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Khakhum N, Bharaj P, Myers JN, Tapia D, Walker DH, Endsley JJ, Torres AG. Evaluation of Burkholderia mallei ΔtonB Δhcp1 (CLH001) as a live attenuated vaccine in murine models of glanders and melioidosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007578. [PMID: 31306423 PMCID: PMC6658008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glanders caused by Burkholderia mallei is a re-emerging zoonotic disease affecting solipeds and humans. Furthermore, B. mallei is genetically related to B. pseudomallei, which is the causative agent of melioidosis. Both facultative intracellular bacteria are classified as tier 1 select biothreat agents. Our previous study with a B. mallei ΔtonB Δhcp1 (CLH001) live-attenuated vaccine demonstrated that it is attenuated, safe and protective against B. mallei wild-type strains in the susceptible BALB/c mouse model. Methodology/Principal finding In our current work, we evaluated the protective efficacy of CLH001 against glanders and melioidosis in the more disease-resistant C57BL/6 mouse strain. The humoral as well as cellular immune responses were also examined. We found that CLH001-immunized mice showed 100% survival against intranasal and aerosol challenge with B. mallei ATCC 23344. Moreover, this vaccine also afforded significant cross-protection against B. pseudomallei K96243, with low level bacterial burden detected in organs. Immunization with a prime and boost regimen of CLH001 induced significantly greater levels of total and subclasses of IgG, and generated antigen-specific splenocyte production of IFN-γ and IL-17A. Interestingly, protection induced by CLH001 is primarily dependent on humoral immunity, while CD4+ and CD8+ T cells played a less critical protective role. Conclusions/Significance Our data indicate that CLH001 serves as an effective live attenuated vaccine to prevent glanders and melioidosis. The quantity and quality of antibody responses as well as improving cell-mediated immune responses following vaccination need to be further investigated prior to advancement to preclinical studies. Glanders (caused by Burkholderia. mallei) and melioidosis (caused by B. pseudomallei) are severe infectious diseases of concern worldwide because of the rising number of cases and mortality rate. The low infectious doses of these two pathogens along with their amenability for aerosolization are factors that could be exploited as potential biothreat agents. Once the diseases have developed in humans and animals, intrinsic resistance to broad classes of antibiotics becomes a challenge for treatment and increases the risk for relapse. The progress in vaccine development demonstrates that live attenuated vaccine strains are the most effective in protection and providing long-lasting immune responses against both diseases. Our data indicate that the B. mallei double mutant (ΔtonB Δhcp1) strain CLH001, is a feasible vaccine candidate to prevent glanders and melioidosis, especially for biodefense and public health purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nittaya Khakhum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Preeti Bharaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia N. Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel Tapia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David H. Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Janice J. Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Moustafa DA, Scarff JM, Garcia PP, Cassidy SKB, DiGiandomenico A, Waag DM, Inzana TJ, Goldberg JB. Recombinant Salmonella Expressing Burkholderia mallei LPS O Antigen Provides Protection in a Murine Model of Melioidosis and Glanders. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132032. [PMID: 26148026 PMCID: PMC4492786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are the etiologic agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively. These bacteria are highly infectious via the respiratory route and can cause severe and often fatal diseases in humans and animals. Both species are considered potential agents of biological warfare; they are classified as category B priority pathogens. Currently there are no human or veterinary vaccines available against these pathogens. Consequently efforts are directed towards the development of an efficacious and safe vaccine. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an immunodominant antigen and potent stimulator of host immune responses. B. mallei express LPS that is structurally similar to that expressed by B. pseudomallei, suggesting the possibility of constructing a single protective vaccine against melioidosis and glanders. Previous studies of others have shown that antibodies against B. mallei or B. pseudomallei LPS partially protect mice against subsequent lethal virulent Burkholderia challenge. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL3261 expressing B. mallei O antigen against lethal intranasal infection with Burkholderia thailandensis, a surrogate for biothreat Burkholderia spp. in a murine model that mimics melioidosis and glanders. All vaccine-immunized mice developed a specific antibody response to B. mallei and B. pseudomallei O antigen and to B. thailandensis and were significantly protected against challenge with a lethal dose of B. thailandensis. These results suggest that live-attenuated SL3261 expressing B. mallei O antigen is a promising platform for developing a safe and effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. Moustafa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Atlanta, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Scarff
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Preston P. Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sara K. B. Cassidy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Antonio DiGiandomenico
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases, MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David M. Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Inzana
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine and Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Atlanta, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lipsitz R, Garges S, Aurigemma R, Baccam P, Blaney DD, Cheng AC, Currie BJ, Dance D, Gee JE, Larsen J, Limmathurotsakul D, Morrow MG, Norton R, O'Mara E, Peacock SJ, Pesik N, Rogers LP, Schweizer HP, Steinmetz I, Tan G, Tan P, Wiersinga WJ, Wuthiekanun V, Smith TL. Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:e2. [PMID: 23171644 PMCID: PMC3557896 DOI: 10.3201/eid1812.120638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The US Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise convened subject matter experts at the 2010 HHS Burkholderia Workshop to develop consensus recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis against and treatment for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei infections, which cause melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Drugs recommended by consensus of the participants are ceftazidime or meropenem for initial intensive therapy, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for eradication therapy. For postexposure prophylaxis, recommended drugs are trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or co-amoxiclav. To improve the timely diagnosis of melioidosis and glanders, further development and wide distribution of rapid diagnostic assays were also recommended. Standardized animal models and B. pseudomallei strains are needed for further development of therapeutic options. Training for laboratory technicians and physicians would facilitate better diagnosis and treatment options.
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Choh LC, Ong GH, Vellasamy KM, Kalaiselvam K, Kang WT, Al-Maleki AR, Mariappan V, Vadivelu J. Burkholderia vaccines: are we moving forward? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:5. [PMID: 23386999 PMCID: PMC3564208 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Burkholderia consists of diverse species which includes both "friends" and "foes." Some of the "friendly" Burkholderia spp. are extensively used in the biotechnological and agricultural industry for bioremediation and biocontrol. However, several members of the genus including B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and B. cepacia, are known to cause fatal disease in both humans and animals. B. pseudomallei and B. mallei are the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively, while B. cepacia infection is lethal to cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Due to the high rate of infectivity and intrinsic resistance to many commonly used antibiotics, together with high mortality rate, B. mallei and B. pseudomallei are considered to be potential biological warfare agents. Treatments of the infections caused by these bacteria are often unsuccessful with frequent relapse of the infection. Thus, we are at a crucial stage of the need for Burkholderia vaccines. Although the search for a prophylactic therapy candidate continues, to date development of vaccines has not advanced beyond research to human clinical trials. In this article, we review the current research on development of safe vaccines with high efficacy against B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, and B. cepacia. It can be concluded that further research will enable elucidation of the potential benefits and risks of Burkholderia vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of MalayaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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5
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Piven' NN, Avrorova IV, Zhukova SI, Drefs NM, Lomova LV, Proshina OB, Alekseev VV, Kapliev VI. [Phagocytosis of Burkholderia mallei as a criterion for immunogenicity evaluation of its capsular antigens]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2007:86-9. [PMID: 17672140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Test-system using index of phagocytosis of noncapsulated mutant loaded by one of the several capsular antigenic complexes was developed and used for screening for both immunogenic and protective capsular antigens of B. mallei. Direct correlation between index of phagocytosis, level of delayed-type hypersensivity, and protective effect of capsular antigens has been shown on the model of experimental melioidosis in susceptible white mice, guinea pigs and white rats. Obtained results let to use the developed test-system for initial selection of B. mallei protective capsular antigens and their further study as potential components of preparations for specific prophylaxis of glanders and melioidosis.
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Fernandes PJ, Guo Q, Waag DM, Donnenberg MS. The type IV pilin of Burkholderia mallei is highly immunogenic but fails to protect against lethal aerosol challenge in a murine model. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3027-32. [PMID: 17403869 PMCID: PMC1932848 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00150-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is the cause of glanders and a proven biological weapon. We identified and purified the type IV pilin protein of this organism to study its potential as a subunit vaccine. We found that purified pilin was highly immunogenic. Furthermore, mice infected via sublethal aerosol challenge developed significant increases in titers of antibody against the pilin, suggesting that it is expressed in vivo. Nevertheless, we found no evidence that high-titer antipilin antisera provided passive protection against a sublethal or lethal aerosol challenge and no evidence of protection afforded by active immunization with purified pilin. These results contrast with the utility of type IV pilin subunit vaccines against other infectious diseases and highlight the need for further efforts to identify protective responses against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Fernandes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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7
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Wittig MB, Wohlsein P, Hagen RM, Al Dahouk S, Tomaso H, Scholz HC, Nikolaou K, Wernery R, Wernery U, Kinne J, Elschner M, Neubauer H. [Glanders--a comprehensive review]. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2006; 113:323-30. [PMID: 17009807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Since 1990 the number of glanders outbreaks in race, military and pleasure horses in Asia and South America is steadily increasing. Glanders, which is eradicated in Western Europe, Australia and Northern America, is currently considered a re-emerging disease. Consequently, the disease may be introduced into glanders-free regions by subclinical carriers at any time. The causative agent of glanders, Burkholderia (B.) mallei, is highly contagious and leads to chronic disease in horses whereas in donkeys and mules the disease is acute and often fatal. Occurrence of the disease leads to international trading restrictions and infected animals immediately have to be culled and safely disposed off. In humans B. mallei infection results in a severe clinical course, and is fatal without appropriate therapy. Its pathogenicity makes B. mallei a potential biological agent that may be used in bioterroristic attacks. Due to the eradication of glanders in the second half of the last century, veterinarians in western European countries are no longer familiar with its clinical presentation in solipeds. Having these facts in mind, this review describes the epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology and the current eradication strategy of this interesting zoonosis. Pictures of imported endurance horses infected with glanders taken during an eradication campaign in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in 2004 illustrate most typical clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Wittig
- Institut for Mikrobiologie der Bundeswehr, München, Deutschland.
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Abstract
Treatment with an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) containing CPG motifs (CpG ODN 7909) was found to protect BALB/c mice from lung infection or death after aerosol challenge with Burkholderia mallei. Protection was associated with enhanced levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-inducible protein 10, interleukin-12 (IL-12), IFN-gamma, and IL-6. Preexposure therapy with CpG ODNs may protect victims of a biological attack from glanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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Treviño SR, Permenter AR, England MJ, Parthasarathy N, Gibbs PH, Waag DM, Chanh TC. Monoclonal antibodies passively protect BALB/c mice against Burkholderia mallei aerosol challenge. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1958-61. [PMID: 16495574 PMCID: PMC1418687 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.3.1958-1961.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glanders is a debilitating disease with no vaccine available. Murine monoclonal antibodies were produced against Burkholderia mallei, the etiologic agent of glanders, and were shown to be effective in passively protecting mice against a lethal aerosol challenge. The antibodies appeared to target lipopolysaccharide. Humoral antibodies may be important for immune protection against B. mallei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia R Treviño
- Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5001, USA
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10
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Amemiya K, Meyers JL, Trevino SR, Chanh TC, Norris SL, Waag DM. Interleukin-12 induces a Th1-like response to Burkholderia mallei and limited protection in BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2006; 24:1413-20. [PMID: 16213631 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of interleukin (IL)-12 on the immune response to Burkholderia mallei in BALB/c mice. Mice were vaccinated with non-viable B. mallei cells with or without IL-12. There was a seven- to nine-fold increase in IgG2a levels, and a significant increase in the proliferative response and interferon (IFN)-gamma production by splenocytes from mice that received B. mallei and IL-12. We saw an increase in survivors in the groups of mice that received B. mallei and IL-12 when challenged, compared to mice that received only B. mallei or IL-12. The results suggest that IL-12 can enhance the Th1-like immune response to B. mallei and mediate limited protection from a lethal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Ulrich RL, Amemiya K, Waag DM, Roy CJ, DeShazer D. Aerogenic vaccination with a Burkholderia mallei auxotroph protects against aerosol-initiated glanders in mice. Vaccine 2005; 23:1986-92. [PMID: 15734072 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Revised: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is an obligate mammalian pathogen that causes the zoonotic disease glanders. Two live attenuated B. mallei strains, a capsule mutant and a branched-chain amino acid auxotroph, were evaluated for use as vaccines against aerosol-initiated glanders in mice. Animals were aerogenically vaccinated and serum samples were obtained before aerosol challenge with a high-dose (>300 times the LD50) of B. mallei ATCC 23344. Mice vaccinated with the capsule mutant developed a Th2-like Ig subclass antibody response and none survived beyond 5 days. In comparison, the auxotrophic mutant elicited a Th1-like Ig subclass antibody response and 25% of the animals survived for 1 month postchallenge. After a low-dose (5 times the LD50) aerosol challenge, the survival rates of auxotroph-vaccinated and unvaccinated animals were 50 and 0%, respectively. Thus, live attenuated strains that promote a Th1-like Ig response may serve as promising vaccine candidates against aerosol infection with B. mallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky L Ulrich
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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12
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Abstract
MANY COMMON FACTORS: Glanders and melioidosis are infectious diseases that are caused by the bacteria of the Burkholderia species. These infections are endemic in tropical regions and can lead to la broad spectrum of common clinical manifestations. TWO PRINCIPLE CLINICAL FORMS: The most frequent clinical presentation is the pulmonary form, which can mimic pulmonary tuberculosis. The septicemic form is the most severe form, and lethal in nearly 50% of cases. WEAPONS FOR BIOTERRORISM AND WAR: Very few organisms are required to cause disease by aerosolisation, which could be the main route of contamination for humans after a deliberate release. This property has permitted yet the use of these bacteria as biological warfare weapon during the past century. We have to consider these agents as possible biological warfare agents. Europeans guidelines for treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Guilhot
- Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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13
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Iliukhin VI, Plekhanova NG, Senina TV, Stanovaia OV, Kislichkin NN. [Experimental study on the possibility of using live tularemia vaccine to increase resistance to heterologous infection disease]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2004:38-42. [PMID: 15188557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
In experiments on guinea pigs immunized with Francisella tularensis 15, or live tularemia vaccine (LTV), the level of heterologous protective effect to dangerous infectious diseases caused by Yersinia pestis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, B. mallei, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was studied. The study revealed that during the first 4 weeks after the subcutaneous immunization with LTV the level of resistance of the immunized animals to heterologous infective agent reliably increased as indicated by the survival rate of the animals, as well as by the survival time of those killed by infection, in comparison with the controls. Later (on day 150 after immunization) differences in death rate between the groups perceptibly decreased. Nevertheless, the 1 1/2-fold increase of the survival time of the challenged immunized animals in comparison with the controls proved the possibility of using immunization with LTV for the urgent prophylaxis and treatment not only of tularemia, but also of plague, glanders, melioidosis and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Iliukhin
- Research Institute for Plague Control, Volgograd, Russia
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14
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Derbyshire JB. The eradication of glanders in Canada. Can Vet J 2002; 43:722-6. [PMID: 12240535 PMCID: PMC339565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Brian Derbyshire
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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15
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Lehavi O, Aizenstien O, Katz LH, Hourvitz A. [Glanders--a potential disease for biological warfare in humans and animals]. Harefuah 2002; 141 Spec No:88-91, 119. [PMID: 12170562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Burkholderia mallei (formerly Pseudomonas mallei) can cause a subcutaneous infection known as "farcy" or can disseminate to condition known as Glanders. It is primarily a disease affecting horses, donkeys and mules. In humans, Glanders can produce four types of disease: localized form, pulmonary form, septicemia, and chronic form. Necrosis of the tracheobronchial tree and pustular skin lesions characterize acute infection with B. mallei. Other symptoms include febrile pneumonia, if the organism was inhaled, or signs of sepsis and multiple abscesses, if the skin was the port of entry. Glanders is endemic in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Central and South America. Glanders has low contiguous potential, but because of the efficacy of aerosolized dissemination and the lethal nature of the disease, B. mallei was considered a candidate for biological warfare. During World War I, Glanders was believed to have been spread to infect large numbers of Russian horses and mules on the Eastern front. The Japanese infected horses, civilians and prisoners of war during World War II. The USA and the Soviet Union have shown interest in B. mallei in their biological warfare program. The treatment is empiric and includes mono or poly-therapy with Ceftazidime, Sulfadiazine, Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazol, Gentamicin, Imipenem etc. Aggressive control measures essentially eliminated Glanders from the west. However, with the resurgent concern about biological warfare, B. mallei is now being studied in a few laboratories worldwide. This review provides an overview of the disease and presents the only case reported in the western world since 1949.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Lehavi
- Department of Radiology, Tel Aviv Medical Center
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16
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Pospísil L. [Glanders--an eradicable disease--or a threat?]. Cas Lek Cesk 2001; 140:752-4. [PMID: 14655277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Glanders (malleus), attacking equids and transmissible to humans, does not occur in our geographical area any more, but world-wide eradication has not yet been achieved. Cases of glanders have been reported from India, Iraq, Mongolia and China and in 2001 also from South America. The disease is caused by Burkholderia mallei (earlied known as Bacillus, Pfeiferella, Loefflerella, Malleomyces, Actinobacillus, or Pseudomonas mallei). The continual interest of microbiologists in the causative agents indicates that glanders cannot be regarded as a closed historic episode. Occupational infections of laboratory personnel occurred during World War II and the years thereafter and the last accident was reported in May 2000. Topical problems of glanders include the development of a vaccine and antibiotic therapy tested in experimentally infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pospísil
- Výzkumný ústav veterinárního lékarství, Brno.
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17
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Kalachev II, Baídus' AN, Ivanova OA, Ganina EA, Boldyrev IA, Svetoch EA. [Immunogenic potential of glanders and melioidosis agents]. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 1997:32-7. [PMID: 9289277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the glanders agent, the superficial structures of the melioidosis agent were demonstrated to be responsible for marked was immunosuppressive activity. Some antigenic fractions suppressing the blast transformation of lymphocytes, reducing the count of T helpers and profoundly potentiating the infection in vivo were isolated from P. pseudomallei cells. The immunogenic and immunosuppressive activities of both agents' superficial structures were studied by high performance chromatography. Antigenic complexes that were able to protect immunized laboratory animals against fatal infections and to prevent bacterial carriage due to the activation of T cells and to the bacterial activity of macrophages were identified. A composition comprising several immunogens was found to provide an additive protective action against both causative agents. Therefore, the composition may be considered to be a prototype of a molecular antipseudomonadic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Kalachev
- State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology, Obolensk
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Abstract
From the many existing documents on the history of glanders, it is possible to detail the practical measures adopted for disease surveillance and control from antiquity until the 19th century, principally in European countries. Surveillance is based on clinical diagnosis, post-mortem examination, animal inoculation and knowledge of the conditions under which infection occurred: aetiology, pathogenesis, susceptible species, virulent material, mode of infection, incubation period, etc. The historical data are assembled and compared, with comments on each of these points. Control is based on the application of general disease control measures and attempts at vaccination and treatment. A study of these procedures enables a comparison of their efficacy and a description of the major steps in their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blancou
- Office International des Epizooties, Paris, France
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19
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Manzeniuk IN, Dorokhin VV, Svetoch EA. [The efficacy of antibacterial preparations against Pseudomonas mallei in in-vitro and in-vivo experiments]. Antibiot Khimioter 1994; 39:26-30. [PMID: 7979790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In vitro antibacterial activity of 43 antibiotics and chemotherapeutics against P. mallei Ts-5 was studied. The causative agent of malleus was highly susceptible to sulfanilamides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, ceftazidime and imipenem. 15 antibiotics and chemotherapeutics were tested for their therapeutic efficacy on golden hamsters with experimental malleus. Combinations with trimetoprim (sulfaton and biseptol), 3rd generation quinolones (ciprofloxacin, enoxacin and ofloxacin) as well as minocycline, novobiocin and oxolinic acid were shown to be therapeutically highly efficient.
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20
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Batmanov VP. [Treatment of experimental glanders with combinations of sulfazine or sulfamonomethoxine with trimethoprim]. Antibiot Khimioter 1993; 38:18-22. [PMID: 8031190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Combinations of sulfazine or sulfamonomethoxine with trimethoprim were found to be efficient in the prophylaxis and treatment of experimental glanders simulated by various strains and doses of the causative agent, the treatment being started and terminated at various periods. The efficacy indices and treatment schemes were elaborated. By the efficacy indices the sulfazine combination with trimethoprim was shown to be 2-3 times more efficient than the sulfamonomethoxine combination with trimethoprim.
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21
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Kovalev GK. [Glanders (review)]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1971; 48:63-70. [PMID: 4928702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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