1
|
Olson IA, Shtukenberg AG, Kahr B, Ward MD. Dislocations in molecular crystals. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:096501. [PMID: 30059351 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aac303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dislocations in molecular crystals remain terra incognita. Owing to the complexity of molecular structure, dislocations in molecular crystals can be difficult to understand using only the foundational concepts devised over decades for hard materials. Herein, we review the generation, structure, and physicochemical consequences of dislocations in molecular crystals. Unlike metals, ceramics, and semiconductors, molecular crystals are often characterized by flexible building units of low symmetry, thereby limiting analysis, complicating modeling, and prompting new approaches to elucidate their role in crystallography from growth to mechanics. Such considerations affect applications ranging from plastic electronics and mechanical actuators to the tableting of pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York City, NY 10003, United States of America
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu J, Wei B, Sloppy JD, Ouyang L, Ni C, Martin DC. Direct Imaging of the Electrochemical Deposition of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) by Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:897-900. [PMID: 35596454 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are electronically and ionically active organic materials of interest for use in a variety of devices. Electrochemical deposition is a convenient method for precisely fabricating conjugated polymer thin films, yet a detailed, quantitative understanding of nucleation and growth mechanisms has remained elusive. Here, we report direct imaging of the in situ electrochemical deposition of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) from an aqueous solution of EDOT monomer using Transmission Electron Microscopy with an electrochemical liquid flow cell. We found that PEDOT deposition began preferentially at the edge of the glassy carbon anodes at the beginning of the reaction. Fluctuating clusters of liquid-like oligomers were observed to form near the electrode surfaces. As the reaction continued, both the nucleation of new domains as well as the growth of pre-existing PEDOT deposits were observed, leading to systematic increases in film thickness and roughness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering and ∥Biomedical Engineering, The University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Bin Wei
- Materials Science and Engineering and ∥Biomedical Engineering, The University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jennifer D. Sloppy
- Materials Science and Engineering and ∥Biomedical Engineering, The University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Liangqi Ouyang
- Materials Science and Engineering and ∥Biomedical Engineering, The University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Chaoying Ni
- Materials Science and Engineering and ∥Biomedical Engineering, The University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - David C. Martin
- Materials Science and Engineering and ∥Biomedical Engineering, The University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Drummy LF, Yang J, Martin DC. Low-voltage electron microscopy of polymer and organic molecular thin films. Ultramicroscopy 2004; 99:247-56. [PMID: 15149719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2004.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Revised: 01/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated the capabilities of a novel low-voltage electron microscope (LVEM) for imaging polymer and organic molecular thin films. The LVEM can operate in transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron diffraction modes. The microscope operates at a nominal accelerating voltage of 5 kV and fits on a tabletop. A detailed discussion of the electron-sample interaction processes is presented, and the mean free path for total electron scattering was calculated to be 15 nm for organic samples at 5 kV. The total end point dose for the destruction of crystallinity at 5 kV was estimated at 5 x 10(-4) and 3.5 x 10(-2) C/cm2 for polyethylene and pentacene, respectively. These values are significantly lower than those measured at voltages greater than 100 kV. A defocus series of colloidal gold particles allowed us to estimate the experimental contrast transfer function of the microscope. Images taken of several organic materials have shown high contrast for low atomic number elements and a resolution of 2.5 nm. The materials studied here include thin films of the organic semiconductor pentacene, triblock copolymer films, single-molecule dendrimers, electrospun polymer fibers and gold nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Drummy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2022 H.H. Dow Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2136, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Volkov VV, Asahi T, Masuhara H, Masuhara A, Kasai H, Oikawa H, Nakanishi H. Size-Dependent Optical Properties of Polydiacetylene Nanocrystal. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp031369o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor V. Volkov
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira Aobaku, Sendai 980-77, Japan, and CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Asahi
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira Aobaku, Sendai 980-77, Japan, and CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masuhara
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira Aobaku, Sendai 980-77, Japan, and CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akito Masuhara
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira Aobaku, Sendai 980-77, Japan, and CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kasai
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira Aobaku, Sendai 980-77, Japan, and CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Oikawa
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira Aobaku, Sendai 980-77, Japan, and CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hachiro Nakanishi
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira Aobaku, Sendai 980-77, Japan, and CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wilson PM, Martin DC. Quantitative Measurements of Polymer Chain-End Edge Dislocation Strain Fields by High Resolution Electron Microscopy. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9506748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. Wilson
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, 2022 H. H. Dow Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136
| | - David C. Martin
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, 2022 H. H. Dow Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liao J, Martin DC. Construction and Characterization of [1,6-Di(N-carbazolyl)-2,4-hexadiyne] Diacetylene Polymer Bicrystals. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma950792v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, 2022 H. H. Dow Building, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136
| | - David C. Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, 2022 H. H. Dow Building, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136
| |
Collapse
|