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Badten AJ, Torres AG. Burkholderia pseudomallei Complex Subunit and Glycoconjugate Vaccines and Their Potential to Elicit Cross-Protection to Burkholderia cepacia Complex. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:313. [PMID: 38543947 PMCID: PMC10975474 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia are a group of Gram-negative bacteria that can cause a variety of diseases in at-risk populations. B. pseudomallei and B. mallei, the etiological agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively, are the two clinically relevant members of the B. pseudomallei complex (Bpc). The development of vaccines against Bpc species has been accelerated in recent years, resulting in numerous promising subunits and glycoconjugate vaccines incorporating a variety of antigens. However, a second group of pathogenic Burkholderia species exists known as the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), a group of opportunistic bacteria which tend to affect individuals with weakened immunity or cystic fibrosis. To date, there have been few attempts to develop vaccines to Bcc species. Therefore, the primary goal of this review is to provide a broad overview of the various subunit antigens that have been tested in Bpc species, their protective efficacy, study limitations, and known or suspected mechanisms of protection. Then, we assess the reviewed Bpc antigens for their amino acid sequence conservation to homologous proteins found in Bcc species. We propose that protective Bpc antigens with a high degree of Bpc-to-Bcc sequence conservation could serve as components of a pan-Burkholderia vaccine capable of protecting against both disease-causing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Badten
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Moura RDC, de Oliveira FA, Bezerra DDO, Pinheiro REE, Sfaciotte RAP, Fonteque JH, Ferraz SM, de Oliveira RP, Scheeren VFDC, Schwarz DGG. Spread analysis of glanders in the state of Piauí, northeastern Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 105:102122. [PMID: 38219337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Brazil is strategic in controlling neglected zoonoses, such as glanders, in its territory. Among the Brazilian states, Piauí is a strategic state for the spread of the disease in the country. The present study aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of official cases of glanders in Piauí between 2015 and 2022. The glanders cases were located in the municipalities of the north and central-north mesoregions, mainly in Campo Maior, Teresina and Altos. The highest incidence risk (IR) occurred in of Altos (IR = 257.9), Sussuapara (IR = 158.4), and Teresina (IR = 157.7). A primary cluster was formed with a relative risk of 14.88 between 2019 and 2022, encompassing 34 municipalities in the north and central-north regions. In Piauí, glanders is well localized, with the potential for spread across borders. This is the first study demonstrating the distribution of reported cases of glanders in the state of Piauí.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselma de Carvalho Moura
- Graduate Program in Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest (PPGTAIR), Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Francisco Alyson de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest (PPGTAIR), Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Dayseanny de Oliveira Bezerra
- Graduate Program in Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest (PPGTAIR), Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Raizza Eveline Escórcio Pinheiro
- Graduate Program in Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest (PPGTAIR), Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Antônio Pilegi Sfaciotte
- Veterinary Department, Agroveterinary Science Center, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Joandes Henrique Fonteque
- Veterinary Department, Agroveterinary Science Center, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Ferraz
- Veterinary Department, Agroveterinary Science Center, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Raylson Pereira de Oliveira
- Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Verônica Flores da Cunha Scheeren
- Veterinary Department, Agroveterinary Science Center, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - David Germano Gonçalves Schwarz
- Graduate Program in Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest (PPGTAIR), Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Veterinary Department, Agroveterinary Science Center, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Charron P, Gao R, Chmara J, Hoover E, Nadin-Davis S, Chauvin D, Hazelwood J, Makondo K, Duceppe MO, Kang M. Influence of genomic variations on glanders serodiagnostic antigens using integrative genomic and transcriptomic approaches. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1217135. [PMID: 38125681 PMCID: PMC10730941 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1217135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glanders is a highly contagious and life-threatening zoonotic disease caused by Burkholderia mallei (B. mallei). Without an effective vaccine or treatment, early diagnosis has been regarded as the most effective method to prevent glanders transmission. Currently, the diagnosis of glanders is heavily reliant on serological tests. However, given that markedly different host immune responses can be elicited by genetically different strains of the same bacterial species, infection by B. mallei, whose genome is unstable and plastic, may result in various immune responses. This variability can make the serodiagnosis of glanders challenging. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive understanding and assessment of how B. mallei genomic variations impact the appropriateness of specific target antigens for glanders serodiagnosis. In this study, we investigated how genomic variations in the B. mallei genome affect gene content (gene presence/absence) and expression, with a special focus on antigens used or potentially used in serodiagnosis. In all the genome sequences of B. mallei isolates available in NCBI's RefSeq database (accessed in July 2023) and in-house sequenced samples, extensive small and large variations were observed when compared to the type strain ATCC 23344. Further pan-genome analysis of those assemblies revealed variations of gene content among all available genomes of B. mallei. Specifically, differences in gene content ranging from 31 to 715 genes with an average of 334 gene presence-absence variations were found in strains with complete or chromosome-level genome assemblies, using the ATCC 23344 strain as a reference. The affected genes included some encoded proteins used as serodiagnostic antigens, which were lost due mainly to structural variations. Additionally, a transcriptomic analysis was performed using the type strain ATCC 23344 and strain Zagreb which has been widely utilized to produce glanders antigens. In total, 388 significant differentially expressed genes were identified between these two strains, including genes related to bacterial pathogenesis and virulence, some of which were associated with genomic variations, particularly structural variations. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study to uncover the impacts of genetic variations of B. mallei on its gene content and expression. These differences would have significant impacts on host innate and adaptive immunity, including antibody production, during infection. This study provides novel insights into B. mallei genetic variants, knowledge which will help to improve glanders serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingsong Kang
- Ottawa Laboratory-Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Suniga PAP, Mantovani C, dos Santos MG, do Egito AA, Verbisck NV, dos Santos LR, Dávila AMR, Zimpel CK, Zerpa MCS, Chiebao DP, de Sá Guimarães AM, de Castro Nassar AF, de Araújo FR. Glanders Diagnosis in an Asymptomatic Mare from Brazil: Insights from Serology, Microbiological Culture, Mass Spectrometry, and Genome Sequencing. Pathogens 2023; 12:1250. [PMID: 37887766 PMCID: PMC10609850 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This manuscript elucidates the occurrence of glanders in an asymptomatic mare from Brazil presenting positive Burkholderia mallei antibody titers. The diagnosis was established through a multi-pronged approach encompassing microbiological culture, mass spectrometry, and genome sequencing. The outbreak occurred in 2019 in Tatuí, São Paulo, Brazil, and the infected mare, despite displaying no clinical symptoms, had multiple miliary lesions in the liver, as well as intense catarrhal discharge in the trachea. Samples were collected from various organs and subjected to bacterial isolation, molecular detection, and identification. The strain was identified as B. mallei using PCR and confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 5.51 Mb with a GC content of 65.8%, 5871 genes (including 4 rRNA and 53 tRNA genes), and 5583 coding DNA sequences (CDSs). Additionally, 227 predicted pseudogenes were detected. In silico analysis of different genomic loci that allow for differentiation with Burkholderia pseudomallei confirmed the identity of the isolate as B. mallei, in addition to the characteristic genome size. The BAC 86/19 strain was identified as lineage 3, sublineage 2, which includes other strains from Brazil, India, and Iran. The genome sequencing of this strain provides valuable information that can be used to better understand the pathogen and its epidemiology, as well as to develop diagnostic tools for glanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Adas Pereira Suniga
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-FAMEZ/UFMS, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 2443, Campo Grande 79074-460, MS, Brazil; (P.A.P.S.); (A.A.d.E.)
- MAI/DAI Scholarship, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Av. Costa E Silva, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Mantovani
- Embrapa Beef Cattle/Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Scholarship, Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Rádio Maia, 830, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil;
| | | | - Andréa Alves do Egito
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science-FAMEZ/UFMS, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 2443, Campo Grande 79074-460, MS, Brazil; (P.A.P.S.); (A.A.d.E.)
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (M.G.d.S.); (N.V.V.); (F.R.d.A.)
| | | | | | - Alberto Martín Rivera Dávila
- Computational and Systems Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Health, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Cristina Kraemer Zimpel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Maria Carolina Sisco Zerpa
- Laboratory of Applied Research in Mycobacteria, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (M.C.S.Z.); (A.M.d.S.G.)
| | - Daniela Pontes Chiebao
- Animal Health Research Center, Biological Institute, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252, São Paulo 04014-002, SP, Brazil; (D.P.C.); (A.F.d.C.N.)
| | - Ana Márcia de Sá Guimarães
- Laboratory of Applied Research in Mycobacteria, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (M.C.S.Z.); (A.M.d.S.G.)
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Dehghan Rahimabadi P, Nazari A, Kamyabi M, Mosavari N. Serological and Bacteriological Surveillance of Glanders Among Horses in Central Region of Iran. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 127:104535. [PMID: 37448262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Glanders is the oldest and very contagious disease among horses caused by Burkholderia mallei. The disease occurs as a chronic form in horses. Hence, because of the prolonged shedding, numerous horses can potentially get infected by one horse with glanders. Glanders is endemic in Iran and this causes occasional occurrence in horse population of the country. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of B.mallei infection in horses in two central provinces of Iran. A total of 517 serum samples were collected from stable horses in Tehran and Alborz provinces. Among the studied horses, seven presented fever, anorexia, dyspnea, subcutaneous abscesses, nasal and cutaneous discharges, emaciation, and lymphadenopathy. Nasal and ocular discharges and subcutaneous abscesses were sampled for bacterial culture and PCR. The sera were examined by means of complement fixation test (CFT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Seropositive cases were further examined by Mallein test. The results derived from the present study indicated that only 1.35% of the studied horses were positive in CFT, iELISA and Mallein test, of which only in 42.85% B.mallei was successfully cultured on blood agar and glycerinated nutrient media and confirmed by PCR. Periodic serological tests along with quarantine can benefit reduction of the occurrence of the disease in horses in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Nazari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Kamyabi
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Nader Mosavari
- Department of Tuberculin and Mallein, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
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He G, Zeng Y, He Q, Liu T, Li N, Lin H, Zeng M, Li Y, Peng M, Cheng J, Liu W, Yao W. A Case Report of Burkholderia mallei Infection Leading to Pneumonia. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2023; 26:241-245. [PMID: 35579163 DOI: 10.2174/1386207325666220509152221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glanders is a rare zoonotic disease caused by Burkholderia mallei. Humans can be infected by B. mallei, which causes cutaneous lymphadenitis and pneumonia, leading to sepsis and death in severe cases. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 60-year-old male who was diagnosed with glanders. The patient who had a history of diabetes presented with cough, expectoration, and fever. Computed tomography (CT) imaging showed B. mallei infection in the right upper lobe of the lung with mediastinal lymph node involvement and the lingual segment of the left lung. Moreover, the posterior basal segment of the lower lobe of both lungs had inflammation. Subsequently, B. mallei infection was confirmed by lymph node biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage multiplex PCR-based targeted gene sequencing. After meropenem treatment, the patient was discharged, and CT imaging showed reduced absorption of pulmonary inflammatory lesions. CONCLUSIONS Glanders is a rare disease that can cause skin infection, lymphadenitis, and pneumonia, and in severe cases, it can be life-threatening. The diagnosis of this disease mainly relies on microbiological culture and pathological biopsy. Diagnosis is also facilitated by multiplex PCRbased targeted gene sequencing. Glanders is treated with cephalosporins, carbapenems, and other sensitive antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanfeng He
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Qizhong He
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Tuxuan Liu
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Nanhong Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Muhong Zeng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yonglong Li
- Guangdong Colandbio Technology Co., Ltd, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Junfen Cheng
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Wang Liu
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Weimin Yao
- Department of Respiration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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Nasiri M, Zarrin A, RoshankarRudsari S, Khodadadi J. Glanders ( Burkholderia mallei infection) in an Iranian man: A case report. IDCases 2023; 32:e01779. [PMID: 37187940 PMCID: PMC10176047 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glanders is a rare disease that has been eradicated in many countries but may be difficult to diagnose due to its nonspecific symptoms. This disease, which can be highly fatal if left untreated, is caused by a bacterium called Burkholderia mallei. Humans can get the disease through contact with infected animals, such as horses. Over time, various treatment strategies have been proposed for this disease, and attempts haveeven been made to develop a vaccine, but thus far, no effective vaccine has been developed to prevent it. Case presentation In this article, we describeacase of Glanders disease in KamkarArabnia Hospital in Qom, Iran. The patient was a 22-year-old man with headache, fever, chills, diarrhea, and vomiting of blood, and was admitted to the infectious ward in isolation. Conclusion The lack of definitive diagnostic symptoms and the rarity of this disease make it difficult to diagnose, and one should be careful in dealing with its symptoms. Also, paying attention to the patient's medical history and travel history to endemic areas, can lead to timely diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nasiri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Amirali Zarrin
- Student Research Committee, faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Javad Khodadadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Mariappan V, Vellasamy KM, Anpalagar RR, Lim YM, Zainal Abidin N, Subramaniam S, Nathan S. One Health surveillance approaches for melioidosis and glanders: The Malaysian perspective. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1056723. [PMID: 36590813 PMCID: PMC9798326 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1056723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The One Health concept was initiated to promote the integration of human, animal, and environmental ecosystems into healthcare to ensure effective control and the sustainable governance of multifaceted health matters. Climate change, deforestation, and rigorous farming disrupt the environment, which serves as the natural habitat for many animals and microbes, increasing the likelihood of disease transmission between humans and animals. Melioidosis (neglected tropical diseases) and glanders are of humans and animals caused by the gram-negative bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei and its close relative Burkholderia mallei, respectively. In Malaysia, although melioidosis is endemic, it is not a notifiable disease. Hence, the true prevalence of melioidosis in Malaysia is unknown and varies in different regions of the country, with reported hotspots associated with agriculture-related activities. To date, no incidence of human glanders has been reported in Malaysia, although occupational exposure for equine handlers and veterinary professionals remains a concern. Additionally, antibiotics are widely used in the healthcare and veterinary sectors to treat or prevent B. pseudomallei and B. mallei infections, leading to the emergence of resistance in B. pseudomallei. Lack of surveillance, research, assessment, and management of glanders and melioidosis is a major issue in Malaysia. Proper assessment systems and cross-discipline cooperation are vital to recognize and manage both diseases. Experts and practitioners from clinical and veterinary disciplines, environmentalists, law enforcement, policymakers, researchers, local communities, and other experts need to communicate, collaborate, and coordinate activities to fill the knowledge gap on glanders and melioidosis to reduce morbidity and mortality rates in the country. This review aims to define the organizational and functional characteristics of One Health surveillance approaches for glanders and melioidosis from a Malaysian perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanitha Mariappan
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,*Correspondence: Vanitha Mariappan
| | - Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,Kumutha Malar Vellasamy
| | - Rohan Raaj Anpalagar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yue-Min Lim
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurhamimah Zainal Abidin
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, School of Biology, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Sreeramanan Subramaniam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia,Chemical Centre Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia,National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sheila Nathan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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Barnes KB, Bayliss M, Davies C, Richards MI, Laws TR, Vente A, Harding SV. Efficacy of finafloxacin in a murine model of inhalational glanders. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1057202. [PMID: 36504783 PMCID: PMC9730244 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1057202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei, the causative agent of glanders, is principally a disease of equines, although it can also infect humans and is categorized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a category B biological agent. Human cases of glanders are rare and thus there is limited information on treatment. It is therefore recommended that cases are treated with the same therapies as used for melioidosis, which for prophylaxis, is co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) or co-amoxiclav (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid). In this study, the fluoroquinolone finafloxacin was compared to co-trimoxazole as a post-exposure prophylactic in a murine model of inhalational glanders. BALB/c mice were exposed to an aerosol of B. mallei followed by treatment with co-trimoxazole or finafloxacin initiated at 24 h post-challenge and continued for 14 days. Survival at the end of the study was 55% or 70% for mice treated with finafloxacin or co-trimoxazole, respectively, however, this difference was not significant. However, finafloxacin was more effective than co-trimoxazole in controlling bacterial load within tissues and demonstrating clearance in the liver, lung and spleen following 14 days of therapy. In summary, finafloxacin should be considered as a promising alternative treatment following exposure to B. mallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay B. Barnes
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Kay B. Barnes,
| | - Marc Bayliss
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Carwyn Davies
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I. Richards
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R. Laws
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah V. Harding
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, United Kingdom,Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Brangsch H, Singha H, Laroucau K, Elschner M. Sequence-based detection and typing procedures for Burkholderia mallei: Assessment and prospects. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1056996. [PMID: 36452150 PMCID: PMC9703372 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1056996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although glanders has been eradicated in most of the developed world, the disease still persists in various countries such as Brazil, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Iran, Bahrain, UAE and Turkey. It is one of the notifiable diseases listed by the World Organization for Animal Health. Occurrence of glanders imposes restriction on equestrian events and restricts equine movement, thus causing economic losses to equine industry. The genetic diversity and global distribution of the causing agent, Burkholderia (B.) mallei, have not been assessed in detail and are complicated by the high clonality of this organism. Among the identification and typing methods, PCR-based methods for distinguishing B. mallei from its close relative B. pseudomallei as well as genotyping using tandem repeat regions (MLVA) are established. The advent and continuous advancement of the sequencing techniques and the reconstruction of closed genomes enable the development of genome guided epidemiological tools. For achieving a higher genomic resolution, genotyping methods based on whole genome sequencing data can be employed, like genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms. One of the limitations in obtaining complete genomic sequences for further molecular characterization of B. mallei is its high GC content. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the widely used detection and typing methods for B. mallei and illustrate gaps that still require development. The genomic features of Burkholderia, their high homology and clonality will be first described from a comparative genomics perspective. Then, the commonly used molecular detection (PCR systems) and typing systems (e.g., multilocus sequence typing, variable number of tandem repeat analysis) will be presented and put in perspective with recently developed genomic methods. Also, the increasing availability of B. mallei genomic sequences and evolution of the sequencing methods offers exciting prospects for further refinement of B. mallei typing, that could overcome the difficulties presently encountered with this particular bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanka Brangsch
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut – Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Karine Laroucau
- Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, Animal Health Laboratory, French Food Agency (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mandy Elschner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut – Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
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11
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P K, M M, S M, Kr P, T D, G W, Ma V, K L. First glanders cases detected in Nepal underscore the need for surveillance and border controls. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:132. [PMID: 35387664 PMCID: PMC8985341 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glanders is a transmissible zoonotic disease caused by Burkholderia mallei that infects equids and humans. No glanders cases in equids were reported so far in Nepal. Case presentation Following suspected glanders in animals with clinical signs in different regions in Nepal, serum samples were tested by CFT, ELISA and Luminex® tests. Two horses and a mule tested positive for glanders by all tests, while two other equids only tested positive by ELISA and Luminex®. Analysis of swabs and pus samples by a PCR system targeting B. mallei confirmed the presence of the bacterium in the samples collected from the 3 equids that yielded positive results in all serological tests. Genotyping of the three PCR positive samples with a SNP-based method identified a genotype closely related to the B. mallei strains circulating in India. Conclusion Confirmation of glanders cases underscores the need of implementing a surveillance program in Nepal and a strict control of the animal movement across the borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koirala P
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Maharjan M
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Manandhar S
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pandey Kr
- Veterinary Laboratory, Surkhet, Nepal
| | - Deshayes T
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Wang G
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Valvano Ma
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Laroucau K
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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12
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Falcão MVD, Laroucau K, Vorimore F, Deshayes T, Santana VLA, Silva KPC, do Nascimento SA, de Castro RS, Araújo FR, Mota RA. Molecular characterization of Burkholderia mallei strains isolated from horses in Brazil (2014-2017). Infect Genet Evol 2022; 99:105250. [PMID: 35183750 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Glanders is an infectious zoonosis caused by Burkholderia (B.) mallei that mainly affects equids. The objective of this work was to provide additional knowledge on the diversity of the strains circulating in Brazil. Six Burkholderia mallei isolates obtained during necropsies of glanderous horses between 2014 and 2017 in two different states (Pernambuco and Alagoas) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-high-resolution melting (PCR-HRM). While four strains (9902 RSC, BM_campo 1, BM_campo 3 and UFAL2) clustered in the L3B2 branch, which already includes the Brazilian 16-2438_BM#8 strain, two strains (BM_campo 2.1 and BM_campo 2.2) clustered within the L3B3sB3 branch, which mostly includes older isolates, from Europe and the Middle East. Whole genome sequencing of two of these strains (UFAL2 and BM_campo 2.1), belonging to different branches, confirmed the HRM typing results and refined the links between the strains, including the description of the L3B3Sb3Gp1SbGp1 genotype, never reported so far for contemporary strains. These results suggest different glanders introduction events in Brazil, including a potential link with strains of European origin, related to colonization or trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus V D Falcão
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Karine Laroucau
- Bacterial Zoonoses unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- Bacterial Zoonoses unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thomas Deshayes
- Bacterial Zoonoses unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Vania L A Santana
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Karla P C Silva
- Federal University of Alagoas, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Sergio A do Nascimento
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Roberto S de Castro
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Flabio R Araújo
- Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo A Mota
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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13
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt CG, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Gubbins S, Laroucau K, Antoniou S, Aznar I, Broglia A, Lima E, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, Roberts HC. Assessment of the control measures of the category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Burkholderia mallei (Glanders). EFSA J 2022; 20:e07069. [PMID: 35035583 PMCID: PMC8753583 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for glanders. In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zone, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere. Considering the epidemiology and distribution of glanders, it was foreseen that three different situations could lead to a suspicion of the disease. Sampling procedures were defined for each of the three different suspicion types, which can also be applied in most of the other scenarios assessed. The monitoring period (6 months) was assessed as effective in all scenarios. The AHAW Panel of experts considered the minimum radius and duration of the existing protection and surveillance zone, set at the establishment level, effective. Recommendations provided for each of the scenarios assessed aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to glanders.
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14
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Saini S, Singha H, Shanmugasundaram K, Tripathi BN. Characterization of immunoglobulin and cytokine responses in Burkholderia mallei infected equids. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105310. [PMID: 34838612 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei causes a highly fatal infectious disease in equines known as glanders. It is one of the OIE listed notifiable diseases, which entails strict control policy measures once B. mallei infection is confirmed in the susceptible hosts. Humans, especially equine handlers, veterinary professionals and laboratory workers are at greater risk to acquire the B. mallei infection directly through prolonged contact with glanderous equines, and indirectly through unprotected handling of B. mallei contaminated materials. Further, natural resistance of B. mallei to multiple antibiotics, aerosol transmission, lack of effective vaccine and treatment make this organism a potential agent of biological warfare. Results of experimental B. mallei infection in mouse and non-human primates and immunization with live attenuated B. mallei strains demonstrated that activation of early innate and adaptive immune responses play a critical role in controlling B. mallei infection. However, the immune response elicited by the primary hosts (equids) B. mallei infection is poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate immune responses in glanders affected horses (n = 23) and mules (n = 1). In this study, chronically infected equids showed strong humoral responses (IgM, IgG and IgA) specific to B. mallei type 6 secretory proteins such as Hcp1, TssA and TssB. The infected equids also elicited robust cellular responses characterized by significantly elevated levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-17 and IL-6 in PBMCs. In addition, stimulation of equine PBMCs by Hcp1 resulted in the further elevation of these cytokines. Thus, the present study indicated that antibody response and T helper cell (Th) type 1-associated cytokines were the salient features of chronic B. mallei infection in horses. The immune responses also suggest further evaluation of these proteins as potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Saini
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Harisankar Singha
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Karuppusamy Shanmugasundaram
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
- Division of Animal Sciences, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, 110 001, India.
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15
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Acharya KP, Marahatta S, Wilson RT. First outbreak of glanders in Nepal and possible implications for the animal sector. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3015-3017. [PMID: 34586719 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Prasad Acharya
- Animal Quarantine Office (AQO), Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Suraj Marahatta
- Paklihawa Campus, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University (TU), Siddarthanagar, Nepal
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16
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Dyke JS, Huertas-Diaz MC, Michel F, Holladay NE, Hogan RJ, He B, Lafontaine ER. The Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein Pal contributes to the virulence of Burkholderia mallei and provides protection against lethal aerosol challenge. Virulence 2021; 11:1024-1040. [PMID: 32799724 PMCID: PMC7567441 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1804275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is a highly pathogenic bacterium that causes the fatal zoonosis glanders. The organism specifies multiple membrane proteins, which represent prime targets for the development of countermeasures given their location at the host-pathogen interface. We investigated one of these proteins, Pal, and discovered that it is involved in the ability of B. mallei to resist complement-mediated killing and replicate inside host cells in vitro, is expressed in vivo and induces antibodies during the course of infection, and contributes to virulence in a mouse model of aerosol infection. A mutant in the pal gene of the B. mallei wild-type strain ATCC 23344 was found to be especially attenuated, as BALB/c mice challenged with the equivalent of 5,350 LD50 completely cleared infection. Based on these findings, we tested the hypothesis that a vaccine containing the Pal protein elicits protective immunity against aerosol challenge. To achieve this, the pal gene was cloned in the vaccine vector Parainfluenza Virus 5 (PIV5) and mice immunized with the virus were infected with a lethal dose of B. mallei. These experiments revealed that a single dose of PIV5 expressing Pal provided 80% survival over a period of 40 days post-challenge. In contrast, only 10% of mice vaccinated with a PIV5 control virus construct survived infection. Taken together, our data establish that the Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein Pal is a critical virulence determinant of B. mallei and effective target for developing a glanders vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Dyke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Frank Michel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nathan E Holladay
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine , Athens, GA, USA
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17
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Singha H, Elschner MC, Malik P, Saini S, Tripathi BN, Mertens-Scholz K, Brangsch H, Melzer F, Singh RK, Neubauer H. Molecular Typing of Burkholderia mallei Isolates from Equids with Glanders, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1745-1748. [PMID: 34013856 PMCID: PMC8153868 DOI: 10.3201/eid2706.203232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We collected 10 Burkholderia mallei isolates from equids in 9 districts in India during glanders outbreaks in 2013–2016. Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis showed 7 outbreak area–related genotypes. The study highlights the utility of this analysis for epidemiologically tracing of specific B. mallei isolates during outbreaks.
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18
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Waag DM, Chance TB, Trevino SR, Rossi FD, Fetterer DP, Amemiya K, Dankmeyer JL, Ingavale SS, Tobery SA, Zeng X, Kern SJ, Worsham PL, Cote CK, Welkos SL. Comparison of three non-human primate aerosol models for glanders, caused by Burkholderia mallei. Microb Pathog 2021; 155:104919. [PMID: 33915206 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is a gram-negative obligate animal pathogen that causes glanders, a highly contagious and potentially fatal disease of solipeds including horses, mules, and donkeys. Humans are also susceptible, and exposure can result in a wide range of clinical forms, i.e., subclinical infection, chronic forms with remission and exacerbation, or acute and potentially lethal septicemia and/or pneumonia. Due to intrinsic antibiotic resistance and the ability of the organisms to survive intracellularly, current treatment regimens are protracted and complicated; and no vaccine is available. As a consequence of these issues, and since B. mallei is infectious by the aerosol route, B. mallei is regarded as a major potential biothreat agent. To develop optimal medical countermeasures and diagnostic tests, well characterized animal models of human glanders are needed. The goal of this study was to perform a head-to-head comparison of models employing three commonly used nonhuman primate (NHP) species, the African green monkey (AGM), Rhesus macaque, and the Cynomolgus macaque. The natural history of infection and in vitro clinical, histopathological, immunochemical, and bacteriological parameters were examined. The AGMs were the most susceptible NHP to B. mallei; five of six expired within 14 days. Although none of the Rhesus or Cynomolgus macaques succumbed, the Rhesus monkeys exhibited abnormal signs and clinical findings associated with B. mallei infection; and the latter may be useful for modeling chronic B. mallei infection. Based on the disease progression observations, gross and histochemical pathology, and humoral and cellular immune response findings, the AGM appears to be the optimal model of acute, lethal glanders infection. AGM models of infection by B. pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, have been characterized recently. Thus, the selection of the AGM species provides the research community with a single NHP model for investigations on acute, severe, inhalational melioidosis and glanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Taylor B Chance
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sylvia R Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Franco D Rossi
- Applied and Advanced Technology-Aerobiology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David P Fetterer
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Susham S Ingavale
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Steven A Tobery
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Steven J Kern
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Patricia L Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher K Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Susan L Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
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19
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Chiang CY, Zhong Y, Ward MD, Lane DJ, Kenny T, Rosario-Acevedo R, Eaton BP, Treviño SR, Chance TB, Hu M, Worsham PL, Waag DM, Moore RT, Cazares LH, Cote CK, Zhou Y, Panchal RG. Proteomic Analysis of Non-human Primate Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells During Burkholderia mallei Infection Reveals a Role of Ezrin in Glanders Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:625211. [PMID: 33967974 PMCID: PMC8101288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei, the causative agent of glanders, is a gram-negative intracellular bacterium. Depending on different routes of infection, the disease is manifested by pneumonia, septicemia, and chronic infections of the skin. B. mallei poses a serious biological threat due to its ability to infect via aerosol route, resistance to multiple antibiotics and to date there are no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vaccines available. Induction of innate immunity, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines following B. mallei infection, have been observed in in vitro and small rodent models; however, a global characterization of host responses has never been systematically investigated using a non-human primate (NHP) model. Here, using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach, we identified alterations in expression levels of host proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) originating from naïve rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), African green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus), and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) exposed to aerosolized B. mallei. Gene ontology (GO) analysis identified several statistically significant overrepresented biological annotations including complement and coagulation cascade, nucleoside metabolic process, vesicle-mediated transport, intracellular signal transduction and cytoskeletal protein binding. By integrating an LC-MS/MS derived proteomics dataset with a previously published B. mallei host-pathogen interaction dataset, a statistically significant predictive protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. Pharmacological perturbation of one component of the PPI network, specifically ezrin, reduced B. mallei mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β). On the contrary, the expression of IL-1β receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was upregulated upon pretreatment with the ezrin inhibitor. Taken together, inflammasome activation as demonstrated by IL-1β production and the homeostasis of inflammatory response is critical during the pathogenesis of glanders. Furthermore, the topology of the network reflects the underlying molecular mechanism of B. mallei infections in the NHP model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Chiang
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Yang Zhong
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Michael D Ward
- Systems and Structural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Douglas J Lane
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Tara Kenny
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Raysa Rosario-Acevedo
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Brett P Eaton
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Sylvia R Treviño
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Taylor B Chance
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Meghan Hu
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Patricia L Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - David M Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Richard T Moore
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Lisa H Cazares
- Systems and Structural Biology Division, Protein Sciences Branch, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christopher K Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Yingyao Zhou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- Countermeasures Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
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20
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Elschner MC, Melzer F, Singha H, Muhammad S, Gardner I, Neubauer H. Validation of a Commercial Glanders ELISA as an Alternative to the CFT in International Trade of Equidae. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:628389. [PMID: 33665218 PMCID: PMC7920956 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.628389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glanders, caused by Burkholderia (B.) mallei is a notifiable zoonotic disease in equidae. For international trade and movement of equids, certificates of negative serological test results for antibodies against B. mallei are required. To date, the complement fixation test (CFT) is the mandatory test to issue these health certificates. The CFT is difficult to standardize and, due to its poor specificity, often leads to false-positive reactions resulting in trade restrictions with considerable financial consequences. In the present study, the new ID Screen Glanders Double Antigen Multispecies ELISA (GLANDA- ELISA) (IDvet, Grabels, France) was evaluated using 400 negative and 370 glanders positive field samples of equidae. The GLANDA-ELISA was significantly more specific (99.8%) than the CFT (97.0%). Considering the comparable sensitivities of CFT (96.5%) and ELISA (98.1%), this new GLANDA-ELISA test appears a suitable confirmatory test and a realistic alternative for serological testing of horses for trade or movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Carolina Elschner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Melzer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
| | - Harisankar Singha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Saqib Muhammad
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ian Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
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21
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Shakibamehr N, Mosavari N, Harzandi N, Mojgani N. Designing of Western Blot Technique for Glanders Diagnosing in Iran. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 99:103403. [PMID: 33781425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is the etiologic agent of glanders. It is difficult to diagnose this zoonotic disease in its early stages. Some methods such as the complement fixation test (CFT) cause some problems for veterinary authorities and financial losses to animal owners due to false-positive results. The mallein test requires appropriate laboratory equipment and skilled personnel. To quickly and accurately diagnose the disease, especially in areas where animals cannot be kept, new methods (such as the Western blot test [WBT]) should be used to identify the disease. This study designed and optimized the Western blot (immunoblot) test using sera from 84 glanderous equids, and the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA and CFT were compared with the WBT. ELISA tests are based on B. mallei antigens whereas a purified lipopolysaccharide-containing B. mallei antigen is used in the WBT. The sensitivity and specificity of the tests were estimated using the cut-off values recommended by the test developers. The WBT and ELISA were significantly more specific than the CFT. The ELISA based on B. mallei antigens was significantly less sensitive than the CFT. Given their comparable sensitivities and specificities, the CFT (95.7%, 98.5%), the WBT (95%, 100%) and the ELISA (85%, 100%) should be further developed. The CFT is still the prescribed technique for serological investigation of equids for trade purposes to certify individual animals without glanders. Therefore, more efforts should be made to further improve and optimize the WBT and ELISA tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Shakibamehr
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nader Mosavari
- Reference Laboratory of Bovine Tuberculosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Nasser Harzandi
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Naheed Mojgani
- Reference Laboratory of Bovine Tuberculosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Wang G, Glaser L, Scott NE, Fathy Mohamed Y, Ingram R, Laroucau K, Valvano MA. A glycoengineered antigen exploiting a conserved protein O-glycosylation pathway in the Burkholderia genus for detection of glanders infections. Virulence 2021; 12:493-506. [PMID: 33509023 PMCID: PMC7849680 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1876440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described a protein O-glycosylation pathway conserved in all species of the Burkholderia genus that results in the synthesis and incorporation of a trisaccharide glycan to membrane-exported proteins. Here, we exploited this system to construct and evaluate a diagnostic tool for glanders. Burkholderia mallei, the causative agent of glanders, is a highly infectious and fatal zoonotic pathogen that infects horses, mules, donkeys, and occasionally humans. A highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tool is crucial for the control, elimination, and eradication of B. mallei infections. We constructed plasmids carrying synthetic genes encoding a modified, previously unannotated Burkholderia glycoprotein containing three glycosylation sequons fused to the cholera toxin B-subunit. The resulting proteins were glycosylated in the B. cenocepacia K56-2 parental strain, but not in glycosylation-deficient mutants, as determined by SDS-PAGE and fluorescent lectin blots. One of these glycoproteins was used as an antigen in ELISA and western blots to screen a panel of serum samples collected from glanders-infected and healthy horses, which were previously investigated by complement fixation test and indirect ELISA based on a semi-purified fraction of B. mallei. We show that ELISA and western blot assays based on our glycoprotein antigen provide 100% specificity, with a sensitivity greater than 88%. The glycoprotein antigen was recognized by serum samples collected from patients infected with B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, B. multivorans, and B. cenocepacia. Our results indicate that protein O-glycosylation in Burkholderia can be exploited as a biomarker for diagnosis of Burkholderia-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanbo Wang
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, UK
| | - Lena Glaser
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, UK
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yasmine Fathy Mohamed
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, UK.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rebecca Ingram
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, UK
| | - Karine Laroucau
- University Paris-Est, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (Anses), Animal Health Laboratory , Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - Miguel A Valvano
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, UK
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Abstract
The genus Burkholderia includes a wide range of Gram-negative bacterial species some of which are pathogenic to humans and other vertebrates. The most pathogenic species are Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, and the members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). B. mallei and B. pseudomallei, the cause of glanders and melioidosis, respectively, are considered potential bioweapons. The Bcc comprises a subset of Burkholderia species associated with respiratory infections in people with chronic granulomatous disease and cystic fibrosis. Antimicrobial treatment of Burkholderia infections is difficult due to the intrinsic multidrug antibiotic resistance of these bacteria; prophylactic vaccines provide an attractive alternative to counteract these infections. Although commercial vaccines against Burkholderia infections are still unavailable, substantial progress has been made over recent years in the development of vaccines against B. pseudomallei and B. mallei. This review critically discusses the current advances in vaccine development against B. mallei, B. pseudomallei, and the Bcc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel A. Valvano
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (G.W.); (P.Z.)
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Kesterson AE, Craig JE, Chuvala LJ, Heine HS. Validated Methods for Removing Select Agent Samples from Biosafety Level 3 Laboratories. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2586-2590. [PMID: 33079040 PMCID: PMC7588557 DOI: 10.3201/eid2611.191630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Federal Select Agent Program dictates that all research entities in the United States must rigorously assess laboratory protocols to sterilize samples being removed from containment areas. We validated procedures using sterile filtration and methanol to remove the following select agents: Francisella tularensis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, B. mallei, Yersinia pestis, and Bacillus anthracis. We validated methanol treatment for B. pseudomallei. These validations reaffirm safety protocols that enable researchers to keep samples sufficiently intact when samples are transferred between laboratories.
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25
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Abreu DC, Gomes AS, Tessler DK, Chiebao DP, Fava CD, Romaldini AHCN, Araujo MC, Pompei J, Marques GF, Harakava R, Pituco EM, Nassar AFC. Systematic monitoring of glanders-infected horses by complement fixation test, bacterial isolation, and PCR. Vet Anim Sci 2020; 10:100147. [PMID: 33089006 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A modified PCR protocol improved the diagnostic sensibility for glanders. Horses with chronic glanders disease may show false negative serology results. The cold CFT is recommended in Brazilian equine health program. Burkholderia mallei isolation and detection were performed in São Paulo state, Brazil.
Glanders is an equine zoonosis caused by Burkholderia mallei that is responsible for considerable economic loss. Complement fixation testing (CFT) using warm or cold incubation are recommended by the OIE, but many routinely used detection tests may present misleading results. To increase accuracy of glanders diagnosis and establish an appropriate protocol in collaboration with the National Equine Health Program, seven horses positive for glanders kept in isolation in Brazil were examined fortnightly by CFT, microbiological screening, and molecular testing. Warm and cold serologies with USDA and c.c.Pro antigens, respectively, were performed on 132 samples using the US Department of Agriculture protocol. The warm and cold serologies showed, respectively,12.9% and 17.3% seroreactive, 85.7% and 65.2% non-reactive, 0.8% and 3% inconclusive, and 0% and 2.3% anticomplementary. The agreement of CFT protocols was moderate. Of 213 clinical samples submitted to selective culture (167 nasal swabs, 5 ocular swabs, 3 lymph node punctures, and 38 tissue samples from four horses that died), 1.9% tested positive for B. mallei. Fourteen samples and one nasal swab (7%) tested positive with PCR. Cold CFT with the USDA and c.c.Pro antigens, in combination with PCR to increase sensitivity, may be useful for diagnosis of chronic glanders.
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Laroucau K, Aaziz R, Vorimore F, Varghese K, Deshayes T, Bertin C, Delannoy S, Sami AM, Al Batel M, El Shorbagy M, Almutawaa KAW, Alanezi SJ, Alazemi YSN, Guernier-Cambert V, Wernery U. A genetic variant of Burkholderia mallei detected in Kuwait: Consequences for the PCR diagnosis of glanders. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:960-963. [PMID: 33245616 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glanders is a contagious zoonotic disease caused by Burkholderia mallei. Following the detection of glanders positive horses using the OIE complement fixation test, the tissues of two horses were analysed by PCR. While PCR systems targeting the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex gave positive signals, the species-specific PCR systems targeting B. mallei (fliP-IS407A) and B. pseudomallei (orf11)-the OIE recommended targets-resulted in negative signals. However, the presence of B. mallei in these tissues was confirmed with a recently described B. mallei-specific real-time PCR system and genotyping with MLST- and SNP-based methods, performed on the most positive tissue, identified a genotype closely related to B. mallei strains recently isolated in the Middle East. This study leads to recommendations regarding the use of PCR systems for the molecular diagnosis of glanders, especially in regions where the circulating B. mallei strains have not yet been fully genetically characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Laroucau
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Rachid Aaziz
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Koshy Varghese
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Thomas Deshayes
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claire Bertin
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European and OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Paris-Est University, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sabine Delannoy
- Food Research Laboratory, IdentyPath Platform, University Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Attia M Sami
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Maha Al Batel
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Mamdouh El Shorbagy
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Khaled A W Almutawaa
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Saad J Alanezi
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Yousef S N Alazemi
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Centre & Animal Health Department, Agriculture Affairs & Fish Resources Authority (PAAF), Kuwait
| | - Vanina Guernier-Cambert
- Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, OIE Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Erdemsurakh O, Purevdorj B, Ochirbat K, Adilbish A, Vanaabaatar B, Aoshima K, Kobayashi A, Kimura T. Pathological and Immunohistochemical Analyses of Naturally Occurring Equine Glanders Using an Anti-BpaB Antibody. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:807-811. [PMID: 32885748 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820953422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glanders is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia mallei. In this study, we investigated the histopathology and immunohistochemical localization of B. mallei in natural cases of equine glanders. Four horses showing clinical signs of nasal discharge and multiple cutaneous nodules or papulae in the hindlimbs and abdomen were reported in Mongolia. They tested positive for B. mallei infection on complement fixation, Rose Bengal agglutination, and mallein tests. Gross and histological lesions observed in these cases were similar to those previously reported in equine glanders. Immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody to B. mallei BpaB showed localization of the bacterial antigen in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, macrophages, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated giant cells in the pyogranulomas and abscesses in target organs. Some alveolar type II cells and bronchiolar epithelial cells also contained the antigen. These results suggest that the anti-BpaB antibody is useful for identifying B. mallei-infected cell types in naturally infected horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ochbayar Erdemsurakh
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 89290Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Baatarjargal Purevdorj
- Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Khurtsbaatar Ochirbat
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Altanchimeg Adilbish
- Laboratory of Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batbaatar Vanaabaatar
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Keisuke Aoshima
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 89290Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 89290Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 89290Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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28
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Singha H, Shanmugasundaram K, Saini S, Tripathi BN. Serological Survey of Humans Exposed to Burkholderia mallei-Infected Equids: A Public Health Approach. Asia Pac J Public Health 2020; 32:274-277. [PMID: 32583670 DOI: 10.1177/1010539520930500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glanders is a fatal bacterial infection of equids caused by Burkholderia mallei. The infection can be transmitted to humans through prolonged direct contact with glanderous equids. Recently, reemergence of equine glanders has been reported in many countries. To investigate zoonotic transmission of B mallei infection, sera were collected from 538 humans including equine handlers and veterinary professionals exposed to glanderous equids. Samples were tested by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and complement fixation test and found negative for B mallei-specific antibodies. Even though there was no incidence of human glanders during this survey period, occupational exposure will continue to remain a serious concern and a key risk factor. Therefore, we emphasize the need for intersectoral collaboration and coordination among veterinary, human, and public health authorities for continuous surveillance and monitoring of human glanders under one health concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harisankar Singha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | | | - Sheetal Saini
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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29
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Amemiya K, Zeng X, Bearss JJ, Cote CK, Soffler C, Bernhards RC, Dankmeyer JL, Ribot WJ, Trevino SR, Welkos SL, Worsham PL, Waag DM. Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy Was Used to Validate the Presence of Burkholderia Pseudomallei or B. Mallei in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded Tissues. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5020065. [PMID: 32365605 PMCID: PMC7345562 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei are Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria that cause melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Currently, there are no vaccines for these two diseases. Animal models have been developed to evaluate vaccines and therapeutics. Tissues from infected animals, however, must be fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin (FFPE) before analysis. A brownish staining material in infected tissues that represents the exopolysaccharide of the pathogen was seen by bright field microscopy but not the actual microorganism. Because of these results, FFPE tissue was examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) in an attempt to see the microorganism. Archival FFPE tissues were examined from ten mice, and five nonhuman primates after exposure to B. pseudomallei or B.mallei by LSCM. Additionally, a historical spleen biopsy from a human suspected of exposure to B. mallei was examined. B. pseudomallei was seen in many of the infected tissues from mice. Four out of five nonhuman primates were positive for the pathogen. In the human sample, B. mallei was seen in pyogranulomas in the spleen biopsy. Thus, the presence of the pathogen was validated by LSCM in murine, nonhuman primate, and human FFPE tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-619-2182
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Jeremy J. Bearss
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (X.Z.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Carl Soffler
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Robert C. Bernhards
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA;
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Wilson J. Ribot
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Sylvia R. Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
| | - David M. Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (C.K.C.); (C.S.); (J.L.D.); (W.J.R.); (S.R.T.); (S.L.W.); (P.L.W.); (D.M.W.)
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Abstract
Confirmation of glanders has not been possible in suspected cases submitted by field veterinarians, mainly due to the lack of diagnostic tools in Nepal. In view, however, of the re-emergence of glanders in India and the unrestricted migration of equines from there in to Nepal, an outbreak of Glanders in the short term is a distinct possibility. Such an event would affect the rural, marginalized community, and brick kiln industries. Therefore, due attention on the national epidemiological study and strengthened animal quarantine system with holding yards and laboratory backups are highly requested. Besides, the government's timely action on disease prevalence, monitoring, and disease reporting is utmost important besides widespread public awareness to prevent the entry and control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niran Adhikari
- Animal Health Training & Consultancy Services, Pokhara, Nepal
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31
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Moawad AA, Silge A, Bocklitz T, Fischer K, Rösch P, Roesler U, Elschner MC, Popp J, Neubauer H. A Machine Learning-Based Raman Spectroscopic Assay for the Identification of Burkholderia mallei and Related Species. Molecules 2019; 24:E4516. [PMID: 31835527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia (B.) mallei, the causative agent of glanders, and B. pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis in humans and animals, are genetically closely related. The high infectious potential of both organisms, their serological cross-reactivity, and similar clinical symptoms in human and animals make the differentiation from each other and other Burkholderia species challenging. The increased resistance against many antibiotics implies the need for fast and robust identification methods. The use of Raman microspectroscopy in microbial diagnostic has the potential for rapid and reliable identification. Single bacterial cells are directly probed and a broad range of phenotypic information is recorded, which is subsequently analyzed by machine learning methods. Burkholderia were handled under biosafety level 1 (BSL 1) conditions after heat inactivation. The clusters of the spectral phenotypes and the diagnostic relevance of the Burkholderia spp. were considered for an advanced hierarchical machine learning approach. The strain panel for training involved 12 B. mallei, 13 B. pseudomallei and 11 other Burkholderia spp. type strains. The combination of top- and sub-level classifier identified the mallei-complex with high sensitivities (>95%). The reliable identification of unknown B. mallei and B. pseudomallei strains highlighted the robustness of the machine learning-based Raman spectroscopic assay.
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32
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Tapia D, Sanchez-Villamil JI, Torres AG. Emerging role of biologics for the treatment of melioidosis and glanders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:1319-1332. [PMID: 31590578 PMCID: PMC6981286 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1677602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Two important pathogenic species within the genus Burkholderia, namely Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bpm) and Burkholderia mallei (Bm), are the causative agents of the life-threatening diseases melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Due to their high mortality rate and potential for aerosolization, they have gained interest as potential biothreat agents and are classified as Tier 1 Select Agents.Areas covered: The manuscript provides an overview of the literature covering the efforts taken in the last 10 years to develop new therapeutics measures against both Bpm and Bm, with attention on novel therapeutic agents.Expert Opinion: As a result of the complicated antibiotic regimens necessary to treat these infections, development of novel therapeutics is needed to treat both diseases. In recent years, the understanding of the pathogenesis of Burkholderia has improved significantly and so have the efforts to develop novel therapeutic agents with high efficacy, either alone, or in combination with conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tapia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Javier I. Sanchez-Villamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Aschenbroich SA, Lafontaine ER, Lopez MC, Baker HV, Hogan RJ. Transcriptome analysis of human monocytic cells infected with Burkholderia species and exploration of pentraxin-3 as part of the innate immune response against the organisms. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:127. [PMID: 31492148 PMCID: PMC6729079 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia mallei (Bm) is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen causing highly-fatal glanders in solipeds and humans. The ability of Bm to thrive intracellularly is thought to be related to exploitation of host immune response-related genes and pathways. Relatively little is known of the molecular strategies employed by this pathogen to modulate these pathways and evade intracellular killing. This manuscript seeks to fill gaps in the understanding of the interface between Bm and innate immunity by examining gene expression changes during infection of host monocytes. Methods The transcriptome of Bm-infected human Mono Mac-6 (MM6) monocytes was profiled on Affymetrix Human Transcriptome GeneChips 2.0. Gene expression changes in Bm-infected monocytes were compared to those of Burkholderia thailandensis (Bt)-infected monocytes and to uninfected monocytes. The resulting dataset was normalized using Robust Multichip Average and subjected to statistical analyses employing a univariate F test with a random variance model. Differentially expressed genes significant at p < 0.001 were subjected to leave-one-out cross-validation studies and 1st and 3rd nearest neighbor prediction model. Significant probe sets were used to populate human pathways in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, with statistical significance determined by Fisher’s exact test or z-score. Results The Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) pathway was represented among significantly enriched immune response-related human canonical pathways, with evidence of upregulation across both infections. Among members of this pathway, pentraxin-3 was significantly upregulated by Bm- or Bt-infected monocytes. Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) was demonstrated to bind to both Bt and Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp), but not Bm. Subsequent assays did not identify a role for PTX3 in potentiating complement-mediated lysis of Bt or in enhancing phagocytosis or replication of Bt in human monocytes. Conclusion We report on the novel binding of PTX3 to Bt and Bp, with lack of interaction with Bm, suggesting that a possible evasive mechanism by Bm warrants further exploration. We determined that (1) PTX3 may not play a role in activating the lytic pathway of complement in different bacterial species and that (2) the opsonophagocytic properties of PTX3 should be investigated in different primary or immortalized cell lines representing host phagocytes, given lack of binding of PTX3 to MM6 monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Aschenbroich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Maria Cecilia Lopez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Henry V Baker
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Shchit IY, Ignatov KB, Biketov SF. [Comparative analysis of LAMP and Real Time PCR methods to detect pathogens of glanders and meliodosis.]. Klin Lab Diagn 2019; 63:378-384. [PMID: 30702233 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2018-63-6-378-384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Results of detection of Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei DNA strains by LAMP (Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification) and Real Time PCR are shown. It has been revealed that, in Real Time PCR, primers steadily detected DNA of those microorganism for the sequences of which they were designed. The above mentioned primers did not detect DNA of heterologous strains. During LAMP method no set of primers showed high analytical sensitivity and specificity. Primers did not detected DNA of all the strains under research to target genes of which they were not intended, but they were capable of directing the synthesis of fragments of genes of heterologous strains. Furthermore, it was difficult to reach the same results during repeated experiments. Failures during LAMP may occur due to existence of GC-reach regions in Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei genomes and due to emergence of secondary structures in isothermical conditions. It is recommended to use Real Time PCR in order to detect pathogens, in case of such matrixes as Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei DNAs which are very complicated for LAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yu Shchit
- State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Russia
| | - K B Ignatov
- The Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology
| | - S F Biketov
- State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Obolensk, Russia
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Saxena A, Pal V, Tripathi NK, Goel AK. A real-time loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for molecular detection of Burkholderia mallei, the aetiological agent of a zoonotic and re-emerging disease glanders. Acta Trop 2019; 194:189-194. [PMID: 30958991 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei, a potential biological warfare agent, is the causative agent of an infectious, fatal, and zoonotic disease, called glanders. Accurate and early diagnosis of glanders is important to control the disease lethality and infection spread. Molecular detection of B. mallei is considered strenuous because B. mallei is a subtractive genomic clone of B. pseudomallei. The present study was aimed at development of a real-time LAMP assay for detection of B. mallei. The LAMP assay was highly sensitive and could detect ≥250 fg of genomic DNA of B. mallei and ≥100 copies of recombinant plasmid containing target DNA sequence. In artificially spiked blood and water samples, it could detect ≥2.1 × 103 and ≥4.73 × 102 CFU/mL of B. mallei, respectively. The assay was highly specific for B. mallei as none of the other bacteria used in the study tested positive. The reported LAMP assay being simple and rapid can be a viable alternative to PCR-based glanders diagnostic assays in glanders endemic regions with resource-limited settings.
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Yazdansetad S, Mosavari N, Tadayon K, Mehregan I. Development of an immunoblotting assay for serodiagnosis of Burkholderia mallei infection: the whole-cell proteome-based paradigm. Iran J Microbiol 2019; 11:232-238. [PMID: 31523407 PMCID: PMC6711873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Burkholderia mallei is the leading cause of glanders, a highly transmittable and an OIE-notifiable disease of equidae. Despite the importance of B. mallei, little is known about serodiagnosis of glanders. The present study aimed to develop an immunoblotting assay based on whole-cell proteome of B. mallei to enable accurate serodiagnosis of glanders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three farm horses were subcutaneously immunized with a crude suspension (106 cfu/ml) of heat-inactivated B. mallei formulated with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) to achieve a hyperimmune sera panel. The immunization was done for 1, 14 and 28 days with 1 dose of 1 ml antigen containing 106 cfu/ml. The hyperimmunity of sera was confirmed by CFT. B. mallei whole-cell proteome was prepared through sonication and the protein content was visualized by SDS-PAGE and quantified by Western blot using HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-horse IgG. A comprehensive set of positive and negative horse sera validated the test. RESULTS A ladder pattern of the B. mallei immunoreactive antigens was seen within the region of 20-90 kDa clearly and the immunoblot was scored positive, while no reaction was seen for the negative sera. The Western blot assay indicated a noticeably higher diagnostic specificity for positive or negative sera of glanders. CONCLUSION The whole-cell proteome-based immunoblot proved reliable and straightforward in our study. The prepared antigen was adaptable for application in immunoblotting. We assumed this improved immunoblotting system provides appropriate sensitivity and also specificity expected in serodiagnosis of glanders in endemic areas and typically in less-developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Yazdansetad
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Mosavari
- Department of Tuberculin and Mallein, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran,Corresponding author: Nader Mosavari, Ph.D, Department of Tuberculin and Mallein, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran. Tel: +98 912 261 1438, Fax: +98 26 34 55 2194,
| | - Keyvan Tadayon
- Department of Veterinary Aerobic Bacterial Vaccines, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Iraj Mehregan
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Chua J, Bozue JA, Klimko CP, Shoe JL, Ruiz SI, Jensen CL, Tobery SA, Crumpler JM, Chabot DJ, Quirk AV, Hunter M, Harbourt DE, Friedlander AM, Cote CK. Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde Inactivation of Bacterial Tier 1 Select Agents in Tissues. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:919-926. [PMID: 30681072 PMCID: PMC6478217 DOI: 10.3201/eid2505.180928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For safety, designated Select Agents in tissues must be inactivated and viability tested before the tissue undergoes further processing and analysis. In response to the shipping of samples of “inactivated” Bacillus anthracis that inadvertently contained live spores to nonregulated entities and partners worldwide, the Federal Register now mandates in-house validation of inactivation procedures and standardization of viability testing to detect live organisms in samples containing Select Agents that have undergone an inactivation process. We tested and validated formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde inactivation procedures for animal tissues infected with virulent B. anthracis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis. We confirmed that our fixation procedures for tissues containing these Tier 1 Select Agents resulted in complete inactivation and that our validated viability testing methods do not interfere with detection of live organisms. Institutions may use this work as a guide to develop and conduct their own testing to comply with the policy.
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Kinoshita Y, Cloutier AK, Rozak DA, Khan MSR, Niwa H, Uchida-Fujii E, Katayama Y, Tuanyok A. A novel selective medium for the isolation of Burkholderia mallei from equine specimens. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:133. [PMID: 31064357 PMCID: PMC6505306 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1874-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes glanders, a zoonotic disease, especially in equine populations (e.g. horses, donkeys, and mules). B. mallei usually grows slowly on most culture media, and this property makes it difficult to isolate from clinical specimens. One of the problems is that B. mallei is easily overgrown by other bacteria, especially in animal specimens collected from non-sterile sites. The aim of this study was to develop a new selective agar for the laboratory diagnosis of glanders. We formulated a new agar, named BM agar, to enrich B. mallei growth, but inhibit the growth of other bacteria and fungi based on their antimicrobial profiles. We compared the growth of B. mallei on BM with Xie's and PC agars, the two previously described selective agars for B. mallei. RESULTS BM agar could sufficiently grow almost all of the tested B. mallei strains within 72 h: only one out of the 38 strains grew scantly after 72 h of incubation. BM agar was further tested with other Burkholderia species and various bacterial species commonly found in the nasal cavities and on the skin of horses. We have found that other Burkholderia species including B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis can grow on BM agar, but non-Burkholderia species cannot. Furthermore, the specificities of the three selective agars were tested with or without spiking B. mallei culture into clinical specimens of non-sterile sites collected from healthy horses. The results showed that BM agar inhibited growths of fungi and other bacterial species better than PC and Xie's agars. We have also found that growth of B. mallei on BM agar was equivalent to that on 5% horse blood agar and was significantly greater than those on the other two agars (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We believe that BM agar can be used to efficiently isolate B. mallei from mixed samples such as those typically collected from horses and other contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kinoshita
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Ashley K Cloutier
- Unified Culture Collection, Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
| | - David A Rozak
- Unified Culture Collection, Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702-5011, USA
| | - Md S R Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Eri Uchida-Fujii
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Katayama
- Microbiology Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0412, Japan
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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Karimi A, Mosavari N. Development of Rose Bengal test against mallein test for rapid diagnosis of equine glanders. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1969-74. [PMID: 31041722 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Burkholderia mallei, the etiologic agent of the disease known as glanders. Clinical and bacteriological diagnosis of glanders is difficult in the early stages of the disease. Currently, mallein (allergic hypersensitivity test) is used for the diagnosis of glanders. The mallein test requires an experienced laboratory person and lasts 48 h. Therefore, in order to quickly diagnose the disease, especially in areas (such as the borders of the country) that cannot be kept animals, new methods should be used to identify the disease. The Rose Bengal is a serological diagnostic test and has been recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). In this study, the Rose Bengal test (RBT) was evaluated for the diagnosis of equine glanders, and its diagnostic was compared with mallein test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sera from 70 naturally infected culture-positive horses, 3 equines that were sensitized by injecting antigen and 110 healthy equines were tested. Specificity and sensitivity of RBT and mallein test when testing culture-positive equines were calculated. RESULTS Diagnosis of glanders with both methods yield the same results, but Rose Bengal test is much faster than mallein test for diagnosis of equine glanders. CONCLUSION By comparative RBT with mallein test, it can be considered, RBT test has been used for rapid detection of glanders with features such as, ease of use and can be applicable without specialized equipment and trained personnel. Because the RBT is simpler and rapid to perform, the inclusion of the test as a supplementary test for the diagnosis of glanders in field conditions is recommended.
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Saikh KU, Dankmeyer JL, Zeng X, Ulrich RG, Amemiya K. An increase in intracellular p62/NBR1 and persistence of Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei in infected mice linked to autophagy deficiency. Immun Inflamm Dis 2018; 7:7-21. [PMID: 30569531 PMCID: PMC6416765 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Burkholderia mallei (B. mallei) and Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei), causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, respectively, are invasive intracellular pathogens that actively multiply in phagocytic and non‐phagocytic cells. Activation of cell‐autonomous autophagy mechanism eliminate intracellular pathogens in which p62 a cytosolic cargo protein is selectively degraded, and an accumulation of this marker occurs if autophagy is deficient. Recurrent, relapsed and reinfection of B. pseudomallei in melioidosis patients in endemic area indicative of lack of complete of clearance and persistence of the pathogen. Reasoning that abundance in the levels of p62 may provide an indication of the intracellular infection, we sought to examine whether increase in intracellular p62 and bacterial burden with Burkholderia infection are linked to autophagy deficiency. Methods In this study, we investigated cell culture and mouse models of disease to identify an association between autophagy biomarkers (p62/NBR1) accumulation and intracellular persistence of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei. Results We demonstrate, that elevated levels of intracellular p62/NBR1 correlated with bacterial persistence, while pre‐treatment with a pharmacological inducer of autophagy, rapamycin, reduced both intracellular p62, and bacterial survival. Our results showed an elevated p62 levels (2‐5 fold) in spleen and liver cells of Burkholderia‐infected BALB/c mice, as well as in spleen cells of Burkholderia‐infected C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that an increase in p62/NBR1 was due to an autophagy deficiency. Similar to p62, cytosolic LC3‐I levels were also elevated, while the characteristic conversion to the autophagosome‐associated membrane bound form LC3‐II was low in spleens of the infected mice further supporting the conclusion that autophagy was deficient. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest that an increase in intracellular p62/NBR1 may be a potential host cell biomarker of B. mallei or B. pseudomallei infections, and identifying autophagy manipulation may potentially aid to therapeutic approach for complete clearance of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal U Saikh
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Dankmeyer
- Department of Bacteriology, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert G Ulrich
- Department of Immunology, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Department of Bacteriology, Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Any one of thousands of different microorganisms that affect the health and safety of the world's populations of humans, animals and plants could potentially be weaponised; that is undergo research and development whose aim is to create species or strains that could serve as deadly payloads for spray systems, bombs, rockets or missiles. However, many historical studies of warfare have made it clear that only a few species of bacteria and viruses have been weaponised. As is made clear in this paper, of the pathogens weaponised in the 20th century by Japan, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), the United States and Iraq, most were zoonotic pathogens. If a nation or terrorist group were to acquire biological weapons in the future, it is most likely that their payload would be a zoonotic pathogen.
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Girault G, Wattiau P, Saqib M, Martin B, Vorimore F, Singha H, Engelsma M, Roest HJ, Spicic S, Grunow R, Vicari N, De Keersmaecker SCJ, Roosens NHC, Fabbi M, Tripathi BN, Zientara S, Madani N, Laroucau K. High-resolution melting PCR analysis for rapid genotyping of Burkholderia mallei. Infect Genet Evol 2018; 63:1-4. [PMID: 29751195 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia (B.) mallei is the causative agent of glanders. A previous work conducted on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) extracted from the whole genome sequences of 45 B. mallei isolates identified 3 lineages for this species. In this study, we designed a high-resolution melting (HRM) method for the screening of 15 phylogenetically informative SNPs within the genome of B. mallei that subtype the species into 3 lineages and 12 branches/sub-branches/groups. The present results demonstrate that SNP-based genotyping represent an interesting approach for the molecular epidemiology analysis of B. mallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Girault
- Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases/Glanders, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - P Wattiau
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, CODA-CERVA (Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre), Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Saqib
- University of agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - B Martin
- Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases/Glanders, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - F Vorimore
- Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases/Glanders, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - H Singha
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - M Engelsma
- WageningenBioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - H J Roest
- WageningenBioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - S Spicic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Laboratory for Bacterial Zoonoses and Molecular Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - R Grunow
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Vicari
- IstitutoZooprofilatticoSperimentaledellaLombardia e dell'EmiliaRomagna "Bruno Ubertini", Pavia, Italy
| | - S C J De Keersmaecker
- Platform Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N H C Roosens
- Platform Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Fabbi
- IstitutoZooprofilatticoSperimentaledellaLombardia e dell'EmiliaRomagna "Bruno Ubertini", Pavia, Italy
| | - B N Tripathi
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - S Zientara
- Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases/Glanders, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - N Madani
- Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases/Glanders, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - K Laroucau
- Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, European Union Reference Laboratory for Equine Diseases/Glanders, Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Baker SM, Davitt CJH, Motyka N, Kikendall NL, Russell-Lodrigue K, Roy CJ, Morici LA. A Burkholderia pseudomallei Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine Provides Cross Protection against Inhalational Glanders in Mice and Non-Human Primates. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:E49. [PMID: 29232837 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is a Gram-negative, non-motile, facultative intracellular bacillus and the causative agent of glanders, a highly contagious zoonotic disease. B. mallei is naturally resistant to multiple antibiotics and there is concern for its potential use as a bioweapon, making the development of a vaccine against B. mallei of critical importance. We have previously demonstrated that immunization with multivalent outer membrane vesicles (OMV) derived from B. pseudomallei provide significant protection against pneumonic melioidosis. Given that many virulence determinants are highly conserved between the two species, we sought to determine if the B. pseudomallei OMV vaccine could cross-protect against B. mallei. We immunized C57Bl/6 mice and rhesus macaques with B. pseudomallei OMVs and subsequently challenged animals with aerosolized B. mallei. Immunization with B. pseudomallei OMVs significantly protected mice against B. mallei and the protection observed was comparable to that achieved with a live attenuated vaccine. OMV immunization induced the production of B.mallei-specific serum IgG and a mixed Th1/Th17 CD4 and CD8 T cell response in mice. Additionally, immunization of rhesus macaques with B. pseudomallei OMVs provided protection against glanders and induced B.mallei-specific serum IgG in non-human primates. These results demonstrate the ability of the multivalent OMV vaccine platform to elicit cross-protection against closely-related intracellular pathogens and to induce robust humoral and cellular immune responses against shared protective antigens.
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Ghori MT, Khan MS, Khan JA, Rabbani M, Shabbir MZ, Chaudhry HR, Ali MA, Muhammad J, Elschner MC, Jayarao BM. Seroprevalence and risk factors of glanders in working equines - Findings of a cross-sectional study in Punjab province of Pakistan. Acta Trop 2017; 176:134-139. [PMID: 28760480 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glanders is an infectious and contagious bacterial disease of equines. A little is known about its seroprevalence and risk factors in working equines in countries where the disease is endemic. Also, there are no reports on prevalence of the disease in areas where there is a prior evidence of Burkholderia (B.) mallei detection in soil. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected districts (n=09) of Punjab province of Pakistan during 2014-2015. A total of 1008 serum samples were screened for detection of antibodies to B. mallei with complement fixation test followed by western blot. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 3.17% (95% CI: 2.25-4.44). The seropositivity was significantly higher from the sampling sites where B. mallei was detected in soil [OR: 10.66 (95% CI: 4.42-31.66), p=0.00]. Other risk factors significantly associated with animal seropositivity were: age group [OR: 1.78 (95% CI: 4.58-15.56), p=0.00], location in urban area [OR: 2.99 (95% CI: 1.46-6.51), p=0.00],body condition [OR: 3.47 (95% CI: 1.64-7.99), p=0.00], presence of farcy lesion[OR: 7.71 (95% CI: 3.47-19.50), p=0.00], proximity to water bodies [OR: 7.71 (95% CI: 3.47-19.50), p=0.00]; domestic animal population [OR: 3.20 (95% CI: 1.24-10.87), p=0.03] and number of households in sampling area [OR: 4.18 (95%CI: 1.82-11.30), p=0.00]. The study provides an estimate of prevalence of glanders and a potential link between animal seropositivity and presence of B. mallei in soil. The risk factors identified in this study can be used in surveillance and disease awareness. The high prevalence of disease in draught horses and contact of infected animals with their care-takers in developing countries signify need to initiate progressive control of the disease using one health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jawaria Ali Khan
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Rabbani
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Asad Ali
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Javed Muhammad
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mandy Carolina Elschner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Str. 96a 07743, Jena, Germany
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45
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Zimmerman SM, Long ME, Dyke JS, Jelesijevic TP, Michel F, Lafontaine ER, Hogan RJ. Use of Immunohistochemistry to Demonstrate In Vivo Expression of the Burkholderia mallei Virulence Factor BpaB During Experimental Glanders. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:258-267. [PMID: 29145795 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817736113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei causes the highly contagious and debilitating zoonosis glanders, which infects via inhalation or percutaneous inoculation and often culminates in life-threatening pneumonia and sepsis. In humans, glanders is difficult to diagnose and requires prolonged antibiotic therapy with low success rates. No vaccine exists to protect against B. mallei, and there is concern regarding its use as a bioweapon. The authors previously identified the protein BpaB as a potential target for devising therapies due to its role in adherence to host cells and the formation of biofilms in vitro and its contribution to pathogenicity in a mouse model of glanders. In the present study, the authors developed an immunostaining approach to probe tissues of experimentally infected animals and demonstrated that BpaB is produced exclusively in vivo by wild-type B. mallei in target organs from mice and marmosets. They detected the expression of BpaB by B. mallei both extracellularly and within macrophages, neutrophils, and epithelial cells in respiratory tissues (7/10 marmoset; 2/2 mouse). The authors also noted the intracellular expression of BpaB by B. mallei in macrophages in the regional lymph nodes of mice (2/2 tissues) and MALT of marmosets (4/5 tissues). It is interesting that B. mallei bacteria infecting distal organs did not express BpaB (2/2 mice; 3/3 marmosets), suggesting that the protein is not necessary for bacterial fitness in these anatomic locations. These findings underscore the value of BpaB as a target for developing medical countermeasures and provide insight into its role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Zimmerman
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mackenzie E Long
- 2 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy S Dyke
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tomislav P Jelesijevic
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Frank Michel
- 3 Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Hogan
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA.,3 Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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Abstract
Purpose of review Burkholderia pseudomallei's and Burkholderia mallei's high rate of infectivity, limited treatment options, and potential use as biological warfare agents underscore the need for development of effective vaccines against these bacteria. Research efforts focused on vaccines against these bacteria are in pre-clinical stages, with no approved formulations currently on the market. Recent findings Several live attenuated and subunit vaccine formulations have been evaluated in animal studies, with no reports of significant long term survival after lethal challenge. Summary This review encompasses the most current vaccine strategies to prevent B. pseudomallei and B. mallei infections while providing insight for successful vaccines moving forward.
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47
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Dohre SK, Kamthan A, Singh S, Alam SI, Kumar S. Identification of a new diagnostic antigen for glanders using immunoproteome analysis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 53:26-32. [PMID: 28750864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glanders is a disease of horses, donkeys and mules. The causative agent Burkholderia mallei, is a biorisk group 3 pathogen and is also a biothreat agent. Simple and rapid diagnostic tool is essential for control of glanders. Using a proteomic approach and immunoblotting with equine sera, we identified 12 protein antigens that may have diagnostic potential. Various immunoreactive proteins e.g. GroEL, translation elongation factor Tu, elongation factor Ts, arginine deiminase, malate dehydrogenase, DNA directed RNA polymerase subunit alpha were identified on 2-dimentional immunoblots. One of these proteins, GroEL, was cloned and expressed in E. coli and purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The recombinant GroEL protein was evaluated in ELISA format on a panel of glanders positive (n=49) and negative (n=79) equine serum samples to determine its diagnostic potential. The developed ELISA had a sensitivity and specificity of 96 and 98.7% respectively. The results of this study highlight the potential of GroEL in serodiagnosis of glanders.
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48
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Pal V, Saxena A, Singh S, Goel AK, Kumar JS, Parida MM, Rai GP. Development of a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Burkholderia mallei. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017. [PMID: 28649808 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is the aetiological agent of glanders, a highly contagious and re-emerging zoonotic disease. Early diagnosis of glanders is critically important to ensure timely treatment with appropriate antibiotics in humans, and to prevent spread of infection in animals. Molecular detection of B. mallei has always been troublesome because of its genetic similarity with Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis. In present investigation, a set of six B. mallei-specific primers were designed and a simple, rapid, specific and sensitive real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for detection of B. mallei. The LAMP assay could detect as low as 1 pg of B. mallei genomic DNA and 5.5 × 103 CFU/ml of B. mallei in spiked human blood. The assay was highly specific for B. mallei as it did not cross-react with other bacterial strains used in the study. The established LAMP assay is field adaptable and can be a better and viable alternative to PCR-based techniques for detection of B. mallei in glanders endemic areas with resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pal
- Microbiology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - A Saxena
- Microbiology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - S Singh
- Microbiology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - A K Goel
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - J S Kumar
- Virology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - M M Parida
- Virology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - G P Rai
- Microbiology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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49
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Edler C, Derschum H, Köhler M, Neubauer H, Frickmann H, Hagen RM. Comparison of Mast Burkholderia Cepacia, Ashdown + Gentamicin, and Burkholderia Pseudomallei Selective Agar for the Selective Growth of Burkholderia Spp. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2017; 7:15-36. [PMID: 28386468 PMCID: PMC5372478 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2016.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable identification of pathogenic Burkholderia spp. like Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei in clinical samples is desirable. Three different selective media were assessed for reliability and selectivity with various Burkholderia spp. and nontarget organisms. Mast Burkholderia cepacia agar, Ashdown + gentamicin agar, and B. pseudomallei selective agar were compared. A panel of 116 reference strains and well-characterized clinical isolates, comprising 30 B. pseudomallei, 20 B. mallei, 18 other Burkholderia spp., and 48 nontarget organisms, was used for this assessment. While all B. pseudomallei strains grew on all three tested selective agars, the other Burkholderia spp. showed a diverse growth pattern. Nontarget organisms, i.e., nonfermentative rod-shaped bacteria, other species, and yeasts, grew on all selective agars. Colony morphology did not allow unambiguous discrimination. While the assessed selective media reliably allowed the growth of a wide range of B. pseudomallei strains, growth of other Burkholderia spp. is only partially ensured. Growth of various nontarget organisms has to be considered. Therefore, the assessed media can only be used in combination with other confirmative tests in the diagnostic procedure for the screening for melioidosis or glanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Edler
- Department of Dermatology, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henri Derschum
- CBRN Defence, Safety and Environmental Protection School, Science Division
| | | | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Jena, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Matthias Hagen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Bundeswehr Medical Academy , Munich, Germany
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50
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Memišević V, Kumar K, Zavaljevski N, DeShazer D, Wallqvist A, Reifman J. DBSecSys 2.0: a database of Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei secretion systems. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17:387. [PMID: 27650316 PMCID: PMC5029111 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1242-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei are the causative agents of glanders and melioidosis, respectively, diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates. B. mallei and B. pseudomallei are closely related genetically; B. mallei evolved from an ancestral strain of B. pseudomallei by genome reduction and adaptation to an obligate intracellular lifestyle. Although these two bacteria cause different diseases, they share multiple virulence factors, including bacterial secretion systems, which represent key components of bacterial pathogenicity. Despite recent progress, the secretion system proteins for B. mallei and B. pseudomallei, their pathogenic mechanisms of action, and host factors are not well characterized. Results We previously developed a manually curated database, DBSecSys, of bacterial secretion system proteins for B. mallei. Here, we report an expansion of the database with corresponding information about B. pseudomallei. DBSecSys 2.0 contains comprehensive literature-based and computationally derived information about B. mallei ATCC 23344 and literature-based and computationally derived information about B. pseudomallei K96243. The database contains updated information for 163 B. mallei proteins from the previous database and 61 additional B. mallei proteins, and new information for 281 B. pseudomallei proteins associated with 5 secretion systems, their 1,633 human- and murine-interacting targets, and 2,400 host-B. mallei interactions and 2,286 host-B. pseudomallei interactions. The database also includes information about 13 pathogenic mechanisms of action for B. mallei and B. pseudomallei secretion system proteins inferred from the available literature or computationally. Additionally, DBSecSys 2.0 provides details about 82 virulence attenuation experiments for 52 B. mallei secretion system proteins and 98 virulence attenuation experiments for 61 B. pseudomallei secretion system proteins. We updated the Web interface and data access layer to speed-up users’ search of detailed information for orthologous proteins related to secretion systems of the two pathogens. Conclusions The updates of DBSecSys 2.0 provide unique capabilities to access comprehensive information about secretion systems of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei. They enable studies and comparisons of corresponding proteins of these two closely related pathogens and their host-interacting partners. The database is available at http://dbsecsys.bhsai.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Memišević
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nela Zavaljevski
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David DeShazer
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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