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Watanabe T, Ohira M, Koizumi Y, Nishiyama H, Tomita I, Inagi S. In-Plane Growth of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Films on a Substrate Surface by Bipolar Electropolymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:551-555. [PMID: 35632929 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alternating current (AC) bipolar electropolymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) using a gold (Au) wire as a bipolar electrode (BPE) on a substrate surface resulted in gradual growth of the corresponding poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thin film from the terminals of the Au wire on the substrate. Studies to clarify the polymerization behavior were conducted under various electrolytic conditions, including monomer concentration, applied frequency, monomer structure, and substrate material. This method could be used to draw conducting polymer films on a nonconductive substrate, guided by an applied external electric field, and thus has potential for circuit patterning in organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tempei Watanabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Masato Ohira
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Koizumi
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishiyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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Koizumi Y, Shida N, Ohira M, Nishiyama H, Tomita I, Inagi S. Electropolymerization on wireless electrodes towards conducting polymer microfibre networks. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10404. [PMID: 26804140 PMCID: PMC4737731 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers can be easily obtained by electrochemical oxidation of aromatic monomers on an electrode surface as a film state. To prepare conducting polymer fibres by electropolymerization, templates such as porous membranes are necessary in the conventional methods. Here we report the electropolymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and its derivatives by alternating current (AC)-bipolar electrolysis. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) derivatives were found to propagate as a fibre form from the ends of Au wires used as bipolar electrodes (BPEs) parallel to an external electric field, without the use of templates. The effects of applied frequency and of the solvent on the morphology, growth rate and degree of branching of these PEDOT fibres were investigated. In addition, a chain-growth model for the formation of conductive material networks was also demonstrated. Electropolymerization of aromatic monomers on bipolar electrodes is emerging as promising route to the surface modification of conductive objects. Here, the authors discover that some conducting polymers propagate as fibres, opening up the possibility of growing conductive polymer networks via a wireless process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Koizumi
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Masato Ohira
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nishiyama
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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Rusen E, Diacon A, Mocanu A, Gavrilă R, Nistor LC, Dinescu A. CdSe (quantum dots)–graphene oxide system for thiophene polymerization: a new strategy, a new material. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00274a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents a novel method for the oxidative polymerization of thiophene (T) by employing cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots and CdSe–graphene oxide (GO) as activators of the polymerization system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Rusen
- University Politehnica of Bucharest
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science
- 011061 Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Aurel Diacon
- University Politehnica of Bucharest
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science
- 011061 Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Alexandra Mocanu
- University Politehnica of Bucharest
- Department of Bioresources and Polymer Science
- 011061 Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Raluca Gavrilă
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT-Bucharest)
- 023573 Bucharest
- Romania
| | | | - Adrian Dinescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT-Bucharest)
- 023573 Bucharest
- Romania
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Sheng L, Zhang J, Liu J. Diverse transformations of liquid metals between different morphologies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6036-6042. [PMID: 24889178 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Transformation from a film into a sphere, rapid merging of separate objects, controlled self-rotation, and planar locomotion are the very unusual phenomena observed in liquid metals under application of an electric field to a liquid metal immersed in or sprayed with water. A mechanism for these effects is suggested and potential applications - for example the recovery of liquid metal previously injected into the body for therapeutic purposes - are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
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Janin M, Ghilane J, Lacroix JC. When Electron Transfer Meets Electron Transport in Redox-Active Molecular Nanojunctions. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:2108-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3122125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Janin
- NanoElectroChemistry
Group, Université Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 75205 Paris Cedex
13, France
| | - Jalal Ghilane
- NanoElectroChemistry
Group, Université Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 75205 Paris Cedex
13, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- NanoElectroChemistry
Group, Université Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 75205 Paris Cedex
13, France
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Jain V, Khiterer M, Montazami R, Yochum HM, Shea KJ, Heflin JR. High-contrast solid-state electrochromic devices of viologen-bridged polysilsesquioxane nanoparticles fabricated by layer-by-layer assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:83-89. [PMID: 20355758 DOI: 10.1021/am8000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble silsesquioxane nanoparticles (NPs) incorporating viologen groups (PXV; 1,1'-bis[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-4,4'-bipyridinium iodide) have been synthesized by sol-gel polymerization. The electrochromic properties of the bulk film fabricated by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly have been examined, along with their incorporation into solid-state devices. The orange LbL films show high thermal stability and exhibit a maximum UV-vis absorption at 550 nm. Electrochromic switching of the NPs in liquid electrolyte as well as in the solid state was evaluated by a kinetic study via measurement of the change in transmission (% T) at the maximum contrast. Cyclic voltammograms of the PXV NP LbL films exhibit a reversible reduction at -0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl in a 0.1 M NaClO4(aq) solution, revealing good electrochromic stability, with a color change from orange to dark purple-blue at applied potentials ranging from -0.7 to -1.3 V. Cathodically coloring PXV NP solid-state devices exhibit a switching time of a few seconds between the purple-blue reduced state and the orange oxidized state, showing a contrast of 50% at 550 nm and a coloration efficiency of 205 cm2/C. Their solubility and fairly fast electrochromic switching ( approximately 3 s) at low switching voltages (between 0 and 3.0 V), along with their stability under atmospheric conditions, make PXV NPs good candidates for electrochromic displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Jain
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Tang Z, Donohoe ST, Robinson JM, Chiarelli PA, Wang HL. Film formation, surface character, and relative density for electrochromic PEI/(PSS:PEDOT) multilayered thin films. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Electrochemical fabrication of neuron-type networks based on crystalline oligopyrene nanosheets. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhong S, Wang Y, Wang M, Zhang MZ, Yin XB, Peng RW, Ming NB. Formation of nanostructured copper filaments in electrochemical deposition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 67:061601. [PMID: 16241233 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.67.061601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2002] [Revised: 02/24/2003] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report in detail the studies of a different self-organized copper electrodeposition carried out in an ultrathin layer of CuSO4 electrolyte. On a macroscopic scale, the morphology of the electrodeposit is fingerlike. Microscopically, each fingering branch consists of long, straight copper filaments with periodic corrugated nanostructures. Branching rate of the electrodeposit is significantly decreased, compared with the patterns grown in conventional systems. Detailed information of the growth environment in the ultrathin electrodeposition system is provided, the formation mechanism of the periodic nanostructures on the deposit filaments is explored, and the origin of the significant descent of branching rate of the electrodeposit is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, China
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Bradley JC, Babu S, Carroll B, Mittal A. A study of spatially coupled bipolar electrochemistry on the sub-micrometer scale: colloidal particles on surfaces and cylinders in nuclear-track etched membranes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)00662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bradley J, Dengra S, Gonzalez G, Marshall G, Molina F. Ion transport and deposit growth in spatially coupled bipolar electrochemistry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00424-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Schlindwein W, Gofer Y, Sarker H, Poehler T, Searson P. The electrochemical properties of a series of phenylene-thienyl polymers in tetramethylene sulfone based electrolytes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bradley JC, Chen HM, Crawford J, Eckert J, Ernazarova K, Kurzeja T, Lin M, McGee M, Nadler W, Stephens SG. Creating electrical contacts between metal particles using directed electrochemical growth. Nature 1997. [DOI: 10.1038/38464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Shan J, Yuan C, Zhang H. Electropolymerization of Two-Dimensional Polypyrrole with Fractal Patterns under a Mica. CHEM LETT 1997. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1997.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Conducting filaments of polyaniline have been prepared in the 3-nanometer-wide hexagonal channel system of the aluminosilicate MCM-41. Adsorption of aniline vapor into the dehydrated host, followed by reaction with peroxydisulfate, leads to encapsulated polyaniline filaments. Spectroscopic data show that the filaments are in the protonated emeraldine salt form, and chromatography indicates chain lengths of several hundred aniline rings. The filaments have significant conductivity while encapsulated in the channels, as measured by microwave absorption at 2.6 gigahertz. This demonstration of conjugated polymers with mobile charge carriers in nanometer channels represents a step toward the design of nanometer electronic devices.
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