1
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Dillon A, Yusov A, Chaudhry MT, Newman JA, Demkiw KM, Woerpel KA, Lee AY, Ward MD. Supramolecular Mille-Feuille: Adaptive Guest Inclusion in a New Aliphatic Guanidinium Monosulfonate Hydrogen-Bonded Framework. Cryst Growth Des 2024; 24:3483-3490. [PMID: 38659662 PMCID: PMC11036357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
During the past three decades, the ability of guanidinium arenesulfonate host frameworks to encapsulate a wide range of guests has been amply demonstrated, with more than 700 inclusion compounds realized. Herein, we report crystalline inclusion compounds based on a new aliphatic host, guanidinium cyclohexanemonosulfonate, which surprisingly exhibits four heretofore unobserved architectures, as described by the projection topologies of the organosulfonate residues above and below hydrogen-bonded guanidinium sulfonate sheets. The inclusion compounds adopt a layer motif of guanidinium sulfonate sheets interleaved with guest molecules, resembling a mille-feuille pastry. The aliphatic character of this remarkably simple host, combined with access to greater architectural diversity and adaptability, enables the host framework to accommodate a wide range of guests and promises to expand the utility of guanidinium organosulfonate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra
M. Dillon
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Anna Yusov
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Mohammad T. Chaudhry
- Analytical
Research and Development, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Justin A. Newman
- Analytical
Research and Development, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Krystyna M. Demkiw
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - K. A. Woerpel
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Alfred Y. Lee
- Analytical
Research and Development, Merck & Co.,
Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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2
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Chaudhry MT, Newman JA, Lee AY. Formation, Selective Encapsulation, and Tautomerization Control of Isoindoleone Utilizing Guanidinium Sulfonate Framework. Chemistry 2024:e202400957. [PMID: 38608156 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Herein we report the use of tetrakis(guanidinium) pyrenetetrasulfonate (G4PYR) and bis(guanidinium) 1,5-napthalene disulfonate (G2NDS) to catalyze the cyclization of 2-cyanobenzamide (1) to isoindolone (2). Moreover, we demonstrate the remarkable selectivity of these guanidinium organosulfonate hosts in encapsulating 2 over 1. By thoroughly investigating the intramolecular cyclization reaction, we determined that guanidinium and the organosulfonate moiety acts as the catalyst in this process. Additionally, 2 is selectively encapsulated, even in mixtures of other structurally similar heterocycles like indole. Furthermore, the tautomeric state of 2 (amino isoindolone (2-A) and imino isoindolinone forms (2-I)) can be controlled by utilizing different guanidinium organosulfonate frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Chaudhry
- Merck and Co Inc, Analytical Chemistry, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, 07065, Rahway, UNITED STATES
| | - Justin A Newman
- Merck and Co Inc, Analytical Chemistry, Rahway, UNITED STATES
| | - Alfred Y Lee
- Merck and Co Inc, Analytical Chemistry, Rahway, UNITED STATES
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3
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Firaha D, Liu YM, van de Streek J, Sasikumar K, Dietrich H, Helfferich J, Aerts L, Braun DE, Broo A, DiPasquale AG, Lee AY, Le Meur S, Nilsson Lill SO, Lunsmann WJ, Mattei A, Muglia P, Putra OD, Raoui M, Reutzel-Edens SM, Rome S, Sheikh AY, Tkatchenko A, Woollam GR, Neumann MA. Predicting crystal form stability under real-world conditions. Nature 2023; 623:324-328. [PMID: 37938708 PMCID: PMC10632141 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of molecular crystals, such as solubility, stability, compactability, melting behaviour and bioavailability, depend on their crystal form1. In silico crystal form selection has recently come much closer to realization because of the development of accurate and affordable free-energy calculations2-4. Here we redefine the state of the art, primarily by improving the accuracy of free-energy calculations, constructing a reliable experimental benchmark for solid-solid free-energy differences, quantifying statistical errors for the computed free energies and placing both hydrate crystal structures of different stoichiometries and anhydrate crystal structures on the same energy landscape, with defined error bars, as a function of temperature and relative humidity. The calculated free energies have standard errors of 1-2 kJ mol-1 for industrially relevant compounds, and the method to place crystal structures with different hydrate stoichiometries on the same energy landscape can be extended to other multi-component systems, including solvates. These contributions reduce the gap between the needs of the experimentalist and the capabilities of modern computational tools, transforming crystal structure prediction into a more reliable and actionable procedure that can be used in combination with experimental evidence to direct crystal form selection and establish control5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Julian Helfferich
- Avant-garde Materials Simulation, Merzhausen, Germany
- JobRad, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luc Aerts
- UCB Pharma SA, Chemin du Foriest, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Doris E Braun
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anders Broo
- Data Science and Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Alfred Y Lee
- Merck, Analytical Research & Development, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Sarah Le Meur
- UCB Pharma SA, Chemin du Foriest, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Sten O Nilsson Lill
- Data Science and Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Alessandra Mattei
- Solid State Chemistry, Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Okky Dwichandra Putra
- Early Product Development and Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Susan M Reutzel-Edens
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, Cambridge, UK
- SuRE Pharma Consulting, Zionsville, IN, USA
| | - Sandrine Rome
- UCB Pharma SA, Chemin du Foriest, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Ahmad Y Sheikh
- Solid State Chemistry, Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexandre Tkatchenko
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
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4
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Berman DM, Lee AY, Lesurf R, Patel PG, Ebrahimizadeh W, Bayani J, Lee LA, Boufaied N, Selvarajah S, Jamaspishvili T, Guérard KP, Dion D, Kawashima A, Clarke GM, How N, Jackson CL, Scarlata E, Siddiqui K, Okello JBA, Aprikian AG, Moussa M, Finelli A, Chin J, Brimo F, Bauman G, Loblaw A, Venkateswaran V, Buttyan R, Chevalier S, Thomson A, Park PC, Siemens DR, Lapointe J, Boutros PC, Bartlett JMS. Multimodal Biomarkers That Predict the Presence of Gleason Pattern 4: Potential Impact for Active Surveillance. J Urol 2023; 210:257-271. [PMID: 37126232 DOI: 10.1097/ju.0000000000003507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Latent grade group ≥2 prostate cancer can impact the performance of active surveillance protocols. To date, molecular biomarkers for active surveillance have relied solely on RNA or protein. We trained and independently validated multimodal (mRNA abundance, DNA methylation, and/or DNA copy number) biomarkers that more accurately separate grade group 1 from grade group ≥2 cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients were assigned to training (n=333) and validation (n=202) cohorts. We profiled the abundance of 342 mRNAs, 100 DNA copy number alteration loci, and 14 hypermethylation sites at 2 locations per tumor. Using the training cohort with cross-validation, we evaluated methods for training classifiers of pathological grade group ≥2 in centrally reviewed radical prostatectomies. We trained 2 distinct classifiers, PRONTO-e and PRONTO-m, and validated them in an independent radical prostatectomy cohort. RESULTS PRONTO-e comprises 353 mRNA and copy number alteration features. PRONTO-m includes 94 clinical, mRNAs, copy number alterations, and methylation features at 14 and 12 loci, respectively. In independent validation, PRONTO-e and PRONTO-m predicted grade group ≥2 with respective true-positive rates of 0.81 and 0.76, and false-positive rates of 0.43 and 0.26. Both classifiers were resistant to sampling error and identified more upgrading cases than a well-validated presurgical risk calculator, CAPRA (Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Two grade group classifiers with superior accuracy were developed by incorporating RNA and DNA features and validated in an independent cohort. Upon further validation in biopsy samples, classifiers with these performance characteristics could refine selection of men for active surveillance, extending their treatment-free survival and intervals between surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Berman
- Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Y Lee
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Lesurf
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Now with Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P G Patel
- Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Now with Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Ebrahimizadeh
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Now with IMV Inc, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - J Bayani
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L A Lee
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Boufaied
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - S Selvarajah
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Now with University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Jamaspishvili
- Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - K-P Guérard
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - D Dion
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Kawashima
- Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Now with Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - G M Clarke
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N How
- Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - C L Jackson
- Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Scarlata
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - K Siddiqui
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Now with Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Seeb, Oman
| | - J B A Okello
- Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - A G Aprikian
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - M Moussa
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Finelli
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre. Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Surgery and Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Chin
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - F Brimo
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - G Bauman
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Loblaw
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - V Venkateswaran
- Departments of Surgery and Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Buttyan
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Departments of Experimental Medicine and Interdisciplinary Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S Chevalier
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - A Thomson
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Now with College of Science and Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - P C Park
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Now with Department of Pathology, Shared Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - D R Siemens
- Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Urology, Oncology and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Lapointe
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - P C Boutros
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Now with University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - J M S Bartlett
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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5
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Abramov YA, Iuzzolino L, Jin Y, York G, Chen CH, Shultz CS, Yang Z, Chang C, Shi B, Zhou T, Greenwell C, Sekharan S, Lee AY. Cocrystal Synthesis through Crystal Structure Prediction. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37279175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crystal structure prediction (CSP) is an invaluable tool in the pharmaceutical industry because it allows to predict all the possible crystalline solid forms of small-molecule active pharmaceutical ingredients. We have used a CSP-based cocrystal prediction method to rank ten potential cocrystal coformers by the energy of the cocrystallization reaction with an antiviral drug candidate, MK-8876, and a triol process intermediate, 2-ethynylglyclerol. For MK-8876, the CSP-based cocrystal prediction was performed retrospectively and successfully predicted the maleic acid cocrystal as the most likely cocrystal to be observed. The triol is known to form two different cocrystals with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), but a larger solid form landscape was desired. CSP-based cocrystal screening predicted the triol-DABCO cocrystal as rank one, while a triol-l-proline cocrystal was predicted as rank two. Computational finite-temperature corrections enabled determination of relative crystallization propensities of the triol-DABCO cocrystals with different stoichiometries and prediction of the triol-l-proline polymorphs in the free-energy landscape. The triol-l-proline cocrystal was obtained during subsequent targeted cocrystallization experiments and was found to exhibit an improved melting point and deliquescence behavior over the triol-free acid, which could be considered as an alternative solid form in the synthesis of islatravir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy A Abramov
- XtalPi Inc., 245 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Luca Iuzzolino
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yingdi Jin
- XtalPi, Inc., Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd., Futian District, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Gregory York
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - C Scott Shultz
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhuocen Yang
- XtalPi, Inc., Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd., Futian District, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Chao Chang
- XtalPi, Inc., Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd., Futian District, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Baimei Shi
- XtalPi, Inc., Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd., Futian District, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- XtalPi, Inc., Shenzhen Jingtai Technology Co., Ltd., Futian District, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Chandler Greenwell
- XtalPi Inc., 245 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sivakumar Sekharan
- XtalPi Inc., 245 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Alfred Y Lee
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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6
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Rivera NR, Cohen RD, Zhang SW, Dance ZEX, Halsey HM, Song S, Bu X, Reibarkh M, Ren H, Lee AY, Chang D, Lohani S. Gefapixant Citrate (MK-7264) Sulfonamide Step Speciation Study: Investigation into Precipitation–Dissolution Events during Addition of Chlorosulfonic Acid. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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7
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Anderson MW, Bennett M, Cedeno R, Cölfen H, Cox SJ, Cruz-Cabeza AJ, De Yoreo JJ, Drummond-Brydson R, Dudek MK, Fichthorn KA, Finney AR, Ford I, Galloway JM, Gebauer D, Grossier R, Harding JH, Hare A, Horváth D, Hunter L, Kim J, Kimura Y, Kirschhock CEA, Kiselev AA, Kras W, Kuttner C, Lee AY, Liao Z, Maini L, Nilsson Lill SO, Pellens N, Price SL, Rietveld IB, Rimer JD, Roberts KJ, Rogal J, Salvalaglio M, Sandei I, Schuszter G, Sefcik J, Sun W, Ter Horst JH, Ukrainczyk M, Van Driessche AES, Veesler S, Vekilov PG, Verma V, Whale T, Wheatcroft HP, Zeglinski J. Understanding crystal nucleation mechanisms: where do we stand? General discussion. Faraday Discuss 2022; 235:219-272. [PMID: 35789238 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd90021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Newman JA, Iuzzolino L, Tan M, Orth P, Bruhn J, Lee AY. From Powders to Single Crystals: A Crystallographer's Toolbox for Small-Molecule Structure Determination. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2133-2141. [PMID: 35576503 PMCID: PMC10152450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the crystal structures of small-molecule compounds are often determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction (scXRD), recent advances in three-dimensional electron diffraction (3DED) and crystal structure prediction (CSP) methods promise to expand the structure elucidation toolbox available to the crystallographer. Herein, a comparative assessment of scXRD, 3DED, and CSP in combination with powder X-ray diffraction is carried out on two former drug candidate compounds and a multicomponent crystal of a key building block in the synthesis of gefapixant citrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Newman
- Department
of Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Luca Iuzzolino
- Department
of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Melissa Tan
- Department
of Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Peter Orth
- Department
of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jessica Bruhn
- Nanoimaging
Services, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alfred Y. Lee
- Department
of Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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9
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Brammer L, Burrows AD, Chong SYL, Craig G, Evans J, Farha O, Farrusseng D, Fischer M, Goodwin A, Huang Z, Johnson B, Kaskel S, Kitagawa S, Lavenn C, Lee AY, Lee JSM, Matsuda R, Phillips AE, Rainer DN, Ryder MR, Schmid R, Shivanna M, Sumby C, Taddei M, Terry L, Ting VP, van der Veen MA, West NG. Advanced characterisation techniques: multi-scale, in situ, and time-resolved: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2021; 225:152-167. [PMID: 33480900 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd90032j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Maloney KM, Zhang SW, Mohan AE, Lee AY, Larpent P, Ren H, Humphrey GR, Desmond R, DiBenedetto M, Liu W, Lee IH, Sirota E, Di Maso MJ, Alwedi E, Song S, Chang HYD. Development of a Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Process for Gefapixant Citrate (MK-7264). Part 6: Development of an Improved Commercial Salt Formation Process. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Maloney
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Si-Wei Zhang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Anne E. Mohan
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alfred Y. Lee
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Patrick Larpent
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Guy R. Humphrey
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard Desmond
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael DiBenedetto
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ivan H. Lee
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Eric Sirota
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael J. Di Maso
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Embarek Alwedi
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Siqing Song
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hsieh Yao D. Chang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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11
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Di Maso MJ, Ren H, Zhang SW, Liu W, Desmond R, Alwedi E, Narsimhan K, Kalinin A, Larpent P, Lee AY, Ren S, Maloney KM. Development of a Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Process for Gefapixant Citrate (MK-7264). Part 5: Completion of the API Free Base via a Direct Chlorosulfonylation Process. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Di Maso
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Si-Wei Zhang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard Desmond
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Embarek Alwedi
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Karthik Narsimhan
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alexei Kalinin
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Patrick Larpent
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alfred Y. Lee
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sumei Ren
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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12
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Peng F, Humphrey GR, Maloney KM, Lehnherr D, Weisel M, Lévesque F, Naber JR, Brunskill APJ, Larpent P, Zhang SW, Lee AY, Arvary RA, Lee CH, Bishara D, Narsimhan K, Sirota E, Whittington M. Development of a Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Process for Gefapixant Citrate (MK-7264) Part 2: Development of a Robust Process for Phenol Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Peng
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Guy R. Humphrey
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Weisel
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Francois Lévesque
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John R. Naber
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew P. J. Brunskill
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Patrick Larpent
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Si-Wei Zhang
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alfred Y. Lee
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Arvary
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Claire H. Lee
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel Bishara
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Karthik Narsimhan
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Eric Sirota
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael Whittington
- Small Molecule Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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13
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Ren H, Maloney KM, Basu K, Di Maso MJ, Humphrey GR, Peng F, Desmond R, Otte DAL, Alwedi E, Liu W, Zhang SW, Song S, Arvary RA, Zompa MA, Lehnherr D, Martin GE, Chang HYD, Mohan AE, Guzman FJ, Jellett L, Lee AY, Spencer G, Fisher ES, Naber JR, Gao H, Lohani S, Ruck RT, Campeau LC. Development of a Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Process for Gefapixant Citrate (MK-7264) Part 1: Introduction and Process Overview. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ren
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kallol Basu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael J. Di Maso
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Guy R. Humphrey
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard Desmond
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Douglas A. L. Otte
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Embarek Alwedi
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Si-Wei Zhang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Siqing Song
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Arvary
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael A. Zompa
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gary E. Martin
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hsieh Yao D. Chang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Anne E. Mohan
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Francisco J. Guzman
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lisa Jellett
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alfred Y. Lee
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Glenn Spencer
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Fisher
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John R. Naber
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sachin Lohani
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rebecca T. Ruck
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Louis-Charles Campeau
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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14
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Bartlett EK, Lee AY, Spanheimer PM, Bello DM, Brady MS, Ariyan CE, Coit DG. Nodal and systemic recurrence following observation of a positive sentinel lymph node in melanoma. Br J Surg 2020; 107:1480-1488. [PMID: 32484242 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two RCTs found no survival benefit for completion lymphadenectomy after positive sentinel lymph node biopsy compared with observation with ultrasound in patients with melanoma. Recurrence patterns and regional control are not well described for patients undergoing observation alone. METHODS All patients with a positive sentinel node biopsy who did not have immediate completion lymphadenectomy were identified from a single-institution database (1995-2018). First recurrences were classified as node only, local and in-transit (LCIT) only, LCIT and nodal, or systemic. Regional control and factors associated with recurrence survival were analysed. RESULTS Median follow-up was 33 months. Of 370 patients, 158 (42·7 per cent) had a recurrence. The sites of first recurrence were node only (13·2 per cent), LCIT only (11·9 per cent), LCIT and nodal (3·5 per cent), and systemic (13·8 per cent). The 3-year postrecurrence melanoma-specific survival rate was 73 (95 per cent c.i. 54 to 86) per cent for patients with node-only first recurrence, and 51 (31 to 68) per cent for those with initial systemic recurrence. In multivariable analysis, ulceration in the primary lesion (hazard ratio (HR) 2·53, 95 per cent c.i. 1·27 to 5·04), disease-free interval 12 months or less (HR 2·38, 1·28 to 4·35), and systemic (HR 2·57, 1·16 to 5·65) or LCIT and nodal (HR 2·94, 1·11 to 7·79) first recurrence were associated significantly with decreased postrecurrence survival. Maintenance of regional control required therapeutic lymphadenectomy in 13·0 per cent of patients during follow-up. CONCLUSION Observation after a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy is associated with good regional control, permits assessment of the time to and pattern of recurrence, and spares lymphadenectomy-related morbidity in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Bartlett
- Departments of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - A Y Lee
- NYU Langone Health, New York, USA
| | - P M Spanheimer
- Departments of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - D M Bello
- Departments of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - M S Brady
- Departments of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - C E Ariyan
- Departments of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - D G Coit
- Departments of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
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15
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Seo YH, Kang SY, Shin JS, Ryu SM, Lee AY, Choi G, Moon BC, Jang DS, Shim SH, Lee D, Lee KT, Lee J. Chemical Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Agastache rugosa and Their Inhibitory Activities on Prostaglandin E 2 Production in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated RAW 264.7 Macrophages. J Nat Prod 2019; 82:3379-3385. [PMID: 31747281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new flavone glucoside, acacetin-7-O-(3″-O-acetyl-6″-O-malonyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), two new phenolic glucosides, (3R,7R)-tuberonic acid-12-O-[6'-O-(E)-feruloyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside (14) and salicylic acid-2-O-[6'-O-(E)-feruloyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside (15), and two new phenylpropanoid glucosides, chavicol-1-O-(6'-O-methylmalonyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (17) and chavicol-1-O-(6'-O-acetyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside(18), as well as 26 known compounds, 2-13, 16, and 19-31, were isolated from the aerial parts of Agastache rugose. The structures of the new compounds were established by spectroscopic/spectrometric methods such as HRESIMS, NMR, and ECD. The anti-inflammatory effect of the isolated compounds was evaluated by measuring their inhibitory activities on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. New compounds 1, 15, 17, and 18 inhibited LPS-induced PGE2 production with IC50 values of 16.8 ± 0.8, 33.9 ± 4.8, 14.3 ± 2.1, and 48.8 ± 4.4 μM, respectively. Compounds 5, 7, 9-11, 13, 19, 20, 22, and 27-30 showed potent inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 1.7-8.4 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young H Seo
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center , Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) , Naju 58245 , Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 20792 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Seung M Ryu
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center , Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) , Naju 58245 , Republic of Korea
| | - A Y Lee
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center , Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) , Naju 58245 , Republic of Korea
| | - Goya Choi
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center , Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) , Naju 58245 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong C Moon
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center , Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) , Naju 58245 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sang H Shim
- College of Pharmacy , Duksung Women's University , Seoul 01369 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jun Lee
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center , Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM) , Naju 58245 , Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 20792 , Republic of Korea
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16
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Lee J, Seo SW, Yang JJ, Jang YK, Lee JS, Kim YJ, Chin J, Lee JM, Kim ST, Lee KH, Lee JH, Kim JS, Kim S, Yoo H, Lee AY, Na DL, Kim HJ. Longitudinal cortical thinning and cognitive decline in patients with early- versus late-stage subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment. Eur J Neurol 2017; 25:326-333. [PMID: 29082576 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Biomarker changes in cognitively impaired patients with small vessel disease are largely unknown. The rate of amyloid/lacune progression, cortical thinning and cognitive decline were evaluated in subcortical vascular mild cognitive impairment (svMCI) patients. METHODS Seventy-two svMCI patients were divided into early stage (ES-svMCI, n = 39) and late stage (LS-svMCI, n = 33) according to their Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes score. Patients were annually followed up with neuropsychological tests and brain magnetic resonance imaging for 3 years, and underwent a second [11 C] Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) positron emission tomography scan within a mean interval of 32.4 months. RESULTS There was no difference in the rate of increase in PiB uptake or lacune number between the ES-svMCI and LS-svMCI. However, LS-svMCI showed more rapid cortical thinning and cognitive decline than did the ES-svMCI. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that, whilst the rate of change in pathological burden did not differ between ES-svMCI and LS-svMCI, cortical thinning and cognitive decline progressed more rapidly in the LS-svMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - S W Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-J Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y K Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - J S Lee
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y J Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - J Chin
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - J M Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S T Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - K-H Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J S Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Kim
- Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - H Yoo
- Biostatistics Team, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - A Y Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - D L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H J Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Kim Hyo S, Lee AY, Choi G, Moon Byeong C. Development and validation of ultra-performance convergence chromatography method for quality control of Saposhnikoviae Radix. Am J Transl Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Kim Hyo
- K-Herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - AY Lee
- K-Herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - G Choi
- K-Herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea, Republic of (South)
| | - C Moon Byeong
- K-Herb Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea, Republic of (South)
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18
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Williams MJ, Chen Q, Codan L, Dermenjian RK, Dreher S, Gibson AW, He X, Jin Y, Keen SP, Lee AY, Lieberman DR, Lin W, Liu G, McLaughlin M, Reibarkh M, Scott JP, Strickfuss S, Tan L, Varsolona RJ, Wen F. Process Development of the HCV NS5B Site D Inhibitor MK-8876. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Williams
- Department
of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qinghao Chen
- Department
of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lorenzo Codan
- Werthenstein BioPharma GmbH (MSD Switzerland), Industrie Nord 1, CH-6105 Schachen, Switzerland
| | - Renee K. Dermenjian
- Department
of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Spencer Dreher
- Department
of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew W. Gibson
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd., Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, United Kingdom
| | - Xianliang He
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., No.
1 Building, #288 FuTe ZhongLu, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department
of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stephen P. Keen
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd., Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred Y. Lee
- Department
of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David R. Lieberman
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd., Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Lin
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., No.
1 Building, #288 FuTe ZhongLu, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Guiquan Liu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., No.
1 Building, #288 FuTe ZhongLu, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- Department
of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Department
of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jeremy P. Scott
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd., Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Strickfuss
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Ltd., Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, United Kingdom
| | - Lushi Tan
- Department
of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Richard J. Varsolona
- Department
of Process Research and Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Wen
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., No.
1 Building, #288 FuTe ZhongLu, WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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19
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Skeith L, Rodger MA, Lee AY, Kahn SR, Bates SM, Gonsalves C. International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis core curriculum project: core competencies in clinical thrombosis and hemostasis: comment. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1316-7. [PMID: 26929157 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Skeith
- Division of Hematology, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M A Rodger
- Division of Hematology, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - A Y Lee
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis Program, University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S R Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S M Bates
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - C Gonsalves
- Division of Hematology, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep vein thrombosis and the risk of pulmonary embolism are significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Much remains unclear, however, about the mechanisms by which a venous thrombus initiates, progresses, or resolves. In particular, there is a pressing need to characterize the evolving mechanical properties of a venous thrombus for its mechanical integrity is fundamental to many disease sequelae. OBJECTIVE The primary goal of the present study was to initiate a correlation between evolving histological changes and biomechanical properties of venous thrombus. METHODS We employed an inferior vena cava ligation model in mice to obtain cylindrical samples of thrombus that were well suited for mechanical testing and that could be explanted at multiple times following surgery. Using uniaxial micro-mechanical testing, we collected stress-stretch data that were then fit with a microstructurally-inspired material model before submitting the samples to immunohistological examination. RESULTS We found that venous thrombus underwent a radially inward directed replacement of fibrin with collagen between 2 weeks and 4 weeks of development, which was accompanied by the infiltration of inflammatory and mesenchymal cells. These histological changes correlated with a marked increase in material stiffness. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that 2 to 4 week old venous thrombus undergoes drastic remodeling from a fibrin-dominated mesh to a collagen-dominated microstructure and that these changes are accompanied by dramatic changes in biomechanical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-U Lee
- Tissue Engineering Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A Y Lee
- Tissue Engineering Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M K Rausch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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21
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Lee AY, Elojeimy S, Kanal KM, Linnau KF, Gunn ML. The effect of trauma backboards on computed tomography radiation dose. Clin Radiol 2016; 71:499.e1-8. [PMID: 26932776 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effect of trauma backboards on the radiation dose at computed tomography (CT) when using automatic tube current modulation (ATCM). MATERIALS AND METHODS An anthropomorphic phantom was scanned with two commercially available CT systems (GE LightSpeed16 Pro and Siemens Definition AS+) without and with backboards. Tube current-time product (mAs), and CTDIvol (mGy) were recorded for each examination. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were used to measure skin entrance dose in the pelvis and breast. Statistical significance was determined using a two-sample t-test. In addition, an institutional review board-approved retrospective image review was performed to quantify the frequency of backboard use during CT in the emergency department. RESULTS There was a statistically significant increase in maximum tube current-time product (p<0.05) and CTDIvol (p<0.05) with the presence of a backboard; tube current-time product increased up to 31% and CTDIvol increased up to 27%. There was a significant increase in skin entrance dose in the anterior and posterior pelvis (p<0.05) with the presence of a backboard; skin entrance dose increased up to 25% in the anterior pelvis. Skin entrance dose to the breast increased with a backboard, although this was not statistically significant. The frequency of backboard use during CT markedly decreased (from 77% to 3%) after instituting a multidisciplinary policy to promptly remove patients from backboards upon arrival to the emergency department after a primary clinical survey. CONCLUSIONS Using backboards during CT with ATCM can significantly increase the radiation dose. Although the decision to maintain patients on backboards is multifactorial, attempts should be made to minimise backboard use during CT when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Lee
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 1600 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - S Elojeimy
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, MSC 10-5530, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - K M Kanal
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Box 359728, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - K F Linnau
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Box 359728, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - M L Gunn
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Box 359728, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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Ezzedine K, Lim HW, Suzuki T, Katayama I, Hamzavi I, Lan CCE, Goh BK, Anbar T, Silva de Castro C, Lee AY, Parsad D, van Geel N, Le Poole IC, Oiso N, Benzekri L, Spritz R, Gauthier Y, Hann SK, Picardo M, Taieb A. Revised classification/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: the Vitiligo Global Issues Consensus Conference. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:E1-13. [PMID: 22417114 PMCID: PMC3511780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.00997.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During the 2011 International Pigment Cell Conference (IPCC), the Vitiligo European Taskforce (VETF) convened a consensus conference on issues of global importance for vitiligo clinical research. As suggested by an international panel of experts, the conference focused on four topics: classification and nomenclature; definition of stable disease; definition of Koebner's phenomenon (KP); and 'autoimmune vitiligo'. These topics were discussed in seven working groups representing different geographical regions. A consensus emerged that segmental vitiligo be classified separately from all other forms of vitiligo and that the term 'vitiligo' be used as an umbrella term for all non-segmental forms of vitiligo, including 'mixed vitiligo' in which segmental and non-segmental vitiligo are combined and which is considered a subgroup of vitiligo. Further, the conference recommends that disease stability be best assessed based on the stability of individual lesions rather than the overall stability of the disease as the latter is difficult to define precisely and reliably. The conference also endorsed the classification of KP for vitiligo as proposed by the VETF (history based, clinical observation based, or experimentally induced). Lastly, the conference agreed that 'autoimmune vitiligo' should not be used as a separate classification as published evidence indicates that the pathophysiology of all forms of vitiligo likely involves autoimmune or inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology; National Centre for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France.
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Clawson JS, Kennedy-Gabb S, Lee AY, Copley RCB. One-phase crystal disorder in pharmaceutical solids and its implication for solid-state stability. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:4302-16. [PMID: 21590691 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state disorders of active pharmaceutical ingredients have been characterized by means of X-ray diffraction techniques and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results determined that the pleuromutilin-derivative, I, displays a unique continuous conformational disorder while retaining its long-range crystalline structure. The propionic acid (PA) version of this compound displayed partial crystalline order and site disorder of PA, depending on the quantity of PA incorporated in the structure. Thus, I is a unique example of one-phase crystalline-amorphous model. Physical and chemical stability data was acquired on these disordered systems and discussed in relation with the characterized disorder present in the crystal systems. Analysis of the results showed that in contrast to phase-separated amorphous, restrained disorders do not influence the stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacalyn S Clawson
- Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline plc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deniz Erdemir
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903;
| | - Allan S. Myerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02130;
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Carrier M, Le Gal G, Tay J, Wu C, Lee AY. Rates of venous thromboembolism in multiple myeloma patients undergoing immunomodulatory therapy with thalidomide or lenalidomide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:653-63. [PMID: 21255254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) treated with thalidomide- and lenalidomide-based regimens is high. Recent observational studies have suggested that thromboprophylaxis might be efficacious in decreasing the risk of VTE in this population. PURPOSE To determine the absolute rates of VTE with and without different thromboprophylactic agents in patients with newly diagnosed or previously treated MM receiving thalidomide- or lenalidomide-based regimens. RESULTS Patients with newly diagnosed MM treated with thalidomide in combination with dexamethasone have a VTE risk of 4.1 (95% CI, 2.8-5.9) per 100 patient-cycles. Therapeutic doses of anticoagulants seem to provide the largest absolute risk reduction of VTE. The rate of VTE in patients with previously treated MM receiving thalidomide in combination with dexamethasone is 0.8 (95% CI, 0.1-2.1) per 100 patient-months. A combination of lenalidomide and dexamethasone is associated with of risk of VTE of 0.8 (95% CI, 0.07-2.0) per 100 patient-cycles and 0.7 (95% CI, 0.4-0.9) per 100 patient-cycles in patients with newly diagnosed and previously treated MM, respectively. Similarly, the rates of VTE in patients also receiving thromboprophylaxis with aspirin were 0.9 (95% CI, 0.5-1.5) and 0.6 (95% CI, 0.01-2.1), respectively. CONCLUSION Patients with newly diagnosed or previously treated MM receiving thalidomide- or lenalidomide-based regimens in combination with dexamethasone are at high risk of VTE. The benefit of various types of thromboprophylaxis is difficult to quantify in patients with MM receiving immunomodulatory therapy, especially in those receiving lenalidomide-based therapy or who have previously treated MM. Randomized controlled trials are needed to address this important clinical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carrier
- Thrombosis Program, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Saber W, Moua T, Williams EC, Verso M, Agnelli G, Couban S, Young A, De Cicco M, Biffi R, van Rooden CJ, Huisman MV, Fagnani D, Cimminiello C, Moia M, Magagnoli M, Povoski SP, Malak SF, Lee AY. Risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) in cancer patients: a patient-level data (IPD) meta-analysis of clinical trials and prospective studies. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:312-9. [PMID: 21040443 PMCID: PMC4282796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of independent, baseline risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) may help select adult cancer patients who are at high risk to receive thromboprophylaxis. OBJECTIVES We conducted a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data to identify these baseline risk factors. PATIENTS/METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, DARE and the Grey literature databases were searched in all languages from 1995 to 2008. Prospective studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible. Studies were included if original patient-level data were provided by the investigators and if CRT was objectively confirmed with valid imaging. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of 17 prespecified baseline characteristics was conducted. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. RESULTS A total sample of 5636 subjects from five RCTs and seven prospective studies was included in the analysis. Among these subjects, 425 CRT events were observed. In multivariate logistic regression, the use of implanted ports as compared with peripherally implanted central venous catheters (PICCs), decreased CRT risk (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23-0.80), whereas past history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.05-3.92), subclavian venipuncture insertion technique (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.07-4.34) and improper catheter tip location (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.22-3.02), increased CRT risk. CONCLUSIONS CRT risk is increased with use of PICCs, previous history of DVT, subclavian venipuncture insertion technique and improper positioning of the catheter tip. These factors may be useful for risk stratifying patients to select those for thromboprophylaxis. Prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Saber
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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Lee AY, Poder L, Qayyum A, Wang ZJ, Yeh BM, Coakley FV. Imaging malignant and apparent malignant transformation of benign gynaecological disease. Clin Radiol 2010; 65:1031-7. [PMID: 21070909 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Common benign gynaecological diseases, such as leiomyoma, adenomyosis, endometriosis, and mature teratoma, rarely undergo malignant transformation. Benign transformations that may mimic malignancy include benign metastasizing leiomyoma, massive ovarian oedema, decidualization of endometrioma, and rupture of mature teratoma. The aim of this review is to provide a contemporary overview of imaging findings in malignant and apparent malignant transformation of benign gynaecological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA
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Lee AY, Kulkarni M, Fang AM, Edelstein S, Osborn MP, Brantley MA. The effect of genetic variants in SERPING1 on the risk of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2010; 94:915-7. [PMID: 20606025 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2009.172007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic factors influence an individual's risk for developing age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of irreversible vision loss. Previous studies investigating the potential association between all AMD subtypes and the SERPING1 gene, which encodes a key regulator of the classic complement pathway, have yielded conflicting results. The purpose of this study is to determine whether variations in SERPING1 are associated with neovascular AMD. METHODS A total of 556 patients with neovascular AMD and 256 ethnically matched controls were genotyped for polymorphisms in SERPING1. A tagging single nucleotide polymorphism (tSNP) approach was used to cover the SERPING1 gene plus 2 kb on each side, spanning the promoter and the 3' untranslated regions. Ten SNPs with a minor allele frequency of 0.10 were covered by three tSNPs (rs1005510, rs11603020, rs2511989). RESULTS SERPING1 SNPs rs1005510 and rs2511989 were significantly associated with neovascular AMD in our cohort, with rs1005510 conferring an adverse risk effect (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.88) and rs2511989 conferring a protective effect (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.90). For both tSNPs, logistic regression of individual genotypes demonstrated statistically significant stepwise changes in the risk of developing AMD. Combined analysis of rs1005510 with variants in CFH and HTRA1 confirmed an independent risk effect. The rs11603020 variant had no effect on AMD susceptibility in this study (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.24). CONCLUSIONS The SERPING1 gene is comprehensively investigated in this study (using three tSNPs), and its genetic variants are evaluated in the largest neovascular AMD cohort to date. The hypothesis that SERPING1 has a modest effect on the risk of neovascular AMD is supported by our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Erdemir D, Lee AY, Myerson AS. ChemInform Abstract: Nucleation of Crystals from Solution: Classical and Two-Step Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/chin.200933276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Crystallization is vital to many processes occurring in nature and in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Notably, crystallization is an attractive isolation step for manufacturing because this single process combines both particle formation and purification. Almost all of the products based on fine chemicals, such as dyes, explosives, and photographic materials, require crystallization in their manufacture, and more than 90% of all pharmaceutical products contain bioactive drug substances and excipients in the crystalline solid state. Hence control over the crystallization process allows manufacturers to obtain products with desired and reproducible properties. We judge the quality of a crystalline product based on four main properties: size, purity, morphology, and crystal structure. The pharmaceutical industry in particular requires production of the desired crystal form (polymorph) to assure the bioavailability and stability of the drug substance. In solution crystallization, nucleation plays a decisive role in determining the crystal structure and size distribution. Therefore, understanding the fundamentals of nucleation is crucial to achieve control over these properties. Because of its analytical simplicity, researchers have widely applied classical nucleation theory to solution crystallization. However, a number of differences between theoretical predictions and experimental results suggest that nucleation of solids from solution does not proceed via the classical pathway but follows more complex routes. In this Account, we discuss the shortcomings of classical nucleation theory and review studies contributing to the development of the modern two-step model. In the two-step model that was initially proposed for protein crystallization, a sufficient-sized cluster of solute molecules forms first, followed by reorganization of that cluster into an ordered structure. In recent experimental and theoretical studies, we and other researchers have demonstrated the applicability of the two-step mechanism to both macromolecules and small organic molecules, suggesting that this mechanism may underlie most crystallization processes from solutions. Because we have observed an increase in the organization time of appropriate lattice structures with greater molecular complexity, we propose that organization is the rate-determining step. Further development of a clearer picture of nucleation may help determine the optimum conditions necessary for the effective organization within the clusters. In addition, greater understanding of these processes may lead to the design of auxiliaries that can increase the rate of nucleation and avoid the formation of undesired solid forms, allowing researchers to obtain the final product in a timely and reproducible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Erdemir
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616
- Process Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, and
| | - Alfred Y. Lee
- Chemical and Physical Sciences, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901
| | - Allan S. Myerson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616
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Carrier M, Le Gal G, Cho R, Tierney S, Rodger M, Lee AY. Dose escalation of low molecular weight heparin to manage recurrent venous thromboembolic events despite systemic anticoagulation in cancer patients. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:760-5. [PMID: 19245418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY BACKGROUND Cancer patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) are at high risk of recurrent VTE despite standard anticoagulation. To date, very little published literature is available to guide the treatment of cancer patients with recurrent VTE. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the benefit and risk of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) dose escalation in cancer patients with recurrent VTE. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of consecutive cancer outpatients referred for management of a symptomatic, recurrent VTE while receiving an anticoagulant. Confirmed episodes of recurrent VTE were treated with either dose escalation of LMWH in patients already anticoagulated with LMWH, or initiation of therapeutic dose LMWH in patients who were taking a vitamin K antagonist (VKA). All patients were followed for a minimum of 3 months after the index recurrent VTE unless they died during this period. RESULTS Seventy cancer patients with a recurrent VTE despite ongoing anticoagulation were included. At the time of the recurrence, 67% of patients were receiving LMWH, and 33% were receiving a VKA. A total of six patients [8.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.0-17.5%] had a second recurrent VTE during the 3-month follow-up period, at an event rate of 9.9 per 100 patient-years (95% CI 2.0-17.8%). Three patients (4.3%; 95% CI 1.5-11.9%), or 4.8 per 100 patient-years (95% CI 0.0-10.3%) of follow-up, had bleeding complications. The median time between the index recurrent VTE to death was 11.4 months (range, 0-83.9 months). CONCLUSIONS Cancer patients with recurrent VTE have a short median survival. Escalating the dose of LMWH can be effective for treating cases that are resistant to standard, weight-adjusted doses of LMWH or a VKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carrier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Lee AY, Raya AK, Kymes SM, Shiels A, Brantley MA. Pharmacogenetics of complement factor H (Y402H) and treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration with ranibizumab. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 93:610-3. [PMID: 19091853 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2008.150995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether complement factor H (CFH) genotypes have a pharmacogenetic effect on the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with ranibizumab. METHODS A retrospective study of 156 patients with exudative AMD treated with intravitreal ranibizumab monotherapy was conducted. AMD phenotypes were characterised by clinical examination, visual acuity, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography and injection timing. Patients received intravitreal ranibizumab injections as part of routine ophthalmological care and were followed for a minimum of 9 months. Each patient was genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphism rs1061170 (Y402H) in the CFH gene. RESULTS Baseline lesion size and angiographic type, as well as mean visual acuities at baseline, 6 months, and 9 months were similar among the three CFH genotypes. Over 9 months, patients with both risk alleles received approximately one more injection (p = 0.09). In a recurrent event analysis, patients homozygous for the CFH Y402H risk allele had a 37% significantly higher risk of requiring additional ranibizumab injections (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS In this study cohort, the response to treatment of AMD with ranibizumab differed according to CFH genotype, suggesting that determining patients' CFH genotype may be helpful in the future in tailoring treatment for exudative AMD with intravitreal ranibizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Lee AY, Chua BSY, Howe TS. One-year outcome of hip fracture patients admitted to a Singapore hospital: quality of life post-treatment. Singapore Med J 2007; 48:996-999. [PMID: 17975688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A prospective and consecutive documentation of hip fracture care was performed. Outcomes, including quality of life, mortality, complication rates, were documented; and mobility, ambulatory status, freedom from pain and activities of daily living one year before and after treatment, were compared. METHODS We prospectively reviewed the medical records of 70 consecutive patients admitted to the Singapore General Hospital, following either a cervical or intertrochanteric femoral fracture from February 2004 to May 2004. Patients' progress was reviewed at one year post-treatment, and the EuroQOL was used to quantify the patients' quality of life. Description of any problems encountered was also recorded. RESULTS The follow-up rate at one year for the 70 patients described in this report was 98.6 percent. Mortality rate was 27.1 percent. Early complication rate was 5.7 percent. Outcome was satisfactory in all but two patients. Mortality for surgically-operated patients was 25.4 percent. About a quarter of the patients had excellent ambulatory status and 40.0 percent were able to walk independently. Eight percent suffered from falls after discharge, but no recurrence of hip fracture was recorded. None was re-admitted under suspicion of hip fracture. The average self-scoring system (EuroQOL) yielded an average of 66.6 out of 100. CONCLUSION Hip fractures can be treated surgically with good results and low early complication rates, without drastically affecting patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Lee
- Clinical Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Level 2, Block MD11, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597.
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Erdemir D, Lee AY, Myerson AS. Polymorph selection: the role of nucleation, crystal growth and molecular modeling. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2007; 10:746-755. [PMID: 17987526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Solution crystallization is an important separation and purification process used in the chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries. The quality of a crystalline product is generally judged by four main criteria: purity, crystal habit, particle size and solid form. Consistent production of the desired polymorph is crucial as the unanticipated emergence of a different crystal form may have severe consequences. Thus, the selection of a solid-state form for a crystalline product is vital and is ultimately based on knowledge of the properties of the other polymorphs. This review discusses the role of nucleation, crystal growth and molecular modeling on polymorphism in molecular crystals. Examples are presented demonstrating how the first two factors can govern the appearance of a particular crystalline form, and how the latter factor can be used as a tool for understanding polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Erdemir
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that multiple crystal forms can be generated on patterned self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) substrates in single experiments in a given solvent system. METHODS Functionalized metallic islands are fabricated and utilized as individual templates for crystal formation. Taking advantage of the different wetting properties that patterned surfaces offered, arrays of small solution droplets on the nano- and pico- liter scale were produced on the substrates. Different droplet dimensions were deposited on the substrate. As the solvent evaporates from the droplets, crystals were formed within the constrained volume. Crystal habits were examined with optical microscopy while the solid form was identified with Raman microscopy. RESULTS With mefenamic acid (MA) and sulfathiazole as model pharmaceutical compounds, two and four different polymorphs, respectively, were observed under identical conditions. Moreover, it is established that the polymorphic distribution is highly dependent on the solvent evaporation rate and the solution concentration. These results imply that multiple crystal forms competitively nucleate in solution, and the probability of each form nucleating is strongly dependent on the supersaturation of the solution. Additionally, solvent was observed to play a role in controlling the solid state outcome. CONCLUSIONS Multiple crystal forms can concomitantly nucleate on patterned substrates. This technique can particularly be attractive to screen for polymorphs as elusive, metastable solid forms are favored with the creation of high supersaturation and can be stabilized due to the minimal volumes generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sung Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H-S Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam University Hospitals 640, Daesa-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 301-721, Korea
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Lee AY, Lee IS, Dette SS, Boerner J, Myerson AS. Crystallization on confined engineered surfaces: a method to control crystal size and generate different polymorphs. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 127:14982-3. [PMID: 16248610 DOI: 10.1021/ja055416x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Patterned glycine crystals nucleated on functionalized metallic square islands. This approach can be used to fabricate particles with micron dimensions and screen solid forms under different conditions. The size of the glycine crystals is controlled by the dimensions of the islands. High energy metastable beta-glycine crystallizes on small metallic islands, whereas for large islands, the polymorphic outcome becomes biased toward the alpha-form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Y Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA
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Devarakonda S, Evans JMB, Lee AY, Myerson AS. Molecular dynamics study of the interactions of ice inhibitors on the ice {001} surface. Langmuir 2004; 20:5353-7. [PMID: 15986673 DOI: 10.1021/la0344377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of antifreeze protein (AFP) type I, antifreeze glycoproteins, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and various amino acids with ice are investigated using Cerius2, a molecular modelling tool. Binding energies of these additives to a major ice crystal face {001} are computed. Binding energy comparison of threonine molecules (by themselves) and as threonine residues within AFP type I demonstrate their role in improving AFP's binding ability to the ice crystal face. The shifts in onset points of ice crystallization with AFP type I, PVP, and amino acids are measured using differential scanning calorimetry. These values when correlated with their respective binding energies reveal a direct proportionality and demonstrate AFP's effectiveness in inhibiting growth and nucleation of ice, over amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Devarakonda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic University, 6 Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA
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Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) commonly occurs in patients with malignant disease. At the 1997 ISTH meeting, cancer and thrombosis was discussed in a state-of-the-art symposium. Since then, there have been many new developments on this topic. Tumors, through expression of tissue factor can activate coagulation. Furthermore, local peritumor activation of coagulation may have important effects on the biology of cancer. A randomized trial has been conducted which evaluated extensive screening to detect underlying malignancy vs. no screening in patients presenting with idiopathic VTE. No statistically significant difference was detected in cancer-related mortality between the two groups. A trial has evaluated extended prophylaxis in patients undergoing surgery for abdominal malignancy. There was a statistically significant reduction in venographically detected deep vein thrombosis in favor of 4 weeks of treatment. In contrast, there is clearly a need for more information on the use of thromboprophylaxis in medical cancer patients. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has replaced unfractionated heparin as the first line treatment in the majority of patients with acute VTE. Many cancer patients with acute VTE can be treated safely at home with subcutaneous LMWH without admission to hospital. The results of a recent trial demonstrated that long-term low molecular weight heparin administered over a 6-month period substantially reduced the rate of recurrent VTE compared with oral anticoagulant therapy with no increase in bleeding. Finally, the first trial specifically designed to evaluate the anticancer effect of long-term LMWH in cancer patients has been conducted and will no doubt stimulate future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Levine
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Han
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The most important goal in the management of photosensitive drug eruptions, as in other types of drug eruptions is identification of the causative drugs to prevent reexposure to them. CASE SUMMARIES Seven patients whose lesions were mainly distributed on sun-exposed areas underwent laboratory tests, phototests, and photopatch tests with suspected drugs. Phototests were done with ultraviolet A (UVA), UVB, and visible light. Drugs used in the photopatch tests were usually prepared as 10% concentrations in petroleum base, which did not produce reactions in 10 control subjects, followed by irradiation of suberythema doses of UVA. Systemic provocation by oral administration of small doses of causative drugs with irradiation of suberythema doses of UVA was performed to confirm the results of skin tests in four patients. Two patients were not rechallenged with the causative drugs. None of the patients had systemic lupus erythematosus, porphyria, or pellagra. All showed positive reactions to photopatch testing. Systemic provocation confirmed the results of photopatch tests in four patients. The two patients who were not rechallenged had no recurrence of lesions. One patient ingested only one drug at the time of eruptions, and provocation or avoidance was not attempted. A photoallergic mechanism was considered in five cases. CONCLUSIONS Although there is no information about the appropriate concentrations or vehicles for suspected drugs, photopatch testing could be reliable for identification of causes of photosensitive drug eruptions. Besides piroxicam (a well-known photosensitizer) and carbamazepine, isoniazid and triflusal were identified as the causes of the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Eulji Hospital University of Medicine, 280-1, Hagye-1-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-711, South Korea.
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Abstract
Venous thromboembolism is a common complication in patients with cancer. The management of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism can be a considerable challenge in patients with cancer. The cancer itself and associated treatments contribute to an ongoing thrombogenic stimulus, while cancer patients are thought to be at increased risk for anticoagulant-induced bleeding. Initial treatment of acute thromboembolism is with intravenous unfractionated heparin or subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin. Treatment at home with low molecular weight heparin is an attractive option in patients with malignant disease. Long-term treatment of acute venous thromboembolism has traditionally been with oral anticoagulants. However, the inconvenience and narrow therapeutic window of oral anticoagulants make such therapy unattractive and problematic in cancer patients. Low molecular weight heparins are being evaluated as an alternative for long-term therapy because their anticoagulant effects are more predictable and laboratory monitoring is unnecessary. Although many clinical issues remain unresolved in the treatment of cancer patients with venous thromboembolism, the future holds much promise as new antithrombotic agents, including factor Xa antagonists and oral thrombin inhibitors, are being tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Levine
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Cancer Care Ontario/Hamilton Regional Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Gold sodium thiosulfate (GSTS) is reputed to be the most reliable gold antigen, but control studies are still required. Although Koreans have more varied sources of contact with gold, such as herbal medicines with gold coatings and indwelling gold acupuncture needles, no epidemiological studies have been performed. This study examined the frequency and sources of contact allergy to gold in South Korea by a multicenter study. Patch testing with 0.5% GSTS in pet. was conducted in 255 eczema patients and 58 control subjects. Results were observed at 21 days (D) to ensure there were no undetected late reactions in 54 observed patients and 47 controls. 8 (3.1%) of the 255 patients reacted positively to GSTS, including 1 with a late reaction. 1 of the 58 controls showed a positive reaction to GSTS on D4 with a negative reaction on D14. Clinical relevance was lacking in the patients with positive reactions. Unexpectedly, the above particular sources of gold contact gave rise to few allergic reactions in our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Lee
- Eulji Hospital University of Medicine, Korea
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Chang MC, Lee AY, Chen TJ, Chang WF. Acute myocardial infarction after upper gastrointestinal gastroscopy. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 2001; 64:581-5. [PMID: 11791945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe a patient with gastric ulcer confirmed by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy who developed an acute Q wave myocardial infarction involving both the anterior and inferior wall shortly after the procedure. This life-threatening complication of gastroendoscopy was clearly demonstrated through studies of electrocardiogram, cardiac enzymes, echocardiogram and cardiac catherterization. We suggest that preventive measures should be implemented so that endoscopy can be performed under optimal conditions, especially for elderly patients with history of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Jen Ai Hospital, TaLi, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Abstract
The management of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with cancer can be a clinical dilemma. Comorbid conditions, warfarin failure, difficult venous access, and a high bleeding risk are some of the factors that often complicate anticoagulant therapy in these patients. In addition, the use of central venous access devices is increasing but the optimal treatment of catheter-related thrombosis remains controversial. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is the traditional standard for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) but low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) have been shown to be equally safe and effective in hemodynamically stable patients. For long-term treatment or secondary prophylaxis, vitamin K antagonists remain the mainstay treatment. However, the inconvenience and narrow therapeutic window of oral anticoagulants make extended therapy unattractive and problematic. As a result, LMWHs are being evaluated as an alternative for long-term therapy. New antithrombotic agents are being tested in clinical trials and may have the potential to replace conventional treatment. The role of inferior vena cava filters in cancer patients remains ill defined but these devices remain the treatment of choice in patients with contraindications for anticoagulant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Lee
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Nixon RL, Lee AY. Latex allergy and food handlers. Med J Aust 2001; 174:482. [PMID: 11386601 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Paliard X, Doe B, Selby MJ, Hartog K, Lee AY, Burke RL, Walker CM. Induction of herpes simplex virus gB-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in TAP1-deficient mice by genetic immunization but not HSV infection. Virology 2001; 282:56-64. [PMID: 11259190 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Loading of most endogenous peptides on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules is conditional on their transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the peptide transporter TAP. We describe an HSV-2/1 cross-reactive cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) epitope that is processed in a TAP1-independent manner in vivo following immunization of TAP1-/- mice with naked DNA or a recombinant vaccinia virus. These data indicated that TAP1-independent processing of endogenous proteins is sufficient to prime CTLs in vivo. TAP1-independent processing of this epitope was not due to ER targeting by signal sequences and exogenous loading of MHC-I molecules and was not influenced by the amino acids flanking this epitope. In contrast, TAP1-/- mice infected with HSV-2 or HSV-2 mutants did not mount a CTL response against this epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Paliard
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
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Lee AY, Fredenburgh JC, Stewart RJ, Rischke JA, Weitz JI. Like fibrin, (DD)E, the major degradation product of crosslinked fibrin, protects plasmin from inhibition by alpha2-antiplasmin. Thromb Haemost 2001; 85:502-8. [PMID: 11307822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasmin generation is localized to the fibrin surface because tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen bind to fibrin, an interaction that stimulates plasminogen activation over a hundred-fold. To ensure efficient fibrinolysis, plasmin bound to fibrin is protected from inhibition by alpha2-antiplasmin. (DD)E, a major soluble degradation product of cross-linked fibrin that is a potent stimulator of t-PA, compromises the fibrin-specificity of t-PA by promoting systemic activation of plasminogen. In this study we investigated whether (DD)E also protects plasmin from inhibition by alpha2-antiplasmin, facilitating degradation of this soluble t-PA effector. (DD)E and fibrin reduce the rate of plasmin inhibition by alpha2-antiplasmin by 5- and 10-fold, respectively. Kringle-dependent binding of plasmin to (DD)E and fibrin, with Kd values of 52 and 410 nM, respectively, contributes to the protective effect. When (DD)E is extensively degraded by plasmin, yielding uncomplexed fragment E and (DD), protection of plasmin from inhibition by alpha2-antiplasmin is attenuated. These studies indicate that (DD)E-bound plasmin, whose generation reflects the ability of (DD)E to stimulate plasminogen activation by t-PA, has the capacity to degrade (DD)E by virtue of its resistance to inhibition. This provides a mechanism to limit the concentration of (DD)E and maintain the fibrin-specificity of t-PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Lee
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University and Hamilton Civic Hospitals Research Centre, Ontario, Canada
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Lee AY, Chang MC, Chen TJ, Chang WF. Left atrial and ventricular ball thrombi complicating rheumatic heart disease with combined mitral and aortic stenosis. Echocardiography 2001; 18:159-61. [PMID: 11262540 DOI: 10.1046/j.1540-8175.2001.00159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A 42-year-old woman with chronic mitral stenosis was admitted for progressive dyspnea, palpitation, and weakness of lower extremities. Echocardiography revealed rheumatic, thickened, and stenotic mitral and aortic valves, and two free-floating ball thrombi were detected in the left atrium and ventricle, respectively. She died suddenly the next day, probably due to mitral or aortic outflow obstruction by the ball thrombi. We believe that the occurrence of free-floating ball thrombi in both the left atrium and left ventricle concomitantly has never been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Jen Ai Hospital, Tali, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Regulatory focus theory distinguishes between self-regulatory processes that focus on promotion and prevention strategies for goal pursuit. Five studies provide support for the hypothesis that these strategies differ for individuals with distinct self-construals. Specifically, individuals with a dominant independent self-construal were predicted to place more emphasis on promotion-focused information, and those with a dominant interdependent self-construal on prevention-focused information. Support for this hypothesis was obtained for participants who scored high versus low on the Self-Construal Scale, participants who were presented with an independent versus interdependent situation, and participants from a Western versus Eastern culture. The influence of interdependence on regulatory focus was observed in both importance ratings of information and affective responses consistent with promotion or prevention focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Lee
- Marketing Department, J. L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-2001, USA.
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