1
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Zahm JA, Harrison SC. A communication hub for phosphoregulation of kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2308-2318.e6. [PMID: 38776904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The Mps1 and Aurora B kinases regulate and monitor kinetochore attachment to spindle microtubules during cell division, ultimately ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. In yeast, the critical spindle attachment components are the Ndc80 and Dam1 complexes (Ndc80c and DASH/Dam1c, respectively). Ndc80c is a 600-Å-long heterotetramer that binds microtubules through a globular "head" at one end and centromere-proximal kinetochore components through a globular knob at the other end. Dam1c is a heterodecamer that forms a ring of 16-17 protomers around the shaft of the single kinetochore microtubule in point-centromere yeast. The ring coordinates the approximately eight Ndc80c rods per kinetochore. In published work, we showed that a site on the globular "head" of Ndc80c, including residues from both Ndc80 and Nuf2, binds a bipartite segment in the long C-terminal extension of Dam1. Results reported here show, both by in vitro binding experiments and by crystal structure determination, that the same site binds a conserved segment in the long N-terminal extension of Mps1. It also binds, less tightly, a conserved segment in the N-terminal extension of Ipl1 (yeast Aurora B). Together with results from experiments in yeast cells and from biochemical assays reported in two accompanying papers, the structures and graded affinities identify a communication hub for ensuring uniform bipolar attachment and for signaling anaphase onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Zahm
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Parnell EJ, Jenson EE, Miller MP. A conserved site on Ndc80 complex facilitates dynamic recruitment of Mps1 to yeast kinetochores to promote accurate chromosome segregation. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2294-2307.e4. [PMID: 38776906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation relies on kinetochores carrying out multiple functions, including establishing and maintaining microtubule attachments, forming precise bi-oriented attachments between sister chromatids, and activating the spindle assembly checkpoint. Central to these processes is the highly conserved Ndc80 complex. This kinetochore subcomplex interacts directly with microtubules but also serves as a critical platform for recruiting kinetochore-associated factors and as a key substrate for error correction kinases. The precise manner in which these kinetochore factors interact and regulate each other's function remains unknown, considerably hindering our understanding of how Ndc80 complex-dependent processes function together to orchestrate accurate chromosome segregation. Here, we aimed to uncover the role of Nuf2's CH domain, a component of the Ndc80 complex, in ensuring these processes. Through extensive mutational analysis, we identified a conserved interaction domain composed of two segments in Nuf2's CH domain that form the binding site for Mps1 within the yeast Ndc80 complex. Interestingly, this site also associates with the Dam1 complex, suggesting Mps1 recruitment may be subject to regulation by competitive binding with other factors. Mutants disrupting this "interaction hub" exhibit defects in spindle assembly checkpoint function and severe chromosome segregation errors. Significantly, specifically restoring Mps1-Ndc80 complex association rescues these defects. Our findings shed light on the intricate regulation of Ndc80 complex-dependent functions and highlight the essential role of Mps1 in kinetochore bi-orientation and accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Parnell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin E Jenson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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3
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Pleuger R, Cozma C, Hohoff S, Denkhaus C, Dudziak A, Kaschani F, Kaiser M, Musacchio A, Vetter IR, Westermann S. Microtubule end-on attachment maturation regulates Mps1 association with its kinetochore receptor. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2279-2293.e6. [PMID: 38776902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation requires that sister chromatids establish bi-oriented kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) prevents premature anaphase onset with incomplete attachments. However, how microtubule attachment and checkpoint signaling are coordinated remains unclear. The conserved kinase Mps1 initiates SAC signaling by localizing transiently to kinetochores in prometaphase and is released upon bi-orientation. Using biochemistry, structure predictions, and cellular assays, we shed light on this dynamic behavior in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A conserved N-terminal segment of Mps1 binds the neck region of Ndc80:Nuf2, the main microtubule receptor of kinetochores. Mutational disruption of this interface, located at the backside of the paired CH domains and opposite the microtubule-binding site, prevents Mps1 localization, eliminates SAC signaling, and impairs growth. The same interface of Ndc80:Nuf2 binds the microtubule-associated Dam1 complex. We demonstrate that the error correction kinase Ipl1/Aurora B controls the competition between Dam1 and Mps1 for the same binding site. Thus, binding of the Dam1 complex to Ndc80:Nuf2 may release Mps1 from the kinetochore to promote anaphase onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Pleuger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Cozma
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Simone Hohoff
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Denkhaus
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Dudziak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Department of Chemical Biology and ACE Analytical Core Facility Essen, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Department of Chemical Biology and ACE Analytical Core Facility Essen, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Westermann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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4
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Lacefield S. Chromosome segregation: Mps1 and Dam1 battle to bind a shared interaction site at the kinetochore. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R530-R533. [PMID: 38834024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The attachment of kinetochores to spindle microtubules is highly regulated to ensure proper chromosome segregation. Three new studies identify an interaction hub at the kinetochore that integrates kinetochore attachment state with spindle checkpoint activity and kinetochore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni Lacefield
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.
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5
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Kim S, Lau TT, Liao MK, Ma HT, Poon RY. Coregulation of NDC80 Complex Subunits Determines the Fidelity of the Spindle-Assembly Checkpoint and Mitosis. Mol Cancer Res 2024; 22:423-439. [PMID: 38324016 PMCID: PMC11063766 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
NDC80 complex (NDC80C) is composed of four subunits (SPC24, SPC25, NDC80, and NUF2) and is vital for kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachment during mitosis. Paradoxically, NDC80C also functions in the activation of the spindle-assembly checkpoint (SAC). This raises an interesting question regarding how mitosis is regulated when NDC80C levels are compromised. Using a degron-mediated depletion system, we found that acute silencing of SPC24 triggered a transient mitotic arrest followed by mitotic slippage. SPC24-deficient cells were unable to sustain SAC activation despite the loss of KT-MT interaction. Intriguingly, our results revealed that other subunits of the NDC80C were co-downregulated with SPC24 at a posttranslational level. Silencing any individual subunit of NDC80C likewise reduced the expression of the entire complex. We found that the SPC24-SPC25 and NDC80-NUF2 subcomplexes could be individually stabilized using ectopically expressed subunits. The synergism of SPC24 downregulation with drugs that promote either mitotic arrest or mitotic slippage further underscored the dual roles of NDC80C in KT-MT interaction and SAC maintenance. The tight coordinated regulation of NDC80C subunits suggests that targeting individual subunits could disrupt mitotic progression and provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention. IMPLICATIONS These results highlight the tight coordinated regulation of NDC80C subunits and their potential as targets for antimitotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehong Kim
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas T.Y. Lau
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Man Kit Liao
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Tang Ma
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Randy Y.C. Poon
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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6
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Cmentowski V, Ciossani G, d'Amico E, Wohlgemuth S, Owa M, Dynlacht B, Musacchio A. RZZ-Spindly and CENP-E form an integrated platform to recruit dynein to the kinetochore corona. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114838. [PMID: 37984321 PMCID: PMC10711656 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome biorientation on the mitotic spindle is prerequisite to errorless genome inheritance. CENP-E (kinesin-7) and dynein-dynactin (DD), microtubule motors with opposite polarity, promote biorientation from the kinetochore corona, a polymeric structure whose assembly requires MPS1 kinase. The corona's building block consists of ROD, Zwilch, ZW10, and the DD adaptor Spindly (RZZS). How CENP-E and DD are scaffolded and mutually coordinated in the corona remains unclear. Here, we show that when corona assembly is prevented through MPS1 inhibition, CENP-E is absolutely required to retain RZZS at kinetochores. An RZZS phosphomimetic mutant bypasses this requirement, demonstrating the existence of a second receptor for polymeric RZZS. With active MPS1, CENP-E is dispensable for corona expansion, but strictly required for physiological kinetochore accumulation of DD. Thus, we identify the corona as an integrated scaffold where CENP-E kinesin controls DD kinetochore loading for coordinated bidirectional transport of chromosome cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Cmentowski
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Giuseppe Ciossani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Present address:
European Institute of OncologyMilanItaly
| | - Ennio d'Amico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Present address:
Division of Structural StudiesMRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Mikito Owa
- Department of PathologyNew York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Brian Dynlacht
- Department of PathologyNew York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
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7
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Zhang W, Li K, Li S, Lv R, Ma J, Yin P, Li L, Sun N, Chen Y, Lu L, Li Y, Zhang Q, Yan H. High-throughput sequencing reveals hub genes for human early embryonic development arrest in vitro fertilization: a pilot study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1279559. [PMID: 38033342 PMCID: PMC10684309 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1279559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many clinical studies have shown that embryos of in vitro fertilization (IVF) are often prone to developmental arrest, which leads to recurrent failure of IVF treatment. Early embryonic arrest has always been an urgent clinical problem in assisted reproduction centers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying early embryonic development arrest remain largely unknown. The objective of this study is to investigate potential candidate hub genes and key signaling pathways involved in early stages of embryonic development. RNA-seq analysis was performed on normal and arrest embryos to study the changes of gene expression during early embryonic development. A total of 520 genes exhibiting differential expression were identified, with 174 genes being upregulated and 346 genes being downregulated. Upregulated genes show enrichment in biosynthesis, cellular proliferation and differentiation, and epigenetic regulation. While downregulated genes exhibit enrichment in transcriptional activity, epigenetic regulation, cell cycle progression, cellular proliferation and ubiquitination. The STRING (search tool for the retravel of interacting genes/proteins) database was utilized to analyze protein-protein interactions among these genes, aiming to enhance comprehension of the potential role of these differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A total of 22 hub genes (highly connected genes) were identified among the DEGs using Cytoscape software. Of these, ERBB2 and VEGFA were upregulated, while the remaining 20 genes (CCNB1, CCNA2, DICER1, NOTCH1, UBE2B, UBE2N, PRMT5, UBE2D1, MAPK3, SOX9, UBE2C, UB2D2, EGF, ACTB, UBA52, SHH, KRAS, UBE2E1, ADAM17 and BRCA2) were downregulated. These hub genes are associated with crucial biological processes such as ubiquitination, cellular senescence, cell proliferation and differentiation, and cell cycle. Among these hub genes, CCNA2 and CCNB1 may be involved in controlling cell cycle, which are critical process in early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuwen Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningyu Sun
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinhua Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Parnell EJ, Jenson E, Miller MP. An interaction hub on Ndc80 complex facilitates dynamic recruitment of Mps1 to yeast kinetochores to promote accurate chromosome segregation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566082. [PMID: 37986816 PMCID: PMC10659343 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation relies on kinetochores carrying out multiple functions, including establishing and maintaining microtubule attachments, forming precise bioriented attachments between sister chromatids, and activating the spindle assembly checkpoint. Central to these processes is the highly conserved Ndc80 complex. This kinetochore subcomplex interacts directly with microtubules, but also serves as a critical platform for recruiting kinetochore-associated factors and as a key substrate for error correction kinases. The precise manner in which these kinetochore factors interact, and regulate each other's function, remains unknown - considerably hindering our understanding of how Ndc80 complex-dependent processes function together to orchestrate accurate chromosome segregation. Here, we aimed to uncover the role of Nuf2's CH domain, a component of the Ndc80 complex, in ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. Through extensive mutational analysis, we identified a conserved "interaction hub" comprising two segments in Nuf2's CH domain, forming the binding site for Mps1 within the yeast Ndc80 complex. Intriguingly, the interaction between Mps1 and the Ndc80 complex seems to be subject to regulation by competitive binding with other factors. Mutants disrupting this interaction hub exhibit defects in spindle assembly checkpoint function and severe chromosome segregation errors. Significantly, specifically restoring Mps1-Ndc80 complex association rescues these defects. Our findings shed light on the intricate regulation of Ndc80 complex-dependent functions and highlight the essential role of Mps1 in kinetochore biorientation and accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Parnell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin Jenson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew P. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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9
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Liu J, Pang S, Wang M, Yu H, Ma P, Dong T, Zheng Z, Jiao Y, Zhang Y, Liu A. An ultrasensitive ELISA to assay femtomolar level SARS-CoV-2 antigen based on specific peptide and tyramine signal amplification. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2023; 387:133746. [PMID: 37020533 PMCID: PMC10050199 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.133746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spreading rapidly has aroused catastrophic public healthcare issues and economy crisis worldwide. It plays predominant role to rapidly and accurately diagnose the virus for effective prevention and treatment. As an abundant transmembrane protein, spike protein (SP) is one of the most valuable antigenic biomarkers for diagnosis of COVID-19. Herein a phage expression of WNLDLSQWLPPM peptide specific to SARS-CoV-2 SP was screened. Molecular docking revealed that the isolated peptide binds to major antigenic epitope locating at S2 subunit with hydrogen bonding. Taking the specific peptide as antigen sensing probe and tyramine signal amplification (TSA), an ultrasensitive "peptide-antigen-antibody" ELISA (p-ELISA) was explored, by which the limit of detection (LOD) was 14 fM and 2.8 fM SARS-CoV-2 SP antigen for first TSA and secondary TSA, respectively. Compared with the LOD by the p-ELISA by direct mode, the sensitivity with 2nd TSA enhanced 100 times. Further, the proposed p-ELISA method can detect SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses down to 10 and 3 TCID50/mL spiked in healthy nasal swab sample with 1st TSA and 2nd TSA, separately. Thus, the proposed p-ELISA method with TSA is expected to be a promising ultrasensitive tool for rapidly detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigen to help control the infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchong Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuang Pang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Pengxin Ma
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tao Dong
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zongmei Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yiming Jiao
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, and College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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10
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Ide AH, DeLuca KF, Wiggan O, Markus SM, DeLuca JG. The role of kinetochore dynein in checkpoint silencing is restricted to disassembly of the corona. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar76. [PMID: 37126397 PMCID: PMC10295480 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-04-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, kinetochore-microtubule attachments are monitored by a molecular surveillance system known as the spindle assembly checkpoint. The prevailing model posits that dynein evicts checkpoint proteins (e.g., Mad1, Mad2) from stably attached kinetochores by transporting them away from kinetochores, thus contributing to checkpoint silencing. However, the mechanism by which dynein performs this function, and its precise role in checkpoint silencing remain unresolved. Here, we find that dynein's role in checkpoint silencing is restricted to evicting checkpoint effectors from the fibrous corona, and not the outer kinetochore. Dynein evicts these molecules from the corona in a manner that does not require stable, end-on microtubule attachments. Thus, by disassembling the corona through indiscriminate microtubule encounters, dynein primes the checkpoint signaling apparatus so it can respond to stable end-on microtubule attachments and permit cells to progress through mitosis. Accordingly, we find that dynein function in checkpoint silencing becomes largely dispensable in cells in which checkpoint effectors are excluded from the corona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy H. Ide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Keith F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - O’Neil Wiggan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Steven M. Markus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Jennifer G. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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11
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Hayes BH, Zhu PK, Wang M, Pfeifer CR, Xia Y, Phan S, Andrechak JC, Du J, Tobin MP, Anlas A, Dooling LJ, Vashisth M, Irianto J, Lampson MA, Discher DE. Confinement plus myosin-II suppression maximizes heritable loss of chromosomes, as revealed by live-cell ChReporters. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260753. [PMID: 37288769 PMCID: PMC10309578 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical environment of a cell can have many effects, but whether it impacts the DNA sequence of a cell has remained unexamined. To investigate this, we developed a live-cell method to measure changes in chromosome numbers. We edited constitutive genes with GFP or RFP tags on single alleles and discovered that cells that lose Chromosome reporters (ChReporters) become non-fluorescent. We applied our new tools to confined mitosis and to inhibition of the putative tumor suppressor myosin-II. We quantified compression of mitotic chromatin in vivo and demonstrated that similar compression in vitro resulted in cell death, but also rare and heritable ChReptorter loss. Myosin-II suppression rescued lethal multipolar divisions and maximized ChReporter loss during three-dimensional (3D) compression and two-dimensional (2D) lateral confinement, but not in standard 2D culture. ChReporter loss was associated with chromosome mis-segregation, rather than just the number of divisions, and loss in vitro and in mice was selected against in subsequent 2D cultures. Inhibition of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) caused ChReporter loss in 2D culture, as expected, but not during 3D compression, suggesting a SAC perturbation. Thus, ChReporters enable diverse studies of viable genetic changes, and show that confinement and myosin-II affect DNA sequence and mechano-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon H. Hayes
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Kuangzheng Zhu
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mai Wang
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charlotte R. Pfeifer
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuntao Xia
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven Phan
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason C. Andrechak
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Junhong Du
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P. Tobin
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alisya Anlas
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Dooling
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Manasvita Vashisth
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jerome Irianto
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael A. Lampson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dennis E. Discher
- Mol. Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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12
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Cmentowski V, Ciossani G, d’Amico E, Wohlgemuth S, Owa M, Dynlacht B, Musacchio A. A mechanism that integrates microtubule motors of opposite polarity at the kinetochore corona. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.25.538277. [PMID: 37163019 PMCID: PMC10168246 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.25.538277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome biorientation on the mitotic spindle is prerequisite to errorless genome inheritance. CENP-E (kinesin 7) and Dynein-Dynactin (DD), microtubule motors with opposite polarity, promote biorientation from the kinetochore corona, a polymeric structure whose assembly requires MPS1 kinase. The corona's building block consists of ROD, Zwilch, ZW10, and the DD adaptor Spindly (RZZS). How CENP-E and DD are scaffolded and mutually coordinated in the corona remains unclear. Here, we report near-complete depletion of RZZS and DD from kinetochores after depletion of CENP-E and the outer kinetochore protein KNL1. With inhibited MPS1, CENP-E, which we show binds directly to RZZS, is required to retain kinetochore RZZS. An RZZS phosphomimetic mutant bypasses this requirement. With active MPS1, CENP-E is dispensable for corona expansion, but strictly required for physiological kinetochore accumulation of DD. Thus, we identify the corona as an integrated scaffold where CENP-E kinesin controls DD kinetochore loading for coordinated bidirectional transport of chromosome cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Cmentowski
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Ciossani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ennio d’Amico
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mikito Owa
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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13
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Jiao Y, Li S, Gong J, Zheng K, Xie Y. Comprehensive analysis of the expression and prognosis for RAI2: A promising biomarker in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1134149. [PMID: 37064084 PMCID: PMC10090471 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1134149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionRetinoic acid-induced 2 (RAI2) was initially related to cell differentiation and induced by retinoic acid. RAI2 has been identified as an emerging tumor suppressor in breast cancer and colorectal cancer.MethodsIn this study, we performed systematic analyses of RAI2 in breast cancer. Meta-analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were applied to identify the survival prediction potential of RAI2. Moreover, the association between RAI2 expression and the abundance of six tumor-infiltrating immune cells was investigated by TIMER, including B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. The expression profiles of high and low RAI2 mRNA levels in GSE7390 were compared to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the biological function of these DEGs was analyzed by R software, which was further proved in GSE7390.ResultsOur results showed that the normal tissues had more RAI2 expression than breast cancer tissues. Patients with high RAI2 expression were related to a favorable prognosis and more immune infiltrates. A total of 209 DEGs and 182 DEGs were identified between the expression profiles of high and low RAI2 mRNA levels in the GSE7390 and GSE21653 databases, respectively. Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment indicated that these DEGs from two datasets were both mainly distributed in “biological processes” (BP), including “organelle fission” and “nuclear division”. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis demonstrated that these DEGs from two datasets were both significantly enriched in the “cell cycle”. Common hub genes between the DEGs in GSE7390 and GSE21653 were negatively associated with RAI2 expression, including CCNA2, MAD2L1, MELK, CDC20, and CCNB2.DiscussionsThese results above suggested that RAI2 might play a pivotal role in preventing the initiation and progression of breast cancer. The present study may contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms of RAI2 and enriching biomarkers to predict patient prognosis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiyu Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Juejun Gong
- Department of Oncology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Zheng
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ya Xie
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ya Xie,
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14
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McAinsh AD, Kops GJPL. Principles and dynamics of spindle assembly checkpoint signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023:10.1038/s41580-023-00593-z. [PMID: 36964313 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of a complete set of chromosomes to daughter cells during cell division is vital for development and tissue homeostasis. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures correct segregation by informing the cell cycle machinery of potential errors in the interactions of chromosomes with spindle microtubules prior to anaphase. To do so, the SAC monitors microtubule engagement by specialized structures known as kinetochores and integrates local mechanical and chemical cues such that it can signal in a sensitive, responsive and robust manner. In this Review, we discuss how SAC proteins interact to allow production of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) that halts anaphase progression by inhibiting the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). We highlight recent advances aimed at understanding the dynamic signalling properties of the SAC and how it interprets various naturally occurring intermediate attachment states. Further, we discuss SAC signalling in the context of the mammalian multisite kinetochore and address the impact of the fibrous corona. We also identify current challenges in understanding how the SAC ensures high-fidelity chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Bunning AR, Gupta Jr. ML. The importance of microtubule-dependent tension in accurate chromosome segregation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1096333. [PMID: 36755973 PMCID: PMC9899852 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1096333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation is vital for cell and organismal viability. The mitotic spindle, a bipolar macromolecular machine composed largely of dynamic microtubules, is responsible for chromosome segregation during each cell replication cycle. Prior to anaphase, a bipolar metaphase spindle must be formed in which each pair of chromatids is attached to microtubules from opposite spindle poles. In this bipolar configuration pulling forces from the dynamic microtubules can generate tension across the sister kinetochores. The tension status acts as a signal that can destabilize aberrant kinetochore-microtubule attachments and reinforces correct, bipolar connections. Historically it has been challenging to isolate the specific role of tension in mitotic processes due to the interdependency of attachment and tension status at kinetochores. Recent technical and experimental advances have revealed new insights into how tension functions during mitosis. Here we summarize the evidence that tension serves as a biophysical signal that unifies multiple aspects of kinetochore and centromere function to ensure accurate chromosome segregation.
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16
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Fischer ES. Kinetochore‐catalyzed MCC
formation: A structural perspective. IUBMB Life 2022; 75:289-310. [PMID: 36518060 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a cellular surveillance mechanism that functions to ensure accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis. Macromolecular complexes known as kinetochores, act as the interface of sister chromatid attachment to spindle microtubules. In response to unattached kinetochores, the SAC activates its effector, the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), which delays mitotic exit until all sister chromatid pairs have achieved successful attachment to the bipolar mitotic spindle. Formation of the MCC (composed of Mad2, BubR1, Bub3 and Cdc20) is regulated by an Mps1 kinase-dependent phosphorylation signaling cascade which assembles and repositions components of the MCC onto a catalytic scaffold. This scaffold functions to catalyze the conversion of the HORMA-domain protein Mad2 from an "inactive" open-state (O-Mad2) into an "active" closed-Mad2 (C-Mad2), and simultaneous Cdc20 binding. Here, our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the kinetic barrier to C-Mad2:Cdc20 formation will be reviewed. Recent progress in elucidating the precise molecular choreography orchestrated by the catalytic scaffold to rapidly assemble the MCC will be examined, and unresolved questions will be highlighted. Ultimately, understanding how the SAC rapidly activates the checkpoint not only provides insights into how cells maintain genomic integrity during mitosis, but also provides a paradigm for how cells can utilize molecular switches, including other HORMA domain-containing proteins, to make rapid changes to a cell's physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse S. Fischer
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge UK
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17
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Hayward D, Roberts E, Gruneberg U. MPS1 localizes to end-on microtubule-attached kinetochores to promote microtubule release. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5200-5208.e8. [PMID: 36395767 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the spindle assembly checkpoint protects genome stability in mitosis by preventing chromosome segregation until incorrect microtubule-kinetochore attachment geometries have been eliminated and chromosome biorientation has been completed. These error correction and checkpoint processes are linked by the conserved Aurora B and MPS1 Ser/Thr kinases.1,2 MPS1-dependent checkpoint signaling is believed to be initiated by kinetochores without end-on microtubule attachments,3,4 including those generated by Aurora B-mediated error correction. The current model posits that MPS1 competes with microtubules for binding sites at the kinetochore.3,4 MPS1 is thought to first recognize kinetochores not blocked by microtubules and then initiate checkpoint signaling. However, MPS1 is also required for chromosome biorientation and correction of microtubule-kinetochore attachment errors.5,6,7,8,9 This latter function, which must require direct interaction with microtubule-attached kinetochores, is not readily explained within the constraints of the current model. Here, we show that MPS1 transiently localizes to end-on attached kinetochores and that this recruitment depends on the relative activities of Aurora B and its counteracting phosphatase PP2A-B56 rather than microtubule-attachment state per se. MPS1 autophosphorylation also regulates MPS1 kinetochore levels but does not determine the response to microtubule attachment. At end-on attached kinetochores, MPS1 actively promotes microtubule release together with Aurora B. Furthermore, in live cells, MPS1 is detected at attached kinetochores before the removal of microtubules. During chromosome alignment, MPS1, therefore, coordinates both the resolution of incorrect microtubule-kinetochore attachments and the initiation of spindle checkpoint signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hayward
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Emile Roberts
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ulrike Gruneberg
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3RE, UK.
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18
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Deng DJ, Wang X, Yue KY, Wang Y, Jin QW. Analysis of the potential role of fission yeast PP2A in spindle assembly checkpoint inactivation. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22524. [PMID: 36006032 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101884r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As a surveillance mechanism, the activated spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) potently inhibits the E3 ubiquitin ligase APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome) to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. Although the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) has been proposed to be both, directly and indirectly, involved in spindle assembly checkpoint inactivation in mammalian cells, whether it is similarly operating in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomycer pombe has never been demonstrated. Here, we investigated whether fission yeast PP2A is involved in SAC silencing by following the rate of cyclin B (Cdc13) destruction at SPBs during the recovery phase in nda3-KM311 cells released from the inhibition of APC/C by the activated spindle checkpoint. The timing of the SAC inactivation is only slightly delayed when two B56 regulatory subunits (Par1 and Par2) of fission yeast PP2A are absent. Overproduction of individual PP2A subunits either globally in the nda3-KM311 arrest-and-release system or locally in the synthetic spindle checkpoint activation system only slightly suppresses the SAC silencing defects in PP1 deletion (dis2Δ) cells. Our study thus demonstrates that the fission yeast PP2A is not a key regulator actively involved in SAC inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kai-Ye Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yamei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Quan-Wen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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19
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Lacroix B, Lorca T, Castro A. Structural, enzymatic and spatiotemporal regulation of PP2A-B55 phosphatase in the control of mitosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:967909. [PMID: 36105360 PMCID: PMC9465306 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.967909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells require major physical changes to induce a proper repartition of the DNA. Nuclear envelope breakdown, DNA condensation and spindle formation are promoted at mitotic entry by massive protein phosphorylation and reversed at mitotic exit by the timely and ordered dephosphorylation of mitotic substrates. This phosphorylation results from the balance between the activity of kinases and phosphatases. The role of kinases in the control of mitosis has been largely studied, however, the impact of phosphatases has long been underestimated. Recent data have now established that the regulation of phosphatases is crucial to confer timely and ordered cellular events required for cell division. One major phosphatase involved in this process is the phosphatase holoenzyme PP2A-B55. This review will be focused in the latest structural, biochemical and enzymatic insights provided for PP2A-B55 phosphatase as well as its regulators and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lacroix
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR5237, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR5237Montpellier, France
- Équipe Labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Lorca
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR5237, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR5237Montpellier, France
- Équipe Labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, Paris, France
| | - Anna Castro
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR5237, Université de Montpellier, CNRS UMR5237Montpellier, France
- Équipe Labellisée “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Anna Castro,
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20
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SWAP, SWITCH, and STABILIZE: Mechanisms of Kinetochore–Microtubule Error Correction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091462. [PMID: 35563768 PMCID: PMC9104000 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For correct chromosome segregation in mitosis, eukaryotic cells must establish chromosome biorientation where sister kinetochores attach to microtubules extending from opposite spindle poles. To establish biorientation, any aberrant kinetochore–microtubule interactions must be resolved in the process called error correction. For resolution of the aberrant interactions in error correction, kinetochore–microtubule interactions must be exchanged until biorientation is formed (the SWAP process). At initiation of biorientation, the state of weak kinetochore–microtubule interactions should be converted to the state of stable interactions (the SWITCH process)—the conundrum of this conversion is called the initiation problem of biorientation. Once biorientation is established, tension is applied on kinetochore–microtubule interactions, which stabilizes the interactions (the STABILIZE process). Aurora B kinase plays central roles in promoting error correction, and Mps1 kinase and Stu2 microtubule polymerase also play important roles. In this article, we review mechanisms of error correction by considering the SWAP, SWITCH, and STABILIZE processes. We mainly focus on mechanisms found in budding yeast, where only one microtubule attaches to a single kinetochore at biorientation, making the error correction mechanisms relatively simpler.
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21
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Doodhi H, Tanaka TU. Swap and stop - Kinetochores play error correction with microtubules: Mechanisms of kinetochore-microtubule error correction: Mechanisms of kinetochore-microtubule error correction. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100246. [PMID: 35261042 PMCID: PMC9344824 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Correct chromosome segregation in mitosis relies on chromosome biorientation, in which sister kinetochores attach to microtubules from opposite spindle poles prior to segregation. To establish biorientation, aberrant kinetochore–microtubule interactions must be resolved through the error correction process. During error correction, kinetochore–microtubule interactions are exchanged (swapped) if aberrant, but the exchange must stop when biorientation is established. In this article, we discuss recent findings in budding yeast, which have revealed fundamental molecular mechanisms promoting this “swap and stop” process for error correction. Where relevant, we also compare the findings in budding yeast with mechanisms in higher eukaryotes. Evidence suggests that Aurora B kinase differentially regulates kinetochore attachments to the microtubule end and its lateral side and switches relative strength of the two kinetochore–microtubule attachment modes, which drives the exchange of kinetochore–microtubule interactions to resolve aberrant interactions. However, Aurora B kinase, recruited to centromeres and inner kinetochores, cannot reach its targets at kinetochore–microtubule interface when tension causes kinetochore stretching, which stops the kinetochore–microtubule exchange once biorientation is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinath Doodhi
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tomoyuki U Tanaka
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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22
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Bolanos-Garcia VM. On the Regulation of Mitosis by the Kinetochore, a Macromolecular Complex and Organising Hub of Eukaryotic Organisms. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:235-267. [PMID: 36151378 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is the multiprotein complex of eukaryotic organisms that is assembled on mitotic or meiotic centromeres to connect centromeric DNA with microtubules. Its function involves the coordinated action of more than 100 different proteins. The kinetochore acts as an organiser hub that establishes physical connections with microtubules and centromere-associated proteins and recruits central protein components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), an evolutionarily conserved surveillance mechanism of eukaryotic organisms that detects unattached kinetochores and destabilises incorrect kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The molecular communication between the kinetochore and the SAC is highly dynamic and tightly regulated to ensure that cells can progress towards anaphase until each chromosome is properly bi-oriented on the mitotic spindle. This is achieved through an interplay of highly cooperative interactions and concerted phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events that are organised in time and space.This contribution discusses our current understanding of the function, structure and regulation of the kinetochore, in particular, how its communication with the SAC results in the amplification of specific signals to exquisitely control the eukaryotic cell cycle. This contribution also addresses recent advances in machine learning approaches, cell imaging and proteomics techniques that have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that ensure the high fidelity and timely segregation of the genetic material every time a cell divides as well as the current challenges in the study of this fascinating molecular machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
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23
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Sarangapani KK, Koch LB, Nelson CR, Asbury CL, Biggins S. Kinetochore-bound Mps1 regulates kinetochore-microtubule attachments via Ndc80 phosphorylation. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202106130. [PMID: 34647959 PMCID: PMC8641409 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dividing cells detect and correct erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments during mitosis, thereby avoiding chromosome missegregation. The Aurora B kinase phosphorylates microtubule-binding elements specifically at incorrectly attached kinetochores, promoting their release and providing another chance for proper attachments to form. However, growing evidence suggests that the Mps1 kinase is also required for error correction. Here we directly examine how Mps1 activity affects kinetochore-microtubule attachments using a reconstitution-based approach that allows us to separate its effects from Aurora B activity. When endogenous Mps1 that copurifies with kinetochores is activated in vitro, it weakens their attachments to microtubules via phosphorylation of Ndc80, a major microtubule-binding protein. This phosphorylation contributes to error correction because phospho-deficient Ndc80 mutants exhibit genetic interactions and segregation defects when combined with mutants in other error correction pathways. In addition, Mps1 phosphorylation of Ndc80 is stimulated on kinetochores lacking tension. These data suggest that Mps1 provides an additional mechanism for correcting erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments, complementing the well-known activity of Aurora B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lori B. Koch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Christian R. Nelson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles L. Asbury
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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24
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Elsner J, Cashion D, Robinson D, Bahmanyar S, Tehrani L, Fultz KE, Narla RK, Peng X, Tran T, Apuy J, LeBrun L, Leftheris K, Boylan JF, Zhu D, Riggs JR. Structure-Guided Optimization Provides a Series of TTK Protein Inhibitors with Potent Antitumor Activity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12670-12679. [PMID: 34459599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
TTK is an essential spindle assembly checkpoint enzyme in many organisms. It plays a central role in tumor cell proliferation and is aberrantly overexpressed in a wide range of tumor types. We recently reported on a series of potent and selective TTK inhibitors with strong antiproliferative activity in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines (8: TTK IC50 = 3.0 nM; CAL-51 IC50 = 84.0 nM). Inspired by previously described potent tricyclic TTK inhibitor 6 (TTK IC50 = 0.9 nM), we embarked on a structure-enabled design and optimization campaign to identify an improved series with excellent potency, TTK selectivity, solubility, CYP inhibition profile, and in vivo efficacy in a TNBC xenograft model. These efforts culminated in the discovery of 25 (TTK IC50 = 3.0 nM; CAL-51 IC50 = 16.0 nM), which showed significant single-agent efficacy when dosed iv in a TNBC xenograft model without body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Elsner
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dan Cashion
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dale Robinson
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sogole Bahmanyar
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lida Tehrani
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kimberly E Fultz
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rama Krishna Narla
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiaohui Peng
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tam Tran
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Julius Apuy
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Laurie LeBrun
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Katerina Leftheris
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John F Boylan
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dan Zhu
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer R Riggs
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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25
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Lara-Gonzalez P, Pines J, Desai A. Spindle assembly checkpoint activation and silencing at kinetochores. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:86-98. [PMID: 34210579 PMCID: PMC8406419 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a surveillance mechanism that promotes accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis. The checkpoint senses the attachment state of kinetochores, the proteinaceous structures that assemble onto chromosomes in mitosis in order to mediate their interaction with spindle microtubules. When unattached, kinetochores generate a diffusible inhibitor that blocks the activity of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), an E3 ubiquitin ligase required for sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Work from the past decade has greatly illuminated our understanding of the mechanisms by which the diffusible inhibitor is assembled and how it inhibits the APC/C. However, less is understood about how SAC proteins are recruited to kinetochores in the absence of microtubule attachment, how the kinetochore catalyzes formation of the diffusible inhibitor, and how attachments silence the SAC at the kinetochore. Here, we summarize current understanding of the mechanisms that activate and silence the SAC at kinetochores and highlight open questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lara-Gonzalez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | | | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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26
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Habu T, Kim J. Dynein intermediate chain 2c (DNCI2c) complex is essential for exiting Mad2-dependent spindle assembly checkpoint. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119120. [PMID: 34400173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Mad2 protein plays a key role in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) function. The SAC pathway delays mitotic progression into anaphase until all kinetochores attach to the spindle during mitosis. The formation of the Mad2-p31comet complex correlates with the completion of spindle attachment and the entry into anaphase during mitosis. Herein, we showed that dynein intermediate chain 2c (DNCI2c)-a subunit of dynein motor protein-forms an immunocomplex with p31comet during mitosis. DNCI2c-knockdown resulted in prolonged mitotic arrest in a Mad2-dependent manner. Furthermore, DNCI2c-knockdown-induced mitotic arrest was not rescued by p31comet overexpression. However, the combination of p31comet overexpression with the mitotic drug treatment reversed the mitotic arrest in DNCI2c-knockdown. Together, these results indicate that the DNCI2c-p31comet complex plays an important role in exiting Mad2-dependent SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Habu
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan.
| | - Jiyeong Kim
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8558, Japan
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27
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Kops GJPL, Snel B, Tromer EC. Evolutionary Dynamics of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint in Eukaryotes. Curr Biol 2021; 30:R589-R602. [PMID: 32428500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The tremendous diversity in eukaryotic life forms can ultimately be traced back to evolutionary modifications at the level of molecular networks. Deep understanding of these modifications will not only explain cellular diversity, but will also uncover different ways to execute similar processes and expose the evolutionary 'rules' that shape the molecular networks. Here, we review the evolutionary dynamics of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a signaling network that guards fidelity of chromosome segregation. We illustrate how the interpretation of divergent SAC systems in eukaryotic species is facilitated by combining detailed molecular knowledge of the SAC and extensive comparative genome analyses. Ultimately, expanding this to other core cellular systems and experimentally interrogating such systems in organisms from all major lineages may start outlining the routes to and eventual manifestation of the cellular diversity of eukaryotic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert J P L Kops
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Berend Snel
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eelco C Tromer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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28
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Gui P, Sedzro DM, Yuan X, Liu S, Hei M, Tian W, Zohbi N, Wang F, Yao Y, Aikhionbare FO, Gao X, Wang D, Yao X, Dou Z. Mps1 dimerization and multisite interactions with Ndc80 complex enable responsive spindle assembly checkpoint signaling. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:486-498. [PMID: 32219319 PMCID: PMC7493027 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Error-free mitosis depends on accurate chromosome attachment to spindle microtubules, which is monitored by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) signaling. As an upstream factor of SAC, the precise and dynamic kinetochore localization of Mps1 kinase is critical for initiating and silencing SAC signaling. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that the multisite interactions between Mps1 and Ndc80 complex (Ndc80C) govern Mps1 kinetochore targeting. Importantly, we identified direct interaction between Mps1 tetratricopeptide repeat domain and Ndc80C. We further identified that Mps1 C-terminal fragment, which contains the protein kinase domain and C-tail, enhances Mps1 kinetochore localization. Mechanistically, Mps1 C-terminal fragment mediates its dimerization. Perturbation of C-tail attenuates the kinetochore targeting and activity of Mps1, leading to aberrant mitosis due to compromised SAC function. Taken together, our study highlights the importance of Mps1 dimerization and multisite interactions with Ndc80C in enabling responsive SAC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelle and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Divine M Sedzro
- MOE Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelle and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelle and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Sikai Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelle and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Mohan Hei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Najdat Zohbi
- Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Fangwei Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yihan Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelle and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Felix O Aikhionbare
- Keck Center for Cellular Dynamics and Organoids Plasticity, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Xinjiao Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelle and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelle and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelle and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhen Dou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelle and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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29
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Wu H, Zhang B, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Ma X, Feng H. Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Identifies Five Hub Genes Associated with Metastasis in Synovial Sarcoma. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 25:1767-1777. [PMID: 34182903 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210628112429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synovial sarcoma (SS) refers to a malignant soft tissue sarcoma (STS) which often occurs in children and adults and has a poor prognosis in elderly patients. Patients with local lesions can be treated with extensive surgical resection combined with adjuvant or radiotherapy, whereas about half of the cases have recurrent diseases and metastatic lesions, and five-year survival ratio is assessed within the range of 27% - 55% only. METHOD We downloaded a set of expression profile data (GSE40021) related to SS metastasis based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and selected distinctly represented genes (DEGs) related to tumor metastasis. WGCNA was used to emphasize the DEGs related to tumor metastasis and obtain co-expression modules. Then, the module most related to SS metastasis was screened out. The genes enriched in this module were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) functional and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway improvement analysis. Cytoscape software was used for constructing protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, and hub genes were screened in Oncomine analysis. RESULT We selected 514 DEGs, consisting of 210 up-regulated genes and 304 down-regulated genes. Through WGCAN, we got seven co-expression modules and the module most related to SS metastasis was the turquoise module, which contained 66 genes. Finally, we screened out five hub genes (HJURP, NCAPG, TPX2, CENPA, NDC80) through CytoHubba and Oncomine analysis. CONCLUSION In this study, we screened five hub genes that may help in clinical diagnosis and serve as the latent purpose of SS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzeng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Health Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Benzheng Zhang
- Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Jiazheng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Health Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Health Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Health Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
| | - Helin Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 12 Health Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, China
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30
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Jo M, Kusano Y, Hirota T. Unraveling pathologies underlying chromosomal instability in cancers. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2975-2983. [PMID: 34032342 PMCID: PMC8353923 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a widespread feature of malignant tumors that arises through persistent chromosome mis‐segregation in mitosis associated with a pathological condition called chromosomal instability, or CIN. Since CIN is known to have a causal relationship with poor prognosis accompanying by multi‐drug resistance, tumor relapse, and metastasis, many research groups have endeavored to understand the mechanisms underlying CIN. In this review, we overview possible etiologies of CIN. The key processes to achieve faithful chromosome segregation include the regulation of sister chromatid cohesion, kinetochore‐microtubule attachment, bipolar spindle formation, spindle‐assembly checkpoint, and the activity of separase. Aberrant chromosome structures during DNA replication might also be a potential cause of CIN. Defective regulation in these processes can lead to chromosome mis‐segregation, manifested by lagging chromosomes, and DNA bridges in anaphase, leading to gross chromosome rearrangements. Investigation into the molecular etiologies of CIN should allow us to explore novel strategies to intervene in CIN to control cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Jo
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kusano
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Hirota
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Barisic M, Rajendraprasad G. Mitotic poleward flux: Finding balance between microtubule dynamics and sliding. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100079. [PMID: 34085708 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Continuous poleward motion of microtubules in metazoan mitotic spindles has been fascinating generations of cell biologists over the last several decades. In human cells, this so-called poleward flux was recently shown to be driven by the coordinated action of four mitotic kinesins. The sliding activities of kinesin-5/EG5 and kinesin-12/KIF15 are sequentially supported by kinesin-7/CENP-E at kinetochores and kinesin-4/KIF4A on chromosome arms, with the individual contributions peaking during prometaphase and metaphase, respectively. Although recent data elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying this cellular phenomenon, the functional roles of microtubule poleward flux during cell division remain largely elusive. Here, we discuss potential contribution of microtubule flux engine to various essential processes at different stages of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Girish Rajendraprasad
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark
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32
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Chemical tools for dissecting cell division. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:632-640. [PMID: 34035515 PMCID: PMC10157795 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Components of the cell division machinery typically function at varying cell cycle stages and intracellular locations. To dissect cellular mechanisms during the rapid division process, small-molecule probes act as complementary approaches to genetic manipulations, with advantages of temporal and in some cases spatial control and applicability to multiple model systems. This Review focuses on recent advances in chemical probes and applications to address select questions in cell division. We discuss uses of both enzyme inhibitors and chemical inducers of dimerization, as well as emerging techniques to promote future investigations. Overall, these concepts may open new research directions for applying chemical probes to advance cell biology.
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33
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Fang Q, Chen XL, Zhang L, Li YB, Sun TZ, Yang CX, Chang JF, Yang XM, Sun F. The essential roles of Mps1 in spermatogenesis and fertility in mice. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:531. [PMID: 34031364 PMCID: PMC8144579 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1), which plays a critical role in somatic mitosis, has also been revealed to be essential for meiosis I in oocytes. Spermatogenesis is an important process involving successive mitosis and meiosis, but the function of MPS1 in spermatogenesis remains unclear. Here, we generated Mps1 conditional knockout mice and found that Ddx4-cre-driven loss of Mps1 in male mice resulted in depletion of undifferentiated spermatogonial cells and subsequently of differentiated spermatogonia and spermatocytes. In addition, Stra8-cre-driven ablation of Mps1 in male mice led to germ cell loss and fertility reduction. Spermatocytes lacking Mps1 have blocked at the zygotene-to-pachytene transition in the prophase of meiosis I, which may be due to decreased H2B ubiquitination level mediated by MDM2. And the expression of many meiotic genes was decreased, while that of apoptotic genes was increased. Moreover, we also detected increased apoptosis in spermatocytes with Mps1 knockout, which may have been the reason why germ cells were lost. Taken together, our findings indicate that MPS1 is required for mitosis of gonocytes and spermatogonia, differentiation of undifferentiated spermatogonia, and progression of meiosis I in spermatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xue-Lin Chen
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ya-Bin Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tian-Zeng Sun
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chen-Xin Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jian-Feng Chang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Feng Sun
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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34
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Bokros M, Sherwin D, Kabbaj MH, Wang Y. Yeast Fin1-PP1 dephosphorylates an Ipl1 substrate, Ndc80, to remove Bub1-Bub3 checkpoint proteins from the kinetochore during anaphase. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009592. [PMID: 34033659 PMCID: PMC8184001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) prevents anaphase onset in response to chromosome attachment defects, and SAC silencing is essential for anaphase onset. Following anaphase onset, activated Cdc14 phosphatase dephosphorylates the substrates of cyclin-dependent kinase to facilitate anaphase progression and mitotic exit. In budding yeast, Cdc14 dephosphorylates Fin1, a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), to enable kinetochore localization of Fin1-PP1. We previously showed that kinetochore-localized Fin1-PP1 promotes the removal of the SAC protein Bub1 from the kinetochore during anaphase. We report here that Fin1-PP1 also promotes kinetochore removal of Bub3, the Bub1 partner, but has no effect on another SAC protein Mad1. Moreover, the kinetochore localization of Bub1-Bub3 during anaphase requires Aurora B/Ipl1 kinase activity. We further showed that Fin1-PP1 facilitates the dephosphorylation of kinetochore protein Ndc80, a known Ipl1 substrate. This dephosphorylation reduces kinetochore association of Bub1-Bub3 during anaphase. In addition, we found that untimely Ndc80 dephosphorylation causes viability loss in response to tensionless chromosome attachments. These results suggest that timely localization of Fin1-PP1 to the kinetochore controls the functional window of SAC and is therefore critical for faithful chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bokros
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Delaney Sherwin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marie-Helene Kabbaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yanchang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
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35
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Construction of a novel prognostic-predicting model correlated to ovarian cancer. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225895. [PMID: 32716025 PMCID: PMC7414523 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most lethal gynecological cancers worldwide. The pathogenesis of the disease and outcomes prediction of OC patients remain largely unclear. The present study aimed to explore the key genes and biological pathways in ovarian carcinoma development, as well as construct a prognostic model to predict patients’ overall survival (OS). Results: We identified 164 up-regulated and 80 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with OC. Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment showed DEGs mainly correlated with spindle microtubes. For Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, cell cycle was mostly enriched for the DEGs. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network yielded 238 nodes and 1284 edges. Top three modules and ten hub genes were further filtered and analyzed. Three candidiate drugs targeting for therapy were also selected. Thirteen OS-related genes were selected and an eight-mRNA model was present to stratify patients into high- and low-risk groups with significantly different survival. Conclusions: The identified DEGs and biological pathways may provide new perspective on the pathogenesis and treatments of OC. The identified eight-mRNA signature has significant clinical implication for outcome prediction and tailored therapy guidance for OC patients.
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36
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Chen J, Ünal E. Meiotic regulation of the Ndc80 complex composition and function. Curr Genet 2021; 67:511-518. [PMID: 33745061 PMCID: PMC8254699 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the current models for how the subunit abundance of the Ndc80 complex, a key kinetochore component, is regulated in budding yeast and metazoan meiosis. The past decades of kinetochore research have established the Ndc80 complex to be a key microtubule interactor and a central hub for regulating chromosome segregation. Recent studies further demonstrate that Ndc80 is the limiting kinetochore subunit that dictates the timing of kinetochore activation in budding yeast meiosis. Here, we discuss the molecular circuits that regulate Ndc80 protein synthesis and degradation in budding yeast meiosis and compare the findings with those from metazoans. We envision the regulatory principles discovered in budding yeast to be conserved in metazoans, thereby providing guidance into future investigations on kinetochore regulation in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxun Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Elçin Ünal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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37
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Uchida KSK, Jo M, Nagasaka K, Takahashi M, Shindo N, Shibata K, Tanaka K, Masumoto H, Fukagawa T, Hirota T. Kinetochore stretching-mediated rapid silencing of the spindle-assembly checkpoint required for failsafe chromosome segregation. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1581-1591.e3. [PMID: 33651990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The spindle-assembly checkpoint facilitates mitotic fidelity by delaying anaphase onset in response to microtubule vacancy at kinetochores. Following microtubule attachment, kinetochores receive microtubule-derived force, which causes kinetochores to undergo repetitive cycles of deformation; this phenomenon is referred to as kinetochore stretching. The nature of the forces and the relevance relating this deformation are not well understood. Here, we show that kinetochore stretching occurs within a framework of single end-on attached kinetochores, irrespective of microtubule poleward pulling force. An experimental method to conditionally interfere with the stretching allowed us to determine that kinetochore stretching comprises an essential process of checkpoint silencing by promoting PP1 phosphatase recruitment after the establishment of end-on attachments and removal of the majority of checkpoint-activating kinase Mps1 from kinetochores. Remarkably, we found that a lower frequency of kinetochore stretching largely correlates with a prolonged metaphase in cancer cell lines with chromosomal instability. Perturbation of kinetochore stretching and checkpoint silencing in chromosomally stable cells produced anaphase bridges, which can be alleviated by reducing chromosome-loaded cohesin. These observations indicate that kinetochore stretching-mediated checkpoint silencing provides an unanticipated etiology underlying chromosomal instability and underscores the importance of a rapid metaphase-to-anaphase transition in sustaining mitotic fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko S K Uchida
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Japan
| | - Minji Jo
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Nagasaka
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoko Takahashi
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihisa Shindo
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsushi Shibata
- Division of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masumoto
- Laboratory of Chromosome Engineering, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Laboratory of Chromosome Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Hirota
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Cancer Institute of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
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Li W, Gu X, Liu C, Shi Y, Wang P, Zhang N, Wu R, Leng L, Xie B, Song C, Li M. A synergetic effect of BARD1 mutations on tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1243. [PMID: 33623049 PMCID: PMC7902612 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, a large number of mutations have been screened from breast and ovarian cancer patients. However, most of them are classified into benign or unidentified alterations due to their undetectable phenotypes. Whether and how they could cause tumors remains unknown, and this significantly limits diagnosis and therapy. Here, in a study of a family with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, we find that two BARD1 mutations, P24S and R378S, simultaneously exist in cis in surviving cancer patients. Neither of the single mutations causes a functional change, but together they synergetically impair the DNA damage response and lead to tumors in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our report not only demonstrates that BARD1 defects account for tumorigenesis but also uncovers the potential risk of synergetic effects between the large number of cis mutations in individual genes in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Gu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Leng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Bingteng Xie
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Song
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mo Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China.
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Specificity determinants of phosphoprotein phosphatases controlling kinetochore functions. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:325-336. [PMID: 32501472 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are instrumental for accurate chromosome segregation by binding to microtubules in order to move chromosomes and by delaying anaphase onset through the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Dynamic phosphorylation of kinetochore components is key to control these activities and is tightly regulated by temporal and spatial recruitment of kinases and phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPPs). Here we focus on PP1, PP2A-B56 and PP2A-B55, three PPPs that are important regulators of mitosis. Despite the fact that these PPPs share a very similar active site, they target unique ser/thr phosphorylation sites to control kinetochore function. Specificity is in part achieved by PPPs binding to short linear motifs (SLiMs) that guide their substrate specificity. SLiMs bind to conserved pockets on PPPs and are degenerate in nature, giving rise to a range of binding affinities. These SLiMs control the assembly of numerous substrate specifying complexes and their position and binding strength allow PPPs to target specific phosphorylation sites. In addition, the activity of PPPs is regulated by mitotic kinases and inhibitors, either directly at the activity level or through affecting PPP-SLiM interactions. Here, we discuss recent progress in understanding the regulation of PPP specificity and activity and how this controls kinetochore biology.
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40
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Hong Z, Wang Q, Hong C, Liu M, Qiu P, Lin R, Lin X, Chen F, Li Q, Liu L, Wang C, Chen D. Identification of Seven Cell Cycle-Related Genes with Unfavorable Prognosis and Construction of their TF-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in Breast Cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:740-753. [PMID: 33403032 PMCID: PMC7778540 DOI: 10.7150/jca.48245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC), with complex tumorigenesis and progression, remains the most common malignancy in women. We aimed to explore some novel and significant genes with unfavorable prognoses and potential pathways involved in BC initiation and progression via bioinformatics methods. BC tissue-specific microarray datasets of GSE42568, GSE45827 and GSE54002, which included a total of 651 BC tissues and 44 normal breast tissues, were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and 124 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between BC tissues and normal breast tissues via R software and an online Venn diagram tool. Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integration Discovery (DAVID) software showed that 65 upregulated DEGs were mainly enriched in the regulation of the cell cycle, and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) software identified the 39 closest associated upregulated DEGs in protein-protein interactions (PPIs), which validated the high expression of genes in BC tissues by the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) tool. In addition, 36 out of 39 BC patients showed significantly worse outcomes by Kaplan-Meier plotter (KM plotter), and an additional Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that seven genes (cyclin E2 (CCNE2), cyclin B1 (CCNB1), cyclin B2 (CCNB2), mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase B (BUB1B), dual-specificity protein kinase (TTK), cell division cycle 20 (CDC20), and pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (PTTG1)) were markedly enriched in the cell cycle pathway. Analysis of the clinicopathological characteristics of hub genes revealed that seven cell cycle-related genes (CCRGs) were significantly highly expressed in four BC subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, HER2-positive and triple-negative (TNBC)), and except for the CCNE2 gene, high expression levels were significantly associated with tumor pathological grade and stage and metastatic events of BC. Furthermore, genetic mutation analysis indicated that genetic alterations of CCRGs could also significantly affect BC patients' prognosis. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay found that the seven CCRGs were significantly differentially expressed in BC cell lines. Integration of published multilevel expression data and a bioinformatics computational approach were used to predict and construct a regulation mechanism: a transcription factor (TF)-microRNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA) regulation network. The present work is the first to construct a regulatory network of TF-miRNA-mRNA in BC for CCRGs and provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Hong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, P. R. China.,Department of Breast Surgery and General Surgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350001, P. R. China.,Breast Cancer Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350001, P.R. China
| | - Qinglan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, P. R. China
| | - Chengye Hong
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, P. R. China
| | - Meimei Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, P. R. China
| | - Pengqin Qiu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhuang Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery and General Surgery, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350001, P. R. China.,Breast Cancer Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350001, P.R. China
| | - Debo Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Quanzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, 362000, P. R. China
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41
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Cordeiro MH, Smith RJ, Saurin AT. Kinetochore phosphatases suppress autonomous Polo-like kinase 1 activity to control the mitotic checkpoint. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202002020. [PMID: 33125045 PMCID: PMC7608062 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Local phosphatase regulation is needed at kinetochores to silence the mitotic checkpoint (a.k.a. spindle assembly checkpoint [SAC]). A key event in this regard is the dephosphorylation of MELT repeats on KNL1, which removes SAC proteins from the kinetochore, including the BUB complex. We show here that PP1 and PP2A-B56 phosphatases are primarily required to remove Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) from the BUB complex, which can otherwise maintain MELT phosphorylation in an autocatalytic manner. This appears to be their principal role in the SAC because both phosphatases become redundant if PLK1 is inhibited or BUB-PLK1 interaction is prevented. Surprisingly, MELT dephosphorylation can occur normally under these conditions even when the levels or activities of PP1 and PP2A are strongly inhibited at kinetochores. Therefore, these data imply that kinetochore phosphatase regulation is critical for the SAC, but primarily to restrain and extinguish autonomous PLK1 activity. This is likely a conserved feature of the metazoan SAC, since the relevant PLK1 and PP2A-B56 binding motifs have coevolved in the same region on MADBUB homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrian T. Saurin
- Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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42
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Duro J, Nilsson J. SAC during early cell divisions: Sacrificing fidelity over timely division, regulated differently across organisms: Chromosome alignment and segregation are left unsupervised from the onset of development until checkpoint activity is acquired, varying from species to species. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000174. [PMID: 33251610 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early embryogenesis is marked by a frail Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC). The time of SAC acquisition varies depending on the species, cell size or a yet to be uncovered developmental timer. This means that for a specific number of divisions, biorientation of sister chromatids occurs unsupervised. When error-prone segregation is an issue, an aneuploidy-selective apoptosis system can come into play to eliminate chromosomally unbalanced cells resulting in healthy newborns. However, aneuploidy content can be too great to overcome, endangering viability. SAC generates a diffusible signal to lengthen time spent in mitosis if needed, ensuring correct chromosome segregation, a fundamental factor in the generation of euploid cells. Thus, it remains puzzling what benefit could come from delaying SAC acquisition till later in the development. In this review, we describe what is known on SAC acquisition in distinct species and highlight pending research as well as potential applications for such knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Duro
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Ju JQ, Li XH, Pan MH, Xu Y, Xu Y, Sun MH, Sun SC. Mps1 controls spindle assembly, SAC, and DNA repair in the first cleavage of mouse early embryos. J Cell Biochem 2020; 122:290-300. [PMID: 33025669 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Monopolar spindle-1 (Mps1) is a critical interphase regulator that also involves into the spindle assembly checkpoint for the cell cycle control in both mitosis and meiosis. However, the functions of Mps1 during mouse early embryo development is still unclear. In this study, we reported the important roles of Mps1 in the first cleavage of mouse embryos. Our data indicated that the loss of Mps1 activity caused precocious cleavage of zygotes to 2-cell embryos; however, prolonged culture disturbed the early embryo development to the blastocyst. We found that the spindle organization was disrupted after Mps1 inhibition, and the chromosomes were misaligned in the first cleavage. Moreover, the kinetochore-microtubule attachment was lost and Aurora B failed to accumulate to the kinetochores, indicating that the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) was activated. Furthermore, the inhibition of Mps1 activity resulted in an increase of DNA damage, which further induced oxidative stress, showing with positive γ-H2A.X signal and increased reactive oxygen species level. Ultimately, irreparable DNA damage and oxidative stress-activated apoptosis and autophagy, which was confirmed by the positive Annexin-V signal and increased autophagosomes. Taken together, our data indicated that Mps1 played important roles in the control of SAC and DNA repair during mouse early embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qian Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Hao Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Hong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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44
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Asai Y, Matsumura R, Hasumi Y, Susumu H, Nagata K, Watanabe Y, Terada Y. SET/TAF1 forms a distance-dependent feedback loop with Aurora B and Bub1 as a tension sensor at centromeres. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15653. [PMID: 32973131 PMCID: PMC7518443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, spatiotemporal regulation of phosphorylation at the kinetochore is essential for accurate chromosome alignment and proper chromosome segregation. Aurora B kinase phosphorylates kinetochore substrates to correct improper kinetochore-microtubule (KT-MT) attachments, whereas tension across the centromeres inactivates Aurora B kinase, and PP2A phosphatase dephosphorylates the kinetochore proteins to stabilize the attachments. However, the molecular entity of the tension sensing mechanism remains elusive. In a previous report, we showed that centromeric SET/TAF1 on Sgo2 up-regulates Aurora B kinase activity via PP2A inhibition in prometaphase. Here we show that Aurora B and Bub1 at the centromere/kinetochore regulate both kinase activities one another in an inter-kinetochore distance-dependent manner, indicating a positive feedback loop. We further show that the centromeric pool of SET on Sgo2 depends on Bub1 kinase activity, and the centromeric localization of SET decreases in a distance-dependent manner, thereby inactivating Aurora B in metaphase. Consistently, ectopic targeting of SET to the kinetochores during metaphase hyperactivates Aurora B via PP2A inhibition, and thereby rescues the feedback loop. Thus, we propose that SET, Aurora B and Bub1 form a distance-dependent positive feedback loop, which spatiotemporally may act as a tension sensor at centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Asai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Rieko Matsumura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yurina Hasumi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Susumu
- Graduate Program in Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Nagata
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Watanabe
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9RQ, Sussex, UK
| | - Yasuhiko Terada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
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45
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Audett MR, Maresca TJ. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts: at the intersection of order, disorder, and kinetochore function. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:349-358. [PMID: 32756877 PMCID: PMC8011995 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore (KT) field has matured tremendously since Earnshaw first identified CENP-A, CENP-B, and CENP-C [1,2]. In the past 35 years, the accumulation of knowledge has included: defining the parts list, identifying epistatic networks of interdependence within the parts list, understanding the spatial organization of subcomplexes into a massive structure - hundreds of megadaltons in size, and dissecting the functions of the KT in its entirety as well as of its individual parts. Like nearly all cell and molecular biology fields, the structure-function paradigm has been foundational to advances in the KT field. A point nicely highlighted by the fact that we are at the precipice of the in vitro reconstitution of a functional KT holo complex. Yet conventional notions of structure cannot provide a complete picture of the KT especially since it contains an abundance of unstructured or intrinsically disordered constituents. The combination of structured and disordered proteins within the KT results in an assembled system that is functionally greater than the sum of its parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux R Audett
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, U.S.A
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, U.S.A
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46
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Kuijt TEF, Lambers MLA, Weterings S, Ponsioen B, Bolhaqueiro ACF, Staijen DHM, Kops GJPL. A Biosensor for the Mitotic Kinase MPS1 Reveals Spatiotemporal Activity Dynamics and Regulation. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3862-3870.e6. [PMID: 32888483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation during cell division critically depends on error correction of chromosome-spindle interactions and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) [1-3]. The kinase MPS1 is an essential regulator of both processes, ensuring full chromosome biorientation before anaphase onset [3, 4]. To understand when and where MPS1 activation occurs and how MPS1 signaling is modulated during mitosis, we developed MPS1sen, a sensitive and specific FRET-based biosensor for MPS1 activity. By placing MPS1sen at different subcellular locations, we show that MPS1 activity initiates in the nucleus ∼9-12 min prior to nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) in a kinetochore-dependent manner and reaches the cytoplasm at the start of NEB. Soon after initiation, MPS1 activity increases with switch-like kinetics, peaking at completion of NEB. We further show that timing and extent of pre-NEB MPS1 activity is regulated by Aurora B and PP2A-B56. MPS1sen phosphorylation declines in prometaphase as a result of formation of kinetochore-microtubule attachments, reaching low but still detectable levels at metaphase. Finally, leveraging the sensitivity and dynamic range of MPS1sen, we show deregulated MPS1 signaling dynamics in colorectal cancer cell lines and tumor organoids with diverse genomic instability phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo E F Kuijt
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike L A Lambers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja Weterings
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Ponsioen
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, 3584CG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Molecular Cancer Research, Centre for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, 3584CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ana C F Bolhaqueiro
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Debbie H M Staijen
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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A stochastic model for error correction of kinetochore-microtubule attachments in budding yeast. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236293. [PMID: 32760074 PMCID: PMC7410253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To divide replicated chromosomes equally between daughter cells, kinetochores must attach to microtubules emanating from opposite poles of the mitotic spindle (biorientation). An error correction mechanism facilitates this process by destabilizing erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments. Here we present a stochastic model of kinetochore-microtubule attachments, via an essential protein Ndc80 in budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using the model, we calculate the stochastic dynamics of a pair of sister kinetochores as they transition among different attachment states. First of all, we determine the kinase-to-phosphatase balance point that maximizes the probability of biorientation, while starting from an erroneous attachment state. We find that the balance point is sensitive to the rates of microtubule-Ndc80 dissociation and derive an approximate analytical formula that defines the balance point. Secondly, we determine the probability of transition from low-tension amphitelic to monotelic attachment and find that, despite this probability being approximately 33%, biorientation can be achieved with high probability. Thirdly, we calculate the contribution of the geometrical orientation of sister kinetochores to the probability of biorientation and show that, in the absence of geometrical orientation, the biorientation error rate is much larger than that observed in experiments. Finally, we study the coupling of the error correction mechanism to the spindle assembly checkpoint by calculating the average binding of checkpoint-related proteins to the kinetochore during the error correction process.
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Benzi G, Piatti S. Killing two birds with one stone: how budding yeast Mps1 controls chromosome segregation and spindle assembly checkpoint through phosphorylation of a single kinetochore protein. Curr Genet 2020; 66:1037-1044. [PMID: 32632756 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, the identical sister chromatids of each chromosome must attach through their kinetochores to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. This process, referred to as chromosome biorientation, is essential for equal partitioning of the genetic information to the two daughter cells. Defects in chromosome biorientation can give rise to aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer and genetic diseases. A conserved surveillance mechanism called spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) prevents the onset of anaphase until biorientation is attained. Key to chromosome biorientation is an error correction mechanism that allows kinetochores to establish proper bipolar attachments by disengaging faulty kinetochore-microtubule connections. Error correction relies on the Aurora B and Mps1 kinases that also promote SAC signaling, raising the possibility that they are part of a single sensory device responding to improper attachments and concomitantly controlling both their disengagement and a temporary mitotic arrest. In budding yeast, Aurora B and Mps1 promote error correction independently from one another, but while the substrates of Aurora B in this process are at least partially known, the mechanism underlying the involvement of Mps1 in the error correction pathway is unknown. Through the characterization of a novel mps1 mutant and an unbiased genetic screen for extragenic suppressors, we recently gained evidence that a common mechanism based on Mps1-dependent phosphorylation of the Knl1/Spc105 kinetochore scaffold and subsequent recruitment of the Bub1 kinase is critical for the function of Mps1 in chromosome biorientation as well as for SAC activation (Benzi et al. EMBO Rep, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Benzi
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Simonetta Piatti
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.
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Allan LA, Camacho Reis M, Ciossani G, Huis in ‘t Veld PJ, Wohlgemuth S, Kops GJPL, Musacchio A, Saurin AT. Cyclin B1 scaffolds MAD1 at the kinetochore corona to activate the mitotic checkpoint. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103180. [PMID: 32202322 PMCID: PMC7298293 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin B:CDK1 is the master kinase regulator of mitosis. We show here that, in addition to its kinase functions, mammalian Cyclin B also scaffolds a localised signalling pathway to help preserve genome stability. Cyclin B1 localises to an expanded region of the outer kinetochore, known as the corona, where it scaffolds the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) machinery by binding directly to MAD1. In vitro reconstitutions map the key binding interface to a few acidic residues in the N-terminal region of MAD1, and point mutations in this sequence abolish MAD1 corona localisation and weaken the SAC. Therefore, Cyclin B1 is the long-sought-after scaffold that links MAD1 to the corona, and this specific pool of MAD1 is needed to generate a robust SAC response. Robustness arises because Cyclin B1:MAD1 localisation loses dependence on MPS1 kinase after the corona has been established, ensuring that corona-localised MAD1 can still be phosphorylated when MPS1 activity is low. Therefore, this study explains how corona-MAD1 generates a robust SAC signal, and it reveals a scaffolding role for the key mitotic kinase, Cyclin B1:CDK1, which ultimately helps to inhibit its own degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Allan
- Division of Cellular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Magda Camacho Reis
- Division of Cellular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Giuseppe Ciossani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Pim J Huis in ‘t Veld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Sabine Wohlgemuth
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Geert JPL Kops
- Oncode InstituteHubrecht Institute—KNAW and University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Adrian T Saurin
- Division of Cellular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
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Roy B, Han SJ, Fontan AN, Joglekar AP. The copy-number and varied strengths of MELT motifs in Spc105 balance the strength and responsiveness of the spindle assembly checkpoint. eLife 2020; 9:55096. [PMID: 32479259 PMCID: PMC7292645 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) maintains genome stability while also ensuring timely anaphase onset. To maintain genome stability, the SAC must be strong to delay anaphase even if just one chromosome is unattached, but for timely anaphase onset, it must promptly respond to silencing mechanisms. How the SAC meets these potentially antagonistic requirements is unclear. Here we show that the balance between SAC strength and responsiveness is determined by the number of ‘MELT’ motifs in the kinetochore protein Spc105/KNL1 and their Bub3-Bub1 binding affinities. Many strong MELT motifs per Spc105/KNL1 minimize chromosome missegregation, but too many delay anaphase onset. We demonstrate this by constructing a Spc105 variant that trades SAC responsiveness for much more accurate chromosome segregation. We propose that the necessity of balancing SAC strength and responsiveness drives the dual evolutionary trend of the amplification of MELT motif number, but degeneration of their functionally optimal amino acid sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babhrubahan Roy
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Simon Jy Han
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Adrienne Nicole Fontan
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Ajit P Joglekar
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
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