in UV increases. Given that Australia still has the highest skin cancer rates in the world, it is important to monitor Australia's stratospheric ozone and UV radiation levels over time because of the effects cumulative exposure can have on humans. In this paper, two long-term ozone datasets derived from surface and satellite measurements, a radiation code and atmospheric meteorological fields are used to calculate clear-sky UV radiation over a 50-year period (1959-2009) for Australia. The deviations from 1970-1980 levels show that clear-sky UV is on the rise. After the 1990s, an overall annual increase from 2 to 6% above the 1970-1980 levels was observed at all latitudes. Examining the summer and winter deviations from 1970-1980 showed that the winter signal dominated the annual changes, with winter increases almost twice those in summer. With ozone levels not expected to recover to pre-depletion levels until the middle of this century, UV levels are expected to continue to rise. Combined with Australians favoring an outdoor life-style, when temperatures are warmer, under high levels of UV, the associated risk of skin cancer will increase.
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Singh S, Kumari R, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Growth, yield and tuber quality of Solanum tuberosum L. under supplemental ultraviolet-B radiation at different NPK levels. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:508-516. [PMID: 21489102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In many areas, decreases in the stratospheric ozone layer have resulted in an increase in ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-315 nm) radiation reaching the Earth's surface. The present study was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of supplemental UV-B (sUV-B) and mineral nutrients on a tuber crop, potato (Solanum tuberosum L. var Kufri Badshah), under natural field conditions in a dry tropical environment. The nutrient treatments were the recommended dose of NPK (F(o)), 1.5 times the recommended dose of NPK (F(1)), 1.5 times the recommended dose of N (F(2)) and 1.5 times the recommended dose of K (F(3)). The response of potato plants to sUV-B varied with nutrient treatment and concentration. sUV-B adversely affected growth, yield and quality of tubers, causing an increase in reducing sugars in the tubers and thus reducing the economic value. Growth and fresh weight of tubers was maximal with sUV-B at 1.5 times recommended NPK, but the dry weight of tubers were highest with the recommended NPK dose. Reducing sugar content was lower in potato plants treated with sUV-B and the recommended NPK than with sUV-B and 1.5 times the recommended NPK. This study thus clearly shows that growing potato with 1.5 times the recommended NPK or 1.5 times the recommended dose of N/K does not alleviate the sUV-B induced changes in yield and quality of tubers compared to the recommended NPK dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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12
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DeLand MT, Shettle EP, Levelt PF, Kowalewski MG. Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) observed by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on Aura. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Wallace PJ, Gerlach TM. Magmatic vapor source for sulfur dioxide released during volcanic eruptions: evidence from mount pinatubo. Science 2010; 265:497-9. [PMID: 17781307 DOI: 10.1126/science.265.5171.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) released by the explosive eruption of Mount Pinatubo on 15 June 1991 had an impact on climate and stratospheric ozone. The total mass of SO(2) released was much greater than the amount dissolved in the magma before the eruption, and thus an additional source for the excess SO(2) is required. Infrared spectroscopic analyses of dissolved water and carbon dioxide in glass inclusions from quartz phenocrysts demonstrate that before eruption the magma contained a separate, SO(2)-bearing vapor phase. Data for gas emissions from other volcanoes in subduction-related arcs suggest that preeruptive magmatic vapor is a major source of the SO(2) that is released during many volcanic eruptions.
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Herman JR. Global increase in UV irradiance during the past 30 years (1979–2008) estimated from satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Cutaneous eyelid melanomas are very rare lesions. The lentiginous subtypes are the most frequent melanocytic lesions of the eyelid and can be likened to conjunctival melanocytic lesions like PAM, PAM with atypia and conjunctival melanoma. Compared to melanomas elsewhere on the body, eyelid melanomas have special considerations. Eyelid skin is very thin, the mucocutaneous junction at the lid margin can affect prognosis, the lymphatic drainage pattern is very variable and there is an inherent difficulty to excise wide margins without sacrificing important structures. A customized excision approach, using tissue-sparing "Slow-Mohs" technique, is suggested. Sentinel lymph node dissection has an evolving therapeutic role but remains controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Boulos
- Oculofacial and Orbit Surgery Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Koumoutsaris S, Bey I, Generoso S, Thouret V. Influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on the interannual variability of tropospheric ozone in the northern midlatitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Wang L, Zheng B, Meng W. Photo-induced toxicity of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, singly and in combination, to the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 71:465-472. [PMID: 18272222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) enter the aquatic environment by various routes and are usually found as mixtures in the water. Many studies have shown that solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation can greatly enhance the toxicity of some PAHs to a variety of marine species. In the present study, we tested the phototoxicity of four PAHs with simple structures, both alone and in binary combinations, to a species of marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, in the laboratory. The results indicated that simulated solar UV radiation not only enhanced the toxicity of the different PAHs to this alga, but also changed their relative toxic strengths. The photo-induced toxicity of PAHs to this alga might be a synergistic effect of photo-modification and photosensitization reactions, causing the microalgal cells to suffer oxidative stress. Four binary mixtures of these PAHs were found to have a synergistic joint action mode, while two binary mixtures displayed an antagonistic reaction, revealing a complex pattern of possible interactions of PAHs with marine diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- River and Coastal Environment Research Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
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Fukuda S, Satoh A, Kasahara H, Matsuyama H, Takeuchi Y. Effects of ultraviolet-B irradiation on the cuticular wax of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cotyledons. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2008; 121:179-89. [PMID: 18217194 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-007-0143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber seedlings were grown under three doses of supplemental ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation to examine the effects on the surface structure of the cotyledons. Medium and high doses of irradiation induced glazing (formation of translucent, glossy layers) on the adaxial surfaces of cotyledons, especially those exposed to a high dose of UV-B. Observation with a scanning electron microscope revealed that the adaxial surfaces of cotyledons exposed to a medium dose of UV-B and controls became rough in appearance, but unevenness of the surface was not apparent in cotyledons irradiated with a high dose of UV-B. UV-B irradiation affected the types and amounts of alkanes and primary alcohols, the main components of cucumber cuticular wax. Based on cotyledon area, the amounts of these components were significantly higher in cotyledons irradiated with a medium dose of UV-B than in controls. This effect could be a consequence of small cotyledon area and constant wax production in the cotyledons irradiated with a medium dose of UV-B. The distribution patterns of homologs within the alkane and primary alcohol fractions shifted during growth to longer alkyl chain length in the control cotyledons. UV-B irradiation repressed these changes, suggesting that UV-B acts on cuticular wax biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fukuda
- Course of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Hokkaido Tokai University, 5-1-1 Minami-sawa, Minami-ku, Sapporo, 005-8601, Japan
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Middleton EM, Teramura AH. UNDERSTANDING PHOTOSYNTHESIS, PIGMENT AND GROWTH RESPONSES INDUCED BY UV-B AND UV-A IRRADIANCES. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb03940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Xu C, Sullivan JH, Garrett WM, Caperna TJ, Natarajan S. Impact of solar ultraviolet-B on the proteome in soybean lines differing in flavonoid contents. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:38-48. [PMID: 17645898 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) was used to systematically investigate the impact of solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on the soybean leaf proteome. In order to investigate the protective role of flavonoids against UV-B, two isolines of the Clark cultivar (the standard line with moderate levels of flavonoids and the magenta line with reduced flavonoids) were grown in the field with or without natural levels of UV-B. The 12-day-old first trifoliates were harvested for proteomic analysis. More than 300 protein spots were reproducibly resolved and detected on each gel. Statistical analysis showed that 67 protein spots were significantly (P<0.05) affected by solar UV-B. Many more spots were altered by UV-B in the magenta line than in the standard line. Another 12 protein spots were not altered by UV-B but showed significantly (P<0.05) different accumulations between the two lines, and for most spots the line-specific differences were also observed under UV-B exclusion. Most of the differentially accumulated spots were identified by mass spectrometry. The proteins were quite diverse, and were involved in metabolism, energy, protein destination/storage, protein synthesis, disease/defense, transcription, and secondary metabolism. The results suggest that high levels of flavonoids lead to a reduction in UV-B sensitivity at the proteomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenping Xu
- University of Maryland, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, College Park, MD 20742, United States
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Takeuchi Y, Inoue T, Takemura K, Hada M, Takahashi S, Ioki M, Nakajima N, Kondo N. Induction and inhibition of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase in etiolated cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cotyledons after ultraviolet irradiation depends on wavelength. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2007; 120:365-74. [PMID: 17351712 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-006-0065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Under polychromatic ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (maximum energy at 327 nm) the activity of DNA photolyase specific to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), CPD photolyase, increased by an amount which depended on UV irradiance, and the level of CPD photolyase gene (CsPHR) transcripts temporarily increased before the activity reached a constant level. UV light (>320 nm) was more effective than visible light at increasing CPD photolyase activity. In contrast, monochromatic UV irradiation at wavelengths <300 nm increased the level of CsPHR transcripts similarly to irradiation at wavelengths >320 nm, but reduced CPD photolyase activity compared with the dark control. Exposure of a CPD photolyase solution to UV-C (254 nm) reduced enzyme activity and induced accumulation of H(2)O(2). Addition of H(2)O(2) to the enzyme solution also inactivated CPD photolyase activity. These results suggest the possibility that reactive oxygen species participate in the inactivation of CPD photolyase in cotyledons exposed to UV irradiation of <300 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Takeuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, School of Engineering, Hokkaido Tokai University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Huovinen PS, Oikari AOJ, Soimasuo MR, Cherr GN. Impact of UV Radiation on the Early Development of the Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) Gametophytes §¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720308iourot2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Schröder HC, Di Bella G, Janipour N, Bonaventura R, Russo R, Müller WEG, Matranga V. DNA damage and developmental defects after exposure to UV and heavy metals in sea urchin cells and embryos compared to other invertebrates. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 39:111-37. [PMID: 17152696 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27683-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and the resulting increase in hazardous ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation reaching the Earth are of major concern not only for terrestrial but also for aquatic organisms. UV-B is able to penetrate clear water to ecologically significant depths. This chapter deals with the effects of UV radiation on DNA integrity in marine benthic organisms, in particular sea urchins in comparison to other marine invertebrates (sponges and corals). These animals cannot escape the damaging effects of UV-B radiation and may be additionally exposed to pollution from natural or anthropogenic sources. Besides eggs and larvae that lack a protective epidermal layer and are particularly prone to the damaging effects of UV radiation, coelomocytes from the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus were used as a "cellular sensor" to analyse the effects on DNA caused by UV-B, heavy metals (cadmium), and their combined actions. From our data we conclude that sea urchin coelomocytes as well as cells from other marine invertebrates are useful bioindicators of UV-B and heavy metal stress, responding to these stressors with different extents of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Schröder
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Eyring V, Butchart N, Waugh DW, Akiyoshi H, Austin J, Bekki S, Bodeker GE, Boville BA, Brühl C, Chipperfield MP, Cordero E, Dameris M, Deushi M, Fioletov VE, Frith SM, Garcia RR, Gettelman A, Giorgetta MA, Grewe V, Jourdain L, Kinnison DE, Mancini E, Manzini E, Marchand M, Marsh DR, Nagashima T, Newman PA, Nielsen JE, Pawson S, Pitari G, Plummer DA, Rozanov E, Schraner M, Shepherd TG, Shibata K, Stolarski RS, Struthers H, Tian W, Yoshiki M. Assessment of temperature, trace species, and ozone in chemistry-climate model simulations of the recent past. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Soukharev BE, Hood LL. Solar cycle variation of stratospheric ozone: Multiple regression analysis of long-term satellite data sets and comparisons with models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Oikonomou EK, O'Neill A. Evaluation of ozone and water vapor fields from the ECMWF reanalysis ERA-40 during 1991–1999 in comparison with UARS satellite and MOZAIC aircraft observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yoshihara R, Imaki T, Hori M, Watanabe C, Yamamoto K, Takimoto K. CPD photolyase gene from Spinacia oleracea: repair of UV-damaged DNA and expression in plant organs. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2005; 46:157-64. [PMID: 15988133 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.46.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The UV-B radiation contained in solar radiation has deleterious effects on plant growth, development and physiology. Specific damage to DNA caused by UV radiation involves the cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and the pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts. CPDs are repaired by CPD photolyase via a UV-A/blue light-dependent mechanism. The gene for the class II CPD photolyase has been cloned from higher plants such as Arabidopsis, cucumbers and rice. We isolated and characterized the cDNA and a genomic clone encoding the spinach class II CPD photolyase. The gene consisted of 3777 bases and 9 exons. The sequence of amino acids predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA of the gene was highly homologous to that of the higher plants listed above. When a photolyase-deficient Escherichia coli strain was transformed with the cDNA, photoreactivation activity was partially restored, by the illumination with photoreactivating light, resulting in an increased survival and decreased content of CPDs in the Escherichia coli genome. In both the male and female plants, the gene was highly expressed in leaves and flowers under the condition of 14-h light and 10-h dark cycle. The expression in the roots was quite low compared with the other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouhei Yoshihara
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Japan
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Malanca FE. Trends evolution of ozone between 1980 and 2000 at midlatitudes over the Southern Hemisphere: Decadal differences in trends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Joiner J. Retrieval of cloud pressure and oceanic chlorophyll content using Raman scattering in GOME ultraviolet spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Londhe AL, Bhosale CS, Kulkarni JR, Kumari BP, Jadhav DB. Space-time variability of ozone over the Indian region for the period 1981-1998. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Londhe
- Physical Meteorology and Aerology Division; Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology; Pune India
| | - C. S. Bhosale
- Physical Meteorology and Aerology Division; Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology; Pune India
| | - J. R. Kulkarni
- Physical Meteorology and Aerology Division; Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology; Pune India
| | - B. Padma Kumari
- Physical Meteorology and Aerology Division; Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology; Pune India
| | - D. B. Jadhav
- Physical Meteorology and Aerology Division; Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology; Pune India
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31
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Arola A. Factors affecting short- and long-term changes of spectral UV irradiance at two European stations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Deshler T. Thirty years of in situ stratospheric aerosol size distribution measurements from Laramie, Wyoming (41°N), using balloon-borne instruments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Textor C, Sachs PM, Graf HF, Hansteen TH. The 12 900 years BP Laacher See eruption: estimation of volatile yields and simulation of their fate in the plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.213.01.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe estimated the volatile emissions of the 12 900 years BP eruption of Laacher See volcano (Germany), using a modified petrological method. Glass inclusions in phenocrysts and matrix glasses sampled over the Laacher See tephra profile were analysed by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe and electron microprobe to obtain the emitted masses of halogens, sulphur, and water. These data were used to initialize the numerical plume model ATHAM in order to investigate the fate of volcanic gases in the plume, and to estimate volatile masses injected into the stratosphere. The scavenging efficiency of each volatile component depends on its interactions with both liquid water and ice. We found a scavenging efficiency of c.5% for the sulphur species, and of only c.30% for hydrogen halides, despite their high water solubility. Our simulations showed that the greatest fraction of hydrometeors freeze to ice, due to the fast plume rise and great height of the eruption column. For the dry atmospheric conditions of the Laacher See eruption, the amount of liquid water was not sufficient to completely scavenge HCl and HBr, so that a large proportion could reach the stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Textor
- Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology
Bundestraße 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. M. Sachs
- Forschungszentrum GEOMAR, Vulkanologie und Petrologie
Wischhofstraße 1–3, D-24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - H.-F. Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology
Bundestraße 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T. H. Hansteen
- Forschungszentrum GEOMAR, Vulkanologie und Petrologie
Wischhofstraße 1–3, D-24148, Kiel, Germany
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Miller AJ, Nagatani RM, Flynn LE, Kondragunta S, Beach E, Stolarski R, McPeters RD, Bhartia PK, DeLand MT, Jackman CH, Wuebbles DJ, Patten KO, Cebula RP. A cohesive total ozone data set from the SBUV(/2) satellite system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Miller
- NOAA/National Weather Service/Climate Prediction Center; Camp Springs Maryland USA
| | - R. M. Nagatani
- NOAA/National Weather Service/Climate Prediction Center; Camp Springs Maryland USA
| | - L. E. Flynn
- NOAA/National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service/Office of Research; Camp Springs Maryland USA
| | - S. Kondragunta
- NOAA/National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service/Office of Research; Camp Springs Maryland USA
| | - E. Beach
- Decisions Systems Technologies, Inc.; Rockville Maryland USA
| | - R. Stolarski
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - R. D. McPeters
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - P. K. Bhartia
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - M. T. DeLand
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.; Lanham Maryland USA
| | - C. H. Jackman
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center; Greenbelt Maryland USA
| | - D. J. Wuebbles
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois USA
| | - K. O. Patten
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois USA
| | - R. P. Cebula
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.; Lanham Maryland USA
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35
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Fioletov VE. Global and zonal total ozone variations estimated from ground-based and satellite measurements: 1964–2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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UV Radiation Effects on Phytoplankton Primary Production: A Comparison Between Arctic and Antarctic Marine Ecosystems. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56075-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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McPheat RA, Newnham DA, Williams RG, Ballard J. Large-volume, coolable spectroscopic cell for aerosol studies. APPLIED OPTICS 2001; 40:6581-6586. [PMID: 18364965 DOI: 10.1364/ao.40.006581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed a coolable spectroscopic cell for characterizing the physical and chemical properties of simulated atmospheric aerosol particles. The cell is designed for experiments in which the refractive indices, freezing temperatures, and the phase and chemical composition of a wide range of aerosol types are measured. The relatively large volume (0.075 m(3)) of the cell reduces wall-aerosol interactions and allows the aerosol residence time to exceed 2 h. The cell has been optically interfaced to Fourier-transform spectrometers to record broadband infrared, visible, and ultraviolet extinction spectra of aerosol particles and gas-phase components over a range of temperatures (180-300 K). The data generated with the cell have applications in remote sensing, radiative transfer models, heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry, and pollution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A McPheat
- Department of Space Science and Technology, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK
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39
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Walter BP, Heimann M, Matthews E. Modeling modern methane emissions from natural wetlands: 2. Interannual variations 1982-1993. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Fioletov VE, McArthur LJB, Kerr JB, Wardle DI. Long-term variations of UV-B irradiance over Canada estimated from Brewer observations and derived from ozone and pyranometer measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Dai Y, Kato M, Takeda K, Kawamoto Y, Akhand AA, Hossain K, Suzuki H, Nakashima I. T-cell-immunity-based inhibitory effects of orally administered herbal medicine juzen-taiho-to on the growth of primarily developed melanocytic tumors in RET-transgenic mice. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117:694-701. [PMID: 11564179 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of oral administration of juzen-taiho-to, one of the most popular herbal medicines in Japan, on primary melanocytic tumor growth in RET-transgenic mice. There was virtually no difference between the lengths of tumor-free stages in the juzen-taiho-to-treated mice and the untreated littermate control mice. The rate of tumor growth in the juzen-taiho-to-treated mice, however, was greatly suppressed during the entire period after the initial tumor development. Correspondingly, the life span of juzen-taiho-to-treated transgenic mice was longer (over 6 mo in mean value) than that of control mice. We partially elucidated the mechanism of the antitumor effect of juzen-taiho-to. The addition of juzen-taiho-to at any of a wide range (50-1600 microg per ml) of concentrations to in vitro cultures of Mel-Ret cells, a malignant melanoma cell line derived from a RET-transgenic mouse, caused neither cell death nor cell cycle arrest directly. The addition of 50-400 microg per ml of juzen-taiho-to to cultures of murine spleen cells, however, promoted their DNA synthesis. More importantly, peritoneal exudate cells from the juzen-taiho-to-treated transgenic mice, in which the ratio and number of T cells were increased, displayed an antitumor immunity against Mel-Ret cells in vitro. Interestingly, the peritoneal-exudate-cell-associated antitumor immunity was further augmented by the addition of 200-400 microg per ml of juzen-taiho-to in vitro. This immunity, which was primarily conveyed by Thy-1+ T cells, was antigen (RET/melanoma) specific and cytotoxic. Amongst various chemical ingredients of juzen-taiho-to examined in this study, glycirrhizin displayed an action, partially replacing that of juzen-taiho-to, in promoting anti-Mel-Ret immunity when supplementarily added in vitro. These results suggest that juzen-taiho-to suppresses once-developed primary melanocytic tumors through potentiation of T-cell-mediated antitumor cytotoxic immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dai
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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42
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Liakoura V, Manetas Y, Karabourniotis G. Seasonal fluctuations in the concentration of UV-absorbing compounds in the leaves of some Mediterranean plants under field conditions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2001; 111:491-500. [PMID: 11299014 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1110409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of 14 representative Mediterranean plant species were collected on a monthly basis and assayed for UV-absorbing compounds concentration, either on an area or a dry mass basis, from 1995 to 1997. Strong seasonal fluctuations were observed in eight species (all evergreens, two phrygana, one deciduous, one summer perennial and one winter perennial). Two different patterns of changing concentrations of UV-absorbing compounds were observed. In the first, concentration of these compounds was higher in young developing leaves and concentration declined during maturation, whereas in other plants, the opposite trend was observed. These differences could be attributed to the particular leaf surface morphology of each plant. The observed seasonal fluctuations of UV-absorbing compounds seem to be more correlated to developmental processes, than to seasonal fluctuations of the naturally occurring UV-B radiation. Most of the winter perennials did not show strong fluctuations during the period of development. The concentration of these compounds varied not only on a seasonal basis among the examined plants, but between different life forms as well: during winter, examination of the leaves of 13 species showed that evergreen sclerophylls and phrygana had at least two-fold higher concentration of UV-B-absorbing compounds on a leaf area basis than winter perennials. In addition, during the same season and irrespective of life form and species, the absorbance at 300 nm per unit of mature leaf area followed an asymptotic exponential decrease when specific leaf area increased. The UV-B radiation screening capacity of the leaves of these plants is discussed in relation to each adaptive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Liakoura
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, G-11855 Botanikos, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Patras, G-26500 Patras, Greece
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43
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Huovinen PS, Oikari AO, Soimasuo MR, Cherr GN. Impact of UV radiation on the early development of the giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) gametophytes. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72:308-13. [PMID: 10989599 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0308:iourot>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms and dose-response of UV action on the early development of Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh gametophytes were investigated. Post-release, zoospores undergo germination, germ tube elongation, DNA synthesis, nuclear division and translocation, which were followed for 41 h under laboratory conditions. The spores were exposed to UV radiation before germination (3 h post-release) or before nuclear division (20 h post-release). Biologically effective UV-B doses (BEDDNA300 nm) higher than those used in the experiments are needed for a 50% inhibition in germination (BED50 > 1600 J m-2). Nuclear division/translocation was more sensitive to UV radiation. When the spores were cultured in the dark, UV exposure at both 3 and 20 h post-release resulted in a dose-responsive inhibition of nuclear division/translocation (BED50 64 and 86 J m-2). Culturing in the light indicated recovery in the spores that were irradiated at 3 h post-release (BED50 356 J m-2), whereas no light-dependent recovery occurred within 41 h of culture when irradiated at 20 h post-release (BED50 80 J m-2). The results present a possible mechanism of UV inhibition in early life stages of the giant kelp, suggesting that environmentally relevant UV-B levels can perturb or delay the development and recruitment of the gametophytes by inhibiting nuclear events.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Huovinen
- University of California at Davis, Bodega Marine Laboratory, CA, USA.
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45
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Hada M, Hino K, Buchholz G, Goss J, Wellmann E, Shin M. Assay of DNA photolyase activity in spinach leaves in relation to cell compartmentation-evidence for lack of DNA photolyase in chloroplasts. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64:1288-91. [PMID: 10923805 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.1288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Spinach cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD)-specific DNA photolyase was successfully detected in leaf extracts by an assay system for plant photolyase using an improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which was newly introduced by novel horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked CPD specific monoclonal antibodies. The assay system includes two main steps: a photorepair reaction of CPD introduced in substrate DNA and measurement of CPD remained after the photorepair by the improved ELISA. When CPD- induced salmon sperm DNA was used as a substrate, high CPD-photolyase activities were observed in the enzyme fraction prepared from whole spinach leaf extracts, but not from chloroplast extracts. This strongly suggests that spinach CPD-specific photolyases are localized in cell compartments other than chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Japan.
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46
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Ziemke JR, Chandra S, Herman J, Varotsos C. Erythemally weighted UV trends over northern latitudes derived from Nimbus 7 TOMS measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Heathfield AE, Newnham DA, Ballard J, Grainger RG, Lambert A. Infrared and visible fourier-transform spectra of sulfuric-acid-water aerosols at 230 and 294 K. APPLIED OPTICS 1999; 38:6408-6420. [PMID: 18324171 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.006408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The extinction spectra of aqueous sulfuric acid aerosols fully covering the mid-IR to visible regions from 750 to 23,000 cm(-1) (13.9-0.4 microm) have been measured in the laboratory with a Fourier-transform spectrometer. Both large and small aerosol particles with compositions of approximately 60-70-wt. % H(2)SO(4) were generated and their spectra recorded at 230 and 294 K. The spectra were fitted to a model incorporating room-temperature refractive-index data [Appl. Opt. 14, 208 (1975)] and Mie theory calculations to characterize the composition and size distributions of the aerosol samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Heathfield
- Space Science Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 OQX, UK
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48
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Hada M, Buchholz G, Hashimoto T, Nikaido O, Wellmann E. Photoregulation of DMA Photolyases in Broom Sorghum Seedlings. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Steele HM, Lumpe JD, Turco RP, Bevilacqua RM, Massie ST. Retrieval of aerosol surface area and volume densities from extinction measurements: Application to POAM II and SAGE II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Madronich S, McKenzie RL, Björn LO, Caldwell MM. Changes in biologically active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1998; 46:5-19. [PMID: 9894350 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stratospheric ozone levels are near their lowest point since measurements began, so current ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation levels are thought to be close to their maximum. Total stratospheric content of ozone-depleting substances is expected to reach a maximum before the year 2000. All other things being equal, the current ozone losses and related UV-B increases should be close to their maximum. Increases in surface erythemal (sunburning) UV radiation relative to the values in the 1970s are estimated to be: about 7% at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes in winter/spring; about 4% at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes in summer/fall; about 6% at Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes on a year-round basis; about 130% in the Antarctic in spring; and about 22% in the Arctic in spring. Reductions in atmospheric ozone are expected to result in higher amounts of UV-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface. The expected correlation between increases in surface UV-B radiation and decreases in overhead ozone has been further demonstrated and quantified by ground-based instruments under a wide range of conditions. Improved measurements of UV-B radiation are now providing better geographical and temporal coverage. Surface UV-B radiation levels are highly variable because of cloud cover, and also because of local effects including pollutants and surface reflections. These factors usually decrease atmospheric transmission and therefore the surface irradiances at UV-B as well as other wavelengths. Occasional cloud-induced increases have also been reported. With a few exceptions, the direct detection of UV-B trends at low- and mid-latitudes remains problematic due to this high natural variability, the relatively small ozone changes, and the practical difficulties of maintaining long-term stability in networks of UV-measuring instruments. Few reliable UV-B radiation measurements are available from pre-ozone-depletion days. Satellite-based observations of atmospheric ozone and clouds are being used, together with models of atmospheric transmission, to provide global coverage and long-term estimates of surface UV-B radiation. Estimates of long-term (1979-1992) trends in zonally averaged UV irradiances that include cloud effects are nearly identical to those for clear-sky estimates, providing evidence that clouds have not influenced the UV-B trends. However, the limitations of satellite-derived UV estimates should be recognized. To assess uncertainties inherent in this approach, additional validations involving comparisons with ground-based observations are required. Direct comparisons of ground-based UV-B radiation measurements between a few mid-latitude sites in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres have shown larger differences than those estimated using satellite data. Ground-based measurements show that summertime erythemal UV irradiances in the Southern Hemisphere exceed those at comparable latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere by up to 40%, whereas corresponding satellite-based estimates yield only 10-15% differences. Atmospheric pollution may be a factor in this discrepancy between ground-based measurements and satellite-derived estimates. UV-B measurements at more sites are required to determine whether the larger observed differences are globally representative. High levels of UV-B radiation continue to be observed in Antarctica during the recurrent spring-time ozone hole. For example, during ozone-hole episodes, measured biologically damaging radiation at Palmer Station, Antarctica (64 degrees S) has been found to approach and occasionally even exceed maximum summer values at San Diego, CA, USA (32 degrees N). Long-term predictions of future UV-B levels are difficult and uncertain. Nevertheless, current best estimates suggest that a slow recovery to pre-ozone depletion levels may be expected during the next half-century. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA.
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