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Flasar FM, Achterberg RK, Conrath BJ, Pearl JC, Bjoraker GL, Jennings DE, Romani PN, Simon-Miller AA, Kunde VG, Nixon CA, Bézard B, Orton GS, Spilker LJ, Spencer JR, Irwin PGJ, Teanby NA, Owen TC, Brasunas J, Segura ME, Carlson RC, Mamoutkine A, Gierasch PJ, Schinder PJ, Showalter MR, Ferrari C, Barucci A, Courtin R, Coustenis A, Fouchet T, Gautier D, Lellouch E, Marten A, Prangé R, Strobel DF, Calcutt SB, Read PL, Taylor FW, Bowles N, Samuelson RE, Abbas MM, Raulin F, Ade P, Edgington S, Pilorz S, Wallis B, Wishnow EH. Temperatures, Winds, and Composition in the Saturnian System. Science 2005; 307:1247-51. [PMID: 15618486 DOI: 10.1126/science.1105806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Stratospheric temperatures on Saturn imply a strong decay of the equatorial winds with altitude. If the decrease in winds reported from recent Hubble Space Telescope images is not a temporal change, then the features tracked must have been at least 130 kilometers higher than in earlier studies. Saturn's south polar stratosphere is warmer than predicted from simple radiative models. The C/H ratio on Saturn is seven times solar, twice Jupiter's. Saturn's ring temperatures have radial variations down to the smallest scale resolved (100 kilometers). Diurnal surface temperature variations on Phoebe suggest a more porous regolith than on the jovian satellites.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Flasar
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - R. K. Achterberg
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - B. J. Conrath
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - J. C. Pearl
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - G. L. Bjoraker
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - D. E. Jennings
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - P. N. Romani
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - A. A. Simon-Miller
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - V. G. Kunde
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - C. A. Nixon
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - B. Bézard
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - G. S. Orton
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - L. J. Spilker
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - J. R. Spencer
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - P. G. J. Irwin
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - N. A. Teanby
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - T. C. Owen
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - J. Brasunas
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - M. E. Segura
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - R. C. Carlson
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - A. Mamoutkine
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - P. J. Gierasch
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - P. J. Schinder
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - M. R. Showalter
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - C. Ferrari
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - A. Barucci
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - R. Courtin
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - A. Coustenis
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - T. Fouchet
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - D. Gautier
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - E. Lellouch
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - A. Marten
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - R. Prangé
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - D. F. Strobel
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - S. B. Calcutt
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - P. L. Read
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - F. W. Taylor
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - N. Bowles
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - R. E. Samuelson
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - M. M. Abbas
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - F. Raulin
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - P. Ade
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - S. Edgington
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - S. Pilorz
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - B. Wallis
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - E. H. Wishnow
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., 5900 Princess Garden Parkway, Suite 300, Lanham, MD 20706, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), CNRS–UMR 8109, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-91925 Meudon Cedex, France
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