1
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Zhao XY, Xu DE, Wu ML, Liu JC, Shi ZL, Ma QH. Regulation and function of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:6-20. [PMID: 38767472 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum, a key cellular organelle, regulates a wide variety of cellular activities. Endoplasmic reticulum autophagy, one of the quality control systems of the endoplasmic reticulum, plays a pivotal role in maintaining endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis by controlling endoplasmic reticulum turnover, remodeling, and proteostasis. In this review, we briefly describe the endoplasmic reticulum quality control system, and subsequently focus on the role of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy, emphasizing the spatial and temporal mechanisms underlying the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy according to cellular requirements. We also summarize the evidence relating to how defective or abnormal endoplasmic reticulum autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In summary, this review highlights the mechanisms associated with the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum autophagy and how they influence the pathophysiology of degenerative nerve disorders. This review would help researchers to understand the roles and regulatory mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum-phagy in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yun Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - De-En Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming-Lei Wu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ji-Chuan Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zi-Ling Shi
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Neuroscience & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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2
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Dabsan S, Twito G, Biadsy S, Igbaria A. Less is better: various means to reduce protein load in the endoplasmic reticulum. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38865586 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle that controls the intracellular and extracellular environments. The ER is responsible for folding almost one-third of the total protein population in the eukaryotic cell. Disruption of ER-protein folding is associated with numerous human diseases, including metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. During ER perturbations, the cells deploy various mechanisms to increase the ER-folding capacity and reduce ER-protein load by minimizing the number of substrates entering the ER to regain homeostasis. These mechanisms include signaling pathways, degradation mechanisms, and other processes that mediate the reflux of ER content to the cytosol. In this review, we will discuss the recent discoveries of five different ER quality control mechanisms, including the unfolded protein response (UPR), ER-associated-degradation (ERAD), pre-emptive quality control, ER-phagy and ER to cytosol signaling (ERCYS). We will discuss the roles of these processes in decreasing ER-protein load and inter-mechanism crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salam Dabsan
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Gal Twito
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Suma Biadsy
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Aeid Igbaria
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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3
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Liu D, Yuan H, Chen S, Ferro-Novick S, Novick P. Different ER-plasma membrane tethers play opposing roles in autophagy of the cortical ER. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321991121. [PMID: 38838012 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321991121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) undergoes degradation by selective macroautophagy (ER-phagy) in response to starvation or the accumulation of misfolded proteins within its lumen. In yeast, actin assembly at sites of contact between the cortical ER (cER) and endocytic pits acts to displace elements of the ER from their association with the plasma membrane (PM) so they can interact with the autophagosome assembly machinery near the vacuole. A collection of proteins tether the cER to the PM. Of these, Scs2/22 and Ist2 are required for cER-phagy, most likely through their roles in lipid transport, while deletion of the tricalbins, TCB1/2/3, bypasses those requirements. An artificial ER-PM tether blocks cER-phagy in both the wild type (WT) and a strain lacking endogenous tethers, supporting the importance of cER displacement from the PM. Scs2 and Ist2 can be cross-linked to the selective cER-phagy receptor, Atg40. The COPII cargo adaptor subunit, Lst1, associates with Atg40 and is required for cER-phagy. This requirement is also bypassed by deletion of the ER-PM tethers, suggesting a role for Lst1 prior to the displacement of the cER from the PM during cER-phagy. Although pexophagy and mitophagy also require actin assembly, deletion of ER-PM tethers does not bypass those requirements. We propose that within the context of rapamycin-induced cER-phagy, Scs2/22, Ist2, and Lst1 promote the local displacement of an element of the cER from the cortex, while Tcb1/2/3 act in opposition, anchoring the cER to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0668
| | - Hua Yuan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0668
| | - Shuliang Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0668
| | - Susan Ferro-Novick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0668
| | - Peter Novick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0668
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4
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Liao YC, Pang S, Li WP, Shtengel G, Choi H, Schaefer K, Xu CS, Lippincott-Schwartz J. COPII with ALG2 and ESCRTs control lysosome-dependent microautophagy of ER exit sites. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1410-1424.e4. [PMID: 38593803 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERESs) are tubular outgrowths of endoplasmic reticulum that serve as the earliest station for protein sorting and export into the secretory pathway. How these structures respond to different cellular conditions remains unclear. Here, we report that ERESs undergo lysosome-dependent microautophagy when Ca2+ is released by lysosomes in response to nutrient stressors such as mTOR inhibition or amino acid starvation in mammalian cells. Targeting and uptake of ERESs into lysosomes were observed by super-resolution live-cell imaging and focus ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). The mechanism was ESCRT dependent and required ubiquitinated SEC31, ALG2, and ALIX, with a knockout of ALG2 or function-blocking mutations of ALIX preventing engulfment of ERESs by lysosomes. In vitro, reconstitution of the pathway was possible using lysosomal lipid-mimicking giant unilamellar vesicles and purified recombinant components. Together, these findings demonstrate a pathway of lysosome-dependent ERES microautophagy mediated by COPII, ALG2, and ESCRTS induced by nutrient stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Song Pang
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | | | - Heejun Choi
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | | | - C Shan Xu
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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5
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Kumar K, Chidambaram R, Parashar S, Ferro-Novick S. RTN3L and CALCOCO1 function in parallel to maintain proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum. Autophagy 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38818751 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2353502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Reticulophagy is mediated by autophagy receptors that function in one of the two domains of the ER, tubules or flat sheets. Three different conserved mammalian receptors mediate autophagy in ER tubules: RTN3L, ATL3 and CALCOCO1. Previous studies have shown that RTN3L maintains proteostasis by targeting mutant aggregation-prone proteins for autophagy at distinct foci in ER tubules that we named ERPHS (ER-reticulophagy sites). The role for ATL3 and CALCOCO1 in proteostasis has not been addressed. Here we analyzed three different misfolded disease-causing RTN3L substrates and show that ATL3 and CALCOCO1 target the same cargoes for autophagy. Colocalization and knock down studies revealed that RTN3L and ATL3 are both required for the formation of RTN3L-containing ERPHS, while CALCOCO1 is not. We propose that RTN3L, ATL3 and CALCOCO1 work in parallel to maintain proteostasis within the ER network by targeting cargoes at different sites in the tubules.Abbreviation ATL3: atlastin GTPase 3; Baf: bafilomycin A1; CALCOCO1: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 1; Epr1: ER-phagy receptor 1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ER-associated protein degradation; ERPHS: ER-reticulophagy sites; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; PGRMC1: progesterone receptor membrane component 1; POMC: proopiomelanocortin; Pro-AVP: pro-arginine vasopressin; RETREG1: reticulophagy regulator 1; reticulophagy: endoplasmic reticulum selective autophagy; RTN3L: reticulon 3 long isoform; VAPA: VAMP associated protein A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ravi Chidambaram
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Smriti Parashar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan Ferro-Novick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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6
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Mou W, Tang Y, Huang Y, Wu Z, Cui Y. Upregulation of neuronal ER-phagy improves organismal fitness and alleviates APP toxicity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114255. [PMID: 38761376 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
ER-phagy, a selective autophagy targeting the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for lysosomal degradation through cargo receptors, plays a critical role in ER quality control and is linked to various diseases. However, its physiological and pathological roles remain largely unclear due to a lack of animal model studies. This study establishes Drosophila as an in vivo ER-phagy model. Starvation triggers ER-phagy across multiple fly tissues. Disturbing ER-phagy by either globally upregulating or downregulating ER-phagy receptors, Atl or Rtnl1, harms the fly. Notably, moderate upregulation of ER-phagy in fly brains by overexpressing Atl or Rtnl1 significantly attenuates age-associated neurodegenerations. Furthermore, in a Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease expressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP), impaired ER-phagy is observed. Enhancing ER-phagy in the APP-expressing fly brain facilitates APP degradation, significantly alleviating disease symptoms. Therefore, our findings suggest that modulating ER-phagy may offer a therapeutic strategy to treat aging and diseases associated with ER protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Mou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yinglu Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
| | - Yunpeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA.
| | - Yixian Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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7
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Anglès F, Gupta V, Wang C, Balch WE. COPII cage assembly factor Sec13 integrates information flow regulating endomembrane function in response to human variation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10160. [PMID: 38698045 PMCID: PMC11065896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
How information flow is coordinated for managing transit of 1/3 of the genome through endomembrane pathways by the coat complex II (COPII) system in response to human variation remains an enigma. By examining the interactome of the COPII cage-assembly component Sec13, we show that it is simultaneously associated with multiple protein complexes that facilitate different features of a continuous program of chromatin organization, transcription, translation, trafficking, and degradation steps that are differentially sensitive to Sec13 levels. For the trafficking step, and unlike other COPII components, reduction of Sec13 expression decreased the ubiquitination and degradation of wild-type (WT) and F508del variant cargo protein cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) leading to a striking increase in fold stability suggesting that the events differentiating export from degradation are critically dependent on COPII cage assembly at the ER Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) associated recycling and degradation step linked to COPI exchange. Given Sec13's multiple roles in protein complex assemblies that change in response to its expression, we suggest that Sec13 serves as an unanticipated master regulator coordinating information flow from the genome to the proteome to facilitate spatial covariant features initiating and maintaining design and function of membrane architecture in response to human variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Anglès
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - William E Balch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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8
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Wang G, Zhao H, Zou J, Liang W, Zhao Z, Li D. Role of BcSfb3, the subunit of COPII vesicles, in fungal development and pathogenicity, ER-phagy and autophagy in the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130379. [PMID: 38403214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic coat protein complex II (COPII) plays a multifunctional role in the transport of newly synthesized proteins, autophagosome formation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-ER-phagy. However, the molecular mechanisms of the COPII subunit in ER-phagy in plant pathogens remain unknown. Here, we identified the subunit of COPII vesicles (BcSfb3) and explored the importance of BcSfb3 in Botrytis cinerea. BcSfb3 deletion affected vegetative growth, conidiation, conidial morphology, and plasma membrane integrity. We confirmed that the increase in infectious hyphal growth was delayed in the ΔBcSfb3 mutant, reducing its pathogenicity in the host plant. Furthermore, the ΔBcSfb3 mutant was sensitive to ER stress, which caused massive ER expansion and induced the formation of ER whorls that were taken up into the vacuole. Further examination demonstrated that BcSfb3 deletion caused ER stress initiated by unfolded protein response, and which led to the promotion of ER-phagy and autophagy that participate in sclerotia formation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that BcSfb3 plays an important role in fungal development, pathogenesis, ER-phagy and autophagy in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanbo Wang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, China
| | - Haonan Zhao
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Zou
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, China
| | - Wenxing Liang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, China
| | - Zhijian Zhao
- Industrial Crops Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650203, China.
| | - Delong Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Engineering Research Center for Precision Pest Management for Fruits and Vegetables of Qingdao, China; Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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9
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Zhang T, Ji T, Duan Z, Xue Y. Long non-coding RNA MLLT4 antisense RNA 1 induces autophagy to inhibit tumorigenesis of cervical cancer through modulating the myosin-9/ATG14 axis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6379. [PMID: 38493244 PMCID: PMC10944523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulatory mechanism of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in autophagy is as yet not well established. In this research, we show that the long non-coding RNA MLLT4 antisense RNA 1 (lncRNA MLLT4-AS1) is induced by the MTORC inhibitor PP242 and rapamycin in cervical cells. Overexpression of MLLT4-AS1 promotes autophagy and inhibits tumorigenesis and the migration of cervical cancer cells, whereas knockdown of MLLT4-AS1 attenuates PP242-induced autophagy. Mass spectrometry, RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH), and immunoprecipitation assays were performed to identify the direct interactions between MLLT4-AS1 and other associated targets, such as myosin-9 and autophagy-related 14(ATG14). MLLT4-AS1 was upregulated by H3K27ac modification with PP242 treatment, and knockdown of MLLT4-AS1 reversed autophagy by modulating ATG14 expression. Mechanically, MLLT4-AS1 was associated with the myosin-9 protein, which further promoted the transcription activity of the ATG14 gene. In conclusion, we demonstrated that MLLT4-AS1 acts as a potential tumor suppressor in cervical cancer by inducing autophagy, and H3K27ac modification-induced upregulation of MLLT4-AS1 could cause autophagy by associating with myosin-9 and promoting ATG14 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tiantian Ji
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhao Duan
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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10
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Yan R, Zhang P, Shen S, Zeng Y, Wang T, Chen Z, Ma W, Feng J, Suo C, Zhang T, Wei H, Jiang Z, Chen R, Li ST, Zhong X, Jia W, Sun L, Cang C, Zhang H, Gao P. Carnosine regulation of intracellular pH homeostasis promotes lysosome-dependent tumor immunoevasion. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:483-495. [PMID: 38177283 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Tumor cells and surrounding immune cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, leading to an acidic tumor microenvironment. However, it is unclear how tumor cells adapt to this acidic stress during tumor progression. Here we show that carnosine, a mobile buffering metabolite that accumulates under hypoxia in tumor cells, regulates intracellular pH homeostasis and drives lysosome-dependent tumor immune evasion. A previously unrecognized isoform of carnosine synthase, CARNS2, promotes carnosine synthesis under hypoxia. Carnosine maintains intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis by functioning as a mobile proton carrier to accelerate cytosolic H+ mobility and release, which in turn controls lysosomal subcellular distribution, acidification and activity. Furthermore, by maintaining lysosomal activity, carnosine facilitates nuclear transcription factor X-box binding 1 (NFX1) degradation, triggering galectin-9 and T-cell-mediated immune escape and tumorigenesis. These findings indicate an unconventional mechanism for pHi regulation in cancer cells and demonstrate how lysosome contributes to immune evasion, thus providing a basis for development of combined therapeutic strategies against hepatocellular carcinoma that exploit disrupted pHi homeostasis with immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Yan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Pinggen Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Insitute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Shengqi Shen
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaolin Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wenhao Ma
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Junru Feng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Caixia Suo
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoran Wei
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zetan Jiang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ting Li
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuying Zhong
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Jia
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Linchong Sun
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlei Cang
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Insitute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Roberts BS, Mitra D, Abishek S, Beher R, Satpute-Krishnan P. The p24-family and COPII subunit SEC24C facilitate the clearance of alpha1-antitrypsin Z from the endoplasmic reticulum to lysosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar45. [PMID: 38294851 PMCID: PMC10916869 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-06-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A subpopulation of the alpha-1-antitrypsin misfolding Z mutant (ATZ) is cleared from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via an ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD) pathway. Here, we report that the COPII subunit SEC24C and the p24-family of proteins facilitate the clearance of ATZ via ERLAD. In addition to the previously reported ERLAD components calnexin and FAM134B, we discovered that ATZ coimmunoprecipitates with the p24-family members TMP21 and TMED9. This contrasts with wild type alpha1-antitrypsin, which did not coimmunoprecipitate with FAM134B, calnexin or the p24-family members. Live-cell imaging revealed that ATZ and the p24-family members traffic together from the ER to lysosomes. Using chemical inhibitors to block ER exit or autophagy, we demonstrated that p24-family members and ATZ co-accumulate at SEC24C marked ER-exit sites or in ER-derived compartments, respectively. Furthermore, depletion of SEC24C, TMP21, or TMED9 inhibited lysosomal trafficking of ATZ and resulted in the increase of intracellular ATZ levels. Conversely, overexpression of these p24-family members resulted in the reduction of ATZ levels. Intriguingly, the p24-family members coimmunoprecipitate with ATZ, FAM134B, and SEC24C. Thus, we propose a model in which the p24-family functions in an adaptor complex linking SEC24C with the ERLAD machinery for the clearance of ATZ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debashree Mitra
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Sudhanshu Abishek
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Richa Beher
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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12
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Mannino PJ, Perun A, Surovstev I, Ader NR, Shao L, Melia TJ, King MC, Lusk CP. A quantitative ultrastructural timeline of nuclear autophagy reveals a role for dynamin-like protein 1 at the nuclear envelope. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.14.580336. [PMID: 38405892 PMCID: PMC10888867 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Autophagic mechanisms that maintain nuclear envelope homeostasis are bulwarks to aging and disease. By leveraging 4D lattice light sheet microscopy and correlative light and electron tomography, we define a quantitative and ultrastructural timeline of a nuclear macroautophagy (nucleophagy) pathway in yeast. Nucleophagy initiates with a rapid local accumulation of the nuclear cargo adaptor Atg39 at the nuclear envelope adjacent to the nucleus-vacuole junction and is delivered to the vacuole in ~300 seconds through an autophagosome intermediate. Mechanistically, nucleophagy incorporates two consecutive and genetically defined membrane fission steps: inner nuclear membrane (INM) fission generates a lumenal vesicle in the perinuclear space followed by outer nuclear membrane (ONM) fission to liberate a double membraned vesicle to the cytosol. ONM fission occurs independently of phagophore engagement and instead relies surprisingly on dynamin-like protein1 (Dnm1), which is recruited to sites of Atg39 accumulation at the nuclear envelope. Loss of Dnm1 compromises nucleophagic flux by stalling nucleophagy after INM fission. Our findings reveal how nuclear and INM cargo are removed from an intact nucleus without compromising its integrity, achieved in part by a non-canonical role for Dnm1 in nuclear envelope remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Mannino
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Andrew Perun
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Ivan Surovstev
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511
| | - Nicholas R. Ader
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Lin Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Thomas J. Melia
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
| | - Megan C. King
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511
| | - C. Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT, 06520
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13
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Li J, Moretti F, Hidvegi T, Sviben S, Fitzpatrick JAJ, Sundaramoorthi H, Pak SC, Silverman GA, Knapp B, Filipuzzi I, Alford J, Reece-Hoyes J, Nigsch F, Murphy LO, Nyfeler B, Perlmutter DH. Multiple Genes Core to ERAD, Macroautophagy and Lysosomal Degradation Pathways Participate in the Proteostasis Response in α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17:1007-1024. [PMID: 38336172 PMCID: PMC11053228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In the classic form of α1-antitrypsin deficiency (ATD), the misfolded α1-antitrypsin Z (ATZ) variant accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of liver cells. A gain-of-function proteotoxic mechanism is responsible for chronic liver disease in a subgroup of homozygotes. Proteostatic response pathways, including conventional endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation and autophagy, have been proposed as the mechanisms that allow cellular adaptation and presumably protection from the liver disease phenotype. Recent studies have concluded that a distinct lysosomal pathway called endoplasmic reticulum-to-lysosome completely supplants the role of the conventional macroautophagy pathway in degradation of ATZ. Here, we used several state-of-the-art approaches to characterize the proteostatic responses more fully in cellular systems that model ATD. METHODS We used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-mediated genome editing coupled to a cell selection step by fluorescence-activated cell sorter to perform screening for proteostasis genes that regulate ATZ accumulation and combined that with selective genome editing in 2 other model systems. RESULTS Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation genes are key early regulators and multiple autophagy genes, from classic as well as from ER-to-lysosome and other newly described ER-phagy pathways, participate in degradation of ATZ in a manner that is temporally regulated and evolves as ATZ accumulation persists. Time-dependent changes in gene expression are accompanied by specific ultrastructural changes including dilation of the ER, formation of globular inclusions, budding of autophagic vesicles, and alterations in the overall shape and component parts of mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS Macroautophagy is a critical component of the proteostasis response to cellular ATZ accumulation and it becomes more important over time as ATZ synthesis continues unabated. Multiple subtypes of macroautophagy and nonautophagic lysosomal degradative pathways are needed to respond to the high concentrations of misfolded protein that characterizes ATD and these pathways are attractive candidates for genetic variants that predispose to the hepatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Tunda Hidvegi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sanja Sviben
- Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - James A J Fitzpatrick
- Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Stephen C Pak
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gary A Silverman
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Britta Knapp
- Novartis Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - John Alford
- Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Leon O Murphy
- Novartis Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Beat Nyfeler
- Novartis Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David H Perlmutter
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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14
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Piña F, Yan B, Hu J, Niwa M. Reticulons bind sphingolipids to activate the endoplasmic reticulum cell cycle checkpoint, the ER surveillance pathway. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113403. [PMID: 37979174 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The inheritance of a functional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is ensured by the ER stress surveillance (ERSU) pathway. Here, we made the unexpected discovery that reticulon 1 (Rtn1) and Yop1, well-known ER-curvature-generating proteins, each possess two sphingolipid-binding motifs within their transmembrane domains and that these motifs recognize the ER-stress-induced sphingolipid phytosphingosine (PHS), resulting in an ER inheritance block. Upon binding PHS, Rtn1/Yop1 accumulate on the ER tubule, poised to enter the emerging daughter cell, and cause its misdirection to the bud scars (i.e., previous cell division sites). Amino acid changes in the conserved PHS-binding motifs preclude Rtn1 or Yop1 from binding PHS and diminish their enrichment on the tubular ER, ultimately preventing the ER-stress-induced inheritance block. Conservation of these sphingolipid-binding motifs in human reticulons suggests that sphingolipid binding to Rtn1 and Yop1 represents an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that enables cells to respond to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Piña
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, NSB#1, Rm. 5328, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Rm. 6210, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Rm. 6210, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Maho Niwa
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, NSB#1, Rm. 5328, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0377, USA.
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15
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Daskivich GJ, Brodsky JL. The generation of detergent-insoluble clipped fragments from an ERAD substrate in mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21508. [PMID: 38057493 PMCID: PMC10700608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteostasis ensures the proper synthesis, folding, and trafficking of proteins and is required for cellular and organellar homeostasis. This network also oversees protein quality control within the cell and prevents accumulation of aberrant proteins, which can lead to cellular dysfunction and disease. For example, protein aggregates irreversibly disrupt proteostasis and can exert gain-of-function toxic effects. Although this process has been examined in detail for cytosolic proteins, how endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-tethered, aggregation-prone proteins are handled is ill-defined. To determine how a membrane protein with a cytoplasmic aggregation-prone domain is routed for ER-associated degradation (ERAD), we analyzed a new model substrate, TM-Ubc9ts. In yeast, we previously showed that TM-Ubc9ts ERAD requires Hsp104, which is absent in higher cells. In transient and stable HEK293 cells, we now report that TM-Ubc9ts degradation is largely proteasome-dependent, especially at elevated temperatures. In contrast to yeast, clipped TM-Ubc9ts polypeptides, which are stabilized upon proteasome inhibition, accumulate and are insoluble at elevated temperatures. TM-Ubc9ts cleavage is independent of the intramembrane protease RHBDL4, which clips other classes of ERAD substrates. These studies highlight an unappreciated mechanism underlying the degradation of aggregation-prone substrates in the ER and invite further work on other proteases that contribute to ERAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Daskivich
- A320 Langley Hall, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- A320 Langley Hall, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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16
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Sun Y, Wang X, Yang X, Wang L, Ding J, Wang CC, Zhang H, Wang X. V-ATPase recruitment to ER exit sites switches COPII-mediated transport to lysosomal degradation. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2761-2775.e5. [PMID: 37922908 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-phagy is crucial to regulate the function and homeostasis of the ER via lysosomal degradation, but how it is initiated is unclear. Here we discover that Z-AAT, a disease-causing mutant of α1-antitrypsin, induces noncanonical ER-phagy at ER exit sites (ERESs). Accumulation of misfolded Z-AAT at the ERESs impairs coat protein complex II (COPII)-mediated ER-to-Golgi transport and retains V0 subunits that further assemble V-ATPase at the arrested ERESs. V-ATPase subsequently recruits ATG16L1 onto ERESs to mediate in situ lipidation of LC3C. FAM134B-II is then recruited by LC3C via its LIR motif and elicits ER-phagy leading to efficient lysosomal degradation of Z-AAT. Activation of this ER-phagy mediated by the V-ATPase-ATG16L1-LC3C axis (EVAC) is also triggered by blocking ER export. Our findings identify a pathway which switches COPII-mediated transport to lysosomal degradation for ER quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi'e Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaotong Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingjin Ding
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chih-Chen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xi Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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17
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Knupp J, Pletan ML, Arvan P, Tsai B. Autophagy of the ER: the secretome finds the lysosome. FEBS J 2023; 290:5656-5673. [PMID: 37920925 PMCID: PMC11044768 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its components through the autophagy pathway has emerged as a major regulator of ER proteostasis. Commonly referred to as ER-phagy and ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation (ERLAD), how the ER is targeted to the lysosome has been recently clarified by a growing number of studies. Here, we summarize the discoveries of the molecular components required for lysosomal degradation of the ER and their proposed mechanisms of action. Additionally, we discuss how cells employ these machineries to create the different routes of ER-lysosome-associated degradation. Further, we review the role of ER-phagy in viral infection pathways, as well as the implication of ER-phagy in human disease. In sum, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current field of ER-phagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Knupp
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Madison L Pletan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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18
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Chatzichristofi A, Sagris V, Pallaris A, Eftychiou M, Kalvari I, Price N, Theodosiou T, Iliopoulos I, Nezis IP, Promponas VJ. LIRcentral: a manually curated online database of experimentally validated functional LIR motifs. Autophagy 2023; 19:3189-3200. [PMID: 37530436 PMCID: PMC10621281 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2235851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several selective macroautophagy receptor and adaptor proteins bind members of the Atg8 (autophagy related 8) family using short linear motifs (SLiMs), most often referred to as Atg8-family interacting motifs (AIMs) or LC3-interacting regions (LIRs). AIM/LIR motifs have been extensively studied during the last fifteen years, since they can uncover the underlying biological mechanisms and possible substrates for this key catabolic process of eukaryotic cells. Prompted by the fact that experimental information regarding LIR motifs can be found scattered across heterogeneous literature resources, we have developed LIRcentral (https://lircentral.eu), a freely available online repository for user-friendly access to comprehensive, high-quality information regarding LIR motifs from manually curated publications. Herein, we describe the development of LIRcentral and showcase currently available data and features, along with our plans for the expansion of this resource. Information incorporated in LIRcentral is useful for accomplishing a variety of research tasks, including: (i) guiding wet biology researchers for the characterization of novel instances of LIR motifs, (ii) giving bioinformaticians/computational biologists access to high-quality LIR motifs for building novel prediction methods for LIR motifs and LIR containing proteins (LIRCPs) and (iii) performing analyses to better understand the biological importance/features of functional LIR motifs. We welcome feedback on the LIRcentral content and functionality by all interested researchers and anticipate this work to spearhead a community effort for sustaining this resource which will further promote progress in studying LIR motifs/LIRCPs.Abbreviations: AIM, Atg8-family interacting motif; Atg8, autophagy related 8; GABARAP, GABA type A receptor-associated protein; LIR, LC3-interacting region; LIRCP, LIR-containing protein; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; PMID, PubMed identifier; PPI, protein-protein interaction; SLiM, short linear motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathangelos Chatzichristofi
- Division of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vasileios Sagris
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Aristos Pallaris
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios Eftychiou
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioanna Kalvari
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicholas Price
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Theodosios Theodosiou
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis Iliopoulos
- Division of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Vasilis J Promponas
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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19
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Qian X, He L, Yang J, Sun J, Peng X, Zhang Y, Mao Y, Zhang Y, Cui Y. UVRAG cooperates with cargo receptors to assemble the ER-phagy site. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113625. [PMID: 37902287 PMCID: PMC10690450 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
ER-phagy is a selective autophagy process that targets specific regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for removal via lysosomal degradation. During cellular stress induced by starvation, cargo receptors concentrate at distinct ER-phagy sites (ERPHS) to recruit core autophagy proteins and initiate ER-phagy. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for ERPHS formation remains unclear. In our study, we discovered that the autophagy regulator UV radiation Resistance-Associated Gene (UVRAG) plays a crucial role in orchestrating the assembly of ERPHS. Upon starvation, UVRAG localizes to ERPHS and interacts with specific ER-phagy cargo receptors, such as FAM134B, ATL3, and RTN3L. UVRAG regulates the oligomerization of cargo receptors and facilitates the recruitment of Atg8 family proteins. Consequently, UVRAG promotes efficient ERPHS assembly and turnover of both ER sheets and tubules. Importantly, UVRAG-mediated ER-phagy contributes to the clearance of pathogenic proinsulin aggregates. Remarkably, the involvement of UVRAG in ER-phagy initiation is independent of its canonical function as a subunit of class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehong Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lingang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiejie Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiajia Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xueying Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yizhou Mao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yixian Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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20
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Zou CX, Ma ZH, Jiang ZD, Pan ZQ, Xu DD, Suo F, Shao GC, Dong MQ, Du LL. The ortholog of human REEP1-4 is required for autophagosomal enclosure of ER-phagy/nucleophagy cargos in fission yeast. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002372. [PMID: 37939137 PMCID: PMC10659188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective macroautophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the nucleus, known as ER-phagy and nucleophagy, respectively, are processes whose mechanisms remain inadequately understood. Through an imaging-based screen, we find that in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Yep1 (also known as Hva22 or Rop1), the ortholog of human REEP1-4, is essential for ER-phagy and nucleophagy but not for bulk autophagy. In the absence of Yep1, the initial phase of ER-phagy and nucleophagy proceeds normally, with the ER-phagy/nucleophagy receptor Epr1 coassembling with Atg8. However, ER-phagy/nucleophagy cargos fail to reach the vacuole. Instead, nucleus- and cortical-ER-derived membrane structures not enclosed within autophagosomes accumulate in the cytoplasm. Intriguingly, the outer membranes of nucleus-derived structures remain continuous with the nuclear envelope-ER network, suggesting a possible outer membrane fission defect during cargo separation from source compartments. We find that the ER-phagy role of Yep1 relies on its abilities to self-interact and shape membranes and requires its C-terminal amphipathic helices. Moreover, we show that human REEP1-4 and budding yeast Atg40 can functionally substitute for Yep1 in ER-phagy, and Atg40 is a divergent ortholog of Yep1 and REEP1-4. Our findings uncover an unexpected mechanism governing the autophagosomal enclosure of ER-phagy/nucleophagy cargos and shed new light on the functions and evolution of REEP family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xi Zou
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu-Hui Ma
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Di Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Qian Pan
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Xu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Suo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Can Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Lin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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21
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Delorme-Axford E, Tasmi TA, Klionsky DJ. The Pho23-Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex regulates the yeast metabolic transcription factor Stb5. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000940. [PMID: 37692089 PMCID: PMC10492042 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an essential catabolic process for maintaining homeostasis and cell survival under stressful conditions. We previously characterized the metabolic transcription factor Stb5 as a negative modulator of autophagy through its regulation of genes involved in NADPH production. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating STB5 expression are not fully characterized. Here, we identify the yeast Pho23-Rpd3 histone deacetylase complex as a transcriptional regulator of STB5 . Our work provides insight into the mechanisms modulating the metabolic transcription factor Stb5 and expands on the repertoire of genes targeted by the Pho23-Rpd3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan–Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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22
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Rudinskiy M, Molinari M. ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation in a nutshell: mammalian, yeast, and plant ER-phagy as induced by misfolded proteins. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:1928-1945. [PMID: 37259628 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conserved catabolic pathways operate to remove aberrant polypeptides from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the major biosynthetic organelle of eukaryotic cells. The best known are the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathways that control the retrotranslocation of terminally misfolded proteins across the ER membrane for clearance by the cytoplasmic ubiquitin/proteasome system. In this review, we catalog folding-defective mammalian, yeast, and plant proteins that fail to engage ERAD machineries. We describe that they rather segregate in ER subdomains that eventually vesiculate. These ER-derived vesicles are captured by double membrane autophagosomes, engulfed by endolysosomes/vacuoles, or fused with degradative organelles to clear cells from their toxic cargo. These client-specific, mechanistically diverse ER-phagy pathways are grouped under the umbrella term of ER-to-lysosome-associated degradation for description in this essay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Rudinskiy
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Li X, Liu D, Griffis E, Novick P. Exploring the consequences of redirecting an exocytic Rab onto endocytic vesicles. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar38. [PMID: 36857153 PMCID: PMC10162416 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional vesicular traffic links compartments along the exocytic and endocytic pathways. Rab GTPases have been implicated in specifying the direction of vesicular transport. To explore this possibility, we sought to redirect an exocytic Rab, Sec4, onto endocytic vesicles by fusing the catalytic domain of the Sec4 GEF, Sec2, onto the CUE localization domain of Vps9, a GEF for the endocytic Rab Ypt51. The Sec2GEF-GFP-CUE construct localized to bright puncta predominantly near sites of polarized growth, and this localization was dependent on the ability of the CUE domain to bind to the ubiquitin moieties added to the cytoplasmic tails of proteins destined for endocytic internalization. Sec4 and Sec4 effectors were recruited to these puncta with various efficiencies. Cells expressing Sec2GEF-GFP-CUE grew surprisingly well and secreted protein at near-normal efficiency, implying that Golgi-derived secretory vesicles were delivered to polarized sites of cell growth despite the misdirection of Sec4 and its effectors. A low efficiency mechanism for localization of Sec2 to secretory vesicles that is independent of known cues might be responsible. In total, the results suggest that while Rabs may play a critical role in specifying the direction of vesicular transport, cells are remarkably tolerant of Rab misdirection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0644
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0644
| | - Eric Griffis
- Nikon Imaging Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0694
| | - Peter Novick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0644
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24
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Liu L, Tang Y, Zhou Z, Huang Y, Zhang R, Lyu H, Xiao S, Guo D, Ali DW, Michalak M, Chen XZ, Zhou C, Tang J. Membrane Curvature: The Inseparable Companion of Autophagy. Cells 2023; 12:1132. [PMID: 37190041 PMCID: PMC10136490 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved recycling process of eukaryotic cells that degrades protein aggregates or damaged organelles with the participation of autophagy-related proteins. Membrane bending is a key step in autophagosome membrane formation and nucleation. A variety of autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) are needed to sense and generate membrane curvature, which then complete the membrane remodeling process. The Atg1 complex, Atg2-Atg18 complex, Vps34 complex, Atg12-Atg5 conjugation system, Atg8-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugation system, and transmembrane protein Atg9 promote the production of autophagosomal membranes directly or indirectly through their specific structures to alter membrane curvature. There are three common mechanisms to explain the change in membrane curvature. For example, the BAR domain of Bif-1 senses and tethers Atg9 vesicles to change the membrane curvature of the isolation membrane (IM), and the Atg9 vesicles are reported as a source of the IM in the autophagy process. The amphiphilic helix of Bif-1 inserts directly into the phospholipid bilayer, causing membrane asymmetry, and thus changing the membrane curvature of the IM. Atg2 forms a pathway for lipid transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the IM, and this pathway also contributes to the formation of the IM. In this review, we introduce the phenomena and causes of membrane curvature changes in the process of macroautophagy, and the mechanisms of ATGs in membrane curvature and autophagosome membrane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zijuan Zhou
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Hao Lyu
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Shuai Xiao
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Declan William Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Xing-Zhen Chen
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Cefan Zhou
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jingfeng Tang
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
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25
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Ogen-Shtern N, Chang C, Saad H, Mazkereth N, Patel C, Shenkman M, Lederkremer GZ. COP I and II dependent trafficking controls ER-associated degradation in mammalian cells. iScience 2023; 26:106232. [PMID: 36876137 PMCID: PMC9982306 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolded proteins and components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control and ER associated degradation (ERAD) machineries concentrate in mammalian cells in the pericentriolar ER-derived quality control compartment (ERQC), suggesting it as a staging ground for ERAD. By tracking the chaperone calreticulin and an ERAD substrate, we have now determined that the trafficking to the ERQC is reversible and recycling back to the ER is slower than the movement in the ER periphery. The dynamics suggest vesicular trafficking rather than diffusion. Indeed, using dominant negative mutants of ARF1 and Sar1 or the drugs Brefeldin A and H89, we observed that COPI inhibition causes accumulation in the ERQC and increases ERAD, whereas COPII inhibition has the opposite effect. Our results suggest that targeting of misfolded proteins to ERAD involves COPII-dependent transport to the ERQC and that they can be retrieved to the peripheral ER in a COPI-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navit Ogen-Shtern
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Cell Biology Division, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chieh Chang
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Cell Biology Division, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Haddas Saad
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Cell Biology Division, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Niv Mazkereth
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Cell Biology Division, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chaitanya Patel
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Cell Biology Division, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Marina Shenkman
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Cell Biology Division, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gerardo Z Lederkremer
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Cell Biology Division, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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26
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Abstract
Significance: Autophagy is a self-degrading process that determines cell fate in response to various environmental stresses. In contrast to autophagy-mediated cell survival, the signals, mechanisms, and effects of autophagy-dependent cell death remain obscure. The discovery of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis provides a paradigm for understanding the relationship between aberrant degradation pathways and excessive lipid peroxidation in driving regulated cell death. Recent Advances: Ferroptosis was originally described as an autophagy-independent and iron-mediated nonapoptotic cell death. Current studies reveal that the level of intracellular autophagy is positively correlated with ferroptosis sensitivity. Selective autophagic degradation of proteins (e.g., ferritin, SLC40A1, ARNTL, GPX4, and CDH2) or organelles (e.g., lipid droplets or mitochondria) promotes ferroptosis by inducing iron overload and/or lipid peroxidation. Several upstream autophagosome regulators (e.g., TMEM164), downstream autophagy receptors (e.g., HPCAL1), or danger signals (e.g., DCN) are selectively required for ferroptosis-related autophagy, but not for starvation-induced autophagy. The induction of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis is an effective approach to eliminate drug-resistant cancer cells. Critical Issues: How different organelles selectively activate autophagy to modulate ferroptosis sensitivity is not fully understood. Identifying direct protein effectors of ferroptotic cell death remains a challenge. Future Directions: Further understanding of the molecular mechanics and immune consequences of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis is critical for the development of precision antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangquan Chen
- DAMP Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiutao Cai
- DAMP Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jiao Liu
- DAMP Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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27
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Daraghmi MM, Miller JM, Bailey CG, Doss EM, Kalinski AL, Smaldino PJ, Rubenstein EM. Macro-ER-phagy receptors Atg39p and Atg40p confer resistance to aminoglycoside hygromycin B in S. cerevisiae. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000738. [PMID: 36818312 PMCID: PMC9932795 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated autophagic turnover of portions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is mediated by macro-ER-phagy. We hypothesized macro-ER-phagy promotes proteotoxic stress resistance. We predicted Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking macro-ER-phagy receptors would exhibit enhanced sensitivity to hygromycin B, which reduces translational fidelity and is expected to globally disrupt protein homeostasis, including at the ER. We observed that loss of either of two yeast macro-ER-phagy receptors (Atg39p or Atg40p) compromised cellular resistance to hygromycin B to a similar extent as loss of ER-associated degradation (ERAD) ubiquitin ligases Hrd1p and Doa10p. Our data are consistent with a model whereby macro-ER-phagy and ERAD collaborate to mediate ER protein quality control. Disruptions of macro-ER-phagy have been linked to neuropathy, dementia, and cancer. A dampened capacity to mediate protein quality control may contribute to these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric M. Rubenstein
- Department of Biology, Ball State University
,
Correspondence to: Eric M. Rubenstein (
)
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28
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Nalbach K, Schifferer M, Bhattacharya D, Ho-Xuan H, Tseng WC, Williams LA, Stolz A, Lichtenthaler SF, Elazar Z, Behrends C. Spatial proteomics reveals secretory pathway disturbances caused by neuropathy-associated TECPR2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:870. [PMID: 36797266 PMCID: PMC9935918 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy 9 (HSAN9) is a rare fatal neurological disease caused by mis- and nonsense mutations in the gene encoding for Tectonin β-propeller repeat containing protein 2 (TECPR2). While TECPR2 is required for lysosomal consumption of autophagosomes and ER-to-Golgi transport, it remains elusive how exactly TECPR2 is involved in autophagy and secretion and what downstream sequels arise from defective TECPR2 due to its involvement in these processes. To address these questions, we determine molecular consequences of TECPR2 deficiency along the secretory pathway. By employing spatial proteomics, we describe pronounced changes with numerous proteins important for neuronal function being affected in their intracellular transport. Moreover, we provide evidence that TECPR2's interaction with the early secretory pathway is not restricted to COPII carriers. Collectively, our systematic profiling of a HSAN9 cell model points to specific trafficking and sorting defects which might precede autophagy dysfunction upon TECPR2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Nalbach
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schifferer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Debjani Bhattacharya
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hung Ho-Xuan
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Wei Chou Tseng
- Q-State Biosciences, 179 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Luis A Williams
- Q-State Biosciences, 179 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alexandra Stolz
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Departments of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany.
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29
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Yperman K, Kuijpers M. Neuronal endoplasmic reticulum architecture and roles in axonal physiology. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103822. [PMID: 36781033 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest membrane compartment within eukaryotic cells and is emerging as a key coordinator of many cellular processes. The ER can modulate local calcium fluxes and communicate with other organelles like the plasma membrane. The importance of ER in neuronal processes such as neurite growth, axon repair and neurotransmission has recently gained much attention. In this review, we highlight the importance of the ER tubular network in axonal homeostasis and discuss how the generation and maintenance of the thin tubular ER network in axons and synapses, requires a cooperative effort of ER-shaping proteins, cytoskeleton and autophagy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Yperman
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marijn Kuijpers
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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30
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Qian H, Sun L, Wu M, Zhao W, Liu M, Liang S, Zhu X, Li L, Su Z, Lu J, Lin F, Liu X. The COPII subunit MoSec24B is involved in development, pathogenicity and autophagy in the rice blast fungus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1074107. [PMID: 36699840 PMCID: PMC9868959 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1074107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) acts as the starting point of the secretory pathway, where approximately one-third of the proteins are correctly folded and modified, loaded into vesicles, and transported to the Golgi for further processing and modification. In this process, COPII vesicles are responsible for transporting cargo proteins from the ER to the Golgi. Here, we identified the inner shell subunit of COPII vesicles (MoSec24B) and explored the importance of MoSec24B in the rice blast fungus. The targeted disruption of MoSec24B led to decreased growth, reduced conidiation, restricted glycogen and lipids utilization, sensitivity to the cell wall and hypertonic stress, the failure of septin-mediated repolarization of appressorium, impaired appressorium turgor pressure, and decreased ability to infect, which resulted in reduced pathogenicity to the host plant. Furthermore, MoSec24B functions in the three mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways by acting with MoMst50. Deletion of MoSec24B caused reduced lipidation of MoAtg8, accelerated degradation of exogenously introduced GFP-MoAtg8, and increased lipidation of MoAtg8 upon treatment with a late inhibitor of autophagy (BafA1), suggesting that MoSec24B regulates the fusion of late autophagosomes with vacuoles. Together, these results suggest that MoSec24B exerts a significant role in fungal development, the pathogenesis of filamentous fungi and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhu Su
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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31
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Chino H, Mizushima N. ER-Phagy: Quality and Quantity Control of the Endoplasmic Reticulum by Autophagy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:cshperspect.a041256. [PMID: 35940904 PMCID: PMC9808580 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest organelle and has multiple roles in various cellular processes such as protein secretion, lipid synthesis, calcium storage, and organelle biogenesis. The quantity and quality of this organelle are controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy (termed "ER-phagy"). ER-phagy is defined as the degradation of part of the ER by the vacuole or lysosomes, and there are at least two types of ER-phagy: macro-ER-phagy and micro-ER-phagy. In macro-ER-phagy, ER fragments are enclosed by autophagosomes, which is mediated by ER-phagy receptors. In micro-ER-phagy, a portion of the ER is engulfed directly by the vacuole or lysosomes. In these two pathways, some proteins in the ER lumen can be recognized selectively and subjected to ER-phagy. This review summarizes our current knowledge of ER-phagy, focusing on its membrane dynamics, molecular mechanisms, substrate specificity, and physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Chino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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32
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Tang VT, Ginsburg D. Cargo selection in endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport and relevant diseases. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:163838. [PMID: 36594468 PMCID: PMC9797344 DOI: 10.1172/jci163838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most proteins destined for the extracellular space or various intracellular compartments must traverse the intracellular secretory pathway. The first step is the recruitment and transport of cargoes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen to the Golgi apparatus by coat protein complex II (COPII), consisting of five core proteins. Additional ER transmembrane proteins that aid cargo recruitment are referred to as cargo receptors. Gene duplication events have resulted in multiple COPII paralogs present in the mammalian genome. Here, we review the functions of each COPII protein, human disorders associated with each paralog, and evidence for functional conservation between paralogs. We also provide a summary of current knowledge regarding two prototypical cargo receptors in mammals, LMAN1 and SURF4, and their roles in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vi T. Tang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,,Life Sciences Institute
| | - David Ginsburg
- Life Sciences Institute,,Department of Internal Medicine,,Department of Human Genetics,,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, and,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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33
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Tapia D, Cavieres VA, Burgos PV, Cancino J. Impact of interorganelle coordination between the conventional early secretory pathway and autophagy in cellular homeostasis and stress response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1069256. [PMID: 37152281 PMCID: PMC10160633 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1069256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional early secretory pathway and autophagy are two essential interconnected cellular processes that are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The conventional secretory pathway is an anabolic cellular process synthesizing and delivering proteins to distinct locations, including different organelles, the plasma membrane, and the extracellular media. On the other hand, autophagy is a catabolic cellular process that engulfs damaged organelles and aberrant cytosolic constituents into the double autophagosome membrane. After fusion with the lysosome and autolysosome formation, this process triggers digestion and recycling. A growing list of evidence indicates that these anabolic and catabolic processes are mutually regulated. While knowledge about the molecular actors involved in the coordination and functional cooperation between these two processes has increased over time, the mechanisms are still poorly understood. This review article summarized and discussed the most relevant evidence about the key molecular players implicated in the interorganelle crosstalk between the early secretory pathway and autophagy under normal and stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Tapia
- Cell Biology of Interorganelle Signaling Laboratory, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana A. Cavieres
- Organelle Phagy Lab, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia V. Burgos
- Organelle Phagy Lab, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Cancino
- Cell Biology of Interorganelle Signaling Laboratory, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Jorge Cancino,
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Han Y, Li S, Ge L. Biogenesis of autophagosomes from the ERGIC membrane system. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:3-6. [PMID: 35835319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Shulin Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Ge
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Intercellular transfer of activated STING triggered by RAB22A-mediated non-canonical autophagy promotes antitumor immunity. Cell Res 2022; 32:1086-1104. [PMID: 36280710 PMCID: PMC9715632 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
STING, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane protein, mediates innate immune activation upon cGAMP stimulation and is degraded through autophagy. Here, we report that activated STING could be transferred between cells to promote antitumor immunity, a process triggered by RAB22A-mediated non-canonical autophagy. Mechanistically, RAB22A engages PI4K2A to generate PI4P that recruits the Atg12-Atg5-Atg16L1 complex, inducing the formation of ER-derived RAB22A-mediated non-canonical autophagosome, in which STING activated by agonists or chemoradiotherapy is packaged. This RAB22A-induced autophagosome fuses with RAB22A-positive early endosome, generating a new organelle that we name Rafeesome (RAB22A-mediated non-canonical autophagosome fused with early endosome). Meanwhile, RAB22A inactivates RAB7 to suppress the fusion of Rafeesome with lysosome, thereby enabling the secretion of the inner vesicle of the autophagosome bearing activated STING as a new type of extracellular vesicle that we define as R-EV (RAB22A-induced extracellular vesicle). Activated STING-containing R-EVs induce IFNβ release from recipient cells to the tumor microenvironment, promoting antitumor immunity. Consistently, RAB22A enhances the antitumor effect of the STING agonist diABZI in mice, and a high RAB22A level predicts good survival in nasopharyngeal cancer patients treated with chemoradiotherapy. Our findings reveal that Rafeesome regulates the intercellular transfer of activated STING to trigger and spread antitumor immunity, and that the inner vesicle of non-canonical autophagosome originated from ER is secreted as R-EV, providing a new perspective for understanding the intercellular communication of organelle membrane proteins.
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Zhao Y, Kim HS, Zou X, Huang L, Liang X, Li Z, Kim JS, Lin W. Harnessing Dual-Fluorescence Lifetime Probes to Validate Regulatory Mechanisms of Organelle Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20854-20865. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Hyeong Seok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Xiang Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Ling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Xing Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Zihong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Weiying Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
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Zhou L, Xue X, Yang K, Feng Z, Liu M, Pastor-Pareja JC. Convergence of secretory, endosomal, and autophagic routes in trans-Golgi-associated lysosomes. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213547. [PMID: 36239631 PMCID: PMC9577102 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At the trans-Golgi, complex traffic connections exist to the endolysosomal system additional to the main Golgi-to-plasma membrane secretory route. Here, we investigated three hits in a Drosophila screen displaying secretory cargo accumulation in autophagic vesicles: ESCRT-III component Vps20, SNARE-binding Rop, and lysosomal pump subunit VhaPPA1-1. We found that Vps20, Rop, and lysosomal markers localize near the trans-Golgi. Furthermore, we document that the vicinity of the trans-Golgi is the main cellular location for lysosomes and that early, late, and recycling endosomes associate as well with a trans-Golgi-associated degradative compartment where basal microautophagy of secretory cargo and other materials occurs. Disruption of this compartment causes cargo accumulation in our hits, including Munc18 homolog Rop, required with Syx1 and Syx4 for Rab11-mediated endosomal recycling. Finally, besides basal microautophagy, we show that the trans-Golgi-associated degradative compartment contributes to the growth of autophagic vesicles in developmental and starvation-induced macroautophagy. Our results argue that the fly trans-Golgi is the gravitational center of the whole endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjian Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xutong Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - José C. Pastor-Pareja
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China,Institute of Neurosciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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Jehan C, Cartier D, Bucharles C, Anouar Y, Lihrmann I. Emerging roles of ER-resident selenoproteins in brain physiology and physiopathology. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102412. [PMID: 35917681 PMCID: PMC9344019 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain has a very high oxygen consumption rate and is particularly sensitive to oxidative stress. It is also the last organ to suffer from a loss of selenium (Se) in case of deficiency. Se is a crucial trace element present in the form of selenocysteine, the 21st proteinogenic amino acid present in selenoproteins, an essential protein family in the brain that participates in redox signaling. Among the most abundant selenoproteins in the brain are glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), which reduces lipid peroxides and prevents ferroptosis, and selenoproteins W, I, F, K, M, O and T. Remarkably, more than half of them are proteins present in the ER and recent studies have shown their involvement in the maintenance of ER homeostasis, glycoprotein folding and quality control, redox balance, ER stress response signaling pathways and Ca2+ homeostasis. However, their molecular functions remain mostly undetermined. The ER is a highly specialized organelle in neurons that maintains the physical continuity of axons over long distances through its continuous distribution from the cell body to the nerve terminals. Alteration of this continuity can lead to degeneration of distal axons and subsequent neuronal death. Elucidation of the function of ER-resident selenoproteins in neuronal pathophysiology may therefore become a new perspective for understanding the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. Here we summarize what is currently known about each of their molecular functions and their impact on the nervous system during development and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Jehan
- Rouen-Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm, U1239, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differenciation and Communication Laboratory, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Dorthe Cartier
- Rouen-Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm, U1239, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differenciation and Communication Laboratory, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Christine Bucharles
- Rouen-Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm, U1239, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differenciation and Communication Laboratory, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Youssef Anouar
- Rouen-Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm, U1239, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differenciation and Communication Laboratory, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Lihrmann
- Rouen-Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm, U1239, Neuroendocrine, Endocrine and Germinal Differenciation and Communication Laboratory, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France.
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Mochida K, Nakatogawa H. ER
‐phagy: selective autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55192. [PMID: 35758175 PMCID: PMC9346472 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells adequately control the mass and functions of organelles in various situations. Autophagy, an intracellular degradation system, largely contributes to this organelle control by degrading the excess or defective portions of organelles. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle with distinct structural domains associated with specific functions. The ER dynamically changes its mass, components, and shape in response to metabolic, developmental, or proteotoxic cues to maintain or regulate its functions. Therefore, elaborate mechanisms are required for proper degradation of the ER. Here, we review our current knowledge on diverse mechanisms underlying selective autophagy of the ER, which enable efficient degradation of specific ER subdomains according to different demands of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Mochida
- School of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakatogawa
- School of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama Japan
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40
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Wang WM, Shen H, Liu ZN, Chen YY, Hou LJ, Ding Y. Interaction between tumor microenvironment, autophagy, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tumor progression. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 32:100592. [PMID: 35728404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is the ecosystem surrounding a tumor to influence tumor cells' growth, metastasis and immunological battlefield, in which the tumor systems fight against the body system. TME has been considered as the essential link between the tumorigenesis and development of neoplasm. Both nutrients intake and tumor progression to malignancy require the participation of components in TME. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step in the metastasis of tumor cells. Cells that lost polarity and acquired migration ability are prone to metastasize. Autophagy is an important self-protective mechanism in tumor cells and a necessity for the tumor cells to respond to harmful stress. Protective autophagy benefits tumor cells while abnormal autophagy leads to cell injury or death. EMT and autophagy are directly regulated by TME. To date, there are numerous studies on TME, autophagy and EMT separately, but few on their complex interrelationships. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the existing mechanisms and convincing evidence so far to seek novel therapeutic strategies and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Zi-Ning Liu
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Li-Jun Hou
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
| | - Yi Ding
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
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41
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Regulatory events controlling ER-phagy. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 76:102084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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42
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Wei F, Yang A, Zhao Z, An H, Li Y, Duan Y. Mechanism of ER Stress-mediated ER-phagy by CdTe-QDs in Yeast Cells. Toxicol Lett 2022; 365:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Autophagy guards tendon homeostasis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:402. [PMID: 35461310 PMCID: PMC9035152 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are vital collagen-dense specialized connective tissues transducing the force from skeletal muscle to the bone, thus enabling movement of the human body. Tendon cells adjust matrix turnover in response to physiological tissue loading and pathological overloading (tendinopathy). Nevertheless, the regulation of tendon matrix quality control is still poorly understood and the pathogenesis of tendinopathy is presently unsolved. Autophagy, the major mechanism of degradation and recycling of cellular components, plays a fundamental role in the homeostasis of several tissues. Here, we investigate the contribution of autophagy to human tendons’ physiology, and we provide in vivo evidence that it is an active process in human tendon tissue. We show that selective autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER-phagy), regulates the secretion of type I procollagen (PC1), the major component of tendon extracellular matrix. Pharmacological activation of autophagy by inhibition of mTOR pathway alters the ultrastructural morphology of three-dimensional tissue-engineered tendons, shifting collagen fibrils size distribution. Moreover, autophagy induction negatively affects the biomechanical properties of the tissue-engineered tendons, causing a reduction in mechanical strength under tensile force. Overall, our results provide the first evidence that autophagy regulates tendon homeostasis by controlling PC1 quality control, thus potentially playing a role in the development of injured tendons.
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The unfolded protein response transducer IRE1α promotes reticulophagy in podocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166391. [PMID: 35304860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular diseases involving podocyte/glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) injury feature protein misfolding and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) mediates chaperone production and autophagy during ER stress. We examined the role of IRE1α in selective autophagy of the ER (reticulophagy). Control and IRE1α knockout (KO) GECs were incubated with tunicamycin to induce ER stress and subjected to proteomic analysis. This showed IRE1α-dependent upregulation of secretory pathway mediators, including the coat protein complex II component Sec23B. Tunicamycin enhanced expression of Sec23B and the reticulophagy adaptor reticulon-3-long (RTN3L) in control, but not IRE1α KO GECs. Knockdown of Sec23B reduced autophagosome formation in response to ER stress. Tunicamycin stimulated colocalization of autophagosomes with Sec23B and RTN3L in an IRE1α-dependent manner. Similarly, during ER stress, glomerular α5 collagen IV colocalized with RTN3L and autophagosomes. Degradation of RTN3L and collagen IV increased in response to tunicamycin, and the turnover was blocked by deletion of IRE1α; thus, the IRE1α pathway promotes RTN3L-mediated reticulophagy and collagen IV may be an IRE1α-dependent reticulophagy substrate. In experimental glomerulonephritis, expression of Sec23B, RTN3L, and LC3-II increased in glomeruli of control mice, but not in podocyte-specific IRE1α KO littermates. In conclusion, during ER stress, IRE1α redirects a subset of Sec23B-positive vesicles to deliver RTN3L-coated ER fragments to autophagosomes. Reticulophagy is a novel outcome of the IRE1α pathway in podocytes and may play a cytoprotective role in glomerular diseases.
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Su MX, Xu YL, Jiang XM, Huang MY, Zhang LL, Yuan LW, Xu XH, Zhu Q, Gao JL, Lu JH, Chen X, Huang MQ, Wang Y, Lu JJ. c-MYC-mediated TRIB3/P62 + aggresomes accumulation triggers paraptosis upon the combination of everolimus and ginsenoside Rh2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1240-1253. [PMID: 35530150 PMCID: PMC9072243 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is abnormally activated in lung cancer. However, the anti-lung cancer effect of mTOR inhibitors as monotherapy is modest. Here, we identified that ginsenoside Rh2, an active component of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., enhanced the anti-cancer effect of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, ginsenoside Rh2 alleviated the hepatic fat accumulation caused by everolimus in xenograft nude mice models. The combination of everolimus and ginsenoside Rh2 (labeled Eve-Rh2) induced caspase-independent cell death and cytoplasmic vacuolation in lung cancer cells, indicating that Eve-Rh2 prevented tumor progression by triggering paraptosis. Eve-Rh2 up-regulated the expression of c-MYC in cancer cells as well as tumor tissues. The increased c-MYC mediated the accumulation of tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3)/P62+ aggresomes and consequently triggered paraptosis, bypassing the classical c-MYC/MAX pathway. Our study offers a potential effective and safe strategy for the treatment of lung cancer. Moreover, we have identified a new mechanism of TRIB3/P62+ aggresomes-triggered paraptosis and revealed a unique function of c-MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Xia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Yu-Lian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Mu-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Le-Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Luo-Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xiao-Huang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Jian-Li Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Ming-Qing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350000, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +853 88224674; fax: +853 28841358.
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Reggiori F, Molinari M. ER-phagy: mechanisms, regulation and diseases connected to the lysosomal clearance of the endoplasmic reticulum. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1393-1448. [PMID: 35188422 PMCID: PMC9126229 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ER-phagy (reticulo-phagy) defines the degradation of portions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) within lysosomes or vacuoles. It is part of the self-digestion (i.e., auto-phagic) programs recycling cytoplasmic material and organelles, which rapidly mobilize metabolites in cells confronted with nutrient shortage. Moreover, selective clearance of ER subdomains participates to the control of ER size and activity during ER stress, the re-establishment of ER homeostasis after ER stress resolution and the removal of ER parts, in which aberrant and potentially cytotoxic material has been segregated. ER-phagy relies on the individual and/or concerted activation of the ER-phagy receptors, ER peripheral or integral membrane proteins that share the presence of LC3/Atg8-binding motifs in their cytosolic domains. ER-phagy involves the physical separation of portions of the ER from the bulk ER network, and their delivery to the endolysosomal/vacuolar catabolic district. This last step is accomplished by a variety of mechanisms including macro-ER-phagy (in which ER fragments are sequestered by double-membrane autophagosomes that eventually fuse with lysosomes/vacuoles), micro-ER-phagy (in which ER fragments are directly engulfed by endosomes/lysosomes/vacuoles), or direct fusion of ER-derived vesicles with lysosomes/vacuoles. ER-phagy is dysfunctional in specific human diseases and its regulators are subverted by pathogens, highlighting its crucial role for cell and organism life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, grid.4830.fUniversity of Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Molinari
- Protein Folding and Quality Control, grid.7722.0Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Wang R, Miao G, Shen JL, Fortier TM, Baehrecke EH. ESCRT dysfunction compromises endoplasmic reticulum maturation and autophagosome biogenesis in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1262-1274.e4. [PMID: 35134326 PMCID: PMC8969116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy targets cytoplasmic materials for degradation and influences cell health. Organelle contact and trafficking systems provide membranes for autophagosome formation, but how different membrane systems are selected for use during autophagy remains unclear. Here, we report a novel function of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicle formation that influences autophagy. The ESCRT functions in a pathway upstream of Vps13D to influence COPII vesicle transport, ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) assembly, and autophagosome formation. Atg9 functions downstream of the ESCRT to facilitate ERGIC and autophagosome formation. Interestingly, cells lacking either ESCRT or Vps13D functions exhibit dilated ER structures that are similar to cranio-lenticulo-sutural dysplasia patient cells with SEC23A mutations, which encodes a component of COPII vesicles. Our data reveal a novel ESCRT-dependent pathway that influences the ERGIC and autophagosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Guangyan Miao
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - James L Shen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tina M Fortier
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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ER-phagy requires the assembly of actin at sites of contact between the cortical ER and endocytic pits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2117554119. [PMID: 35101986 PMCID: PMC8833162 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117554119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Portions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are degraded by autophagy (ER-phagy) in response to starvation or the accumulation of misfolded proteins. We show that ER-phagy requires assembly of actin at sites of contact between the edges of ER sheets and endocytic pits on the plasma membrane. Actin assembly may help to bring an element of the ER carrying the selective autophagy receptor Atg40 into the cell interior, where it associates with Atg11, a scaffold needed to recruit components for autophagosome assembly. Understanding the mechanism by which regions of the ER are selected for degradation and sequestered within autophagosomes may help in the development of novel approaches to treat diseases that result from the accumulation of misfolded proteins within the ER. Fragments of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are selectively delivered to the lysosome (mammals) or vacuole (yeast) in response to starvation or the accumulation of misfolded proteins through an autophagic process known as ER-phagy. A screen of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion library identified end3Δ as a candidate knockout strain that is defective in ER-phagy during starvation conditions, but not bulk autophagy. We find that loss of End3 and its stable binding partner Pan1, or inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex that is coupled by the End3-Pan1 complex to endocytic pits, blocks the association of the cortical ER autophagy receptor, Atg40, with the autophagosomal assembly scaffold protein Atg11. The membrane contact site module linking the rim of cortical ER sheets and endocytic pits, consisting of Scs2 or Scs22, Osh2 or Osh3, and Myo3 or Myo5, is also needed for ER-phagy. Both Atg40 and Scs2 are concentrated at the edges of ER sheets and can be cross-linked to each other. Our results are consistent with a model in which actin assembly at sites of contact between the cortical ER and endocytic pits contributes to ER sequestration into autophagosomes.
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Novick P, Liu D, Ferro-Novick S. Autophagy of the ER requires actin assembly driven by the interaction of ER with endocytic pits. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2022; 5:25152564221093215. [PMID: 37102157 PMCID: PMC10129067 DOI: 10.1177/25152564221093215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy of the cortical ER in budding yeast was unexpectedly found to require End3, a component of the endocytic machinery that promotes the assembly of actin at endocytic pits on the plasma membrane. The cortical ER transiently interacts with invaginating endocytic pits through a linkage consisting of VAP proteins, oxysterol binding proteins and type I myosins. These proteins are required for actin assembly and for autophagy of the ER. Assembly of actin at these contact sites may direct the movement of ER away from the cortex towards sites of autophagosome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Novick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Susan Ferro-Novick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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Otto GM, Cheunkarndee T, Leslie JM, Brar GA. Programmed cortical ER collapse drives selective ER degradation and inheritance in yeast meiosis. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212710. [PMID: 34661602 PMCID: PMC8562846 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202108105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) carries out essential and conserved cellular functions, which depend on the maintenance of its structure and subcellular distribution. Here, we report developmentally regulated changes in ER morphology and composition during budding yeast meiosis, a conserved differentiation program that gives rise to gametes. A subset of the cortical ER collapses away from the plasma membrane at anaphase II, thus separating into a spatially distinct compartment. This programmed collapse depends on the transcription factor Ndt80, conserved ER membrane structuring proteins Lnp1 and reticulons, and the actin cytoskeleton. A subset of ER is retained at the mother cell plasma membrane and excluded from gamete cells via the action of ER-plasma membrane tethering proteins. ER remodeling is coupled to ER degradation by selective autophagy, which relies on ER collapse and is regulated by timed expression of the autophagy receptor Atg40. Thus, developmentally programmed changes in ER morphology determine the selective degradation or inheritance of ER subdomains by gametes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Maxwell Otto
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Tia Cheunkarndee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Jessica Mae Leslie
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Gloria Ann Brar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.,Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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