1
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Trainer D, Lee AT, Sarkar S, Singh V, Cheng X, Dandu NK, Latt KZ, Wang S, Ajayi TM, Premarathna S, Facemyer D, Curtiss LA, Ulloa SE, Ngo AT, Masson E, Hla SW. 2D Ionic Liquid-Like State of Charged Rare-Earth Clusters on a Metal Surface. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308813. [PMID: 38268161 PMCID: PMC10987101 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Rare-earth complexes are vital for separation chemistry and useful in many advanced applications including emission and energy upconversion. Here, 2D rare-earth clusters having net charges are formed on a metal surface, enabling investigations of their structural and electronic properties on a one-cluster-at-a-time basis using scanning tunneling microscopy. While these ionic complexes are highly mobile on the surface at ≈100 K, their mobility is greatly reduced at 5 K and reveals stable and self-limiting clusters. In each cluster, a pair of charged rare-earth complexes formed by electrostatic and dispersive interactions act as a basic unit, and the clusters are chiral. Unlike other non-ionic molecular clusters formed on the surfaces, these rare-earth clusters show mechanical stability. Moreover, their high mobility on the surface suggests that they are in a 2D liquid-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Trainer
- Nanoscience and Technology DivisionArgonne National laboratoryLemontIL60439USA
| | - Alex Taekyung Lee
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60608USA
- Materials Science DivisionArgonne National laboratoryLemontIL60439USA
| | - Sanjoy Sarkar
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Instituteand Department of Physics and AstronomyOhio UniversityAthensOH45701USA
| | - Vijay Singh
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60608USA
- Materials Science DivisionArgonne National laboratoryLemontIL60439USA
- Present address:
Department of PhysicsGITAM School of ScienceBengaluruKarnataka561203India
| | - Xinyue Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryOhio UniversityAthensOH45701USA
| | - Naveen K. Dandu
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60608USA
- Materials Science DivisionArgonne National laboratoryLemontIL60439USA
| | - Kyaw Zin Latt
- Nanoscience and Technology DivisionArgonne National laboratoryLemontIL60439USA
| | - Shaoze Wang
- Nanoscience and Technology DivisionArgonne National laboratoryLemontIL60439USA
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Instituteand Department of Physics and AstronomyOhio UniversityAthensOH45701USA
| | - Tolulope Michael Ajayi
- Nanoscience and Technology DivisionArgonne National laboratoryLemontIL60439USA
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Instituteand Department of Physics and AstronomyOhio UniversityAthensOH45701USA
| | - Sineth Premarathna
- Nanoscience and Technology DivisionArgonne National laboratoryLemontIL60439USA
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Instituteand Department of Physics and AstronomyOhio UniversityAthensOH45701USA
| | - David Facemyer
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Instituteand Department of Physics and AstronomyOhio UniversityAthensOH45701USA
| | - Larry A. Curtiss
- Materials Science DivisionArgonne National laboratoryLemontIL60439USA
| | - Sergio E. Ulloa
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Instituteand Department of Physics and AstronomyOhio UniversityAthensOH45701USA
| | - Anh T. Ngo
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60608USA
- Materials Science DivisionArgonne National laboratoryLemontIL60439USA
| | - Eric Masson
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryOhio UniversityAthensOH45701USA
| | - Saw Wai Hla
- Nanoscience and Technology DivisionArgonne National laboratoryLemontIL60439USA
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Instituteand Department of Physics and AstronomyOhio UniversityAthensOH45701USA
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2
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Wu H, Tang J, Chen M, Xiao M, Lu Y, Xia K, Nori F. Passive magnetic-free broadband optical isolator based on unidirectional self-induced transparency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:11010-11021. [PMID: 38570960 DOI: 10.1364/oe.507019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Achieving a broadband nonreciprocal device without gain and any external bias is very challenging and highly desirable for modern photonic technologies and quantum networks. Here we theoretically propose a passive and magnetic-free all-optical isolator for a femtosecond laser pulse by exploiting a new mechanism of unidirectional self-induced transparency, obtained with a nonlinear medium followed by a normal absorbing medium at one side. The transmission contrast between the forward and backward directions can reach 14.3 dB for a 2π - 5 fs laser pulse. The 20 dB bandwidth is about 56 nm, already comparable with a magneto-optical isolator. This work provides a new mechanism which may benefit non-magnetic isolation of ultrashort laser pulses.
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3
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Islam F, Lee CM, Harper S, Rahaman MH, Zhao Y, Vij NK, Waks E. Cavity-Enhanced Emission from a Silicon T Center. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:319-325. [PMID: 38147350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Silicon T centers present the promising possibility of generating optically active spin qubits in an all-silicon device. However, these color centers exhibit long excited state lifetimes and a low Debye-Waller factor, making them dim emitters with low efficiency into the zero-phonon line. Nanophotonic cavities can solve this problem by enhancing radiative emission into the zero-phonon line through the Purcell effect. In this work, we demonstrate cavity-enhanced emission from a single T center in a nanophotonic cavity. We achieve a 2 order of magnitude increase in the brightness of the zero-phonon line relative to waveguide-coupled emitters, a 23% collection efficiency from emitter to fiber, and an overall emission efficiency into the zero-phonon line of 63.4%. We also observe a lifetime enhancement of 5, corresponding to a Purcell factor exceeding 18 when correcting for the emission to the phonon sideband. These results pave the way toward efficient spin-photon interfaces in silicon photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Islam
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Samuel Harper
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Mohammad Habibur Rahaman
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Neelesh Kumar Vij
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Edo Waks
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics and Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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4
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Yu Y, Oser D, Da Prato G, Urbinati E, Ávila JC, Zhang Y, Remy P, Marzban S, Gröblacher S, Tittel W. Frequency Tunable, Cavity-Enhanced Single Erbium Quantum Emitter in the Telecom Band. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:170801. [PMID: 37955475 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.170801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Single quantum emitters embedded in solid-state hosts are an ideal platform for realizing quantum information processors and quantum network nodes. Among the currently investigated candidates, Er^{3+} ions are particularly appealing due to their 1.5 μm optical transition in the telecom band as well as their long spin coherence times. However, the long lifetimes of the excited state-generally in excess of 1 ms-along with the inhomogeneous broadening of the optical transition result in significant challenges. Photon emission rates are prohibitively small, and different emitters generally create photons with distinct spectra, thereby preventing multiphoton interference-a requirement for building large-scale, multinode quantum networks. Here we solve this challenge by demonstrating for the first time linear Stark tuning of the emission frequency of a single Er^{3+} ion. Our ions are embedded in a lithium niobate crystal and couple evanescently to a silicon nanophotonic crystal cavity that provides a strong increase of the measured decay rate. By applying an electric field along the crystal c axis, we achieve a Stark tuning greater than the ion's linewidth without changing the single-photon emission statistics of the ion. These results are a key step towards rare earth ion-based quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dorian Oser
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gaia Da Prato
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Urbinati
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Carrasco Ávila
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Constructor University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Yu Zhang
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Remy
- SIMH Consulting, Rue de Genève 18, 1225 Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland
| | - Sara Marzban
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Gröblacher
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Tittel
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Constructor University Bremen, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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5
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Rinner S, Burger F, Gritsch A, Schmitt J, Reiserer A. Erbium emitters in commercially fabricated nanophotonic silicon waveguides. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:3455-3462. [PMID: 38013784 PMCID: PMC10432618 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Quantum memories integrated into nanophotonic silicon devices are a promising platform for large quantum networks and scalable photonic quantum computers. In this context, erbium dopants are particularly attractive, as they combine optical transitions in the telecommunications frequency band with the potential for second-long coherence time. Here, we show that these emitters can be reliably integrated into commercially fabricated low-loss waveguides. We investigate several integration procedures and obtain ensembles of many emitters with an inhomogeneous broadening of <2 GHz and a homogeneous linewidth of <30 kHz. We further observe the splitting of the electronic spin states in a magnetic field up to 9 T that freezes paramagnetic impurities. Our findings are an important step toward long-lived quantum memories that can be fabricated on a wafer-scale using CMOS technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rinner
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Quantum Networks Group, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Burger
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Quantum Networks Group, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Gritsch
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Quantum Networks Group, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmitt
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Quantum Networks Group, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Reiserer
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Quantum Networks Group, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
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6
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Zhang X, Zhang B, Wei S, Li H, Liao J, Li C, Deng G, Wang Y, Song H, You L, Jing B, Chen F, Guo G, Zhou Q. Telecom-band-integrated multimode photonic quantum memory. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4587. [PMID: 37450592 PMCID: PMC10348679 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Telecom-band-integrated quantum memory is an elementary building block for developing quantum networks compatible with fiber communication infrastructures. Toward such a network with large capacity, an integrated multimode photonic quantum memory at telecom band has yet been demonstrated. Here, we report a fiber-integrated multimode quantum storage of single photon at telecom band on a laser-written chip. The storage device is a fiber-pigtailed Er3+:LiNbO3 waveguide and allows a storage of up to 330 temporal modes of heralded single photon with 4-GHz-wide bandwidth at 1532 nm and a 167-fold increasing of coincidence detection rate with respect to single mode. Our memory system with all-fiber addressing is performed using telecom-band fiber-integrated and on-chip components. The results represent an important step for the future quantum networks using integrated photonics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shihai Wei
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Hao Li
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jinyu Liao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Guangwei Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - You Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haizhi Song
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lixing You
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guangcan Guo
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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7
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Chakravarthi S, Yama NS, Abulnaga A, Huang D, Pederson C, Hestroffer K, Hatami F, de Leon NP, Fu KMC. Hybrid Integration of GaP Photonic Crystal Cavities with Silicon-Vacancy Centers in Diamond by Stamp-Transfer. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3708-3715. [PMID: 37096913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optically addressable solid-state defects are emerging as some of the most promising qubit platforms for quantum networks. Maximizing photon-defect interaction by nanophotonic cavity coupling is key to network efficiency. We demonstrate fabrication of gallium phosphide 1-D photonic crystal waveguide cavities on a silicon oxide carrier and subsequent integration with implanted silicon-vacancy (SiV) centers in diamond using a stamp-transfer technique. The stamping process avoids diamond etching and allows fine-tuning of the cavities prior to integration. After transfer to diamond, we measure cavity quality factors (Q) of up to 8900 and perform resonant excitation of single SiV centers coupled to these cavities. For a cavity with a Q of 4100, we observe a 3-fold lifetime reduction on-resonance, corresponding to a maximum potential cooperativity of C = 2. These results indicate promise for high photon-defect interaction in a platform which avoids fabrication of the quantum defect host crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivatsa Chakravarthi
- University of Washington, Physics Department, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Nicholas S Yama
- University of Washington, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Alex Abulnaga
- Princeton University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ding Huang
- Princeton University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Christian Pederson
- University of Washington, Physics Department, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Karine Hestroffer
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Fariba Hatami
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Princeton University, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Kai-Mei C Fu
- University of Washington, Physics Department, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
- University of Washington, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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8
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Yang L, Wang S, Shen M, Xie J, Tang HX. Controlling single rare earth ion emission in an electro-optical nanocavity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1718. [PMID: 36977681 PMCID: PMC10049985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37513-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare earth emitters enable critical quantum resources including spin qubits, single photon sources, and quantum memories. Yet, probing of single ions remains challenging due to low emission rate of their intra-4f optical transitions. One feasible approach is through Purcell-enhanced emission in optical cavities. The ability to modulate cavity-ion coupling in real-time will further elevate the capacity of such systems. Here, we demonstrate direct control of single ion emission by embedding erbium dopants in an electro-optically active photonic crystal cavity patterned from thin-film lithium niobate. Purcell factor over 170 enables single ion detection, which is verified by second-order autocorrelation measurement. Dynamic control of emission rate is realized by leveraging electro-optic tuning of resonance frequency. Using this feature, storage, and retrieval of single ion excitation is further demonstrated, without perturbing the emission characteristics. These results promise new opportunities for controllable single-photon sources and efficient spin-photon interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likai Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sihao Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Mohan Shen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jiacheng Xie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Hong X Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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9
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Sharma AN, Levine ZH, Ritter MA, Kagalwala KH, Weissler EJ, Goldschmidt EA, Migdall AL. Photon echoes using atomic frequency combs in Pr:YSO - experiment and semiclassical theory. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:4899-4919. [PMID: 36785446 DOI: 10.1364/oe.479872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photon echoes in rare-earth-doped crystals are studied to understand the challenges of making broadband quantum memories using the atomic frequency comb (AFC) protocol in systems with hyperfine structure. The hyperfine structure of Pr3+ poses an obstacle to this goal because frequencies associated with the hyperfine transitions change the simple picture of modulation at an externally imposed frequency. The current work focuses on the intermediate case where the hyperfine spacing is comparable to the comb spacing, a challenging regime that has recently been considered. Operating in this regime may facilitate storing quantum information over a larger spectral range in such systems. In this work, we prepare broadband AFCs using optical combs with tooth spacings ranging from 1 MHz to 16 MHz in fine steps, and measure transmission spectra and photon echoes for each. We predict the spectra and echoes theoretically using the optical combs as input to either a rate equation code or a density matrix code, which calculates the redistribution of populations. We then use the redistributed populations as input to a semiclassical theory using the frequency-dependent dielectric function. The two sets of predictions each give a good, but different account of the photon echoes.
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10
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Wang S, Zhang S, Xv B. Signal distortion awakened from optical memory estimated using a calculation method with spatiotemporal separation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:1958-1968. [PMID: 36785219 DOI: 10.1364/oe.475872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The fidelity of photonic storage and retrieval is an essential criterion in long-distance all-optical network nodes. However, the recovered signals from optical memories based on the photon echo (PE) protocol are accompanied by undesired waveform variation and temporal drift. In this study, we use a numerical calculation method with spatiotemporal separation to investigate the essence of signal distortion. The results show that the asynchronous evolution of the macroscopic population difference and the macroscopic dipole moment with time is responsible for echo signal real distortion caused by phase shifts at the in-phase point of the recorded information. The constructive interference of the dipoles at the moment of reaching the in-phase point induces the photon emission, and this point with a nonspecific phase will be naturally accompanied by waveform changes, a small amount of time advance and delay of the PE signal, which is actually a false signal distortion. Such radiation mechanism of the inhomogeneous broadening media provides a perspective to accurately and correctly recognize the temporal drift and waveform variation of the recovered optical signal.
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11
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Fan H, Raza F, Ahmed I, Imran M, Nadeem F, Li C, Li P, Zhang Y. Photon-Phonon Atomic Coherence Interaction of Nonlinear Signals in Various Phase Transitions Eu 3+: BiPO 4. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4304. [PMID: 36500926 PMCID: PMC9736627 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report photon-phonon atomic coherence (cascade- and nested-dressing) interaction from the various phase transitions of Eu3+: BiPO4 crystal. Such atomic coherence spectral interaction evolves from out-of-phase fluorescence to in-phase spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) by changing the time gate. The dressing dip switch and three dressing dips of SFWM result from the strong photon-phonon destructive cross- and self-interaction for the hexagonal phase, respectively. More phonon dressing results in the destructive interaction, while less phonon dressing results in the constructive interaction of the atomic coherences. The experimental measurements of the photon-phonon interaction agree with the theoretical simulations. Based on our results, we proposed a model for an optical transistor (as an amplifier and switch).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanrong Fan
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Faizan Raza
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 99907, China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Faisal Nadeem
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Changbiao Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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12
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Fernández-Martínez J, Carretero-Palacios S, Molina P, Bravo-Abad J, Ramírez MO, Bausá LE. Silver Nanoparticle Chains for Ultra-Long-Range Plasmonic Waveguides for Nd 3+ Fluorescence. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4296. [PMID: 36500918 PMCID: PMC9737231 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic waveguides have been shown to be a promising approach to confine and transport electromagnetic energy beyond the diffraction limit. However, ohmic losses generally prevent their integration at micrometric or millimetric scales. Here, we present a gain-compensated plasmonic waveguide based on the integration of linear chains of Ag nanoparticles on an optically active Nd3+-doped solid-state gain medium. By means of dual confocal fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate long-range optical energy propagation due to the near-field coupling between the plasmonic nanostructures and the Nd3+ ions. The subwavelength fluorescence guiding is monitored at distances of around 100 µm from the excitation source for two different emission ranges centered at around 900 nm and 1080 nm. In both cases, the guided fluorescence exhibits a strong polarization dependence, consistent with the polarization behavior of the plasmon resonance supported by the chain. The experimental results are interpreted through numerical simulations in quasi-infinite long chains, which corroborate the propagation features of the Ag nanoparticle chains at both excitation (λexc = 590 nm) and emission wavelengths. The obtained results exceed by an order of magnitude that of previous reports on electromagnetic energy transport using linear plasmonic chains. The work points out the potential of combining Ag nanoparticle chains with a small interparticle distance (~2 nm) with rare-earth-based optical gain media as ultra-long-range waveguides with extreme light confinement. The results offer new perspectives for the design of integrated hybrid plasmonic-photonic circuits based on rare-earth-activated solid-state platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Martínez
- Departamento de Física de Materiales and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sol Carretero-Palacios
- Departamento de Física de Materiales and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Molina
- Departamento de Física de Materiales and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Bravo-Abad
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariola O. Ramírez
- Departamento de Física de Materiales and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa E. Bausá
- Departamento de Física de Materiales and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Laorenza DW, Freedman DE. Could the Quantum Internet Be Comprised of Molecular Spins with Tunable Optical Interfaces? J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21810-21825. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Laorenza
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Danna E. Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
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14
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Carfagno HS, McCabe LN, Zide JMO, Doty MF. A sleeve and bulk method for fabrication of photonic structures with features on multiple length scales. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:035302. [PMID: 36130532 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac9391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional photonic structures such as photonic crystals utilize (a) large arrays of small features with the same size and pitch and (b) a small number of larger features such as diffraction outcouplers. In conventional nanofabrication, separate lithography and etch steps are used for small and large features in order to employ process parameters that lead to optimal pattern transfer and side-wall profiles for each feature-size category, thereby overcoming challenges associated with reactive ion etching lag. This approach cannot be scaled to more complex photonic structures such as those emerging from inverse design protocols. Those structures include features with a large range of sizes such that no distinction between small and large can be made. We develop a sleeve and bulk etch protocol that can be employed to simultaneously pattern features over a wide range of sizes while preserving the desired pattern transfer fidelity and sidewall profiles. This approach reduces the time required to develop a robust process flow, simplifies the fabrication of devices with wider ranges of feature sizes, and enables the fabrication of devices with increasingly complex structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Carfagno
- Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, United States of America
| | - L N McCabe
- Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, United States of America
| | - J M O Zide
- Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, United States of America
| | - M F Doty
- Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, United States of America
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15
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Ranjan V, Wen Y, Keyser AKV, Kubatkin SE, Danilov AV, Lindström T, Bertet P, de Graaf SE. Spin-Echo Silencing Using a Current-Biased Frequency-Tunable Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:180504. [PMID: 36374697 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.180504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control microwave emission from a spin ensemble is a requirement of several quantum memory protocols. Here, we demonstrate such ability by using a resonator whose frequency can be rapidly tuned with a bias current. We store excitations in an ensemble of rare-earth ions and suppress on demand the echo emission ("echo silencing") by two methods: (1) detuning the resonator during the spin rephasing, and (2) subjecting spins to magnetic field gradients generated by the bias current itself. We also show that spin coherence is preserved during silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ranjan
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Y Wen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - A K V Keyser
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - S E Kubatkin
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - A V Danilov
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - T Lindström
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - P Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - S E de Graaf
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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16
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Microwave Plasma Torch Mass Spectrometry for some Rare Earth Elements. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Dibos AM, Solomon MT, Sullivan SE, Singh MK, Sautter KE, Horn CP, Grant GD, Lin Y, Wen J, Heremans FJ, Guha S, Awschalom DD. Purcell Enhancement of Erbium Ions in TiO 2 on Silicon Nanocavities. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6530-6536. [PMID: 35939762 PMCID: PMC9413200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Isolated solid-state atomic defects with telecom optical transitions are ideal quantum photon emitters and spin qubits for applications in long-distance quantum communication networks. Prototypical telecom defects, such as erbium, suffer from poor photon emission rates, requiring photonic enhancement using resonant optical cavities. Moreover, many of the traditional hosts for erbium ions are not amenable to direct incorporation with existing integrated photonics platforms, limiting scalable fabrication of qubit-based devices. Here, we present a scalable approach toward CMOS-compatible telecom qubits by using erbium-doped titanium dioxide thin films grown atop silicon-on-insulator substrates. From this heterostructure, we have fabricated one-dimensional photonic crystal cavities demonstrating quality factors in excess of 5 × 104 and corresponding Purcell-enhanced optical emission rates of the erbium ensembles in excess of 200. This easily fabricated materials platform represents an important step toward realizing telecom quantum memories in a scalable qubit architecture compatible with mature silicon technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Dibos
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
| | - Michael T. Solomon
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sean E. Sullivan
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Manish K. Singh
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Sautter
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Connor P. Horn
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Gregory D. Grant
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yulin Lin
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - F. Joseph Heremans
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Supratik Guha
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - David D. Awschalom
- Center
for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United
States
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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18
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Mor OE, Ohana T, Borne A, Diskin-Posner Y, Asher M, Yaffe O, Shanzer A, Dayan B. Tapered Optical Fibers Coated with Rare-Earth Complexes for Quantum Applications. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:2676-2682. [PMID: 35996375 PMCID: PMC9390790 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crystals and fibers doped with rare-earth (RE) ions provide the basis for most of today's solid-state optical systems, from lasers and telecom devices to emerging potential quantum applications such as quantum memories and optical to microwave conversion. The two platforms, doped crystals and doped fibers, seem mutually exclusive, each having its own strengths and limitations, the former providing high homogeneity and coherence and the latter offering the advantages of robust optical waveguides. Here we present a hybrid platform that does not rely on doping but rather on coating the waveguide-a tapered silica optical fiber-with a monolayer of complexes, each containing a single RE ion. The complexes offer an identical, tailored environment to each ion, thus minimizing inhomogeneity and allowing tuning of their properties to the desired application. Specifically, we use highly luminescent Yb3+[Zn(II)MC (QXA)] complexes, which isolate the RE ion from the environment and suppress nonradiative decay channels. We demonstrate that the beneficial optical transitions of the Yb3+ are retained after deposition on the tapered fiber and observe an excited-state lifetime of over 0.9 ms, on par with state-of-the-art Yb-doped inorganic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Ezrah Mor
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tal Ohana
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Adrien Borne
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maor Asher
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Omer Yaffe
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Abraham Shanzer
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Material Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Barak Dayan
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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19
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Moiseev SA, Urmancheev RV. Photon/spin echo in a Fabry-Perot cavity. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3812-3815. [PMID: 35913321 DOI: 10.1364/ol.465434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pulse area theorem is a well-known versatile analytical tool for capturing the general nonlinear nature of light propagation in a two-level medium. Here we derive the pulse area theorem for the photon/spin echo signal generated in a one-side cavity. The obtained analytical solutions for primary and secondary echo pulse areas allow us to describe the nonlinear patterns of the photon/spin echo signals in an atomic ensemble in a cavity. The developed approach and the obtained results constitute an important step in the study of the general properties of the photon/spin echo in optical and microwave cavities expanding applications of the photon echo in coherent spectroscopy, quantum memory, and processing.
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20
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Rakonjac JV, Corrielli G, Lago-Rivera D, Seri A, Mazzera M, Grandi S, Osellame R, de Riedmatten H. Storage and analysis of light-matter entanglement in a fiber-integrated system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3919. [PMID: 35857480 PMCID: PMC9714774 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The deployment of a full-fledged quantum internet poses the challenge of finding adequate building blocks for entanglement distribution between remote quantum nodes. A practical system would combine propagation in optical fibers with quantum memories for light, leveraging on the existing communication network while featuring the scalability required to extend to network sizes. Here, we demonstrate a fiber-integrated quantum memory entangled with a photon at telecommunication wavelength. The storage device is based on a fiber-pigtailed laser-written waveguide in a rare earth-doped solid and allows an all-fiber stable addressing of the memory. The analysis of the entanglement is performed using fiber-based interferometers. Our results feature orders-of-magnitude advances in terms of storage time and efficiency for integrated storage of light-matter entanglement and constitute a substantial step forward toward quantum networks using integrated devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena V. Rakonjac
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona) 08860, Spain
| | - Giacomo Corrielli
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN) - CNR P.zza
Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Dario Lago-Rivera
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona) 08860, Spain
| | - Alessandro Seri
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona) 08860, Spain
| | - Margherita Mazzera
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA,
Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Samuele Grandi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona) 08860, Spain
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN) - CNR P.zza
Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Hugues de Riedmatten
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona) 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats,
Barcelona 08015, Spain
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21
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Li P, Guo Y, Liu A, Yue X, Yuan T, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Li F. Deterministic Relation between Optical Polarization and Lattice Symmetry Revealed in Ion-Doped Single Microcrystals. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9535-9545. [PMID: 35579446 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rare-earth ion doped crystals are of great significance for microsensing and quantum information, while the ions in the crystals emit light with spontaneous partial polarization, which is, though believed to be originated from the crystal lattice structure, still lacking a deterministic explanation that can be tested with quantitative accuracy. We report experimental evidence showing the profound physical relation between the polarization degree of light emitted by the doped ion and the lattice symmetry by demonstrating, with high precision, that the lattice constant ratio c/a directly quantifies the macroscopic effective polar angle of the electric and magnetic dipoles, which essentially determines the linear polarization degree of the emission. Based on this result, we further propose a pure optical technology to identify the three-dimensional orientation of a rod-shaped single microcrystal using the polarization-resolved microspectroscopy. Our results, demonstrating the physical origin of light polarization in ion-doped crystals, allow work toward on-demand polarization control with crystallography and provide a versatile platform for polarization-based microscale sensing in dynamical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Ao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yue
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Taoli Yuan
- School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Jingping Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
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22
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Jobbitt NL, Wells JPR, Reid MF. Zeeman and laser site selective spectroscopy of C 1point group symmetry Sm 3+centres in Y 2SiO 5: a parametrized crystal-field analysis for the 4 f5configuration. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:325502. [PMID: 35584691 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac711e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parametrized crystal-field analyses are presented for both the six and seven fold coordinated, C1symmetry Sm3+centres in Y2SiO5, based on extensive spectroscopic data spanning the infrared to optical regions. Laser site-selective excitation and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as Zeeman absorption spectroscopy performed along multiple crystallographic directions has been utilized, in addition to previously determinedgtensors for the6H5/2Z1and4G5/2A1states. The resultant analyses give good approximation to the experimental energy levels and magnetic splittings, yielding crystal-field parameters consistent with the few other lanthanide ions for which such analyses are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Jobbitt
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, PB4800 Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
| | - J-P R Wells
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, PB4800 Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
| | - M F Reid
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, PB4800 Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
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23
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Zhu TX, Liu C, Jin M, Su MX, Liu YP, Li WJ, Ye Y, Zhou ZQ, Li CF, Guo GC. On-Demand Integrated Quantum Memory for Polarization Qubits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:180501. [PMID: 35594095 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.180501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photonic polarization qubits are widely used in quantum computation and quantum communication due to the robustness in transmission and the easy qubit manipulation. An integrated quantum memory for polarization qubits is a useful building block for large-scale integrated quantum networks. However, on-demand storing polarization qubits in an integrated quantum memory is a long-standing challenge due to the anisotropic absorption of solids and the polarization-dependent features of microstructures. Here we demonstrate a reliable on-demand quantum memory for polarization qubits, using a depressed-cladding waveguide fabricated in a ^{151}Eu^{3+}:Y_{2}SiO_{5} crystal. The site-2 ^{151}Eu^{3+} ions in Y_{2}SiO_{5} crystal provides a near-uniform absorption for arbitrary polarization states and a new pump sequence is developed to prepare a wideband and enhanced absorption profile. A fidelity of 99.4±0.6% is obtained for the qubit storage process with an input of 0.32 photons per pulse, together with a storage bandwidth of 10 MHz. This reliable integrated quantum memory for polarization qubits reveals the potential for use in the construction of integrated quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xiang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ming Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ming-Xu Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yu-Ping Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zong-Quan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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24
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Jin M, Ma YZ, Zhou ZQ, Li CF, Guo GC. A faithful solid-state spin-wave quantum memory for polarization qubits. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:676-678. [PMID: 36546130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zong-Quan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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25
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Serrano D, Kuppusamy SK, Heinrich B, Fuhr O, Hunger D, Ruben M, Goldner P. Ultra-narrow optical linewidths in rare-earth molecular crystals. Nature 2022; 603:241-246. [PMID: 35264757 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rare-earth ions (REIs) are promising solid-state systems for building light-matter interfaces at the quantum level1,2. This relies on their potential to show narrow optical and spin homogeneous linewidths, or, equivalently, long-lived quantum states. This enables the use of REIs for photonic quantum technologies such as memories for light, optical-microwave transduction and computing3-5. However, so far, few crystalline materials have shown an environment quiet enough to fully exploit REI properties. This hinders further progress, in particular towards REI-containing integrated nanophotonics devices6,7. Molecular systems can provide such capability but generally lack spin states. If, however, molecular systems do have spin states, they show broad optical lines that severely limit optical-to-spin coherent interfacing8-10. Here we report on europium molecular crystals that exhibit linewidths in the tens of kilohertz range, orders of magnitude narrower than those of other molecular systems. We harness this property to demonstrate efficient optical spin initialization, coherent storage of light using an atomic frequency comb, and optical control of ion-ion interactions towards implementation of quantum gates. These results illustrate the utility of rare-earth molecular crystals as a new platform for photonic quantum technologies that combines highly coherent emitters with the unmatched versatility in composition, structure and integration capability of molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Serrano
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Senthil Kumar Kuppusamy
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Benoît Heinrich
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David Hunger
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Centre Européen de Sciences Quantiques (CESQ), Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Philippe Goldner
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, France.
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26
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Ruskuc A, Wu CJ, Rochman J, Choi J, Faraon A. Nuclear spin-wave quantum register for a solid-state qubit. Nature 2022; 602:408-413. [PMID: 35173343 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear spins surrounding individual, optically addressable qubits1,2 are a crucial resource for quantum networks3-6, computation7-11 and simulation12. Although hosts with sparse nuclear spin baths are typically chosen to mitigate qubit decoherence13, developing coherent quantum systems in nuclear-spin-rich hosts enables exploration of a much broader range of materials for quantum information applications. The collective modes of these dense nuclear spin ensembles provide a natural basis for quantum storage14; however, using them as a resource for single-spin qubits has thus far remained elusive. Here, by using a highly coherent, optically addressed 171Yb3+ qubit doped into a nuclear-spin-rich yttrium orthovanadate crystal15, we develop a robust quantum control protocol to manipulate the multi-level nuclear spin states of neighbouring 51V5+ lattice ions. Via a dynamically engineered spin-exchange interaction, we polarize this nuclear spin ensemble, generate collective spin excitations, and subsequently use them to implement a quantum memory. We additionally demonstrate preparation and measurement of maximally entangled 171Yb-51V Bell states. Unlike conventional, disordered nuclear-spin-based quantum memories16-24, our platform is deterministic and reproducible, ensuring identical quantum registers for all 171Yb3+ qubits. Our approach provides a framework for utilizing the complex structure of dense nuclear spin baths, paving the way towards building large-scale quantum networks using single rare-earth ion qubits15,25-28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ruskuc
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Ju Wu
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jake Rochman
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joonhee Choi
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. .,Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Andrei Faraon
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. .,Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. .,Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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27
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Alfieri A, Anantharaman SB, Zhang H, Jariwala D. Nanomaterials for Quantum Information Science and Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2109621. [PMID: 35139247 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum information science and engineering (QISE)-which entails the use of quantum mechanical states for information processing, communications, and sensing-and the area of nanoscience and nanotechnology have dominated condensed matter physics and materials science research in the 21st century. Solid-state devices for QISE have, to this point, predominantly been designed with bulk materials as their constituents. This review considers how nanomaterials (i.e., materials with intrinsic quantum confinement) may offer inherent advantages over conventional materials for QISE. The materials challenges for specific types of qubits, along with how emerging nanomaterials may overcome these challenges, are identified. Challenges for and progress toward nanomaterials-based quantum devices are condidered. The overall aim of the review is to help close the gap between the nanotechnology and quantum information communities and inspire research that will lead to next-generation quantum devices for scalable and practical quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Alfieri
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Surendra B Anantharaman
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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28
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Thickness Effect of Polar Polymer Films on the Characteristics of Organic Memory Transistors. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Wen X, Zhang B, Wang W, Ye F, Yue S, Guo H, Gao G, Zhao Y, Fang Q, Nguyen C, Zhang X, Bao J, Robinson JT, Ajayan PM, Lou J. 3D-printed silica with nanoscale resolution. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1506-1511. [PMID: 34650230 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating inorganic materials with designed three-dimensional nanostructures is an exciting yet challenging area of research and industrial application. Here, we develop an approach to 3D print high-quality nanostructures of silica with sub-200 nm resolution and with the flexible capability of rare-earth element doping. The printed SiO2 can be either amorphous glass or polycrystalline cristobalite controlled by the sintering process. The 3D-printed nanostructures demonstrate attractive optical properties. For instance, the fabricated micro-toroid optical resonators can reach quality factors (Q) of over 104. Moreover, and importantly for optical applications, doping and codoping of rare-earth salts such as Er3+, Tm3+, Yb3+, Eu3+ and Nd3+ can be directly implemented in the printed SiO2 structures, showing strong photoluminescence at the desired wavelengths. This technique shows the potential for building integrated microphotonics with silica via 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiewen Wen
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shuai Yue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guanhui Gao
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yushun Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qiyi Fang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiming Bao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacob T Robinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Jun Lou
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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30
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Yu Y, Sun PF, Zhang YZ, Bai B, Fang YQ, Luo XY, An ZY, Li J, Zhang J, Xu F, Bao XH, Pan JW. Measurement-Device-Independent Verification of a Quantum Memory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:160502. [PMID: 34723577 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.160502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter we report an experiment that verifies an atomic-ensemble quantum memory via a measurement-device-independent scheme. A single photon generated via Rydberg blockade in one atomic ensemble is stored in another atomic ensemble via electromagnetically induced transparency. After storage for a long duration, this photon is retrieved and interfered with a second photon to perform a joint Bell-state measurement (BSM). The quantum state for each photon is chosen based on a quantum random number generator, respectively, in each run. By evaluating correlations between the random states and BSM results, we certify that our memory is genuinely entanglement preserving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Peng-Fei Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yu-Zhe Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Fang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xi-Yu Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zi-Ye An
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jun Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Feihu Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Bao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jian-Wei Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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31
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Fernández-Martínez J, Carretero-Palacios S, Sánchez-García L, Bravo-Abad J, Molina P, van Hoof N, Ramírez MO, Rivas JG, Bausá LE. Spatial coherence from Nd 3+ quantum emitters mediated by a plasmonic chain. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:26244-26254. [PMID: 34614934 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the coherence properties of rare earth emitters in solid-state platforms in the absence of an optical cavity is highly desirable for quantum light-matter interfaces and photonic networks. Here, we demonstrate the possibility of generating directional and spatially coherent light from Nd3+ ions coupled to the longitudinal plasmonic mode of a chain of interacting Ag nanoparticles. The effect of the plasmonic chain on the Nd3+ emission is analyzed by Fourier microscopy. The results reveal the presence of an interference pattern in which the Nd3+ emission is enhanced at specific directions, as a distinctive signature of spatial coherence. Numerical simulations corroborate the need of near-field coherent coupling of the emitting ions with the plasmonic chain mode. The work provides fundamental insights for controlling the coherence properties of quantum emitters at room temperature and opens new avenues towards rare earth based nanoscale hybrid devices for quantum information or optical communication in nanocircuits.
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32
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Telecom-heralded entanglement between multimode solid-state quantum memories. Nature 2021; 594:37-40. [PMID: 34079135 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Future quantum networks will enable the distribution of entanglement between distant locations and allow applications in quantum communication, quantum sensing and distributed quantum computation1. At the core of this network lies the ability to generate and store entanglement at remote, interconnected quantum nodes2. Although various remote physical systems have been successfully entangled3-12, none of these realizations encompassed all of the requirements for network operation, such as compatibility with telecommunication (telecom) wavelengths and multimode operation. Here we report the demonstration of heralded entanglement between two spatially separated quantum nodes, where the entanglement is stored in multimode solid-state quantum memories. At each node a praseodymium-doped crystal13,14 stores a photon of a correlated pair15, with the second photon at telecom wavelengths. Entanglement between quantum memories placed in different laboratories is heralded by the detection of a telecom photon at a rate up to 1.4 kilohertz, and the entanglement is stored in the crystals for a pre-determined storage time up to 25 microseconds. We also show that the generated entanglement is robust against loss in the heralding path, and demonstrate temporally multiplexed operation, with 62 temporal modes. Our realization is extendable to entanglement over longer distances and provides a viable route towards field-deployed, multiplexed quantum repeaters based on solid-state resources.
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33
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Liu X, Hu J, Li ZF, Li X, Li PY, Liang PJ, Zhou ZQ, Li CF, Guo GC. Heralded entanglement distribution between two absorptive quantum memories. Nature 2021; 594:41-45. [PMID: 34079139 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the inevitable loss in communication channels, the distance of entanglement distribution is limited to approximately 100 kilometres on the ground1. Quantum repeaters can circumvent this problem by using quantum memory and entanglement swapping2. As the elementary link of a quantum repeater, the heralded distribution of two-party entanglement between two remote nodes has only been realized with built-in-type quantum memories3-9. These schemes suffer from the trade-off between multiplexing capacity and deterministic properties and hence hinder the development of efficient quantum repeaters. Quantum repeaters based on absorptive quantum memories can overcome such limitations because they separate the quantum memories and the quantum light sources. Here we present an experimental demonstration of heralded entanglement between absorptive quantum memories. We build two nodes separated by 3.5 metres, each containing a polarization-entangled photon-pair source and a solid-state quantum memory with bandwidth up to 1 gigahertz. A joint Bell-state measurement in the middle station heralds the successful distribution of maximally entangled states between the two quantum memories with a fidelity of 80.4 ± 2.2 per cent (±1 standard deviation). The quantum nodes and channels demonstrated here can serve as an elementary link of a quantum repeater. Moreover, the wideband absorptive quantum memories used in the nodes are compatible with deterministic entanglement sources and can simultaneously support multiplexing, which paves the way for the construction of practical solid-state quantum repeaters and high-speed quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zong-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xue Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Pei-Yun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peng-Jun Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zong-Quan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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34
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Yang L, Wang S, Shen M, Xu Y, Xie J, Tang HX. Photonic integration of Er 3+:Y 2SiO 5 with thin-film lithium niobate by flip chip bonding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:15497-15504. [PMID: 33985248 DOI: 10.1364/oe.423659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth ions are known as promising candidates for building quantum light-matter interface. However, tunable photonic cavity access to rare earth ions in their desired host crystal remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate the integration of erbium doped yttrium orthosilicate (Er3+:Y2SiO5) with thin-film lithium niobate photonic circuit by plasma-activated direct flip chip bonding. Resonant coupling to erbium ions is realized by on-chip electro-optically tuned high Q lithium niobate micro-ring resonators. Fluorescence and absorption of erbium ions at 1536.48 nm are measured in the waveguides, while the collective ion-cavity cooperativity with micro-ring resonators is assessed to be 0.36. This work presents a versatile scheme for future rare earth ion integrated quantum devices.
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35
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Nandi A, An H, Hosseini M. Coherent atomic mirror formed by randomly distributed ions inside a crystal. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1880-1883. [PMID: 33857094 DOI: 10.1364/ol.423092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distribution of atoms plays an important role in the interaction of atomic ensembles and electromagnetic fields. In this Letter, we show that by spatio-spectral tailoring of atomic absorption, one can effectively carve out a periodic array from randomly distributed atomic ensembles hosted by a solid-state crystal. Furthermore, we observe collective atomic resonances and coherent backscattering of light from rare-earth-doped crystals. Coherent backscattering as high as 20% was observed for light at telecom wavelength from Er ions, forming an effective array with over 5000 centers.
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36
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Optical spin-state polarization in a binuclear europium complex towards molecule-based coherent light-spin interfaces. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2152. [PMID: 33846323 PMCID: PMC8042120 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of the emerging field of solid-state optical quantum information processing (QIP) critically depends on the access to resonant optical materials. Rare-earth ion (REI)-based molecular systems, whose quantum properties could be tuned taking advantage of molecular engineering strategies, are one of the systems actively pursued for the implementation of QIP schemes. Herein, we demonstrate the efficient polarization of ground-state nuclear spins-a fundamental requirement for all-optical spin initialization and addressing-in a binuclear Eu(III) complex, featuring inhomogeneously broadened 5D0 → 7F0 optical transition. At 1.4 K, long-lived spectral holes have been burnt in the transition: homogeneous linewidth (Γh) = 22 ± 1 MHz, which translates as optical coherence lifetime (T2opt) = 14.5 ± 0.7 ns, and ground-state spin population lifetime (T1spin) = 1.6 ± 0.4 s have been obtained. The results presented in this study could be a progressive step towards the realization of molecule-based coherent light-spin QIP interfaces.
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37
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Ohta R, Herpin L, Bastidas VM, Tawara T, Yamaguchi H, Okamoto H. Rare-Earth-Mediated Optomechanical System in the Reversed Dissipation Regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:047404. [PMID: 33576675 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.047404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strain-mediated interaction between phonons and telecom photons is demonstrated using excited states of erbium ions embedded in a mechanical resonator. Owing to the extremely long-lived nature of rare-earth ions, the dissipation rate of the optical resonance falls below that of the mechanical one. Thus, a "reversed dissipation regime" is achieved in the optical frequency region. We experimentally demonstrate an optomechanical coupling rate g_{0}=2π×21.7 Hz, and numerically reveal that the interaction causes stimulated excitation of erbium ions. Numerical analyses further indicate the possibility of g_{0} exceeding the dissipation rates of erbium and mechanical systems, thereby leading to single-photon strong coupling. This strain-mediated interaction, moreover, involves the spin degree of freedom, and has a potential to be extended to highly coherent opto-electro-mechanical hybrid systems in the reversed dissipation regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Ohta
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Loïc Herpin
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Victor M Bastidas
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
- NTT Research Center for Theoretical Quantum Physics, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Takehiko Tawara
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
- NTT Nanophotonics Center, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Hajime Okamoto
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
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38
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Okamoto F, Endo M, Matsuyama M, Ishizuka Y, Liu Y, Sakakibara R, Hashimoto Y, Yoshikawa JI, van Loock P, Furusawa A. Phase Locking between Two All-Optical Quantum Memories. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:260508. [PMID: 33449716 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.260508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical approaches to quantum computation require the creation of multimode photonic quantum states in a controlled fashion. Here we experimentally demonstrate phase locking of two all-optical quantum memories, based on a concatenated cavity system with phase reference beams, for the time-controlled release of two-mode entangled single-photon states. The release time for each mode can be independently determined. The generated states are characterized by two-mode optical homodyne tomography. Entanglement and nonclassicality are preserved for release-time differences up to 400 ns, confirmed by logarithmic negativities and Wigner-function negativities, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Okamoto
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mamoru Endo
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mikihisa Matsuyama
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuya Ishizuka
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Institute of Opto-Electronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Rei Sakakibara
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Yoshikawa
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Peter van Loock
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akira Furusawa
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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39
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Liu C, Zhu TX, Su MX, Ma YZ, Zhou ZQ, Li CF, Guo GC. On-Demand Quantum Storage of Photonic Qubits in an On-Chip Waveguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:260504. [PMID: 33449731 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.260504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photonic quantum memory is the core element in quantum information processing (QIP). For the scalable and convenient practical applications, great efforts have been devoted to the integrated quantum memory based on various waveguides fabricated in solids. However, on-demand storage of qubits, which is an essential requirement for QIP, is still challenging to be implemented using such integrated quantum memory. Here we report the on-demand storage of time-bin qubits in an on-chip waveguide memory fabricated on the surface of a ^{151}Eu^{3+}:Y_{2}SiO_{5} crystal, utilizing the Stark-modulated atomic frequency comb protocol. A qubit storage fidelity of 99.3%±0.2% is obtained with single-photon-level coherent pulses, far beyond the highest fidelity achievable using the classical measure-and-prepare strategy. The developed integrated quantum memory with the on-demand retrieval capability represents an important step toward practical applications of integrated quantum nodes in quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tian-Xiang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ming-Xu Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zong-Quan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China and CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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40
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Yu J, Luo M, Lv Z, Huang S, Hsu HH, Kuo CC, Han ST, Zhou Y. Recent advances in optical and optoelectronic data storage based on luminescent nanomaterials. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23391-23423. [PMID: 33227110 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06719a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The substantial amount of data generated every second in the big data age creates a pressing requirement for new and advanced data storage techniques. Luminescent nanomaterials (LNMs) not only possess the same optical properties as their bulk materials but also have unique electronic and mechanical characteristics due to the strong constraints of photons and electrons at the nanoscale, enabling the development of revolutionary methods for data storage with superhigh storage capacity, ultra-long working lifetime, and ultra-low power consumption. In this review, we investigate the latest achievements in LNMs for constructing next-generation data storage systems, with a focus on optical data storage and optoelectronic data storage. We summarize the LNMs used in data storage, namely upconversion nanomaterials, long persistence luminescent nanomaterials, and downconversion nanomaterials, and their applications in optical data storage and optoelectronic data storage. We conclude by discussing the superiority of the two types of data storage and survey the prospects for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Yu
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Road, Shenzhen, 518060, P.R. China.
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41
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Fossati A, Liu S, Karlsson J, Ikesue A, Tallaire A, Ferrier A, Serrano D, Goldner P. A Frequency-Multiplexed Coherent Electro-optic Memory in Rare Earth Doped Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:7087-7093. [PMID: 32845155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantum memories for light are essential components in quantum technologies like long-distance quantum communication and distributed quantum computing. Recent studies have shown that long optical and spin coherence lifetimes can be observed in rare earth doped nanoparticles, opening exciting possibilities over bulk materials, e.g., for enhancing coupling to light and other quantum systems, and material design. Here, we report on coherent light storage in Eu3+:Y2O3 nanoparticles using the Stark echo modulation memory (SEMM) quantum protocol. We first measure a nearly constant Stark coefficient of 50 kHz/(V/cm) across a bandwidth of 15 GHz, which is promising for broadband operation. Storage of light is then demonstrated with an effective coherence lifetime of 5 μs. Pulses with two different frequencies are also stored, confirming frequency-multiplexing capability, and are used to demonstrate the memory high phase fidelity. These results open the way to nanoscale optical quantum memories with increased efficiency, bandwidth, and processing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fossati
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Shuping Liu
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Jenny Karlsson
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Akio Ikesue
- World Laboratory, Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya 456-0023, Japan
| | - Alexandre Tallaire
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alban Ferrier
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, UFR 933, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Diana Serrano
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Goldner
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
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42
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Fröch JE, Bahm A, Kianinia M, Mu Z, Bhatia V, Kim S, Cairney JM, Gao W, Bradac C, Aharonovich I, Toth M. Versatile direct-writing of dopants in a solid state host through recoil implantation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5039. [PMID: 33028814 PMCID: PMC7541527 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifying material properties at the nanoscale is crucially important for devices in nano-electronics, nanophotonics and quantum information. Optically active defects in wide band gap materials, for instance, are critical constituents for the realisation of quantum technologies. Here, we demonstrate the use of recoil implantation, a method exploiting momentum transfer from accelerated ions, for versatile and mask-free material doping. As a proof of concept, we direct-write arrays of optically active defects into diamond via momentum transfer from a Xe+ focused ion beam (FIB) to thin films of the group IV dopants pre-deposited onto a diamond surface. We further demonstrate the flexibility of the technique, by implanting rare earth ions into the core of a single mode fibre. We conclusively show that the presented technique yields ultra-shallow dopant profiles localised to the top few nanometres of the target surface, and use it to achieve sub-50 nm positional accuracy. The method is applicable to non-planar substrates with complex geometries, and it is suitable for applications such as electronic and magnetic doping of atomically-thin materials and engineering of near-surface states of semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes E Fröch
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Alan Bahm
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Mehran Kianinia
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Zhao Mu
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Vijay Bhatia
- Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sejeong Kim
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Julie M Cairney
- Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Carlo Bradac
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON, K9J 0G2, Canada
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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43
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Correlation dynamics of nitrogen vacancy centers located in crystal cavities. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16640. [PMID: 33024197 PMCID: PMC7538931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, we investigate the bipartite non-classical correlations (NCCs) of a system formed by two nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers placed in two spatially separated single-mode nanocavities inside a planar photonic crystal (PC). The physical system is mathematically modeled by time-dependent Schrödinger equation and analytically solved. The bipartite correlations of the two N-V centers and the two-mode cavity have been analyzed by skew information, log-negativity, and Bell function quantifiers. We explore the effects of the coupling strength between the N-V-centers and the cavity fields as well as the cavity-cavity hopping constant and the decay rate on the generated correlation dynamics. Under some specific parameter values, a large amount of quantum correlations is obtained. This shows the possibility to control the dynamics of the correlations for the NV-centers and the cavity fields.
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44
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Kukharchyk N, Sholokhov D, Morozov O, Korableva SL, Kalachev AA, Bushev PA. Electromagnetically induced transparency in a mono-isotopic 167Er: 7LiYF 4 crystal below 1 Kelvin: microwave photonics approach. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29166-29177. [PMID: 33114821 DOI: 10.1364/oe.400222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetically induced transparency allows for the controllable change of absorption properties, which can be exploited in a number of applications including optical quantum memory. In this paper, we present a study of the electromagnetically induced transparency in a 167Er:7LiYF4 crystal at low magnetic fields and ultra-low temperatures. The experimental measurement scheme employs an optical vector network analysis that provides high precision measurement of amplitude, phase and group delay and paves the way towards full on-chip integration of optical quantum memory setups. We found that sub-Kelvin temperatures are the necessary requirement for observing electromagnetically induced transparency in this crystal at low fields. A good agreement between theory and experiment is achieved by taking into account the phonon bottleneck effect.
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45
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Liu S, Fossati A, Serrano D, Tallaire A, Ferrier A, Goldner P. Defect Engineering for Quantum Grade Rare-Earth Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9953-9962. [PMID: 32697571 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured systems that combine optical and spin transitions offer new functionalities for quantum technologies by providing efficient quantum light-matter interfaces. Rare-earth (RE) ion-doped nanoparticles are promising in this field as they show long-lived optical and spin quantum states. However, further development of their use in highly demanding applications, such as scalable single-ion-based quantum processors, requires controlling defects that currently limit coherence lifetimes. In this work, we show that a post-treatment process that includes multistep high-temperature annealing followed by high-power microwave oxygen plasma processing advantageously improves key properties for quantum technologies. We obtain single crystalline Eu3+:Y2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) of 100 nm diameter, presenting bulk-like inhomogeneous line widths (Γinh) and population lifetimes (T1). Furthermore, a significant coherence lifetime (T2) extension, up to a factor of 5, is successfully achieved by modifying the oxygen-related point defects in the NPs by the oxygen plasma treatment. These promising results confirm the potential of engineered RE NPs to integrate devices such as cavity-based single-photon sources, quantum memories, and processors. In addition, our strategy could be applied to a large variety of oxides to obtain outstanding crystalline quality NPs for a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Liu
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, China
| | - Alexandre Fossati
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Diana Serrano
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Tallaire
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alban Ferrier
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, UFR 933, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Goldner
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
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46
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Wolfowicz G, Anderson CP, Diler B, Poluektov OG, Heremans FJ, Awschalom DD. Vanadium spin qubits as telecom quantum emitters in silicon carbide. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1192. [PMID: 32426475 PMCID: PMC7195180 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state quantum emitters with spin registers are promising platforms for quantum communication, yet few emit in the narrow telecom band necessary for low-loss fiber networks. Here, we create and isolate near-surface single vanadium dopants in silicon carbide (SiC) with stable and narrow emission in the O band, with brightness allowing cavity-free detection in a wafer-scale material. In vanadium ensembles, we characterize the complex d 1 orbital physics in all five available sites in 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC. The optical transitions are sensitive to mass shifts from local silicon and carbon isotopes, enabling optically resolved nuclear spin registers. Optically detected magnetic resonance in the ground and excited orbital states reveals a variety of hyperfine interactions with the vanadium nuclear spin and clock transitions for quantum memories. Last, we demonstrate coherent quantum control of the spin state. These results provide a path for telecom emitters in the solid state for quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Wolfowicz
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Christopher P. Anderson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Berk Diler
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Oleg G. Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - F. Joseph Heremans
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - David D. Awschalom
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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47
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Control and single-shot readout of an ion embedded in a nanophotonic cavity. Nature 2020; 580:201-204. [PMID: 32269343 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Distributing entanglement over long distances using optical networks is an intriguing macroscopic quantum phenomenon with applications in quantum systems for advanced computing and secure communication1,2. Building quantum networks requires scalable quantum light-matter interfaces1 based on atoms3, ions4 or other optically addressable qubits. Solid-state emitters5, such as quantum dots and defects in diamond or silicon carbide6-10, have emerged as promising candidates for such interfaces. So far, it has not been possible to scale up these systems, motivating the development of alternative platforms. A central challenge is identifying emitters that exhibit coherent optical and spin transitions while coupled to photonic cavities that enhance the light-matter interaction and channel emission into optical fibres. Rare-earth ions in crystals are known to have highly coherent 4f-4f optical and spin transitions suited to quantum storage and transduction11-15, but only recently have single rare-earth ions been isolated16,17 and coupled to nanocavities18,19. The crucial next steps towards using single rare-earth ions for quantum networks are realizing long spin coherence and single-shot readout in photonic resonators. Here we demonstrate spin initialization, coherent optical and spin manipulation, and high-fidelity single-shot optical readout of the hyperfine spin state of single 171Yb3+ ions coupled to a nanophotonic cavity fabricated in an yttrium orthovanadate host crystal. These ions have optical and spin transitions that are first-order insensitive to magnetic field fluctuations, enabling optical linewidths of less than one megahertz and spin coherence times exceeding thirty milliseconds for cavity-coupled ions, even at temperatures greater than one kelvin. The cavity-enhanced optical emission rate facilitates efficient spin initialization and single-shot readout with conditional fidelity greater than 95 per cent. These results showcase a solid-state platform based on single coherent rare-earth ions for the future quantum internet.
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48
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Dutta S, Goldschmidt EA, Barik S, Saha U, Waks E. Integrated Photonic Platform for Rare-Earth Ions in Thin Film Lithium Niobate. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:741-747. [PMID: 31855433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rare-earth ion ensembles doped in single crystals are a promising materials system with widespread applications in optical signal processing, lasing, and quantum information processing. Incorporating rare-earth ions into integrated photonic devices could enable compact lasers and modulators, as well as on-chip optical quantum memories for classical and quantum optical applications. To this end, a thin film single crystalline wafer structure that is compatible with planar fabrication of integrated photonic devices would be highly desirable. However, incorporating rare-earth ions into a thin film form-factor while preserving their optical properties has proven challenging. We demonstrate an integrated photonic platform for rare-earth ions doped in a single crystalline thin film lithium niobate on insulator. The thin film is composed of lithium niobate doped with Tm3+. The ions in the thin film exhibit optical lifetimes identical to those measured in bulk crystals. We show narrow spectral holes in a thin film waveguide that require up to 2 orders of magnitude lower power to generate than previously reported bulk waveguides. Our results pave the way for scalable on-chip lasers, optical signal processing devices, and integrated optical quantum memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Dutta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, and Joint Quantum Institute , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Elizabeth A Goldschmidt
- Department of Physics , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Sabyasachi Barik
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, and Joint Quantum Institute , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Uday Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, and Joint Quantum Institute , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Edo Waks
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, and Joint Quantum Institute , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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49
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Kroh T, Wolters J, Ahlrichs A, Schell AW, Thoma A, Reitzenstein S, Wildmann JS, Zallo E, Trotta R, Rastelli A, Schmidt OG, Benson O. Slow and fast single photons from a quantum dot interacting with the excited state hyperfine structure of the Cesium D 1-line. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13728. [PMID: 31551434 PMCID: PMC6760210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid interfaces between distinct quantum systems play a major role in the implementation of quantum networks. Quantum states have to be stored in memories to synchronize the photon arrival times for entanglement swapping by projective measurements in quantum repeaters or for entanglement purification. Here, we analyze the distortion of a single-photon wave packet propagating through a dispersive and absorptive medium with high spectral resolution. Single photons are generated from a single In(Ga)As quantum dot with its excitonic transition precisely set relative to the Cesium D1 transition. The delay of spectral components of the single-photon wave packet with almost Fourier-limited width is investigated in detail with a 200 MHz narrow-band monolithic Fabry-Pérot resonator. Reflecting the excited state hyperfine structure of Cesium, “slow light” and “fast light” behavior is observed. As a step towards room-temperature alkali vapor memories, quantum dot photons are delayed for 5 ns by strong dispersion between the two 1.17 GHz hyperfine-split excited state transitions. Based on optical pumping on the hyperfine-split ground states, we propose a simple, all-optically controllable delay for synchronization of heralded narrow-band photons in a quantum network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kroh
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Janik Wolters
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Ahlrichs
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas W Schell
- CEITEC Brno University of Technology, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Thoma
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Reitzenstein
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes S Wildmann
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Eugenio Zallo
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rinaldo Trotta
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Benson
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Horvath SP, Rakonjac JV, Chen YH, Longdell JJ, Goldner P, Wells JPR, Reid MF. Extending Phenomenological Crystal-Field Methods to C_{1} Point-Group Symmetry: Characterization of the Optically Excited Hyperfine Structure of ^{167}Er^{3+}:Y_{2}SiO_{5}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:057401. [PMID: 31491315 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.057401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We show that crystal-field calculations for C_{1} point-group symmetry are possible, and that such calculations can be performed with sufficient accuracy to have substantial utility for rare-earth based quantum information applications. In particular, we perform crystal-field fitting for a C_{1}-symmetry site in ^{167}Er^{3+}:Y_{2}SiO_{5}. The calculation simultaneously includes site-selective spectroscopic data up to 20 000 cm^{-1}, rotational Zeeman data, and ground- and excited-state hyperfine structure determined from high-resolution Raman-heterodyne spectroscopy on the 1.5 μm telecom transition. We achieve an agreement of better than 50 MHz for assigned hyperfine transitions. The success of this analysis opens the possibility of systematically evaluating the coherence properties, as well as transition energies and intensities, of any rare-earth ion doped into Y_{2}SiO_{5}.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Horvath
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, PB 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, PB 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
| | - J V Rakonjac
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, PB 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
| | - Y-H Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, PB 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
| | - J J Longdell
- Department of Physics, University of Otago, PB 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
| | - P Goldner
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J-P R Wells
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, PB 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
| | - M F Reid
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, PB 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, New Zealand
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