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Dillon A, Yusov A, Chaudhry MT, Newman JA, Demkiw KM, Woerpel KA, Lee AY, Ward MD. Supramolecular Mille-Feuille: Adaptive Guest Inclusion in a New Aliphatic Guanidinium Monosulfonate Hydrogen-Bonded Framework. Cryst Growth Des 2024; 24:3483-3490. [PMID: 38659662 PMCID: PMC11036357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
During the past three decades, the ability of guanidinium arenesulfonate host frameworks to encapsulate a wide range of guests has been amply demonstrated, with more than 700 inclusion compounds realized. Herein, we report crystalline inclusion compounds based on a new aliphatic host, guanidinium cyclohexanemonosulfonate, which surprisingly exhibits four heretofore unobserved architectures, as described by the projection topologies of the organosulfonate residues above and below hydrogen-bonded guanidinium sulfonate sheets. The inclusion compounds adopt a layer motif of guanidinium sulfonate sheets interleaved with guest molecules, resembling a mille-feuille pastry. The aliphatic character of this remarkably simple host, combined with access to greater architectural diversity and adaptability, enables the host framework to accommodate a wide range of guests and promises to expand the utility of guanidinium organosulfonate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra
M. Dillon
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Anna Yusov
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Mohammad T. Chaudhry
- Analytical
Research and Development, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Justin A. Newman
- Analytical
Research and Development, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Krystyna M. Demkiw
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - K. A. Woerpel
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Alfred Y. Lee
- Analytical
Research and Development, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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2
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Rico LG, Bardina J, Salvia R, Ward MD, Bradford JA, Petriz J. True volumetric counting of CD34+ cells using flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2024; 527:113649. [PMID: 38395105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
While the single-platform flow cytometric CD34+ cell counting method is the preferred choice to predict the yield of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells, most flow cytometers lack the ability of hematology counter analyzers to perform volumetric counting. However, one of the problems using reference microbeads is the vanishing counting bead phenomenon. This phenomenon results in a drop in microbeads concentration and reduces the total and relative number of beads in calibration procedures. In the last years, flow cytometers including a volumetric system to quantify cells have been developed and may represent a promising alternative to enumerate CD34+ cells avoiding the use of beads. In this study we have used a direct true volumetric counting of CD34+ cells under continuous flow pump to overcome potential drawbacks with impact in rare cell analysis. To confirm this hypothesis, we have compared the results of CD34+ cell enumeration using non-volumetric vs. volumetric systems with FC500 (Beckman Coulter) and Attune NxT (ThermoFisher) flow cytometers, respectively, in mobilized peripheral blood samples. No statistically significant differences were observed between measurements of CD34+ cells using beads, when the FC500 and Attune NxT absolute counting values were compared, or when CD34+ counts were compared on the Attune NxT, either using or not using beads. Linear regressions to study the relationship between volumetric and non-volumetric CD34+ counts confirmed the accuracy of each method. Bland-Altman test showed agreement between both methods. Our data showed that CD34+ cell enumeration using a volumetric system is comparable with current counting systems. This method represents an alternative with the advantage of the simplification of sample preparation and the reduction of the analysis subjectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Rico
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Jorge Bardina
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Roser Salvia
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Petriz
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain.
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3
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Erriah B, Shtukenberg AG, Aronin R, McCarthy D, Brázda P, Ward MD, Kahr B. ROY Crystallization on Poly(ethylene) Fibers, a Model for Bed Net Crystallography. Chem Mater 2024; 36:2432-2440. [PMID: 38495899 PMCID: PMC10938503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Many long-lasting insecticidal bed nets for protection against disease vectors consist of poly(ethylene) fibers in which insecticide is incorporated during manufacture. Insecticide molecules diffuse from within the supersaturated polymers to surfaces where they become bioavailable to insects and often crystallize, a process known as blooming. Recent studies revealed that contact insecticides can be highly polymorphic. Moreover, insecticidal activity is polymorph-dependent, with forms having a higher crystal free energy yielding faster insect knockdown and mortality. Consequently, the crystallographic characterization of insecticide crystals that form on fibers is critical to understanding net function and improving net performance. Structural characterization of insecticide crystals on bed net fiber surfaces, let alone their polymorphs, has been elusive owing to the minute size of the crystals, however. Using the highly polymorphous compound ROY (5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)-amino]thiophene-3-carbonitrile) as a proxy for insecticide crystallization, we investigated blooming and crystal formation on the surface of extruded poly(ethylene) fibers containing ROY. The blooming rates, tracked from the time of extrusion, were determined by UV-vis spectroscopy after successive washes. Six crystalline polymorphs (of the 13 known) were observed on poly(ethylene) fiber surfaces, and they were identified and characterized by Raman microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and 3D electron diffraction. These observations reveal that the crystallization and phase behavior of polymorphs forming on poly(ethylene) fibers is complex and dynamic. The characterization of blooming and microcrystals underscores the importance of bed net crystallography for the optimization of bed net performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Erriah
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Alexander G. Shtukenberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Reese Aronin
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Derik McCarthy
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Petr Brázda
- Department
of Structure Analysis, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2/1999, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, 29 Washington Place, New York City, New York 10003, United States
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4
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Dorrat JC, Taylor CGP, Young RJ, Solea AB, Turner DR, Dennison GH, Ward MD, Tuck KL. A Study on Auto-Catalysis and Product Inhibition: A Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction Catalysed within the Cavity of an Octanuclear Coordination Cage. Chemistry 2024:e202400501. [PMID: 38433109 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The ability of an octanuclear cubic coordination cage to catalyse a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction on a cavity-bound guest was studied with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) as the guest/substrate. It was found that DNFB undergoes a catalysed reaction with hydroxide ions within the cavity of the cubic cage (in aqueous buffer solution, pH 8.6). The rate enhancement of kcat/kuncat was determined to be 22, with cavity binding of the guest being required for catalysis to occur. The product, 2,4-dinitrophenolate (DNP), remained bound within the cavity due to electrostatic stabilisation and exerts two apparently contradictory effects: it initially auto-catalyses the reaction when present at low concentrations, but at higher concentrations inhibits catalysis when a pair of DNP guests block the cavity. When encapsulated, the UV/Vis absorption spectrum of DNP is red-shifted when compared to the spectrum of free DNP in aqueous solution. Further investigations using other aromatic guests determined that a similar red-shift on cavity binding also occurred for 4-nitrophenolate (4NP) at pH 8.6. The red-shift was used to determine the stoichiometry of guest binding of DNP and 4NP within the cage cavity, which was confirmed by structural analysis with X-ray crystallography; and was also used to perform catalytic kinetic studies in the solution-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Dorrat
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Rosemary J Young
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Atena B Solea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David R Turner
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Genevieve H Dennison
- CBRN Defence, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
- Electro Optics Sensing and Electromagnetic Warfare, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, 5111, Australia
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kellie L Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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5
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Garrison AR, Moresco V, Zeng X, Cline CR, Ward MD, Ricks KM, Olschner SP, Cazares LH, Karaaslan E, Fitzpatrick CJ, Bergeron É, Pegan SD, Golden JW. Nucleocapsid protein-specific monoclonal antibodies protect mice against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1722. [PMID: 38409240 PMCID: PMC10897337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a WHO priority pathogen. Antibody-based medical countermeasures offer an important strategy to mitigate severe disease caused by CCHFV. Most efforts have focused on targeting the viral glycoproteins. However, glycoproteins are poorly conserved among viral strains. The CCHFV nucleocapsid protein (NP) is highly conserved between CCHFV strains. Here, we investigate the protective efficacy of a CCHFV monoclonal antibody targeting the NP. We find that an anti-NP monoclonal antibody (mAb-9D5) protected female mice against lethal CCHFV infection or resulted in a significant delay in mean time-to-death in mice that succumbed to disease compared to isotype control animals. Antibody protection is independent of Fc-receptor functionality and complement activity. The antibody bound NP from several CCHFV strains and exhibited robust cross-protection against the heterologous CCHFV strain Afg09-2990. Our work demonstrates that the NP is a viable target for antibody-based therapeutics, providing another direction for developing immunotherapeutics against CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura R Garrison
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.
| | - Vanessa Moresco
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Curtis R Cline
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Michael D Ward
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Keersten M Ricks
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Scott P Olschner
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Lisa H Cazares
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Elif Karaaslan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Collin J Fitzpatrick
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA
| | - Joseph W Golden
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.
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6
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Bistué-Rovira À, Rico LG, Bardina J, Juncà J, Granada I, Bradford JA, Ward MD, Salvia R, Solé F, Petriz J. Persistence of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Stem-like Populations under Simultaneous In Vitro Treatment with Curcumin, Fludarabine, and Ibrutinib: Implications for Therapy Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1994. [PMID: 38396682 PMCID: PMC10888954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) possess similar characteristics to normal hematopoietic stem cells, including self-renewal capacity, quiescence, ability to initiate leukemia, and drug resistance. These cells play a significant role in leukemia relapse, persisting even after apparent remission. LSCs were first described in 1994 by Lapidot et al. Although they have been extensively studied in acute leukemia, more LSC research is still needed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) to understand if reduced apoptosis in mature cells should still be considered as the major cause of this disease. Here, we provide new evidence suggesting the existence of stem-like cell populations in CLL, which may help to understand the disease as well as to develop effective treatments. In this study, we identified a potential leukemic stem cell subpopulation using the tetraploid CLL cell line I83. This subpopulation is characterized by diploid cells that were capable of generating the I83 tetraploid population. Furthermore, we adapted a novel flow cytometry analysis protocol to detect CLL subpopulations with stem cell properties in peripheral blood samples and primary cultures from CLL patients. These cells were identified by their co-expression of CD19 and CD5, characteristic markers of CLL cells. As previously described, increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity is indicative of stemness and pluripotency. Moreover, we used this method to investigate the potential synergistic effect of curcumin in combination with fludarabine and ibrutinib to deplete this subpopulation. Our results confirmed the effectiveness of this ALP-based analysis protocol in detecting and monitoring leukemic stem-like cells in CLL. This analysis also identified limitations in eradicating these populations using in vitro testing. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated that curcumin significantly enhanced the effects of fludarabine and ibrutinib on the leukemic fraction, exhibiting synergistic effects (combination drug index, CDI 0.97 and 0.37, respectively). Our results lend support to the existence of potential stem-like populations in CLL cell lines, and to the idea that curcumin could serve as an effective adjuvant in therapies aimed at eliminating these populations and improving treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngel Bistué-Rovira
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
| | - Laura G. Rico
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.G.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Jorge Bardina
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Juncà
- MDS Group, Institut de Recerca Contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.J.); (I.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Isabel Granada
- MDS Group, Institut de Recerca Contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.J.); (I.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Jolene A. Bradford
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA; (J.A.B.); (M.D.W.)
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA; (J.A.B.); (M.D.W.)
| | - Roser Salvia
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.G.R.); (R.S.)
| | - Francesc Solé
- MDS Group, Institut de Recerca Contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.J.); (I.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Jordi Petriz
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (L.G.R.); (R.S.)
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7
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Salvia R, Rico LG, Ward MD, Bradford JA, Petriz J. Functional Flow Cytometry to Predict PD-L1 Conformational Changes. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e944. [PMID: 38100257 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis is one of the most widely recognized targets for cancer immunotherapy. Importantly, PD-L1 conformational changes can hinder target binding when living cells are used. Antibody affinity, equilibrium binding, association and dissociation rates, and other affinity-related constants are fundamental to ensure target saturation. Here, PD-L1 changes in conformation and their potential impact on PD-L1 function and mutation are explored. Specifically, we present detailed flow cytometry procedures to analyze PD-L1 reactivity in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). This approach can also be used to study the contribution of protein conformational changes in living cells. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation for PD-L1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells detection by flow cytometry Basic Protocol 2: Protocol preparation, sample acquisition, and gating strategy for flow cytometric screening of PD-L1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with lung cancer Support Protocol 1: Bioinformatic tools for the analysis of flow cytometric data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Salvia
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura G Rico
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Petriz
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Stares DL, Mozaceanu C, Ward MD, Schalley CA. Binding modes of high stoichiometry guest complexes with a Co 8L 12 cage uncovered by mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11811-11814. [PMID: 37721711 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04291j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how different modes of guest binding with a Co8L12 cubic cage can be determined using ESI-MS. High stoichiometry guest binding was observed, with the guests preferentially binding externally, but internal guest inclusion was also seen at higher guest loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Stares
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
| | | | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Christoph A Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 20, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
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9
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Alazaly AM, Clarkson GJ, Ward MD, Abdel-Shafi AA. Mechanism of Oxygen Quenching of the Excited States of Heteroleptic Chromium(III) Phenanthroline Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16101-16113. [PMID: 37721399 PMCID: PMC10548418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of some heteroleptic Cr(III) complexes of the form [Cr(Phen)2L](OTf)3, where Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline and L is either 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) or its derivatives, such as 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-DMB), 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-DMOB), 4,4'-ditert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-dtbpy), 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (5,5'-DMB), 4,4'-dimethoxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-dmcbpy) or 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives, such as 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5-Me-Phen) and 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (4,7-DMP). Heteroleptic complexes were prepared in two stages via the intermediate [Cr(Phen)2(CF3SO3)2](CF3SO3) and five examples have been crystallographically characterized. Steady-state absorption and luminescence emission characteristics of these complexes were measured in 1 M HCl solutions. The luminescence quantum yield of these complexes was found to be the lowest for [Cr(Phen)2(4,4'-dmcbpy)](OTf)3 and the highest for [Cr(Phen)2(4,4'-DMB)](OTf)3 with values of 0.31 × 10-2 and 1.48 × 10-2, respectively. The calculated excited state energy, E0-0, was found to vary within the narrow range of 163.1-165.0 kJ mol-1 across the series. Transient absorption spectra in degassed, air-equilibrated, and oxygen-saturated 1 M HCl aqueous solutions were also measured at different time decays and demonstrated no significant differences, indicating the absence of any ion-separated species in the excited state. Excited-state decay traces at the wavelength of maximum absorption were used to calculate oxygen quenching rate constants, kq, which were found to be in the range 3.26-5.27 × 107 M-1 s-1. Singlet oxygen luminescence photosensitized by these complexes was observed in D2O, and its luminescence intensity at 1270 nm was used for the determination of singlet oxygen quantum yields for these complexes, which were in the range of 0.20-0.44, while the fraction of the excited 2E state quenched by oxygen was in the range of 0.22-0.68, and the efficiency of singlet oxygen production was in the range of 0.44-0.90. The mechanism by which the excited 2E state is quenched by oxygen is explained by a spin statistical model that predicts the balance between charge transfer and noncharge transfer deactivation pathways, which was represented by the parameter pCT that was found to vary from 0.35 to 0.68 for this series of Cr(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed
M. M. Alazaly
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Ayman A. Abdel-Shafi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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10
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Downs IL, David Ordonez Luna A, Kota KP, Rubin SK, Shirsekar SS, Ward MD, Panchal RG, Litosh VA. Modification of N-hydroxycytidine yields a novel lead compound exhibiting activity against the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 94:129432. [PMID: 37591319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleobase analogs capable of interfering with nucleic acid synthesis have played essential roles in fighting infectious diseases. However, many of these agents are associated with important and potentially lethal off-target intracellular effects that limit their use. Based on the previous discovery of base-modified 2'-deoxyuridines, which showed high anticancer activity while exhibiting lower toxicity toward rapidly dividing normal human cells compared to antimetabolite chemotherapeutics, we hypothesized that a similar modification of the N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) molecule would provide novel antiviral compounds with diminished side effects. This presumption is due to the substantial structural difference with natural cytidine leading to less recognizability by host cell enzymes. Among the 42 antimetabolite species that have been synthesized and screened against VEEV, one hit compound was identified. The structural features of the modifying moiety were similar to those of the anticancer lead 2'-deoxyuridine derivative reported previously, providing an opportunity to pursue further structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies directed to lead improvement, and obtain insight into the mechanism of action, which can lead to identifying drug candidates against a broad spectrum of RNA viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac L Downs
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - A David Ordonez Luna
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Krishna P Kota
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sarah K Rubin
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Serena S Shirsekar
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael D Ward
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Vladislav A Litosh
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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11
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Dorrat JC, Young RJ, Taylor CGP, Tipping MB, Blok AJ, Turner DR, McKay AI, Ovenden S, Ward MD, Dennison GH, Tuck KL. The preservation of sarin and O, O'-diisopropyl fluorophosphate inside coordination cage hosts. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11802-11814. [PMID: 37272072 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01378b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The host-guest chemistry of O,O'-diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), a phosphonofluoridate G-series chemical warfare agent simulant, was investigated in the presence of a number of octanuclear cubic coordination cage hosts. The aim was to demonstrate cage-catalysed hydrolysis of DFP at near neutral pH: however, two octanuclear coordination cages, HPEG (containing water-solubilising PEG groups) and HW (containing water-solubilising hydroxymethyl groups), were actually found to increase the lifetime of DFP in aqueous buffer solution (pH 8.7). Crystallographic analysis of DFP with a structurally related host cage revealed that DFP binds to windows in the cage surface, not in the internal cavity. The phosphorus-fluorine bond is directed into the cavity rather than towards the external environment, with the cage/DFP association protecting DFP from hydrolysis. Initial studies with the chemical warfare agent (CWA) sarin (GB) with HPEG cage in a buffered solution also showed a drastically reduced rate of hydrolysis for sarin when bound in the host cage. The ability of these cages to inhibit hydrolysis of these P-F bond containing organophosphorus guests, by encapsulation, may have applications in forensic sample preservation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C Dorrat
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Rosemary J Young
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | | | - Max B Tipping
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Andrew J Blok
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
| | - David R Turner
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Alasdair I McKay
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Simon Ovenden
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Genevieve H Dennison
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
- Weapon Seekers and Tactical Sensors Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, 5111, Australia.
| | - Kellie L Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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12
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Pritchard C, Ligorio M, Jackson GD, Gibson MI, Ward MD. Programmable Monodisperse Glyco-Multivalency Using Self-Assembled Coordination Cages as Scaffolds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37486195 PMCID: PMC10401570 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The multivalent presentation of glycans leads to enhanced binding avidity to lectins due to the cluster glycoside effect. Most materials used as scaffolds for multivalent glycan arrays, such as polymers or nanoparticles, have intrinsic dispersity: meaning that in any sample, a range of valencies are presented and it is not possible to determine which fraction(s) are responsible for binding. The intrinsic dispersity of many multivalent glycan scaffolds also limits their reproducibility and predictability. Here we make use of the structurally programmable nature of self-assembled metal coordination cages, with polyhedral metal-ion cores supporting ligand arrays of predictable sizes, to assemble a 16-membered library of perfectly monodisperse glycoclusters displaying valencies from 2 to 24 through a careful choice of ligand/metal combinations. Mono- and trisaccharides are introduced into these clusters, showing that the synthetic route is tolerant of biologically relevant glycans, including sialic acids. The cluster series demonstrates increased binding to a range of lectins as the number of glycans increases. This strategy offers an alternative to current glycomaterials for control of the valency of three-dimensional (3-D) glycan arrays, and may find application across sensing, imaging, and basic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Pritchard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, U.K
| | - Melissa Ligorio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, U.K
| | - Garrett D Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, U.K
| | - Matthew I Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, U.K
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, U.K
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, U.K
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13
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Zhu X, Valbon W, Qiu M, Hu CT, Yang J, Erriah B, Jankowska M, Dong K, Ward MD, Kahr B. Insecticidal and Repellent Properties of Rapid-Acting Fluorine-Containing Compounds against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1396-1407. [PMID: 37311068 PMCID: PMC10353007 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of safe and potent insecticides remains an integral part of a multifaceted strategy to effectively control human-disease-transmitting insect vectors. Incorporating fluorine can dramatically alter the physiochemical properties and bioavailability of insecticides. For example, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)ethane (DFDT)─a difluoro congener of trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT)─was demonstrated previously to be 10-fold less toxic to mosquitoes than DDT in terms of LD50 values, but it exhibited a 4-fold faster knockdown. Described herein is the discovery of fluorine-containing 1-aryl-2,2,2-trichloro-ethan-1-ols (FTEs, for fluorophenyl-trichloromethyl-ethanols). FTEs, particularly per-fluorophenyl-trichloromethyl-ethanol (PFTE), exhibited rapid knockdown not only against Drosophila melanogaster but also against susceptible and resistant Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, major vectors of Dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and Chikungunya viruses. The R enantiomer of any chiral FTE, synthesized enantioselectively, exhibited faster knockdown than its corresponding S enantiomer. PFTE does not prolong the opening of mosquito sodium channels that are characteristic of the action of DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. In addition, pyrethroid/DDT-resistant Ae. aegypti strains having enhanced P450-mediated detoxification and/or carrying sodium channel mutations that confer knockdown resistance were not cross-resistant to PFTE. These results indicate a mechanism of PFTE insecticidal action distinct from that of pyrethroids or DDT. Furthermore, PFTE elicited spatial repellency at concentrations as low as 10 ppm in a hand-in-cage assay. PFTE and MFTE were found to possess low mammalian toxicity. These results suggest the substantial potential of FTEs as a new class of compounds for controlling insect vectors, including pyrethroid/DDT-resistant mosquitoes. Further investigations of FTE insecticidal and repellency mechanisms could provide important insights into how incorporation of fluorine influences the rapid lethality and mosquito sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Wilson Valbon
- Department
of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Mengdi Qiu
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Chunhua T. Hu
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Jingxiang Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Bryan Erriah
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Milena Jankowska
- Department
of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
- Department
of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Nicolaus
Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - Ke Dong
- Department
of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003 USA
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14
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Mozaceanu C, Solea AB, Taylor CGP, Sudittapong B, Pruñonosa Lara L, Ward MD. Correction: Disentangling contributions to guest binding inside a coordination cage host: analysis of a set of isomeric guests with differing polarities. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37313744 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt90102e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Correction for 'Disentangling contributions to guest binding inside a coordination cage host: analysis of a set of isomeric guests with differing polarities' by Cristina Mozaceanu et al., Dalton Trans., 2022, 51, 15263-15272, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2DT02623F.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atena B Solea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Burin Sudittapong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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15
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Carson J, Erriah B, Herodotou S, Shtukenberg AG, Smith L, Ryazanskaya S, Ward MD, Kahr B, Lees RS. Overcoming insecticide resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes by using faster-acting solid forms of deltamethrin. Malar J 2023; 22:129. [PMID: 37081532 PMCID: PMC10120210 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlling malaria-transmitting Anopheles mosquitoes with pyrethroid insecticides is becoming increasingly challenging because of widespread resistance amongst vector populations. The development of new insecticides and insecticidal formulations is time consuming and costly, however. A more active crystalline form of deltamethrin, prepared by heating the commercial crystalline form, previously was reported to be 12-times faster acting against susceptible North American Anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes. Herein the potential for heat-activated deltamethrin dispersed on chalk to overcome various resistance mechanisms amongst five West African Anopheles strains is investigated, and its long-term sustained lethality evaluated. METHODS The more active deltamethrin form was generated in a commercial dust containing deltamethrin by heating the material as purchased. Tarsal contact bioassays were conducted to investigate its efficacy, potency, and speed of action against resistant Anopheles populations compared to the commercially available form of deltamethrin dust. RESULTS In all cases, D-Fense Dust heated to generate the more active form of deltamethrin was substantially more effective than the commercially available formulation. 100% of both Banfora M and Kisumu populations were knocked down 10 min post-exposure with no recovery afterwards. Gaoua-ara and Tiefora strains exhibited 100% knockdown within 15 min, and the VK7 2014 strain exhibited 100% knockdown within 20 min. In all cases, 100% mortality was observed 24 h post-exposure. Conversely, the commercial formulation (unheated) resulted in less than 4% mortality amongst VK7 2014, Banfora, and Gaoua-ara populations by 24 h, and Tiefora and Kisumu mosquitoes experienced 14 and 47% mortality by 24 h, respectively. The heat-activated dust maintained comparable efficacy 13 months after heating. CONCLUSIONS The heat-activated form of commercial deltamethrin D-Fense Dust outperformed the material as purchased, dramatically increasing efficacy against all tested pyrethroid-resistant strains. This increase in lethality was retained for 13 months of storage under ambient conditions in the laboratory. Higher energy forms of commonly used insecticides may be employed to overcome various resistance mechanisms seen in African Anopheles mosquitoes through more rapid uptake of insecticide molecules from their respective solid surfaces. That is, resistant mosquitoes can be killed with an insecticide to which they are resistant without altering the molecular composition of the insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Carson
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Bryan Erriah
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Stephania Herodotou
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Alexander G Shtukenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Leilani Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Svetlana Ryazanskaya
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 29 Washington Place, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Rosemary Susan Lees
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
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16
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Benjamin DM, Morstatter F, Abbas AE, Abeliuk A, Atanasov P, Bennett S, Beger A, Birari S, Budescu DV, Catasta M, Ferrara E, Haravitch L, Himmelstein M, Hossain KSMT, Huang Y, Jin W, Joseph R, Leskovec J, Matsui A, Mirtaheri M, Ren X, Satyukov G, Sethi R, Singh A, Sosic R, Steyvers M, Szekely PA, Ward MD, Galstyan A. Hybrid forecasting of geopolitical events
†. AI MAG 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/aaai.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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17
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Solea AB, Ward MD. A chemiluminescent lantern: a coordination cage catalysed oxidation of luminol followed by chemiluminescence resonance energy-transfer. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4456-4461. [PMID: 36917490 PMCID: PMC10071490 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
A molecule of luminol bound as guest inside a Co8 coordination cage host undergoes oxidation by H2O2 to generate chemiluminescence by a process in which the Co(II) ions in the cage superstructure activate the H2O2: accordingly the cage not only co-locates the reactants but also acts as a redox partner in the catalysis. The luminescence from oxidation of the cavity-bound luminol can transfer its excitation energy to surface-bound fluorescein molecules in an unusual example of Chemiluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (CRET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena B Solea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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18
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Salvia R, Rico LG, Bradford JA, Ward MD, Olszowy MW, Martínez C, Madrid-Aris ÁD, Grífols JR, Ancochea Á, Gomez-Muñoz L, Vives-Pi M, Martínez-Cáceres E, Fernández MA, Sorigue M, Petriz J. Fast-screening flow cytometry method for detecting nanoplastics in human peripheral blood. MethodsX 2023; 10:102057. [PMID: 36851978 PMCID: PMC9958479 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a global problem. Animals and humans can ingest and inhale plastic particles, with uncertain health consequences. Nanoplastics (NPs) are particles ranging from 1 nm to 1000 nm that result from the erosion or breakage of larger plastic debris, and can be highly polydisperse in physical properties and heterogeneous in composition. Potential effects of NPs exposure may be associated with alterations in the xenobiotic metabolism, nutrients absorption, energy metabolism, cytotoxicity, and behavior. In humans, no data on NPs absorptions has been reported previously. Given that their detection relies significantly on environmental exposure, we have prospectively studied the presence of NPs in human peripheral blood (PB). Specifically, we have used fluorescence techniques and nanocytometry, together with the staining of the lipophilic dye Nile Red (NR), to demonstrate that NPs can be accurately detected using flow cytometry.•Potential effects of nanoplastics exposure.•Fluorescence techniques and nanocytometry.•Accurate detection using flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Salvia
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura G Rico
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Michael W Olszowy
- Sartorius Stedim North America, inc., Arvada, Colorado, United States
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Lleida Biomedical Research Institute's Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Laia Gomez-Muñoz
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Cáceres
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco A Fernández
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Sorigue
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Petriz
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Meller A, Ward MD, Borowsky JH, Lotthammer JM, Kshirsagar M, Oviedo F, Lavista Ferres J, Bowman G. Predicting the locations of cryptic pockets from single protein structures using the PocketMiner graph neural network. Biophys J 2023; 122:445a. [PMID: 36784287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.11.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Meller
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael D Ward
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M Lotthammer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory Bowman
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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20
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Zhang X, Sudittapong B, Ward MD. Catalytic reactions in a Co12 cuboctahedral cage arising from guest encapsulation and cage-based redox activation. Inorg Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi02223k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A Co12 coordination cage with a cuboctahedral architecture, and incorporating a mixture of tritopic (face-capping) and ditopic (edge-bridging) ligands, shows strong guest binding of large aromatic fluorophores (fluorescein and its...
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21
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Dong F, Munkaila S, Grebe V, Weck M, Ward MD. Customized metallodielectric colloids and their behavior in dielectrophoretic fields. Soft Matter 2022; 18:7975-7980. [PMID: 36218035 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01099b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic strategy for fabricating colloidal particles with spatially segregated amine-functionalized lobes enables regioselective coating with gold to afford metallodielectric particles with a variety of shapes and lobe sizes. This approach can produce either dissymmetric dumbbell-shaped two-lobed Au-TPM particles (Au-T) or dissymmetric or symmetric three-lobed particles with gold coating on one (Au-T-T and T-Au-T) or two lobes (Au-T-Au). Dielectrophoretic (DEP) forces exerted by an AC field confined between two opposing electrodes generate aggregates ranging from 1D chains to 2D close-packed lattices, depending on the particle shape and lobe arrangement. The aggregate structures reflect the lowest energy configurations resulting from the induced dipole moments created in particle lobes within the confined electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Dong
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
| | - Samira Munkaila
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
| | - Veronica Grebe
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
| | - Marcus Weck
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
| | - Michael D Ward
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
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22
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Mozaceanu C, Solea AB, Taylor CGP, Sudittapong B, Ward MD. Disentangling contributions to guest binding inside a coordination cage host: analysis of a set of isomeric guests with differing polarities. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15263-15272. [PMID: 36129351 PMCID: PMC9578013 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02623f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Binding of a set of three isomeric guests (1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-dicyanobenzene, abbreviated DCB) inside an octanuclear cubic coordination cage host H (bearing different external substitutents according to solvent used) has been studied in water/dmso (98 : 2) and CD2Cl2. These guests have essentially identical molecular surfaces, volumes and external functional groups to interact with the cage interior surface; but they differ in polarity with dipole moments of ca. 7, 4 and 0 Debye respectively. In CD2Cl2 guest binding is weak but we observe a clear correlation of binding free energy with guest polarity, with 1,4-DCB showing no detectable binding by NMR spectroscopy but 1,2-DCB having −ΔG = 9 kJ mol−1. In water (containing 2% dmso to solubilise the guests) we see the same trend but all binding free energies are much higher due to an additional hydrophobic contribution to binding, with −ΔG varying from 16 kJ mol−1 for 1,4-DCB to 22 kJ mol−1 for 1,4-DCB: again we see an increase associated with guest polarity but the increase in −ΔG per Debye of dipole moment is around half what we observe in CD2Cl2 which we ascribe to the fact the more polar guests will be better solvated in the aqueous solvent. A van't Hoff analysis by variable-temperature NMR showed that the improvement in guest binding in water/dmso is entropy-driven, which suggests that the key factor is not direct electrostatic interactions between a polar guest and the cage surface, but the variation in guest desolvation across the series, with the more polar (and hence more highly solvated) guests having a greater favourable entropy change on desolvation. The three dicyanobenzene isomers have obvious similarities but differ in their dipole moment: effects on binding in a coordination cage host in different solvents are discussed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atena B Solea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Burin Sudittapong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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23
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Solea AB, Sudittapong B, Taylor CGP, Ward MD. Inside or outside the box? Effect of substrate location on coordination-cage based catalysis. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11277-11285. [PMID: 35791857 PMCID: PMC9344580 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01713j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work we compare and contrast the hydrolysis of two different aromatic esters using an octanuclear cubic Co8 coordination cage host as the catalyst. Diacetyl fluorescein (DAF) is too large to bind inside the cage cavity, but in aqueous solution it interacts with the exterior surface of the cage via a hydrophobic interaction with K = 1.5(2) × 104 M−1. This is sufficient to bring it into close proximity to the layer of hydroxide ions which also surrounds the 16+ cage surface even at modest pH values, accelerating the hydrolysis of DAF to fluorescein with kcat/kuncat (the rate acceleration for that fraction of DAF in contact with the cage surface in the equilibrium) ≈50. This is far smaller than many known examples of catalysis inside a cage cavity, but at the exterior surface it is potentially general with no cavity-imposed size/shape limitations for guest binding. In contrast 4-nitrophenyl acetate (4NPA) binds inside the cage cavity with K = 3.5(3) × 103 M−1 and as such is surrounded in solution by the hydroxide ions which accumulate around the cage surface. However its hydrolysis is actually inhibited: either because of a geometrically unfavourable geometry of the bound substrate which makes it inaccessible to surface-bound hydroxide, or because the necessary volume expansion/geometry change associated with formation of a tetrahedral intermediate cannot be accommodated inside the cavity. Any 4NPA that is free in solution as part of the equilibrium undergoes catalysed hydrolysis at the cage exterior surface in the same way as DAF, but the effect is limited by the low affinity of 4NPA for the exterior surface. We conclude that exterior-surface catalysis can be effective and potentially general; and that cavity-binding of guests can result in negative, rather than positive, catalysis. The cavity is not everything! Catalysed hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenylacetate is inhibited inside a cage (left), but hydrolysis of diacetylfluorescein (right) is catalysed by the exterior surface.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena B Solea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Burin Sudittapong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Erriah B, Zhu X, Hu CT, Kahr BE, Shtukenberg A, Ward MD. Crystallography of Contemporary Contact Insecticides. Insects 2022; 13:insects13030292. [PMID: 35323590 PMCID: PMC8949367 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The active forms of contact insecticides used for combatting mosquito-borne infectious diseases are typically crystalline solids. Numerous molecular crystals are polymorphic, crystallizing in several solid forms characterized by different physicochemical properties, including bioavailability. Our laboratory recently found that the activity of crystalline contact insecticides is inversely dependent on the thermodynamic stability of their polymorphs, suggesting that efficacy can be enhanced by the manipulation of the solid-state structure. This paper argues that crystallography should be central to the development of contact insecticides, particularly because their efficacy continues to be compromised by insecticide resistance, especially among Anopheles mosquito populations that spread malaria. Although insecticidal compounds with new modes of action have been introduced to overcome resistance, new insecticides are expensive to develop and implement. The repurposing of existing chemical agents in metastable, more active crystalline forms provides an inexpensive and efficient method for ‘evergreening’ compounds whose risks are already well-established. We report herein seven new single-crystal structures of insecticides used for controlling infectious disease vectors. The structures reported herein include pyrethroid insecticides recommended by the WHO for indoor residual spraying (IRS)-bifenthrin, β-cyfluthrin, etofenprox, α-cypermethrin, and λ-cyhalothrin as well as the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bart E. Kahr
- Correspondence: (B.E.K.); (M.D.W.); Tel.: +1-212-992-9579 (B.E.K.)
| | | | - Michael D. Ward
- Correspondence: (B.E.K.); (M.D.W.); Tel.: +1-212-992-9579 (B.E.K.)
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Bartolo ND, Demkiw KM, Read JA, Valentín EM, Yang Y, Dillon AM, Hu CT, Ward MD, Woerpel KA. Conformationally Biased Ketones React Diastereoselectively with Allylmagnesium Halides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3042-3065. [PMID: 35167300 PMCID: PMC9022492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The addition of the highly reactive reagent allylmagnesium halide to α-substituted acyclic chiral ketones proceeded with high stereoselectivity. The stereoselectivity cannot be analyzed by conventional stereochemical models because these reactions do not conform to the requirements of those models. Instead, the stereoselectivity arises from the approach of the nucleophile to the most accessible diastereofaces of the lowest-energy conformations of the ketones. High stereoselectivity is expected, and the stereochemical outcome can be predicted, with conformationally biased ketones that have sterically distinguishable diastereofaces wherein only one face is accessible for nucleophilic addition. The conformations of the ketones can be determined by a combination of computational modeling and, in some cases, structure determination by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D. Bartolo
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Krystyna M. Demkiw
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Jacquelyne A. Read
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | | | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Alexandra M. Dillon
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Chunhua T. Hu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - K. A. Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 USA
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Shtukenberg AG, Hu L, Sahota A, Kahr B, Ward MD. Disrupting Crystal Growth through Molecular Recognition: Designer Therapies for Kidney Stone Prevention. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:516-525. [PMID: 35088591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant crystallization within the human body can lead to several disease states or adverse outcomes, yet much remains to be understood about the critical stages leading to these events, which can include crystal nucleation and growth, crystal aggregation, and the adhesion of crystals to cells. Kidney stones, which are aggregates of single crystals with physiological origins, are particularly illustrative of pathological crystallization, with 10% of the U.S. population experiencing at least one stone occurrence in their lifetimes. The human record of kidney stones is more than 2000 years old, as noted by Hippocrates in his renowned oath and much later by Robert Hooke in his treatise Micrographia. William Hyde Wollaston, who was a physician, chemist, physicist, and crystallographer, was fascinated with stones, leading him to discover an unusual stone that he described in 1810 as cystic oxide, later corrected to cystine. Despite this long history, however, a fundamental understanding of the stages of stone formation and the rational design of therapies for stone prevention have remained elusive.This Account reviews discoveries and advances from our laboratories that have unraveled the complex crystal growth mechanisms of l-cystine, which forms l-cystine kidney stones in at least 20 000 individuals in the U.S. alone. Although l-cystine stones affect fewer individuals than common calcium oxalate stones, they are usually larger, recur more frequently, and are more likely to cause chronic kidney disease. Real-time in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals that the crystal growth of hexagonal l-cystine is characterized by a complex mechanism in which six interlaced anisotropic spirals grow synchronously, emanating from a single screw dislocation to generate a micromorphology with the appearance of stacked hexagonal islands. In contrast, proximal heterochiral dislocations produce features that appear to be spirals but actually are closed loops, akin to a Frank-Read source. These unusual and aesthetic growth patterns can be explained by the coincidence of the dislocation Burgers vector and the crystallographic 61 screw axis. Inhibiting l-cystine crystal growth is key to preventing stone formation. Decades of studies of "tailor-made additives", which are imposter molecules that closely resemble the solute and bind to crystal faces through molecular recognition, have demonstrated their effects on crystal properties such as morphology and polymorphism. The ability to visualize crystal growth in real time by AFM enables quantitative measurements of step velocities and, by extension, the effect of prospective inhibitors on growth rates, which can then be used to deduce inhibition mechanisms. Investigations with a wide range of prospective inhibitors revealed the importance of precise molecular recognition for binding l-cystine imposters to crystal sites, which results in step pinning and the inhibition of step advancement as well as the growth of bulk crystals. Moreover, select inhibitors of crystal growth, measured in vitro, reduce or eliminate stone formation in knockout mouse models of cystinuria, promising a new pathway to l-cystine stone prevention. These observations have wide-ranging implications for the design of therapies based on tailor-made additives for diseases associated with aberrant crystallization, from disease-related stones to "xenostones" that form in vivo because of the crystallization of low-solubility therapeutic agents such as antiretroviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Shtukenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6688, United States
| | | | | | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6688, United States
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6688, United States
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Smith LG, Ward MD, Zimmerman MI, Bowman GR. New ranking functions for adaptive sampling improve backtracking and pathfinding in complex landscapes. Biophys J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Knapp BD, Ward MD, Bowman GR, Shi H, Huang KC. Multiple conserved states characterize the twist landscape of the bacterial actin homolog MreB. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5838-5846. [PMID: 36382191 PMCID: PMC9627593 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Filament formation by cytoskeletal proteins is critical to their involvement in myriad cellular processes. The bacterial actin homolog MreB, which is essential for cell-shape determination in many rod-shaped bacteria, has served as a model system for studying the mechanics of cytoskeletal filaments. Previous molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that the twist of MreB double protofilaments is dependent on the bound nucleotide, as well as binding to the membrane or the accessory protein RodZ, and MreB mutations that modulate twist also affect MreB spatial organization and cell shape. Here, we show that MreB double protofilaments can adopt multiple twist states during microsecond-scale MD simulations. A deep learning algorithm trained only on high- and low-twist states robustly identified all twist conformations across most perturbations of ATP-bound MreB, suggesting the existence of a conserved set of states whose occupancy is affected by each perturbation to MreB. Simulations replacing ATP with ADP indicated that twist states were generally stable after hydrolysis. These findings suggest a rich twist landscape that could provide the capacity to tune MreB activity and therefore its effects on cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Center for the Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Gregory R. Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Center for the Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Handuo Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Abstract
This protocol provides instructions to improve flow cytometry analysis of marrow/peripheral blood cells by avoiding erythrolytic solutions, density gradients, and washing steps. We describe two basic approaches for identifying cell surface antigens with minimal sample perturbation, which have been successfully used to identify healthy and pathologically rare cells. The greatest advantage of these approaches is that they minimize the unwanted effect caused by sample preparation, allowing for improved study of live cells at the point of analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Petriz et al. (2018). Optimized protocol to identify cell surface antigens with minimal sample perturbation Efficient identification of target cells avoiding artifacts from erythrolytic solutions Suitable for the simultaneous phenotypic and functional analysis of blood/marrow cells Detailed gating strategies to discriminate nucleated from non- nucleated cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Rico
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Salvia
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Petriz
- Functional Cytomics Lab, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhu X, Hu CT, Erriah B, Vogt-Maranto L, Yang J, Yang Y, Qiu M, Fellah N, Tuckerman ME, Ward MD, Kahr B. Correction to "Imidacloprid Crystal Polymorphs for Disease Vector Control and Pollinator Protection". J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20525. [PMID: 34797643 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ludden MD, Taylor CGP, Tipping MB, Train JS, Williams NH, Dorrat JC, Tuck KL, Ward MD. Interaction of anions with the surface of a coordination cage in aqueous solution probed by their effect on a cage-catalysed Kemp elimination. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14781-14791. [PMID: 34820094 PMCID: PMC8597839 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04887b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An octanuclear M8L12 coordination cage catalyses the Kemp elimination reaction of 5-nitro-1,2-benzisoxazole (NBI) with hydroxide to give 2-cyano-4-nitrophenolate (CNP) as the product. In contrast to the previously-reported very efficient catalysis of the Kemp elimination reaction of unsubstituted benzisoxazole, which involves the substrate binding inside the cage cavity, the catalysed reaction of NBI with hydroxide is slower and occurs at the external surface of the cage, even though NBI can bind inside the cage cavity. The rate of the catalysed reaction is sensitive to the presence of added anions, which bind to the 16+ cage surface, displacing the hydroxide ions from around the cage which are essential reaction partners in the Kemp elimination. Thus we can observe different binding affinities of anions to the surface of the cationic cage in aqueous solution by the extent to which they displace hydroxide and thereby inhibit the catalysed Kemp elimination and slow down the appearance of CNP. For anions with a -1 charge the observed affinity order for binding to the cage surface is consistent with their ease of desolvation and their ordering in the Hofmeister series. With anions that are significantly basic (fluoride, hydrogen carbonate, carboxylates) the accumulation of the anion around the cage surface accelerates the Kemp elimination compared to the background reaction with hydroxide, which we ascribe to the ability of these anions to participate directly in the Kemp elimination. This work provides valuable mechanistic insights into the role of the cage in co-locating the substrate and the anionic reaction partners in a cage-catalysed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Ludden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Max B Tipping
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Jennifer S Train
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | | | - Jack C Dorrat
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Melbourne VIC3800 Australia
| | - Kellie L Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Melbourne VIC3800 Australia
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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Zhu X, Hu CT, Erriah B, Vogt-Maranto L, Yang J, Yang Y, Qiu M, Fellah N, Tuckerman ME, Ward MD, Kahr B. Imidacloprid Crystal Polymorphs for Disease Vector Control and Pollinator Protection. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17144-17152. [PMID: 34634905 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Imidacloprid, the world's leading insecticide, has been approved recently for controlling infectious disease vectors; yet, in agricultural settings, it has been implicated in the frightening decline of pollinators. This argues for strategies that sharply reduce the environmental impact of imidacloprid. When used as a contact insecticide, the effectiveness of imidacloprid relies on physical contact between its crystal surfaces and insect tarsi. Herein, seven new imidacloprid crystal polymorphs are reported, adding to two known forms. Anticipating that insect uptake of imidacloprid molecules would depend on the respective free energies of crystal polymorph surfaces, measurements of insect knockdown times for the metastable crystal forms were as much as nine times faster acting than the commercial form against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes as well as Drosophila (fruit flies). These results suggest that replacement of commercially available imidacloprid crystals (a.k.a. Form I) in space-spraying with any one of three new polymorphs, Forms IV, VI, IX, would suppress vector-borne disease transmission while reducing environmental exposure and harm to nontarget organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Chunhua T Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Bryan Erriah
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Leslie Vogt-Maranto
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Jingxiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Yongfan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Mengdi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Noalle Fellah
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Mark E Tuckerman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States.,Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York 10012, United States.,NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
| | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10003 United States
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Ludden MD, Taylor CGP, Ward MD. Orthogonal binding and displacement of different guest types using a coordination cage host with cavity-based and surface-based binding sites. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12640-12650. [PMID: 34703549 PMCID: PMC8494021 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04272f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The octanuclear Co(ii) cubic coordination cage system H (or HW if it bears external water-solubilising substituents) has two types of binding site for guests. These are (i) the partially-enclosed central cavity where neutral hydrophobic organic species can bind, and (ii) the six 'portals' in the centres of each of the faces of the cubic cage where anions bind via formation of a network of CH⋯X hydrogen bonds between the anion and CH units on the positively-charged cage surface, as demonstrated by a set of crystal structures. The near-orthogonality of these guest binding modes provides the basis for an unusual dual-probe fluorescence displacement assay in which either a cavity-bound fluorophore (4-methyl-7-amino-coumarin, MAC; λem = 440 nm), or a surface-bound anionic fluorophore (fluorescein, FLU; λem = 515 nm), is displaced and has its emission ‘switched on’ according to whether the analyte under investigation is cavity-binding, surface binding, or a combination of both. A completely orthogonal system is demonstrated based using a Hw/MAC/FLU combination: addition of the anionic analyte ascorbate displaced solely FLU from the cage surface, increasing the 515 nm (green) emission component, whereas addition of a neutral hydrophobic guest such as cyclooctanone displaced solely MAC from the cage central cavity, increasing the 440 nm (blue) emission component. Addition of chloride results in some release of both components, and an intermediate colour change, as chloride is a rare example of a guest that shows both surface-binding and cavity-binding behaviour. Thus we have a colourimetric response based on differing contributions from blue and green emission components in which the specific colour change signals the binding mode of the analyte. Addition of a fixed red emission component from the complex [Ru(bipy)3]2+ (Ru) provides a baseline colour shift of the overall colour of the luminescence closer to neutral, meaning that different types of guest binding result in different colour changes which are easily distinguishable by eye. Orthogonal binding of neutral or anionic fluorophores to the cavity or surface, respectively, of a coordination cage host allows a dual-probe displacement assay which gives a different fluorescence colorimetric response according to where analyte species bind.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Ludden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute New York University New York City NY 10003 USA
| | - Alexander G. Shtukenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute New York University New York City NY 10003 USA
| | - Jingxiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute New York University New York City NY 10003 USA
- Present address: State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Design Institute New York University New York City NY 10003 USA
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Biryukov S, Dankmeyer JL, Shamsuddin Z, Velez I, Rill NO, Rosario-Acevedo R, Klimko CP, Shoe JL, Hunter M, Ward MD, Cazares LH, Fetterer DP, Bozue JA, Worsham PL, Cote CK, Amemiya K. Impact of Toll-Like Receptor-Specific Agonists on the Host Immune Response to the Yersinia pestis Plague rF1V Vaccine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:726416. [PMID: 34512658 PMCID: PMC8430260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.726416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively recent advances in plague vaccinology have produced the recombinant fusion protein F1-V plague vaccine. This vaccine has been shown to readily protect mice from both bubonic and pneumonic plague. The protection afforded by this vaccine is solely based upon the immune response elicited by the F1 or V epitopes expressed on the F1-V fusion protein. Accordingly, questions remain surrounding its efficacy against infection with non-encapsulated (F1-negative) strains. In an attempt to further optimize the F1-V elicited immune response and address efficacy concerns, we examined the inclusion of multiple toll-like receptor agonists into vaccine regimens. We examined the resulting immune responses and also any protection afforded to mice that were exposed to aerosolized Yersinia pestis. Our data demonstrate that it is possible to further augment the F1-V vaccine strategy in order to optimize and augment vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Biryukov
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Zain Shamsuddin
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ivan Velez
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Nathaniel O. Rill
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Raysa Rosario-Acevedo
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Molecular Biology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Lisa H. Cazares
- Molecular Biology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - David P. Fetterer
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Joel A. Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
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Rico LG, Ward MD, Bradford JA, Petriz J. Flow Cytometric Quantification of Cytotoxic Activity in Whole Blood Samples. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e215. [PMID: 34370403 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for the determination of cell-mediated cytotoxic activity in blood samples usually isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells by density gradient centrifugation or alternatively use erythrocyte lysis. Both centrifugation and red cell lysis can cause cellular depletion and cell dysfunction, resulting in erroneous measurements. To address limitations of current assays, we developed an improved strategy to determine cellular cytotoxicity using flow cytometry. Viable nucleic acid stains are used to identify live nucleated cells and discriminate them from non-nucleated erythrocytes, platelets, and debris while avoiding lysing and washing steps to maintain cell functionality. To detect target cells, we have used two different labeling approaches. In the first approach, EGFP-labeled K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells provide a "ready-to-use" target without the need of additional for labeling or staining. For the second approach, we perform parallel cytotoxicity assays in the presence of wild-type K562 cells previously loaded with a fluorescent dye that has spectral properties similar to those of EGFP. Given the importance of cytotoxic assays and the deleterious effects of current sample preparation methods, the aim of this study was to adapt this "untouched cells" flow cytometry method to study cytotoxic activity using unlysed whole blood samples and fluorescent target cells. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation for cell-mediated cytotoxic activity determination in unlysed whole blood Basic Protocol 2: Protocol preparation, sample acquisition, and gating strategy for flow cytometric identification of cell-mediated cytotoxic activity using unlysed whole blood samples Support Protocol 1: Optimization of the performance of target cell labeling approaches Support Protocol 2: Assessment of the linearity and reproducibility of cytotoxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Rico
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Petriz
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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Vithani N, Ward MD, Zimmerman MI, Novak B, Borowsky JH, Singh S, Bowman GR. SARS-CoV-2 Nsp16 activation mechanism and a cryptic pocket with pan-coronavirus antiviral potential. Biophys J 2021; 120:2880-2889. [PMID: 33794150 PMCID: PMC8007187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses have caused multiple epidemics in the past two decades, in addition to the current COVID-19 pandemic that is severely damaging global health and the economy. Coronaviruses employ between 20 and 30 proteins to carry out their viral replication cycle, including infection, immune evasion, and replication. Among these, nonstructural protein 16 (Nsp16), a 2'-O-methyltransferase, plays an essential role in immune evasion. Nsp16 achieves this by mimicking its human homolog, CMTr1, which methylates mRNA to enhance translation efficiency and distinguish self from other. Unlike human CMTr1, Nsp16 requires a binding partner, Nsp10, to activate its enzymatic activity. The requirement of this binding partner presents two questions that we investigate in this manuscript. First, how does Nsp10 activate Nsp16? Although experimentally derived structures of the active Nsp16/Nsp10 complex exist, structures of inactive, monomeric Nsp16 have yet to be solved. Therefore, it is unclear how Nsp10 activates Nsp16. Using over 1 ms of molecular dynamics simulations of both Nsp16 and its complex with Nsp10, we investigate how the presence of Nsp10 shifts Nsp16's conformational ensemble to activate it. Second, guided by this activation mechanism and Markov state models, we investigate whether Nsp16 adopts inactive structures with cryptic pockets that, if targeted with a small molecule, could inhibit Nsp16 by stabilizing its inactive state. After identifying such a pocket in SARS-CoV2 Nsp16, we show that this cryptic pocket also opens in SARS-CoV1 and MERS but not in human CMTr1. Therefore, it may be possible to develop pan-coronavirus antivirals that target this cryptic pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Vithani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Maxwell I Zimmerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Borna Novak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jonathan H Borowsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sukrit Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gregory R Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Brosseau Q, Usabiaga FB, Lushi E, Wu Y, Ristroph L, Ward MD, Shelley MJ, Zhang J. Metallic microswimmers driven up the wall by gravity. Soft Matter 2021; 17:6597-6602. [PMID: 34259695 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00554e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Experiments on autophoretic bimetallic nanorods propelling within a fuel of hydrogen peroxide show that tail-heavy swimmers preferentially orient upwards and ascend along inclined planes. We show that such gravitaxis is strongly facilitated by interactions with solid boundaries, allowing even ultraheavy microswimmers to climb nearly vertical surfaces. Theory and simulations show that the buoyancy or gravitational torque that tends to align the rods is reinforced by a fore-aft drag asymmetry induced by hydrodynamic interactions with the wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Brosseau
- Applied Mathematics Laboratory, Courant Institute, New York University, NY, NY 10012, USA
| | | | - Enkeleida Lushi
- Department of Math. Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, NY, NY 10012, USA
| | - Leif Ristroph
- Applied Mathematics Laboratory, Courant Institute, New York University, NY, NY 10012, USA
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, NY, NY 10012, USA
| | - Michael J Shelley
- Applied Mathematics Laboratory, Courant Institute, New York University, NY, NY 10012, USA and Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, NY, NY 10010, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Applied Mathematics Laboratory, Courant Institute, New York University, NY, NY 10012, USA and Department of Physics, New York University, NY, NY 10003, USA and NYU-ECNU Physics and Mathematics Research Institutes, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
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Zimmerman MI, Porter JR, Ward MD, Singh S, Vithani N, Meller A, Mallimadugula UL, Kuhn CE, Borowsky JH, Wiewiora RP, Hurley MFD, Harbison AM, Fogarty CA, Coffland JE, Fadda E, Voelz VA, Chodera JD, Bowman GR. SARS-CoV-2 simulations go exascale to predict dramatic spike opening and cryptic pockets across the proteome. Nat Chem 2021; 13:651-659. [PMID: 34031561 PMCID: PMC8249329 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has intricate mechanisms for initiating infection, immune evasion/suppression and replication that depend on the structure and dynamics of its constituent proteins. Many protein structures have been solved, but far less is known about their relevant conformational changes. To address this challenge, over a million citizen scientists banded together through the Folding@home distributed computing project to create the first exascale computer and simulate 0.1 seconds of the viral proteome. Our adaptive sampling simulations predict dramatic opening of the apo spike complex, far beyond that seen experimentally, explaining and predicting the existence of 'cryptic' epitopes. Different spike variants modulate the probabilities of open versus closed structures, balancing receptor binding and immune evasion. We also discover dramatic conformational changes across the proteome, which reveal over 50 'cryptic' pockets that expand targeting options for the design of antivirals. All data and models are freely available online, providing a quantitative structural atlas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell I Zimmerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin R Porter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sukrit Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Neha Vithani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Artur Meller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Upasana L Mallimadugula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Catherine E Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan H Borowsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rafal P Wiewiora
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, New York, USA
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, NY, New York, USA
| | | | - Aoife M Harbison
- Department of Chemistry and Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Carl A Fogarty
- Department of Chemistry and Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | | | - Elisa Fadda
- Department of Chemistry and Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Vincent A Voelz
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John D Chodera
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, NY, New York, USA
| | - Gregory R Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Flynn NR, Ward MD, Schleiff MA, Laurin CMC, Farmer R, Conway SJ, Boysen G, Swamidass SJ, Miller GP. Bioactivation of Isoxazole-Containing Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Domain (BET) Inhibitors. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060390. [PMID: 34203690 PMCID: PMC8232216 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3,5-dimethylisoxazole motif has become a useful and popular acetyl-lysine mimic employed in isoxazole-containing bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitors but may introduce the potential for bioactivations into toxic reactive metabolites. As a test, we coupled deep neural models for quinone formation, metabolite structures, and biomolecule reactivity to predict bioactivation pathways for 32 BET inhibitors and validate the bioactivation of select inhibitors experimentally. Based on model predictions, inhibitors were more likely to undergo bioactivation than reported non-bioactivated molecules containing isoxazoles. The model outputs varied with substituents indicating the ability to scale their impact on bioactivation. We selected OXFBD02, OXFBD04, and I-BET151 for more in-depth analysis. OXFBD’s bioactivations were evenly split between traditional quinones and novel extended quinone-methides involving the isoxazole yet strongly favored the latter quinones. Subsequent experimental studies confirmed the formation of both types of quinones for OXFBD molecules, yet traditional quinones were the dominant reactive metabolites. Modeled I-BET151 bioactivations led to extended quinone-methides, which were not verified experimentally. The differences in observed and predicted bioactivations reflected the need to improve overall bioactivation scaling. Nevertheless, our coupled modeling approach predicted BET inhibitor bioactivations including novel extended quinone methides, and we experimentally verified those pathways highlighting potential concerns for toxicity in the development of these new drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah R. Flynn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (N.R.F.); (M.D.W.); (R.F.)
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (N.R.F.); (M.D.W.); (R.F.)
| | - Mary A. Schleiff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | | | - Rohit Farmer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (N.R.F.); (M.D.W.); (R.F.)
| | - Stuart J. Conway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; (C.M.C.L.); (S.J.C.)
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - S. Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; (N.R.F.); (M.D.W.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.J.S.); (G.P.M.)
| | - Grover P. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
- Correspondence: (S.J.S.); (G.P.M.)
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Abstract
The concept of Eshelby untwisting, the effect of an axial screw dislocation driving an intrinsically twisted nanocrystal towards a straighter configuration more consistent with long-range translational symmetry, is introduced here. Force-field simulations of nanorods built from the enantiomorphous (space groups, P3121 and P3221) crystal structures of benzil (C6H5-C(O)-C(O)-C6H5) were previously shown to twist in opposite directions, even in the absence of dislocations. Here, both right- and left-handed screw dislocations were introduced into benzil nanorods in silico. For rods built from the P3221 enantiomorph, dislocations with negative Burgers vectors increased the right-handed twisting already present in the intrinsically twisted structures without dislocations, whereas dislocations with positive Burgers vectors drove the twisted structure back towards a straight configuration, untwisting. In the dynamic simulations, the P3221 helicoid endowed with a positive Burgers vector ultimately twisted back through the straight configuration, until a helicoid of opposite sense from that of the starting structure, was obtained. The bearing of these observations on the propensity of small crystals to adopt non-polyhedral morphologies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Zhong
- Department of Chemistry and the Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003-6688, USA.
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Ward MD, Zimmerman MI, Meller A, Chung M, Swamidass SJ, Bowman GR. Deep learning the structural determinants of protein biochemical properties by comparing structural ensembles with DiffNets. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3023. [PMID: 34021153 PMCID: PMC8140102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structural determinants of a protein's biochemical properties, such as activity and stability, is a major challenge in biology and medicine. Comparing computer simulations of protein variants with different biochemical properties is an increasingly powerful means to drive progress. However, success often hinges on dimensionality reduction algorithms for simplifying the complex ensemble of structures each variant adopts. Unfortunately, common algorithms rely on potentially misleading assumptions about what structural features are important, such as emphasizing larger geometric changes over smaller ones. Here we present DiffNets, self-supervised autoencoders that avoid such assumptions, and automatically identify the relevant features, by requiring that the low-dimensional representations they learn are sufficient to predict the biochemical differences between protein variants. For example, DiffNets automatically identify subtle structural signatures that predict the relative stabilities of β-lactamase variants and duty ratios of myosin isoforms. DiffNets should also be applicable to understanding other perturbations, such as ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Ward
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maxwell I Zimmerman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Artur Meller
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Moses Chung
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - S J Swamidass
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory R Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for the Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Strange DP, Jiyarom B, Sadri-Ardekani H, Cazares LH, Kenny TA, Ward MD, Verma S. Paracrine IFN Response Limits ZIKV Infection in Human Sertoli Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:667146. [PMID: 34079533 PMCID: PMC8165286 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.667146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is unique among mosquito-borne flaviviruses in its ability to be sexually transmitted. The testes have been implicated as sites of long-term ZIKV replication, and our previous studies have identified Sertoli cells (SC), the nurse cells of the seminiferous epithelium that govern spermatogenesis, as major targets of ZIKV infection. To improve our understanding of the interaction of ZIKV with human SC, we analyzed ZIKV-induced proteome changes in these cells using high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Our data demonstrated that interferon (IFN) signaling was the most significantly enriched pathway and the antiviral proteins MX1 and IFIT1 were among the top upregulated proteins in SC following ZIKV infection. The dynamic between IFN response and ZIKV infection kinetics in SC remains unclear, therefore we further determined whether MX1 and IFIT1 serve as antiviral effectors against ZIKV. We found that increased levels of MX1 at the later time points of infection coincided with diminished ZIKV infection while the silencing of MX1 and IFIT1 enhanced peak ZIKV propagation in SC. Furthermore, although IFN-I exposure was found to significantly hinder ZIKV replication in SC, IFN response was attenuated in these cells as compared to other cell types. The data in this study highlight IFN-I as a driver of the antiviral state that limits ZIKV infection in SC and suggests that MX1 and IFIT1 function as antiviral effectors against ZIKV in SC. Collectively, this study provides important biological insights into the response of SC to ZIKV infection and the ability of the virus to persist in the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Strange
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mãnoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Boonyanudh Jiyarom
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mãnoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Hooman Sadri-Ardekani
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Lisa H Cazares
- Systems and Structural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Tara A Kenny
- Systems and Structural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Michael D Ward
- Systems and Structural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Saguna Verma
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mãnoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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Chiang CY, Zhong Y, Ward MD, Lane DJ, Kenny T, Rosario-Acevedo R, Eaton BP, Treviño SR, Chance TB, Hu M, Worsham PL, Waag DM, Moore RT, Cazares LH, Cote CK, Zhou Y, Panchal RG. Proteomic Analysis of Non-human Primate Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells During Burkholderia mallei Infection Reveals a Role of Ezrin in Glanders Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:625211. [PMID: 33967974 PMCID: PMC8101288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei, the causative agent of glanders, is a gram-negative intracellular bacterium. Depending on different routes of infection, the disease is manifested by pneumonia, septicemia, and chronic infections of the skin. B. mallei poses a serious biological threat due to its ability to infect via aerosol route, resistance to multiple antibiotics and to date there are no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vaccines available. Induction of innate immunity, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines following B. mallei infection, have been observed in in vitro and small rodent models; however, a global characterization of host responses has never been systematically investigated using a non-human primate (NHP) model. Here, using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach, we identified alterations in expression levels of host proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) originating from naïve rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), African green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus), and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) exposed to aerosolized B. mallei. Gene ontology (GO) analysis identified several statistically significant overrepresented biological annotations including complement and coagulation cascade, nucleoside metabolic process, vesicle-mediated transport, intracellular signal transduction and cytoskeletal protein binding. By integrating an LC-MS/MS derived proteomics dataset with a previously published B. mallei host-pathogen interaction dataset, a statistically significant predictive protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. Pharmacological perturbation of one component of the PPI network, specifically ezrin, reduced B. mallei mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β). On the contrary, the expression of IL-1β receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was upregulated upon pretreatment with the ezrin inhibitor. Taken together, inflammasome activation as demonstrated by IL-1β production and the homeostasis of inflammatory response is critical during the pathogenesis of glanders. Furthermore, the topology of the network reflects the underlying molecular mechanism of B. mallei infections in the NHP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Chiang
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Yang Zhong
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael D Ward
- Systems and Structural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Douglas J Lane
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Tara Kenny
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Raysa Rosario-Acevedo
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Brett P Eaton
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Sylvia R Treviño
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Taylor B Chance
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Meghan Hu
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Patricia L Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - David M Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Richard T Moore
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Lisa H Cazares
- Systems and Structural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christopher K Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Yingyao Zhou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
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Cubuk J, Alston JJ, Incicco JJ, Singh S, Stuchell-Brereton MD, Ward MD, Zimmerman MI, Vithani N, Griffith D, Wagoner JA, Bowman GR, Hall KB, Soranno A, Holehouse AS. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein is dynamic, disordered, and phase separates with RNA. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1936. [PMID: 33782395 PMCID: PMC8007728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is an abundant RNA-binding protein critical for viral genome packaging, yet the molecular details that underlie this process are poorly understood. Here we combine single-molecule spectroscopy with all-atom simulations to uncover the molecular details that contribute to N protein function. N protein contains three dynamic disordered regions that house putative transiently-helical binding motifs. The two folded domains interact minimally such that full-length N protein is a flexible and multivalent RNA-binding protein. N protein also undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation when mixed with RNA, and polymer theory predicts that the same multivalent interactions that drive phase separation also engender RNA compaction. We offer a simple symmetry-breaking model that provides a plausible route through which single-genome condensation preferentially occurs over phase separation, suggesting that phase separation offers a convenient macroscopic readout of a key nanoscopic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Cubuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jhullian J Alston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - J Jeremías Incicco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sukrit Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Melissa D Stuchell-Brereton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maxwell I Zimmerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Neha Vithani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Griffith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason A Wagoner
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Gregory R Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen B Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Soranno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Alex S Holehouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Ludden MD, Ward MD. Outside the box: quantifying interactions of anions with the exterior surface of a cationic coordination cage. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2782-2791. [PMID: 33566043 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04211k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a study of the binding of anions to the surface of an octanuclear coordination cage HW, which carries a 16+ charge, in aqueous solution. Anionic aromatic fluorophores such as fluorescein (and derivatives) and hydroxypyrene tris-sulfonate (HPTS) bind strongly to an extent depending on their charge and hydrophobicity. Job plots indicated binding of up to six such fluorescent anions to HW, implying that one anion can bind to each face of the cubic cage, as previously demonstrated crystallographically with small anions such as halides. The quenching of these fluorophores on association with the cage provides the basis of a fluorescence displacement assay to investigate binding of other anions: addition of analyte (organic or inorganic) anions in titration experiments to an HW/fluorescein combination results in displacement and restoration of the fluorescence from the bound fluorescein, allowing calculation of 1 : 1 binding constants for the HW/anion combinations. Relative binding affinities of simple anions for the cage surface can be approximately rationalised on the basis of ease of desolvation (e.g. F- < Cl- < Br-), electrostatic factors given the 16+ charge on the cage (monoanions < dianions), and extent of hydrophobic surface. The interaction of a di-anionic pH indicator (bromocresol purple) with HW results in a pKa shift, with the surface-bound di-anionic form stabilised by approximately 1 pKa unit compared to the non-bound neutral form due to the charge on the cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Ludden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Kshirsagar M, Tasnina N, Ward MD, Law JN, Murali TM, Lavista Ferres JM, Bowman GR, Klein-Seetharaman J. Protein sequence models for prediction and comparative analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 -human interactome. Pac Symp Biocomput 2021; 26:154-165. [PMID: 33691013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Viruses such as the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, that is wreaking havoc on the world, depend on interactions of its own proteins with those of the human host cells. Relatively small changes in sequence such as between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 can dramatically change clinical phenotypes of the virus, including transmission rates and severity of the disease. On the other hand, highly dissimilar virus families such as Coronaviridae, Ebola, and HIV have overlap in functions. In this work we aim to analyze the role of protein sequence in the binding of SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins towards human proteins and compare it to that of the above other viruses. We build supervised machine learning models, using Generalized Additive Models to predict interactions based on sequence features and find that our models perform well with an AUC-PR of 0.65 in a class-skew of 1:10. Analysis of the novel predictions using an independent dataset showed statistically significant enrichment. We further map the importance of specific amino-acid sequence features in predicting binding and summarize what combinations of sequences from the virus and the host is correlated with an interaction. By analyzing the sequence-based embeddings of the interactomes from different viruses and clustering them together we find some functionally similar proteins from different viruses. For example, vif protein from HIV-1, vp24 from Ebola and orf3b from SARS-CoV all function as interferon antagonists. Furthermore, we can differentiate the functions of similar viruses, for example orf3a's interactions are more diverged than orf7b interactions when comparing SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.
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Cubuk J, Alston JJ, Incicco JJ, Singh S, Stuchell-Brereton MD, Ward MD, Zimmerman MI, Vithani N, Griffith D, Wagoner JA, Bowman GR, Hall KB, Soranno A, Holehouse AS. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein is dynamic, disordered, and phase separates with RNA. bioRxiv 2020:2020.06.17.158121. [PMID: 32587966 PMCID: PMC7310622 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.17.158121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is an abundant RNA binding protein critical for viral genome packaging, yet the molecular details that underlie this process are poorly understood. Here we combine single-molecule spectroscopy with all-atom simulations to uncover the molecular details that contribute to N protein function. N protein contains three dynamic disordered regions that house putative transiently-helical binding motifs. The two folded domains interact minimally such that full-length N protein is a flexible and multivalent RNA binding protein. N protein also undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation when mixed with RNA, and polymer theory predicts that the same multivalent interactions that drive phase separation also engender RNA compaction. We offer a simple symmetry-breaking model that provides a plausible route through which single-genome condensation preferentially occurs over phase separation, suggesting that phase separation offers a convenient macroscopic readout of a key nanoscopic interaction.
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49
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Vithani N, Ward MD, Zimmerman MI, Novak B, Borowsky JH, Singh S, Bowman GR. SARS-CoV-2 Nsp16 activation mechanism and a cryptic pocket with pan-coronavirus antiviral potential. bioRxiv 2020:2020.12.10.420109. [PMID: 33330873 PMCID: PMC7743098 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.10.420109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have caused multiple epidemics in the past two decades, in addition to the current COVID-19 pandemic that is severely damaging global health and the economy. Coronaviruses employ between twenty and thirty proteins to carry out their viral replication cycle including infection, immune evasion, and replication. Among these, nonstructural protein 16 (Nsp16), a 2'-O-methyltransferase, plays an essential role in immune evasion. Nsp16 achieves this by mimicking its human homolog, CMTr1, which methylates mRNA to enhance translation efficiency and distinguish self from other. Unlike human CMTr1, Nsp16 requires a binding partner, Nsp10, to activate its enzymatic activity. The requirement of this binding partner presents two questions that we investigate in this manuscript. First, how does Nsp10 activate Nsp16? While experimentally-derived structures of the active Nsp16/Nsp10 complex exist, structures of inactive, monomeric Nsp16 have yet to be solved. Therefore, it is unclear how Nsp10 activates Nsp16. Using over one millisecond of molecular dynamics simulations of both Nsp16 and its complex with Nsp10, we investigate how the presence of Nsp10 shifts Nsp16's conformational ensemble in order to activate it. Second, guided by this activation mechanism and Markov state models (MSMs), we investigate if Nsp16 adopts inactive structures with cryptic pockets that, if targeted with a small molecule, could inhibit Nsp16 by stabilizing its inactive state. After identifying such a pocket in SARS-CoV-2 Nsp16, we show that this cryptic pocket also opens in SARS-CoV-1 and MERS, but not in human CMTr1. Therefore, it may be possible to develop pan-coronavirus antivirals that target this cryptic pocket. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Coronaviruses are a major threat to human health. These viruses employ molecular machines, called proteins, to infect host cells and replicate. Characterizing the structure and dynamics of these proteins could provide a basis for designing small molecule antivirals. In this work, we use computer simulations to understand the moving parts of an essential SARS-CoV-2 protein, understand how a binding partner turns it on and off, and identify a novel pocket that antivirals could target to shut this protein off. The pocket is also present in other coronaviruses but not in the related human protein, so it could be a valuable target for pan-coronavirus antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Vithani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Maxwell I. Zimmerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Borna Novak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Jonathan H. Borowsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Sukrit Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Gregory R. Bowman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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50
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Rico LG, Aguilar Hernández A, Ward MD, Bradford JA, Juncà J, Rosell R, Petriz J. Unmasking the expression of PD-L1 in Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells: A case study in lung cancer to discover new drugs with specific on-target efficacy. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100969. [PMID: 33395749 PMCID: PMC7723799 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura G Rico
- Functional Cytomics Group, Institut de Recerca contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras, IJC, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08916, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jordi Juncà
- Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Dr Rosell Oncology Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HGTiP), Badalona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Petriz
- Functional Cytomics Group, Institut de Recerca contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras, IJC, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08916, Spain.
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