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Grause JF, Elschner MC, Ledesma NA, Murphy G. Development and validation of a chemiluminescent western blot assay for glanders ( Burkholderia mallei) serodetection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:283-286. [PMID: 38426457 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241230292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glanders, caused by Burkholderia mallei, is a zoonotic disease of equids. Serologic testing for glanders is required by disease-free countries before international movement of equids. The World Organisation for Animal Health Terrestrial Manual recommends the complement fixation test (CFT) for clearance of individual animals for movement, but the CFT is prone to false-positive results. A colorimetric western blot (WB) assay was developed and validated to resolve false-positive CFT results; however, that assay is relatively time-consuming, and the interpretation is subjective. We present here a procedurally similar chemiluminescent WB assay that performs comparably to the validated colorimetric WB assay and offers noticeable benefits of decreased time-to-result and greater ease of interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita F Grause
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mandy C Elschner
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicholas A Ledesma
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Gleeson Murphy
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
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Moura RDC, de Oliveira FA, Bezerra DDO, Pinheiro REE, Sfaciotte RAP, Fonteque JH, Ferraz SM, de Oliveira RP, Scheeren VFDC, Schwarz DGG. Spread analysis of glanders in the state of Piauí, northeastern Brazil. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 105:102122. [PMID: 38219337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Brazil is strategic in controlling neglected zoonoses, such as glanders, in its territory. Among the Brazilian states, Piauí is a strategic state for the spread of the disease in the country. The present study aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of official cases of glanders in Piauí between 2015 and 2022. The glanders cases were located in the municipalities of the north and central-north mesoregions, mainly in Campo Maior, Teresina and Altos. The highest incidence risk (IR) occurred in of Altos (IR = 257.9), Sussuapara (IR = 158.4), and Teresina (IR = 157.7). A primary cluster was formed with a relative risk of 14.88 between 2019 and 2022, encompassing 34 municipalities in the north and central-north regions. In Piauí, glanders is well localized, with the potential for spread across borders. This is the first study demonstrating the distribution of reported cases of glanders in the state of Piauí.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roselma de Carvalho Moura
- Graduate Program in Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest (PPGTAIR), Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Francisco Alyson de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest (PPGTAIR), Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Dayseanny de Oliveira Bezerra
- Graduate Program in Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest (PPGTAIR), Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Raizza Eveline Escórcio Pinheiro
- Graduate Program in Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest (PPGTAIR), Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Antônio Pilegi Sfaciotte
- Veterinary Department, Agroveterinary Science Center, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Joandes Henrique Fonteque
- Veterinary Department, Agroveterinary Science Center, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Ferraz
- Veterinary Department, Agroveterinary Science Center, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Raylson Pereira de Oliveira
- Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Verônica Flores da Cunha Scheeren
- Veterinary Department, Agroveterinary Science Center, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - David Germano Gonçalves Schwarz
- Graduate Program in Technologies Applied to Animals of Regional Interest (PPGTAIR), Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil; Veterinary Department, Agroveterinary Science Center, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Hermanns T, Uthoff M, Baumann U, Hofmann K. The structural basis for deubiquitination by the fingerless USP-type effector TssM. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302422. [PMID: 38170641 PMCID: PMC10719079 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria are threatened by ubiquitin-mediated autophagy, whenever the bacterial surface or enclosing membrane structures become targets of host ubiquitin ligases. As a countermeasure, many intracellular pathogens encode deubiquitinase (DUB) effectors to keep their surfaces free of ubiquitin. Most bacterial DUBs belong to the OTU or CE-clan families. The betaproteobacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei, causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively, encode the TssM effector, the only known bacterial DUB belonging to the USP class. TssM is much shorter than typical eukaryotic USP enzymes and lacks the canonical ubiquitin-recognition region. By solving the crystal structures of isolated TssM and its complex with ubiquitin, we found that TssM lacks the entire "Fingers" subdomain of the USP fold. Instead, the TssM family has evolved the functionally analog "Littlefinger" loop, which is located towards the end of the USP domain and recognizes different ubiquitin interfaces than those used by USPs. The structures revealed the presence of an N-terminal immunoglobulin-fold domain, which is able to form a strand-exchange dimer and might mediate TssM localization to the bacterial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hermanns
- https://ror.org/00rcxh774 Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Uthoff
- https://ror.org/00rcxh774 Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- https://ror.org/00rcxh774 Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kay Hofmann
- https://ror.org/00rcxh774 Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Kesterson AE, Craig JE, Chuvala LJ, Heine HS. Validated Methods for Removing Select Agent Samples from Biosafety Level 3 Laboratories. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2586-2590. [PMID: 33079040 PMCID: PMC7588557 DOI: 10.3201/eid2611.191630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Federal Select Agent Program dictates that all research entities in the United States must rigorously assess laboratory protocols to sterilize samples being removed from containment areas. We validated procedures using sterile filtration and methanol to remove the following select agents: Francisella tularensis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, B. mallei, Yersinia pestis, and Bacillus anthracis. We validated methanol treatment for B. pseudomallei. These validations reaffirm safety protocols that enable researchers to keep samples sufficiently intact when samples are transferred between laboratories.
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Tapia D, Sanchez-Villamil JI, Torres AG. Emerging role of biologics for the treatment of melioidosis and glanders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:1319-1332. [PMID: 31590578 PMCID: PMC6981286 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1677602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Two important pathogenic species within the genus Burkholderia, namely Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bpm) and Burkholderia mallei (Bm), are the causative agents of the life-threatening diseases melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Due to their high mortality rate and potential for aerosolization, they have gained interest as potential biothreat agents and are classified as Tier 1 Select Agents.Areas covered: The manuscript provides an overview of the literature covering the efforts taken in the last 10 years to develop new therapeutics measures against both Bpm and Bm, with attention on novel therapeutic agents.Expert Opinion: As a result of the complicated antibiotic regimens necessary to treat these infections, development of novel therapeutics is needed to treat both diseases. In recent years, the understanding of the pathogenesis of Burkholderia has improved significantly and so have the efforts to develop novel therapeutic agents with high efficacy, either alone, or in combination with conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tapia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Javier I. Sanchez-Villamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Elschner MC, Laroucau K, Singha H, Tripathi BN, Saqib M, Gardner I, Saini S, Kumar S, El-Adawy H, Melzer F, Khan I, Malik P, Sauter-Louis C, Neubauer H. Evaluation of the comparative accuracy of the complement fixation test, Western blot and five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of glanders. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214963. [PMID: 30951554 PMCID: PMC6450644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glanders is a zoonotic contagious disease of equids caused by Burkholderia (B.) mallei. Serodiagnosis of the disease is challenging because of false-positive and false-negative test results. The accuracy of the complement fixation test (CFT) which is prescribed for international trade by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), five ELISAs and a Western blot (WB) were compared for serodiagnosis of glanders using sera from 3,000 glanders-free and 254 glanderous equids. Four ELISA tests are based on recombinant antigens (TssA, TssB, BimA and Hcp1), the IDVet ELISA is based on a semi-purified fraction of B. mallei and WB makes use of a purified LPS-containing B. mallei-antigen. Sensitivity and specificity of tests were estimated using cut-off values recommended by the test developers. The WB and all ELISAs, except BimA, were significantly more specific than the CFT. ELISAs based on TssA, TssB, and BimA antigens had significantly lower sensitivity compared to CFT while the sensitivities of the Hcp1-ELISA, the IDVet-ELISA and the WB did not differ significantly from that of the CFT. Given their comparable sensitivities and specificities, the CFT (98.0%, 96.4%), the WB (96.8%, 99.4%), the Hcp1-ELISA (95.3%, 99.6%) and the IDVet-ELISA (92.5%, 99.5%) should be further developed to meet OIE requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Carolina Elschner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Karine Laroucau
- Paris Est University, Animal Health Laboratory, EU-Reference Laboratory for Glanders, Maisons Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Harisankar Singha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research—National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | | | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ian Gardner
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, UPEI, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Sheetal Saini
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research—National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Microbiology Division, Gwalior, India
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Iahtasham Khan
- Section of Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Praveen Malik
- Chaudhary Charan Singh, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Baghpat, India
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
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Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively. There is no vaccine to protect against these highly pathogenic bacteria, and there is concern regarding their emergence as global public health (B. pseudomallei) and biosecurity (B. mallei) threats. In this issue of mSphere, an article by Khakhum and colleagues (N. Khakhum, P. Bharaj, J. N. Myers, D. Tapia, et al., mSphere 4:e00570-18, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00570-18) describes a novel vaccination platform with excellent potential for cross-protection against both Burkholderia species. The report also highlights the importance of antibodies in immunity against these facultative intracellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Dance DAB, Limmathurotsakul D, Currie BJ. Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory-a Response from the Front Line. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:980-982. [PMID: 28232503 PMCID: PMC5328468 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02378-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David A B Dance
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bart J Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
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Bondareva TA, Borisevich IV, Kalininskiĭ VB, Bondarev VP, Fomenkov OO. [Study of efficacy of modern fluoroquinolones against agent of glanders in experiments in vivo]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2009:10-13. [PMID: 19623715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM Efficacy of modern fluoroquinolones for urgent prophylaxis and treatment of experimental glanders was studied. In experiments on laboratory animals in vivo, it was shown that sparfloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin were highly effective for urgent prophylaxis and treatment of glanders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Golden hamsters of both sexes, with weight 80 - 100 g, were inoculated with 100 LD50 of 48-hour agar culture of Burkholderia mallei (strain ts-5). Commercial preparations of 2 - 4th generations of fluoroquinolones: sparfloxacin (Sparflo, India), gemifloxacin (Faktiv, Russia), moxifloxacin (Avelox, Germany), pefloxacin (Abactal, Slovenia), levofloxacin (Eleflox, India), lomefloxacin (Lomeflox, India), ofloxacin (Russia). Urgent prophylaxis started 3 hours after inoculation with duration of 10 days, whereas treatment started 24 hours after inoculation with duration of 15 days. Daily dose of pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, of loxacin was divided on 2 parts, which were administered with 12-hour interval; other drugswere administered once a day. RESULTS All studied drugs, excluding lomefloxacin, were highly effective for urgent prophylaxis and treatment of experimental glanders and provided 80 - 100% protection. CONCLUSION Third-fourth generations of fluoroquinolones: sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin were highly effective against agent of glanders in in vivo experiments. They are promising drugs for the development of schemes for urgent prophylaxis and treatment of glanders in humans.
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Abstract
Treatment with an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) containing CPG motifs (CpG ODN 7909) was found to protect BALB/c mice from lung infection or death after aerosol challenge with Burkholderia mallei. Protection was associated with enhanced levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-inducible protein 10, interleukin-12 (IL-12), IFN-gamma, and IL-6. Preexposure therapy with CpG ODNs may protect victims of a biological attack from glanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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Abstract
USED FOR WARFARE: Bioterrorism is a perfectly foreseeable eventuality. It is defined by the international use, or menace of use, of living organisms whatever their nature, or of substances derived from these organisms, aimed at provoking a disease or the death of human beings, animals or plants. UPDATED COUNTERACTING STRATEGIES: More than 180 infectious agents could be used for terrorist ends. The recent events in the dawn of this twenty-first century have reactivated and notably updated the strategies to counteract such an event. Clinical and therapeutic guidelines have been circulated in many countries. INFECTIONS THAT REQUIRE RECOGNITION: The role of practitioners in the rapid recognition of bioterrorism-related infections is crucial. Hence, updated knowledge on these potentially emerging or reemerging infections is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bossi
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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Lever MS, Nelson M, Ireland PI, Stagg AJ, Beedham RJ, Hall GA, Knight G, Titball RW. Experimental aerogenic Burkholderia mallei (glanders) infection in the BALB/c mouse. J Med Microbiol 2004; 52:1109-1115. [PMID: 14614070 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The object of this study was to develop and characterize experimental Burkholderia mallei aerosol infection in BALB/c mice. Sixty-five mice were infected with 5000 [approx. 2.5 median lethal doses (MLD)] B. mallei strain ATCC 23344(T) bacteria by the aerosol route. Bacterial counts within lung, liver, spleen, brain, kidney and blood over 14 days were determined and histopathological and immunocytochemical profiles were assessed. Mortality due to B. mallei infection occurred between days 4 and 10 post-infection. Bacterial numbers were consistently higher in the lungs than in other tissues, reaching a maximum of approximately 1.0 x 10(6) c.f.u. ml(-1) at 5 days post-infection. Bacterial counts in liver and spleen tissue remained approximately equal, reaching a maximum of approximately 1.0 x 10(4) c.f.u. ml(-1) at day 4 post-infection. By day 14 post-infection, bacterial counts were in the range 1.0 x 10(3)-1.0 x 10(4) c.f.u. ml(-1) for all tissues. Infection of the lungs by B. mallei resulted in foci of acute inflammation and necrosis. As infection progressed, the inflammatory process became subacute or chronic; this was associated with the development of extensive consolidation. Lesions in liver and spleen tissue were typical of those that might be expected in bacteraemia or bacterial toxaemia. These results suggest that the BALB/c mouse is susceptible to B. mallei when delivered by the aerosol route and that this represents a model system of acute human glanders that is suitable for research into the pathogenesis of and vaccines against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stephen Lever
- DSTL Biomedical Sciences1 and CAMR2, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Michelle Nelson
- DSTL Biomedical Sciences1 and CAMR2, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Philip I Ireland
- DSTL Biomedical Sciences1 and CAMR2, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Anthony J Stagg
- DSTL Biomedical Sciences1 and CAMR2, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Richard J Beedham
- DSTL Biomedical Sciences1 and CAMR2, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Graham A Hall
- DSTL Biomedical Sciences1 and CAMR2, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Georgina Knight
- DSTL Biomedical Sciences1 and CAMR2, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Richard W Titball
- DSTL Biomedical Sciences1 and CAMR2, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
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STEEL KJ, COWAN ST. [THE LINK OF BACTERIUM ANITRATUM, MORAXELLA LWOFFI, BACILLUS MALLEI AND HAEMOPHILUS PARAPERTUSSIS TO THE ACINETOBACTER BRISOU AND PR'EVOT GENUS]. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1964; 106:479-83. [PMID: 14141566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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CHAMBON L, FOURNIER J. [Antigenic properties of Malleomyces pseudo-mallei. I. Morphological, cultural, biochemical characteristics and variations of immunological type]. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1956; 91:355-62. [PMID: 13363030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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VAZ JM. [Malleomyces mallei]. Port Med 1956; 40:459-74. [PMID: 13388916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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CRAVITZ L, MILLER WR. Immunologic Studies with Malleomyces Mallei and Malleomyces Pseudomallei. I. Serological Relationships between M. Mallei and M. Pseudomallei. J Infect Dis 1950; 86:46-51. [PMID: 15402290 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/86.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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CRAVITZ L, MILLER WR. Immunologic Studies with Malleomyces Mallei and Malleomyces Pseudomallei. II. Agglutination and Complement Fixation Tests in Man and Laboratory Animals. J Infect Dis 1950; 86:52-62. [PMID: 15402291 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/86.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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