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Regattieri E, Forti L, Drysdale RN, Mannella G, Hellstrom JC, Conati Barbaro C, Bonacossi DM, Zerboni A. Neolithic hydroclimatic change and water resources exploitation in the Fertile Crescent. Sci Rep 2023; 13:45. [PMID: 36639410 PMCID: PMC9839760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the first millennia of the Holocene, human communities in the Fertile Crescent experienced drastic cultural and technological transformations that modified social and human-environments interactions, ultimately leading to the rise of complex societies. The potential influence of climate on this "Neolithic Revolution" has long been debated. Here we present a speleothem record from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, covering from Early Neolithic to Early Chalcolithic periods (~ 11 to 7.3 ka, 9000-5300 BCE). The record reveals the influence of the Siberian High on regional precipitation, and shows large hydroclimatic variability at the multicentennial scale. In particular, it highlights wetter conditions between 9.7 and 9.0 ka, followed by an abrupt reduction of precipitation between 9.0 and 8.5 ka, and a wetter interval between 8.5 and 8.0 ka. A comparison with regional and local archaeological data demonstrates an influence of recorded hydroclimatic changes on settlement patterns (size, distribution, permanent vs. seasonal occupation) and on the exploitation of water resources by Neolithic to Chalcolithic populations. Our record does not show prominent hydroclimatic changes at 9.3 and 8.2 ka, thus not supporting direct influence of such rapid and widespread events on the process of Neolithization and its cultural dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Regattieri
- grid.483108.6Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, IGG-CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy ,Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia INGV, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Forti
- grid.483108.6Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, IGG-CNR, Via Moruzzi 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Dipartimento di Scienze delle Terra “A. Desio”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 34, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Russell N. Drysdale
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSchool of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Giorgio Mannella
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - John C. Hellstrom
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSchool of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Cecilia Conati Barbaro
- grid.7841.aDipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Morandi Bonacossi
- grid.5390.f0000 0001 2113 062XDipartimento di Studi Umanistici e del Patrimonio Culturale, Università di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Zerboni
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Dipartimento di Scienze delle Terra “A. Desio”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 34, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Újvári G, Klötzli U, Stevens T, Svensson A, Ludwig P, Vennemann T, Gier S, Horschinegg M, Palcsu L, Hippler D, Kovács J, Di Biagio C, Formenti P. Greenland Ice Core Record of Last Glacial Dust Sources and Atmospheric Circulation. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD036597. [PMID: 36245641 PMCID: PMC9542552 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd036597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Abrupt and large-scale climate changes have occurred repeatedly and within decades during the last glaciation. These events, where dramatic warming occurs over decades, are well represented in both Greenland ice core mineral dust and temperature records, suggesting a causal link. However, the feedbacks between atmospheric dust and climate change during these Dansgaard-Oeschger events are poorly known and the processes driving changes in atmospheric dust emission and transport remain elusive. Constraining dust provenance is key to resolving these gaps. Here, we present a multi-technique analysis of Greenland dust provenance using novel and established, source diagnostic isotopic tracers as well as results from a regional climate model including dust cycle simulations. We show that the existing dominant model for the provenance of Greenland dust as sourced from combined East Asian dust and Pacific volcanics is not supported. Rather, our clay mineralogical and Hf-Sr-Nd and D/H isotopic analyses from last glacial Greenland dust and an extensive range of Northern Hemisphere potential dust sources reveal three most likely scenarios (in order of probability): direct dust sourcing from the Taklimakan Desert in western China, direct sourcing from European glacial sources, or a mix of dust originating from Europe and North Africa. Furthermore, our regional climate modeling demonstrates the plausibility of European or mixed European/North African sources for the first time. We suggest that the origin of dust to Greenland is potentially more complex than previously recognized, demonstrating more uncertainty in our understanding dust climate feedbacks during abrupt events than previously understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Újvári
- Centre for Astronomy and Earth SciencesInstitute for Geological and Geochemical ResearchEötvös Loránd Research NetworkBudapestHungary
- CSFKMTA Centre of ExcellenceBudapestHungary
- Department of Lithospheric ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - U. Klötzli
- Department of Lithospheric ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - T. Stevens
- Department of Earth SciencesUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - A. Svensson
- Physics of Ice, Climate and EarthNiels Bohr InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - P. Ludwig
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate ResearchKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
| | - T. Vennemann
- Institute of Earth Surface DynamicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - S. Gier
- Department of GeologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - M. Horschinegg
- Department of Lithospheric ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - L. Palcsu
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research CentreInstitute for Nuclear ResearchDebrecenHungary
| | - D. Hippler
- Institute of Applied GeosciencesGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | - J. Kovács
- Environmental Analytical and Geoanalytical Research GroupSzentágothai Research CentreUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
- Institute of Geography and Earth SciencesUniversity of PécsPécsHungary
| | - C. Di Biagio
- Université de Paris Cité and University Paris Est CreteilCNRSLISAParisFrance
| | - P. Formenti
- Université de Paris Cité and University Paris Est CreteilCNRSLISAParisFrance
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3
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Abstract
In this study, the instability of extreme temperatures is defined as the degree of perturbation of the spatial and temporal distribution of extreme temperatures, which is to show the uncertainty of the intensity and occurrence of extreme temperatures in China. Based on identifying the extreme temperatures and by analyzing their variability, we refer to the entropy value in the entropy weight method to study the instability of extreme temperatures. The results show that TXx (annual maximum value of daily maximum temperature) and TNn (annual minimum value of daily minimum temperature) in China increased at 0.18 °C/10 year and 0.52 °C/10 year, respectively, from 1966 to 2015. The interannual data of TXx’ occurrence (CTXx) and TNn’ occurrence (CTNn), which are used to identify the timing of extreme temperatures, advance at 0.538 d/10 year and 1.02 d/10 year, respectively. In summary, extreme low-temperature changes are more sensitive to global warming. The results of extreme temperature instability show that the relative instability region of TXx is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, and the relative instability region of TNn is concentrated in the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Langtang River source area and parts of Tibet. The relative instability region of CTXx instability is distributed between 105° E and 120° E south of the 30° N latitude line, while the distribution of CTNn instability region is more scattered; the TXx’s instability intensity is higher than TNn’s, and CTXx’s instability intensity is higher than CTNn’s. We further investigate the factors affecting extreme climate instability. We also find that the increase in mean temperature and the change in the intensity of the El Niño phenomenon has significant effects on extreme temperature instability.
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4
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Schüpbach S, Fischer H, Bigler M, Erhardt T, Gfeller G, Leuenberger D, Mini O, Mulvaney R, Abram NJ, Fleet L, Frey MM, Thomas E, Svensson A, Dahl-Jensen D, Kettner E, Kjaer H, Seierstad I, Steffensen JP, Rasmussen SO, Vallelonga P, Winstrup M, Wegner A, Twarloh B, Wolff K, Schmidt K, Goto-Azuma K, Kuramoto T, Hirabayashi M, Uetake J, Zheng J, Bourgeois J, Fisher D, Zhiheng D, Xiao C, Legrand M, Spolaor A, Gabrieli J, Barbante C, Kang JH, Hur SD, Hong SB, Hwang HJ, Hong S, Hansson M, Iizuka Y, Oyabu I, Muscheler R, Adolphi F, Maselli O, McConnell J, Wolff EW. Greenland records of aerosol source and atmospheric lifetime changes from the Eemian to the Holocene. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1476. [PMID: 29662058 PMCID: PMC5902614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Northern Hemisphere experienced dramatic changes during the last glacial, featuring vast ice sheets and abrupt climate events, while high northern latitudes during the last interglacial (Eemian) were warmer than today. Here we use high-resolution aerosol records from the Greenland NEEM ice core to reconstruct the environmental alterations in aerosol source regions accompanying these changes. Separating source and transport effects, we find strongly reduced terrestrial biogenic emissions during glacial times reflecting net loss of vegetated area in North America. Rapid climate changes during the glacial have little effect on terrestrial biogenic aerosol emissions. A strong increase in terrestrial dust emissions during the coldest intervals indicates higher aridity and dust storm activity in East Asian deserts. Glacial sea salt aerosol emissions in the North Atlantic region increase only moderately (50%), likely due to sea ice expansion. Lower aerosol concentrations in Eemian ice compared to the Holocene are mainly due to shortened atmospheric residence time, while emissions changed little. Past climate changes in Greenland ice were accompanied by large aerosol concentration changes. Here, the authors show that by correcting for transport effects, reliable source changes for biogenic aerosol from North America, sea salt aerosol from the North Atlantic, and dust from East Asian deserts can be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schüpbach
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - H Fischer
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - M Bigler
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - T Erhardt
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Gfeller
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Leuenberger
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - O Mini
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R Mulvaney
- British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council, High Cross Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - N J Abram
- British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council, High Cross Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.,Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2602, Australia
| | - L Fleet
- British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council, High Cross Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - M M Frey
- British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council, High Cross Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - E Thomas
- British Antarctic Survey, National Environment Research Council, High Cross Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - A Svensson
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - D Dahl-Jensen
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - E Kettner
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - H Kjaer
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - I Seierstad
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - J P Steffensen
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - S O Rasmussen
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - P Vallelonga
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - M Winstrup
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - A Wegner
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - B Twarloh
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - K Wolff
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - K Schmidt
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - K Goto-Azuma
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan
| | - T Kuramoto
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan.,Fukushima Prefectural Centre for Environmental Creation, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu Town, Fukushima, 963-7700, Japan
| | - M Hirabayashi
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan
| | - J Uetake
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8518, Japan.,Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, 1371 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1371, USA
| | - J Zheng
- Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, K1A 0E8, Canada
| | - J Bourgeois
- Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, K1A 0E8, Canada
| | - D Fisher
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environment and Geomatics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - D Zhiheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - C Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - M Legrand
- Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes, CS 40 700, 38058, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - A Spolaor
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, University of Venice, via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - J Gabrieli
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, University of Venice, via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - C Barbante
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, University of Venice, via Torino, 155, 30172, Venice-Mestre, Italy
| | - J-H Kang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - S D Hur
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - S B Hong
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - H J Hwang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - S Hong
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - M Hansson
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Iizuka
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Oyabu
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Muscheler
- Department of Geology, Lund University, Solvegatan 12, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - F Adolphi
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Geology, Lund University, Solvegatan 12, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - O Maselli
- Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - J McConnell
- Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - E W Wolff
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK
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Groot Zwaaftink CD, Grythe H, Skov H, Stohl A. Substantial contribution of northern high-latitude sources to mineral dust in the Arctic. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2016; 121:13678-13697. [PMID: 31423407 PMCID: PMC6686616 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the Arctic, impurities in the atmosphere and cryosphere can strongly affect the atmospheric radiation and surface energy balance. While black carbon has hence received much attention, mineral dust has been in the background. Mineral dust is not only transported into the Arctic from remote regions but also, possibly increasingly, generated in the region itself. Here we study mineral dust in the Arctic based on global transport model simulations. For this, we have developed a dust mobilization scheme in combination with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART. A model evaluation, based on measurements of surface concentrations and annual deposition at a number of stations and aircraft vertical profiles, shows the suitability of this model to study global dust transport. Simulations indicate that about 3% of global dust emission originates from high-latitude dust sources in the Arctic. Due to limited convection and enhanced efficiency of removal, dust emitted in these source regions is mostly deposited closer to the source than dust from for instance Asia or Africa. This leads to dominant contributions of local dust sources to total surface dust concentrations (~85%) and dust deposition (~90%) in the Arctic region. Dust deposition from local sources peaks in autumn, while dust deposition from remote sources occurs mainly in spring in the Arctic. With increasing altitude, remote sources become more important for dust concentrations as well as deposition. Therefore, total atmospheric dust loads in the Arctic are strongly influenced by Asian (~38%) and African (~32%) dust, whereas local dust contributes only 27%. Dust loads are thus largest in spring when remote dust is efficiently transported into the Arctic. Overall, our study shows that contributions of local dust sources are more important in the Arctic than previously thought, particularly with respect to surface concentrations and dust deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. Grythe
- NILU ‐ Norwegian Institute for Air ResearchKjellerNorway
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Atmospheric Science UnitStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Air Quality ResearchFinnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - H. Skov
- Arctic Research Center, Department of Environmental ScienceAarhus UniversityRoskildeDenmark
| | - A. Stohl
- NILU ‐ Norwegian Institute for Air ResearchKjellerNorway
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Large Pt anomaly in the Greenland ice core points to a cataclysm at the onset of Younger Dryas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12917-20. [PMID: 23878232 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303924110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One explanation of the abrupt cooling episode known as the Younger Dryas (YD) is a cosmic impact or airburst at the YD boundary (YDB) that triggered cooling and resulted in other calamities, including the disappearance of the Clovis culture and the extinction of many large mammal species. We tested the YDB impact hypothesis by analyzing ice samples from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice core across the Bølling-Allerød/YD boundary for major and trace elements. We found a large Pt anomaly at the YDB, not accompanied by a prominent Ir anomaly, with the Pt/Ir ratios at the Pt peak exceeding those in known terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials. Whereas the highly fractionated Pt/Ir ratio rules out mantle or chondritic sources of the Pt anomaly, it does not allow positive identification of the source. Circumstantial evidence such as very high, superchondritic Pt/Al ratios associated with the Pt anomaly and its timing, different from other major events recorded on the GISP2 ice core such as well-understood sulfate spikes caused by volcanic activity and the ammonium and nitrate spike due to the biomass destruction, hints for an extraterrestrial source of Pt. Such a source could have been a highly differentiated object like an Ir-poor iron meteorite that is unlikely to result in an airburst or trigger wide wildfires proposed by the YDB impact hypothesis.
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7
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Abstract
Snow and ice play their most important role in the nitrogen cycle as a barrier to land-atmosphere and ocean-atmosphere exchanges that would otherwise occur. The inventory of nitrogen compounds in the polar ice sheets is approximately 260 Tg N, dominated by nitrate in the much larger Antarctic ice sheet. Ice cores help to inform us about the natural variability of the nitrogen cycle at global and regional scale, and about the extent of disturbance in recent decades. Nitrous oxide concentrations have risen about 20 per cent in the last 200 years and are now almost certainly higher than at any time in the last 800 000 years. Nitrate concentrations recorded in Greenland ice rose by a factor of 2-3, particularly between the 1950s and 1980s, reflecting a major change in NOx emissions reaching the background atmosphere. Increases in ice cores drilled at lower latitudes can be used to validate or constrain regional emission inventories. Background ammonium concentrations in Greenland ice show no significant recent trend, although the record is very noisy, being dominated by spikes of input from biomass burning events. Neither nitrate nor ammonium shows significant recent trends in Antarctica, although their natural variations are of biogeochemical and atmospheric chemical interest. Finally, it has been found that photolysis of nitrate in the snowpack leads to significant re-emissions of NOx that can strongly impact the regional atmosphere in snow-covered areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Wolff
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
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8
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Hiscock WT, Fischer H, Bigler M, Gfeller G, Leuenberger D, Mini O. Continuous flow analysis of labile iron in ice-cores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4416-4425. [PMID: 23594184 DOI: 10.1021/es3047087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The important active and passive role of mineral dust aerosol in the climate and the global carbon cycle over the last glacial/interglacial cycles has been recognized. However, little data on the most important aeolian dust-derived biological micronutrient, iron (Fe), has so far been available from ice-cores from Greenland or Antarctica. Furthermore, Fe deposition reconstructions derived from the palaeoproxies particulate dust and calcium differ significantly from the Fe flux data available. The ability to measure high temporal resolution Fe data in polar ice-cores is crucial for the study of the timing and magnitude of relationships between geochemical events and biological responses in the open ocean. This work adapts an existing flow injection analysis (FIA) methodology for low-level trace Fe determinations with an existing glaciochemical analysis system, continuous flow analysis (CFA) of ice-cores. Fe-induced oxidation of N,N'-dimethyl-p-pheylenediamine (DPD) is used to quantify the biologically more important and easily leachable Fe fraction released in a controlled digestion step at pH ~1.0. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of labile Fe in ice-core samples collected from the Antarctic Byrd ice-core and the Greenland Ice-Core Project (GRIP) ice-core.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Hiscock
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Thomas ER, Wolff EW, Mulvaney R, Johnsen SJ, Steffensen JP, Arrowsmith C. Anatomy of a Dansgaard‐Oeschger warming transition: High‐resolution analysis of the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Ruth U, Barbante C, Bigler M, Delmonte B, Fischer H, Gabrielli P, Gaspari V, Kaufmann P, Lambert F, Maggi V, Marino F, Petit JR, Udisti R, Wagenbach D, Wegner A, Wolff EW. Proxies and measurement techniques for mineral dust in Antarctic ice cores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:5675-5681. [PMID: 18754492 DOI: 10.1021/es703078z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To improve quantitative interpretation of ice core aeolian dust records, a systematic methodological comparison was made. This involved methods for water-insoluble particle counting (Coulter counter and laser-sensing particle detector), soluble ion analysis (ion chromatography and continuous flow analysis), elemental analysis (inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy at pH 1 and after full acid digestion), and water-insoluble elemental analysis (proton induced X-ray emission). Antarctic ice core samples covering the last deglaciation from the EPICA Dome C (EDC) and the EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML) cores were used. All methods correlate very well among each other, but the ratios of glacial age to Holocene concentrations, which are typically a factor approximately 100, differ between the methods by up to a factor of 2 with insoluble particles showing the largest variability. The recovery of ICP-MS measurements depends on the digestion method and is differentfor different elements and during different climatic periods. EDC and EDML samples have similar dust composition, which suggests a common dust source or a common mixture of sources for the two sites. The analyzed samples further reveal a change of dust composition during the last deglaciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Ruth
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.
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11
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Rashid H, Boyle EA. Response to Comment on "Mixed-Layer Deepening During Heinrich Events: A Multi-Planktonic Foraminiferal δ
18
O Approach". Science 2008; 320:1161; author reply 1161. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1153646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harunur Rashid
- Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, 1090 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210–1002, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward A. Boyle
- Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, 1090 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210–1002, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Vinther BM, Clausen HB, Fisher DA, Koerner RM, Johnsen SJ, Andersen KK, Dahl-Jensen D, Rasmussen SO, Steffensen JP, Svensson AM. Synchronizing ice cores from the Renland and Agassiz ice caps to the Greenland Ice Core Chronology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Iizuka Y, Horikawa S, Sakurai T, Johnson S, Dahl-Jensen D, Steffensen JP, Hondoh T. A relationship between ion balance and the chemical compounds of salt inclusions found in the Greenland Ice Core Project and Dome Fuji ice cores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Barker S, Knorr G. From the Cover: Antarctic climate signature in the Greenland ice core record. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:17278-82. [PMID: 17954910 PMCID: PMC2077246 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708494104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A numerical algorithm is applied to the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) dust record from Greenland to remove the abrupt changes in dust flux associated with the Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) oscillations of the last glacial period. The procedure is based on the assumption that the rapid changes in dust are associated with large-scale changes in atmospheric transport and implies that D-O oscillations (in terms of their atmospheric imprint) are more symmetric in form than can be inferred from Greenland temperature records. After removal of the abrupt shifts the residual, dejumped dust record is found to match Antarctic climate variability with a temporal lag of several hundred years. It is argued that such variability may reflect changes in the source region of Greenland dust (thought to be the deserts of eastern Asia). Other records from this region and more globally also reveal Antarctic-style variability and suggest that this signal is globally pervasive. This provides the potential basis for suggesting a more important role for gradual changes in triggering more abrupt transitions in the climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Barker
- School of Earth, Ocean and Planetary Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3YE, United Kingdom.
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15
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Rashid H, Boyle EA. Mixed-Layer Deepening During Heinrich Events: A Multi-Planktonic Foraminiferal δ
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O Approach. Science 2007; 318:439-41. [PMID: 17885097 DOI: 10.1126/science.1146138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Proxies from Greenland ice cores and North Atlantic marine sediment cores document repeated extreme climate swings of a few decades to millennia during the last glacial cycle, including periods of intense ice rafting called Heinrich events (HEs). We have found similar oxygen isotope variations recorded in mixed-layer-and thermocline-dwelling planktonic foraminifera during HEs 0, 1, and 4, suggesting that three foraminiferal taxa calcified their shells at similar temperatures in a homogenized upperwater column. This implies that the surface mixed layer was deeper during HEs. Similar deepening occurred on the northern margin of the ice-rafted-debris belt, implying that these deep mixed layers during HEs were widespread in the region. We suggest that an increase in storminess during HEs intensified the vertical mixing of meltwater from ice rafting in the upper ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harunur Rashid
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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16
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Yalcin K, Wake CP, Kreutz KJ, Germani MS, Whitlow SI. Ice core paleovolcanic records from the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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McConnell JR, Aristarain AJ, Banta JR, Edwards PR, Simões JC. 20th-Century doubling in dust archived in an Antarctic Peninsula ice core parallels climate change and desertification in South America. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5743-8. [PMID: 17389397 PMCID: PMC1851562 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607657104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustal dust in the atmosphere impacts Earth's radiative forcing directly by modifying the radiation budget and affecting cloud nucleation and optical properties, and indirectly through ocean fertilization, which alters carbon sequestration. Increased dust in the atmosphere has been linked to decreased global air temperature in past ice core studies of glacial to interglacial transitions. We present a continuous ice core record of aluminum deposition during recent centuries in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, the most rapidly warming region of the Southern Hemisphere; such a record has not been reported previously. This record shows that aluminosilicate dust deposition more than doubled during the 20th century, coincident with the approximately 1 degrees C Southern Hemisphere warming: a pattern in parallel with increasing air temperatures, decreasing relative humidity, and widespread desertification in Patagonia and northern Argentina. These results have far-reaching implications for understanding the forces driving dust generation and impacts of changing dust levels on climate both in the recent past and future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R McConnell
- Desert Research Institute, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
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18
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WOOLLETT JAMES. Labrador Inuit Subsistence in the Context of Environmental Change: An Initial Landscape History Perspective. AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 2007. [DOI: 10.1525/aa.2007.109.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Annibaldi A, Truzzi C, Illuminati S, Bassotti E, Scarponi G. Determination of water-soluble and insoluble (dilute-HCl-extractable) fractions of Cd, Pb and Cu in Antarctic aerosol by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry: distribution and summer seasonal evolution at Terra Nova Bay (Victoria Land). Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:977-98. [PMID: 17200845 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eight PM10 aerosol samples were collected in the vicinity of the "Mario Zucchelli" Italian Antarctic Station (formerly Terra Nova Bay Station) during the 2000-2001 austral summer using a high-volume sampler and precleaned cellulose filters. The aerosol mass was determined by differential weighing of filters carried out in a clean chemistry laboratory under controlled temperature and humidity. A two-step sequential extraction procedure was used to separate the water-soluble and the insoluble (dilute-HCl-extractable) fractions. Cd, Pb and Cu were determined in the two fractions using an ultrasensitive square wave anodic stripping voltammetric (SWASV) procedure set up for and applied to aerosol samples for the first time. Total extractable metals showed maxima at midsummer for Cd and Pb and a less clear trend for Cu. In particular, particulate metal concentrations ranged as follows: Cd 0.84-9.2 microg g(-1) (average 4.7 microg g(-1)), Pb 13.2-81 microg g(-1) (average 33 microg g(-1)), Cu 126-628 microg g(-1) (average 378 microg g(-1)). In terms of atmospheric concentration, the values were: Cd 0.55-6.3 pg m(-3) (average 3.4 pg m(-3)), Pb 8.7-48 pg m(-3) (average 24 pg m(-3)), Cu 75-365 pg m(-3) (average 266 pg m(-3)). At the beginning of the season the three metals appear widely distributed in the insoluble (HCl-extractable) fraction (higher proportions for Cd and Pb, 90-100%, and lower for Cu, 70-90%) with maxima in the second half of December. The soluble fraction then increases, and at the end of the season Cd and Pb are approximately equidistributed between the two fractions, while for Cu the soluble fraction reaches its maximum level of 36%. Practically negligible contributions are estimated for crustal and sea-spray sources. Low but significant volcanic contributions are estimated for Cd and Pb (approximately 10% and approximately 5%, respectively), while there is an evident although not quantified marine biogenic source, at least for Cd. The estimated natural contributions (possibly including the marine biogenic source) cannot account for the high fractions of the metal contents, particularly for Pb and Cu, and this suggests that pollution from long-range transport is the dominant source.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Annibaldi
- Department of Marine Science, Polytechnic University of Marche - Ancona, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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20
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Compound‐Specific Hydrogen Isotope Ratios of Biomarkers: Tracing Climatic Changes in the Past. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1936-7961(07)01016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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Karlöf L, Winebrenner DP, Percival DB. How representative is a time series derived from a firn core? A study at a low-accumulation site on the Antarctic plateau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jf000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Fisher DA, Wake C, Kreutz K, Yalcin K, Steig E, Mayewski P, Anderson L, Zheng J, Rupper S, Zdanowicz C, Demuth M, Waszkiewicz M, Dahl-Jensen D, Goto-Azuma K, Bourgeois JB, Koerner RM, Sekerka J, Osterberg E, Abbott MB, Finney BP, Burns SJ. Stable Isotope Records from Mount Logan, Eclipse Ice Cores and Nearby Jellybean Lake. Water Cycle of the North Pacific Over 2000 Years and Over Five Vertical Kilometres: Sudden Shifts and Tropical Connections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.7202/013147ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Three ice cores recovered on or near Mount Logan, together with a nearby lake record (Jellybean Lake), cover variously 500 to 30 000 years. This suite of records offers a unique view of the lapse rate in stable isotopes from the lower to upper troposphere. The region is climatologically important, being beside the Cordilleran pinning-point of the Rossby Wave system and the Aleutian Low. Comparison of stable isotope series over the last 2000 years and model simulations suggest sudden and persistent shifts between modern (mixed) and zonal flow regimes of water vapour transport to the Pacific Northwest. The last such shift was in A.D. 1840. Model simulations for modern and “pure” zonal flow suggest that these shifts are consistent regime changes between these flow types, with predominantly zonal flow prior to ca. A.D. 1840 and modern thereafter. The 5.4 and 0.8 km asl records show a shift at A.D. 1840 and another at A.D. 800. It is speculated that the A.D. 1840 regime shift coincided with the end of the Little Ice Age and the A.D. 800 shift with the beginning of the European Medieval Warm Period. The shifts are very abrupt, taking only a few years at most.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Fisher
- Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8
| | - C. Wake
- Climate Change Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - K. Kreutz
- Climate Change Institute and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - K. Yalcin
- Climate Change Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - E. Steig
- Quaternary Research Center, 19 Johnson Hall, Box 1360, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - P. Mayewski
- Climate Change Institute and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - L. Anderson
- Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - J. Zheng
- Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8
| | - S. Rupper
- Quaternary Research Center, 19 Johnson Hall, Box 1360, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - C. Zdanowicz
- Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8
| | - M. Demuth
- Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8
| | | | - D. Dahl-Jensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, Juliane Maries Vej 30, University of Copenhagen, DK‑2100, Copenhagen East, Danemark
| | - K. Goto-Azuma
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo 173‑8515, Japan
| | - J. B. Bourgeois
- Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8
| | - R. M. Koerner
- Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8
| | - J. Sekerka
- Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8
| | - E. Osterberg
- Climate Change Institute and Department of Earth Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - M. B. Abbott
- Department of Geology and Planetary Science, University of Pittsburg; Pittsburg, Pennsylvania 15260; United States
| | - B. P. Finney
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, United States
| | - S. J. Burns
- Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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23
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24
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Kurbatov AV, Zielinski GA, Dunbar NW, Mayewski PA, Meyerson EA, Sneed SB, Taylor KC. A 12,000 year record of explosive volcanism in the Siple Dome Ice Core, West Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Viau AE, Gajewski K, Sawada MC, Fines P. Millennial-scale temperature variations in North America during the Holocene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Yu Z, Eicher U. Three amphi-Atlantic century-scale cold events during the Bølling-Allerød warm period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.7202/008301ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Oxygen isotope composition of carbonates in the sediments of Crawford Lake, southern Canada, reveals multiple climatic events during the last deglaciation, including the Bølling warming, intra-Allerød cold period, Younger Dryas, Preboreal Oscillation, and early-Holocene 8.2-ka cooling. Here we present a high-resolution record (~50-yr sampling interval) of oxygen isotopes from this site during the Bølling-Allerød warm period and discuss its significance by comparing it with other records around the North Atlantic. These new data show three century-scale cold events, including the intra-Bølling cold period, Older Dryas, and intra-Allerød cold period. These climatic events correlate well in sequence and relative magnitude with those found in Greenland ice cores, European lacustrine sediments, and Atlantic Ocean sediments. Three similar oscillations in glaciochemical records from GISP2 ice core imply shift in atmospheric circulation patterns. The amphi-Atlantic distribution of these climate events suggests that these events likely originated from the North Atlantic Ocean and that climatic signals were transmitted through the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Yu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lehigh University, 31 Williams Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015-3188, U.S.A. E-mail:
| | - Ulrich Eicher
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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27
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Aizen VB. Association between atmospheric circulation patterns and firn-ice core records from the Inilchek glacierized area, central Tien Shan, Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Gildor H, Tziperman E. Sea-ice switches and abrupt climate change. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2003; 361:1935-1944. [PMID: 14558902 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2003.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We propose that past abrupt climate changes were probably a result of rapid and extensive variations in sea-ice cover. We explain why this seems a perhaps more likely explanation than a purely thermohaline circulation mechanism. We emphasize that because of the significant influence of sea ice on the climate system, it seems that high priority should be given to developing ways for reconstructing high-resolution (in space and time) sea-ice extent for past climate-change events. If proxy data can confirm that sea ice was indeed the major player in past abrupt climate-change events, it seems less likely that such dramatic abrupt changes will occur due to global warming, when extensive sea-ice cover will not be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezi Gildor
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
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29
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Broecker WS. Does the trigger for abrupt climate change reside in the ocean or in the atmosphere? Science 2003; 300:1519-22. [PMID: 12791974 DOI: 10.1126/science.1083797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Two hypotheses have been put forward to explain the large and abrupt climate changes that punctuated glacial time. One attributes such changes to reorganizations of the ocean's thermohaline circulation and the other to changes in tropical atmosphere-ocean dynamics. In an attempt to distinguish between these hypotheses, two lines of evidence are examined. The first involves the timing of the freshwater injections to the northern Atlantic that have been suggested as triggers for the global impacts associated with the Younger Dryas and Heinrich events. The second has to do with evidence for precursory events associated with the Heinrich ice-rafted debris layers in the northern Atlantic and with the abrupt Dansgaard-Oeschger warmings recorded in the Santa Barbara Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Broecker
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Post Office Box 1000, Palisades, NY 10964-8000, USA.
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30
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Ruth U, Wagenbach D, Steffensen JP, Bigler M. Continuous record of microparticle concentration and size distribution in the central Greenland NGRIP ice core during the last glacial period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urs Ruth
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Dietmar Wagenbach
- Institute of Environmental Physics; University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg Germany
| | | | - Matthias Bigler
- Department of Climate and Environmental Physics; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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31
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Reader MC. Sea-salt aerosol distribution during the Last Glacial Maximum and its implications for mineral dust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Yalcin K. A 100-year record of North Pacific volcanism in an ice core from Eclipse Icefield, Yukon Territory, Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Fedele FG, Giaccio B, Isaia R, Orsi G. The Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption, Heinrich Event 4, and palaeolithic change in Europe: A high-resolution investigation. VOLCANISM AND THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/139gm20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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34
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Werner M, Tegen I, Harrison SP, Kohfeld KE, Prentice IC, Balkanski Y, Rodhe H, Roelandt C. Seasonal and interannual variability of the mineral dust cycle under present and glacial climate conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Werner
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I. Tegen
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany
| | | | - K. E. Kohfeld
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany
| | | | - Y. Balkanski
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement U.M.R. CEA‐CNRS Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - H. Rodhe
- Department of Meteorology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - C. Roelandt
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Biogeochemistry Jena Germany
- Now at Department of Geography, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain‐la‐Neuve, Belgium
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35
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Noren AJ, Bierman PR, Steig EJ, Lini A, Southon J. Millennial-scale storminess variability in the northeastern United States during the Holocene epoch. Nature 2002; 419:821-4. [PMID: 12397353 DOI: 10.1038/nature01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2002] [Accepted: 09/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For the purpose of detecting the effects of human activities on climate change, it is important to document natural change in past climate. In this context, it has proved particularly difficult to study the variability in the occurrence of extreme climate events, such as storms with exceptional rainfall. Previous investigations have established storm chronologies using sediment cores from single lakes, but such studies can be susceptible to local environmental bias. Here we date terrigenous inwash layers in cores from 13 lakes, which show that the frequency of storm-related floods in the northeastern United States has varied in regular cycles during the past 13,000 years (13 kyr), with a characteristic period of about 3 kyr. Our data show four peaks in storminess during the past 14 kyr, approximately 2.6, 5.8, 9.1 and 11.9 kyr ago. This pattern is consistent with long-term changes in the average sign of the Arctic Oscillation, suggesting that modulation of this dominant atmospheric mode may account for a significant fraction of Holocene climate variability in North America and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders J Noren
- Department of Geology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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36
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Souney JM. A 700-year record of atmospheric circulation developed from the Law Dome ice core, East Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Sowers T. N2O record spanning the penultimate deglaciation from the Vostok ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Fischer H. Imprint of large-scale atmospheric transport patterns on sea-salt records in northern Greenland ice cores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Chylek P, Lesins G, Lohmann U. Enhancement of dust source area during past glacial periods due to changes of the Hadley circulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Tegen I, Rind D. Influence of the latitudinal temperature gradient on soil dust concentration and deposition in Greenland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Kreutz KJ, Mayewski PA, Pittalwala II, Meeker LD, Twickler MS, Whitlow SI. Sea level pressure variability in the Amundsen Sea region inferred from a West Antarctic glaciochemical record. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Fuhrer K, Wolff EW, Johnsen SJ. Timescales for dust variability in the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core in the last 100,000 years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Severinghaus JP, Brook EJ. Abrupt climate change at the end of the last glacial period inferred from trapped air in polar Ice. Science 1999; 286:930-4. [PMID: 10542141 DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5441.930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The last glacial period was terminated by an abrupt warming event in the North Atlantic approximately 15,000 years before the present, and warming events of similar age have been reported from low latitudes. Understanding the mechanism of this termination requires that the precise relative timing of abrupt climate warming in the tropics versus the North Atlantic be known. Nitrogen and argon isotopes in trapped air in Greenland ice show that the Greenland Summit warmed 9 +/- 3 degrees C over a period of several decades, beginning 14,672 years ago. Atmospheric methane concentrations rose abruptly over a approximately 50-year period and began their increase 20 to 30 years after the onset of the abrupt Greenland warming. These data suggest that tropical climate became warmer or wetter (or both) approximately 20 to 80 years after the onset of Greenland warming, supporting a North Atlantic rather than a tropical trigger for the climate event.
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Affiliation(s)
- JP Severinghaus
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Geology, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
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Reader MC, Fung I, McFarlane N. The mineral dust aerosol cycle during the Last Glacial Maximum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Reusch DB, Mayewski PA, Whitlow SI, Pittalwala II, Twickler MS. Spatial variability of climate and past atmospheric circulation patterns from central West Antarctic glaciochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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High precision correlations of Greenland and Antarctic ice core records over the last 100 kyr. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/gm112p0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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47
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Yu Z, Eicher U. Abrupt climate oscillations during the last deglaciation in central north america. Science 1998; 282:2235-8. [PMID: 9856941 DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5397.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from stable isotopes and a variety of proxies from two Ontario lakes demonstrate that many of the late glacial-to-early Holocene events that are well known from the North Atlantic seaboard, such as the Gerzensee-Killarney Oscillation (also known as the Intra-Allerod Cold Period), Younger Dryas, and Preboreal Oscillation, also occurred in central North America. These results thus imply that climatic forcing acted in the same manner in both regions and that atmospheric circulation played an important role in the propagation of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yu
- Z. C. Yu, Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada, and Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology; Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada. U. Eicher, Climate and Environmental
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48
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Correlation between Arabian Sea and Greenland climate oscillations of the past 110,000 years. Nature 1998. [DOI: 10.1038/31750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Andersen KK, Ditlevsen PD. Glacial/interglacial variations of meridional transport and washout of dust: A one-dimensional model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Savarino J, Legrand M. High northern latitude forest fires and vegetation emissions over the last millennium inferred from the chemistry of a central Greenland ice core. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd03748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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