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Han T, Hou C, Zhao Z, Jiao Z, Li Y, Jiang S, Lu H, Wang H, Liu X, Nie Z, Song X. Simultaneous enhancement of strength and conductivity via self-assembled lamellar architecture. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1863. [PMID: 38424083 PMCID: PMC10904369 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46029-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous improvement of strength and conductivity is urgently demanded but challenging for bimetallic materials. Here we show by creating a self-assembled lamellar (SAL) architecture in W-Cu system, enhancement in strength and electrical conductivity is able to be achieved at the same time. The SAL architecture features alternately stacked Cu layers and W lamellae containing high-density dislocations. This unique layout not only enables predominant stress partitioning in the W phase, but also promotes hetero-deformation induced strengthening. In addition, the SAL architecture possesses strong crack-buffering effect and damage tolerance. Meanwhile, it provides continuous conducting channels for electrons and reduces interface scattering. As a result, a yield strength that doubles the value of the counterpart, an increased electrical conductivity, and a large plasticity were achieved simultaneously in the SAL W-Cu composite. This study proposes a flexible strategy of architecture design and an effective method for manufacturing bimetallic composites with excellent integrated properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tielong Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Chao Hou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zengbao Jiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yurong Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Material Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoren Nie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Song
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.
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2
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Zheng H, Liu G, Tong S, Su G, Liang X, Sun X. Optimizing the Strength and Toughness of V/Mo-Modified 0.22C-5.24Mn Steel by Short-Time Partial Austenitization Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:687. [PMID: 38591568 PMCID: PMC10856368 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In order to obtain the good match between yield strength and low-temperature toughness, the short-time partial austenitization (SPA) process was employed for V/Mo-bearing 0.22C-5.24Mn steel. The initial microstructure after intercritical tempering was dual-phase ferrite and reversed austenite (RA), while the final microstructure consisted of ferrite, RA, and secondary martensite (SM) after being subjected to the SPA process. (V, Mo)C with disclike morphology mainly precipitated during intercritical tempering, and the aspect ratio of particles decreased, leading to the appearance of near-spherical morphology. After being subjected to SPA process, the resultant multiphase hierarchical microstructure (three layers: outer layer of ferrite, interlayer of SM, and inner layer of RA) enabled a high yield strength of 1097 MPa, a total elongation of 14%, and an impressive impact energy of 33.3 J at -20 °C. The strengthening contribution of (V, Mo)C precipitation was estimated to be about 108 MPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Pangang Group, Panzhihua 617000, China (G.S.)
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Structural Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Company Limited, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (S.T.); (X.L.)
- Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuai Tong
- Department of Structural Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Company Limited, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (S.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Guanqiao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Pangang Group, Panzhihua 617000, China (G.S.)
| | - Xiaokai Liang
- Department of Structural Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Company Limited, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (S.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinjun Sun
- Department of Structural Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute Company Limited, Beijing 100081, China; (G.L.); (S.T.); (X.L.)
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3
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Sadeghi B, Cavaliere PD. Reviewing the Integrated Design Approach for Augmenting Strength and Toughness at Macro- and Micro-Scale in High-Performance Advanced Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5745. [PMID: 37687438 PMCID: PMC10488890 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In response to the growing demand for high-strength and high-toughness materials in industries such as aerospace and automotive, there is a need for metal matrix composites (MMCs) that can simultaneously increase strength and toughness. The mechanical properties of MMCs depend not only on the content of reinforcing elements, but also on the architecture of the composite (shape, size, and spatial distribution). This paper focuses on the design configurations of MMCs, which include both the configurations resulting from the reinforcements and the inherent heterogeneity of the matrix itself. Such high-performance MMCs exhibit excellent mechanical properties, such as high strength, plasticity, and fracture toughness. These properties, which are not present in conventional homogeneous materials, are mainly due to the synergistic effects resulting from the interactions between the internal components, including stress-strain gradients, geometrically necessary dislocations, and unique interfacial behavior. Among them, aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) are of particular importance due to their potential for weight reduction and performance enhancement in aerospace, electronics, and electric vehicles. However, the challenge lies in the inverse relationship between strength and toughness, which hinders the widespread use and large-scale development of MMCs. Composite material design plays a critical role in simultaneously improving strength and toughness. This review examines the advantages of toughness, toughness mechanisms, toughness distribution properties, and structural parameters in the development of composite structures. The development of synthetic composites with homogeneous structural designs inspired by biological composites such as bone offers insights into achieving exceptional strength and toughness in lightweight structures. In addition, understanding fracture behavior and toughness mechanisms in heterogeneous nanostructures is critical to advancing the field of metal matrix composites. The future development direction of architectural composites and the design of the reinforcement and toughness of metal matrix composites based on energy dissipation theory are also proposed. In conclusion, the design of composite architectures holds enormous potential for the development of composites with excellent strength and toughness to meet the requirements of lightweight structures in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Sadeghi
- Department of Innovation Engineering, University of Salento, Via Per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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4
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Chen S, Zhu J, Liu T, Liu Y, Fu Y, Shimada T, Liu G. Integrated Computing Accelerates Design and Performance Control of New Maraging Steels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4273. [PMID: 37374458 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper mainly used database technology, machine learning, thermodynamic calculation, experimental verification, etc., on integrated computational materials engineering. The interaction between different alloying elements and the strengthening effect of precipitated phases were investigated mainly for martensitic ageing steels. Modelling and parameter optimization were performed by machine learning, and the highest prediction accuracy was 98.58%. We investigated the influence of composition fluctuation on performance and correlation tests to analyze the influence of elements from multiple perspectives. Furthermore, we screened out the three-component composition process parameters with composition and performance with high contrast. Thermodynamic calculations studied the effect of alloying element content on the nano-precipitation phase, Laves phase, and austenite in the material. The heat treatment process parameters of the new steel grade were also developed based on the phase diagram. A new type of martensitic ageing steel was prepared by selected vacuum arc melting. The sample with the highest overall mechanical properties had a yield strength of 1887 MPa, a tensile strength of 1907 MPa, and a hardness of 58 HRC. The sample with the highest plasticity had an elongation of 7.8%. The machine learning process for the accelerated design of new ultra-high tensile steels was found to be generalizable and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixing Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Chengdu 610300, China
| | - Jingchuan Zhu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tingyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Chengdu 610300, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yudong Fu
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Toshihiro Shimada
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Guanqi Liu
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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5
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Li T, Liu T, Zhao S, Chen Y, Luan J, Jiao Z, Ritchie RO, Dai L. Ultra-strong tungsten refractory high-entropy alloy via stepwise controllable coherent nanoprecipitations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3006. [PMID: 37230991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
High-performance refractory alloys with ultrahigh strength and ductility are in demand for a wide range of critical applications, such as plasma-facing components. However, it remains challenging to increase the strength of these alloys without seriously compromising their tensile ductility. Here, we put forward a strategy to "defeat" this trade-off in tungsten refractory high-entropy alloys by stepwise controllable coherent nanoprecipitations (SCCPs). The coherent interfaces of SCCPs facilitate the dislocation transmission and relieve the stress concentrations that can lead to premature crack initiation. As a consequence, our alloy displays an ultrahigh strength of 2.15 GPa with a tensile ductility of 15% at ambient temperature, with a high yield strength of 1.05 GPa at 800 °C. The SCCPs design concept may afford a means to develop a wide range of ultrahigh-strength metallic materials by providing a pathway for alloy design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tianwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Shiteng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Junhua Luan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zengbao Jiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Lanhong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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6
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Zhang H, Mi P, Hao L, Zhou H, Yan W, Zhao K, Xu B, Sun M. Evolution of Toughening Mechanisms in PH13-8Mo Stainless Steel during Aging Treatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103630. [PMID: 37241257 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PH13-8Mo stainless steel has been widely used in aerospace, petroleum and marine construction, obtaining continuous investigation attention in recent years. Based on the response of a hierarchical martensite matrix and possible reversed austenite, a systematic investigation of the evolution of the toughening mechanisms in PH13-8Mo stainless steel as a function of aging temperature was carried out. It showed there was a desirable combination of high yield strength (~1.3 GPa) and V-notched impact toughness (~220 J) after aging between 540 and 550 °C. With the increase of aging temperature, the martensite matrix was recovered in terms of the refined sub-grains and higher ratio of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). It should be noted there was a reversion of martensite to form austenite films subjected to aging above 540 °C; meanwhile, the NiAl precipitates maintained a well-coherent orientation with the matrix. Based on the post mortem analysis, there were three stages of the changing main toughening mechanisms: Stage I: low-temperature aging at around 510 °C, where the HAGBs contributed to the toughness by retarding the advance of cracks; Stage II: intermediate-temperature aging at around 540 °C, where the recovered laths embedded by soft austenite facilitated the improvement of toughness by synergistically increasing the advance path and blunting the crack tips; and Stage III: without the coarsening of NiAl precipitates around 560 °C, more inter-lath reversed austenite led to the optimum toughness, relying on "soft barrier" and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng Mi
- China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Luhan Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Haichong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Shi-Changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingyue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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7
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He Q, Wang M, Yang B, Guo F, Ran H, Wei W, Zhang C, Zhai Y, Wang Q, Cao W, Huang C. Microstructure Heterogeneity and Mechanical Properties of a High-Strength Ductile Laminated Steel by Electron Beam Welding. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3211. [PMID: 37110046 PMCID: PMC10143643 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to fabricate high-strength steel with exceptional yield strength and superior ductility by employing a novel design approach of nanolamellar/equiaxial crystal "sandwich" heterostructures, utilizing rolling and electron-beam-welding techniques. The microstructural heterogeneity of the steel is manifested in the phase content and grain size, ranging from nanolamellae comprising a small quantity of martensite on both sides to the completely coarse austenite in the center, which are interconnected via gradient interfaces. The structural heterogeneity and phase-transformation-induced plasticity (TIRP) offer remarkable strength and ductility for the samples. Furthermore, the synergistic confinement of the heterogeneous structures leads to the formation of Lüders bands, which exhibit stable propagation under the TIRP effect and impede the onset of plastic instability, ultimately resulting in a significant improvement in the ductility of the high-strength steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong He
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Mingsai Wang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fengjiao Guo
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hao Ran
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yu Zhai
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wenquan Cao
- Central Iron and Steel Research Institute (CISRI), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chongxiang Huang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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8
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Trifunctional nanoprecipitates ductilize and toughen a strong laminated metastable titanium alloy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1397. [PMID: 36914678 PMCID: PMC10011607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastability-engineering, e.g., transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP), can enhance the ductility of alloys, however it often comes at the expense of relatively low yield strength. Here, using a metastable Ti-1Al-8.5Mo-2.8Cr-2.7Zr (wt.%) alloy as a model material, we fabricate a heterogeneous laminated structure decorated by multiple-morphological α-nanoprecipitates. The hard α nanoprecipitate in our alloy acts not only as a strengthener to the material, but also as a local stress raiser to activate TRIP in the soft matrix for great uniform elongation and as a promoter to trigger interfacial delamination toughening for superior fracture resistance. By elaborately manipulating the activation sequence of lamellar-thickness-dependent deformation mechanisms in Ti-1Al-8.5Mo-2.8Cr-2.7Zr alloys, the yield strength of the present submicron-laminated alloy is twice that of equiaxed-coarse grained alloys with the same composition, yet without sacrificing the large uniform elongation. The desired mechanical properties enabled by this strategy combining the laminated metastable structure and trifunctional nanoprecipitates provide new insights into designing ultra-strong and ductile materials with great toughness.
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9
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Li Y, Yuan G, Li L, Kang J, Yan F, Du P, Raabe D, Wang G. Ductile 2-GPa steels with hierarchical substructure. Science 2023; 379:168-173. [PMID: 36634172 DOI: 10.1126/science.add7857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically strong and ductile load-carrying materials are needed in all sectors, from transportation to lightweight design to safe infrastructure. Yet, a grand challenge is to unify both features in one material. We show that a plain medium-manganese steel can be processed to have a tensile strength >2.2 gigapascals at a uniform elongation >20%. This requires a combination of multiple transversal forging, cryogenic treatment, and tempering steps. A hierarchical microstructure that consists of laminated and twofold topologically aligned martensite with finely dispersed retained austenite simultaneously activates multiple micromechanisms to strengthen and ductilize the material. The dislocation slip in the well-organized martensite and the gradual deformation-stimulated phase transformation synergistically produce the high ductility. Our nanostructure design strategy produces 2 gigapascal-strength and yet ductile steels that have attractive composition and the potential to be produced at large industrial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengkai Yan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengju Du
- Jiangyin Xingcheng Special Steel Works Co., Ltd, Jiangyin 214400, People's Republic of China
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
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10
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Doubled strength and ductility via maraging effect and dynamic precipitate transformation in ultrastrong medium-entropy alloy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:145. [PMID: 36627295 PMCID: PMC9832006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Demands for ultrahigh strength in structural materials have been steadily increasing in response to environmental issues. Maraging alloys offer a high tensile strength and fracture toughness through a reduction of lattice defects and formation of intermetallic precipitates. The semi-coherent precipitates are crucial for exhibiting ultrahigh strength; however, they still result in limited work hardening and uniform ductility. Here, we demonstrate a strategy involving deformable semi-coherent precipitates and their dynamic phase transformation based on a narrow stability gap between two kinds of ordered phases. In a model medium-entropy alloy, the matrix precipitate acts as a dislocation barrier and also dislocation glide media; the grain-boundary precipitate further contributes to a significant work-hardening via dynamic precipitate transformation into the type of matrix precipitate. This combination results in a twofold enhancement of strength and uniform ductility, thus suggesting a promising alloy design concept for enhanced mechanical properties in developing various ultrastrong metallic materials.
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11
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Switching nanoprecipitates to resist hydrogen embrittlement in high-strength aluminum alloys. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6860. [PMID: 36400773 PMCID: PMC9674592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen drastically embrittles high-strength aluminum alloys, which impedes efforts to develop ultrastrong components in the aerospace and transportation industries. Understanding and utilizing the interaction of hydrogen with core strengthening elements in aluminum alloys, particularly nanoprecipitates, are critical to break this bottleneck. Herein, we show that hydrogen embrittlement of aluminum alloys can be largely suppressed by switching nanoprecipitates from the η phase to the T phase without changing the overall chemical composition. The T phase strongly traps hydrogen and resists hydrogen-assisted crack growth, with a more than 60% reduction in the areal fractions of cracks. The T phase-induced reduction in the concentration of hydrogen at defects and interfaces, which facilitates crack growth, primarily contributes to the suppressed hydrogen embrittlement. Transforming precipitates into strong hydrogen traps is proven to be a potential mitigation strategy for hydrogen embrittlement in aluminum alloys. Hydrogen embrittlement limits the strengthening of aluminum alloys. Here, the authors propose the precipitate switching strategy to effectively control hydrogen embrittlement of high-strength aluminum alloys by utilizing the hydrogen trapping effect at T phase.
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12
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Hou Z, Song W, Yi H, Wang J, Min J. Fracture Strain of Al-Si-Coated Press-Hardened Steels under Plane-Strain Bending. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7345. [PMID: 36295408 PMCID: PMC9610787 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Press-hardened steel (PHS) is widely applied to fabricate vehicle body structures for attaining mass reduction and fuel economy without sacrificing occupant safety. The VDA bendability test is often used to characterize the fracture resistance of PHS under plane-strain bending conditions. As lightweighting continues to be a design imperative in the automotive industry, it is desirable to develop and adopt more press-hardened components with higher fracture resistance. In this work, four Al-Si-coated 22MnB5 steels with various initial thicknesses and coating weights were studied. A newly developed methodology was used to calculate the fracture limit strain under plane-strain bending. The results indicate that although the four investigated 22MnB5 steels exhibit similar tensile properties under uniaxial tension, their bending performance per the VDA 238-100 standard differs significantly. The PHS with a low coating weight possesses a higher bending angle and, hence, a larger fracture limit strain. Meanwhile, the peak bending force can be 10% higher than the PHS with a standard coating weight at the same sheet thickness. Therefore, it is expected that PHS with higher fracture strain will have the potential for lightweighting due to its enhanced resistance to fracture and higher energy absorption capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeran Hou
- Postdoctoral Station of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Wei Song
- Product Engineering Department of Nanjing Iveco Automobile Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Hongliang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- China Science Lab, General Motors Global Research & Development, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Junying Min
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
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13
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Inhibiting weld cracking in high-strength aluminium alloys. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5816. [PMID: 36192380 PMCID: PMC9530225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cracking from a fine equiaxed zone (FQZ), often just tens of microns across, plagues the welding of 7000 series aluminum alloys. Using a multiscale correlative methodology, from the millimeter scale to the nanoscale, we shed light on the strengthening mechanisms and the resulting intergranular failure at the FQZ. We show that intergranular AlCuMg phases give rise to cracking by micro-void nucleation and subsequent link-up due to the plastic incompatibility between the hard phases and soft (low precipitate density) grain interiors in the FQZ. To mitigate this, we propose a hybrid welding strategy exploiting laser beam oscillation and a pulsed magnetic field. This achieves a wavy and interrupted FQZ along with a higher precipitate density, thereby considerably increasing tensile strength over conventionally hybrid welded butt joints, and even friction stir welds.
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14
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Li S, Wang Y, Hu B, Tao W, Yang S, Luo H. A shrinkage-based criterion for evaluating resistance spot weldability of alloyed steels. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac161. [PMID: 36714872 PMCID: PMC9802252 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
For many decades, several classical formulas on carbon equivalent (CE) have been widely used for evaluating the weldability of steels. Unfortunately, a single CE is impossible for various types of steels. In this study, the resistance spot weldability of medium-Mn steels was investigated. In particular, the influences of paint baking processes at different temperatures on the mechanical properties, fracture mode, and microstructure of weldment were studied. It was found that the paint baking above 170°C can change the tensile-shear failure of weldment from the undesired interfacial failure to the desired pull-out one, because the shrinkage of weldment during welding was compensated by the thermal expansion during the baking, leading to the "cold welding" realized for solid joining. Furthermore, a shrinkage-based criterion (∆l) was established for evaluating the weldability of greater range of alloyed steels more accurately and robustly than CE. The proposed criterion on measuring the weldability of high alloyed steels opens a promising path forward for designing a new generation of advanced high strength steels requiring good weldability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China,Department of Ferrous Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Bin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China,Department of Ferrous Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wu Tao
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | | | - Haiwen Luo
- To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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15
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Wu Q, He F, Li J, Kim HS, Wang Z, Wang J. Phase-selective recrystallization makes eutectic high-entropy alloys ultra-ductile. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4697. [PMID: 35948571 PMCID: PMC9365806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Excellent ductility is crucial not only for shaping but also for strengthening metals and alloys. The ever most widely used eutectic alloys are suffering from the limited ductility and losing competitiveness among advanced structural materials. Here we report a distinctive concept of phase-selective recrystallization to overcome this challenge for eutectic alloys by triggering the strain hardening capacity of the duplex phases completely. We manipulate the strain partitioning behavior of the two phases in a eutectic high-entropy alloy (EHEA) to obtain the phase-selectively recrystallized microstructure with a fully recrystallized soft phase embedded in the skeleton of a hard phase. The resulting microstructure fully releases the strain hardening capacity in EHEA by eliminating the weak boundaries. Our phase-selectively recrystallized EHEA achieves a high ductility of ∼35% uniform elongation with true stress of ∼2 GPa. This concept is universal for various duplex alloys with soft and hard phases and opens new frontiers for traditional eutectic alloys as high-strength metallic materials. The ever most widely used eutectic alloys often suffer from limited ductility. Here the authors propose a distinctive concept of phase-selective recrystallization to significantly improve their ductility and strength and pave the way for new applications of the widespread eutectic alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Junjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hyoung Seop Kim
- Graduate Institute of Ferrous & Energy Materials Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, South Korea. .,Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Zhijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Jincheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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16
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Wang J, Qin S, Wu X, Yuan F. Tensile Behaviors and Strain Hardening Mechanisms in a High-Mn Steel with Heterogeneous Microstructure. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103542. [PMID: 35629571 PMCID: PMC9143466 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous structures with both heterogeneous grain structure and dual phases have been designed and obtained in a high-Mn microband-induced plasticity (MBIP) steel. The heterogeneous structures show better synergy of strength and ductility as compared to the homogeneous structures. Higher contribution of hetero-deformation induced hardening to the overall strain hardening was observed and higher density of geometrically necessary dislocations were found to be induced at various domain boundaries in the heterogeneous structures, resulting in higher extra strain hardening for the observed better tensile properties as compared to the homogeneous structures. MBIP effect is found to be still effective in the coarse austenite grains of heterogeneous structures, while the typical Taylor lattice structure and the formation of microband are not observed in the ultra-fine austenite grains of heterogeneous structures, indicating that decreasing grain size might inhibit the occurrence of microbands. High density of dislocation is also observed in the interiors of BCC grains, indicating that both phases are deformable and can accommodate plastic deformation. It is interesting to note that the deformation mechanisms are highly dependent on the phase and grain size for the present MBIP steel with heterogeneous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengde Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, CAS, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (X.W.)
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, CAS, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (X.W.)
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, CAS, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (X.W.)
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, CAS, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (F.Y.)
| | - Xiaolei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, CAS, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (X.W.)
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fuping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, CAS, 15 Beisihuan West Road, Beijing 100190, China; (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (X.W.)
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (F.Y.)
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17
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A sustainable ultra-high strength Fe18Mn3Ti maraging steel through controlled solute segregation and α-Mn nanoprecipitation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2330. [PMID: 35484147 PMCID: PMC9050706 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The enormous magnitude of 2 billion tons of alloys produced per year demands a change in design philosophy to make materials environmentally, economically, and socially more sustainable. This disqualifies the use of critical elements that are rare or have questionable origin. Amongst the major alloy strengthening mechanisms, a high-dispersion of second-phase precipitates with sizes in the nanometre range is particularly effective for achieving ultra-high strength. Here, we propose an alternative segregation-based strategy for sustainable steels, free of critical elements, which are rendered ultrastrong by second-phase nano-precipitation. We increase the Mn-content in a supersaturated, metastable Fe-Mn solid solution to trigger compositional fluctuations and nano-segregation in the bulk. These fluctuations act as precursors for the nucleation of an unexpected α-Mn phase, which impedes dislocation motion, thus enabling precipitation strengthening. Our steel outperforms most common commercial alloys, yet it is free of critical elements, making it a new platform for sustainable alloy design. Recent demands to design alloys in a more sustainable way have discouraged the use of critical elements that are rare. Here the authors demonstrate a segregation-based strategy to produce a sustainable steel, Fe18Mn3Ti, without critical elements while achieving ultrahigh-strength.
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18
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A self-driving laboratory advances the Pareto front for material properties. Nat Commun 2022; 13:995. [PMID: 35194074 PMCID: PMC8863835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Useful materials must satisfy multiple objectives, where the optimization of one objective is often at the expense of another. The Pareto front reports the optimal trade-offs between these conflicting objectives. Here we use a self-driving laboratory, Ada, to define the Pareto front of conductivities and processing temperatures for palladium films formed by combustion synthesis. Ada discovers new synthesis conditions that yield metallic films at lower processing temperatures (below 200 °C) relative to the prior art for this technique (250 °C). This temperature difference makes possible the coating of different commodity plastic materials (e.g., Nafion, polyethersulfone). These combustion synthesis conditions enable us to to spray coat uniform palladium films with moderate conductivity (1.1 × 105 S m−1) at 191 °C. Spray coating at 226 °C yields films with conductivities (2.0 × 106 S m−1) comparable to those of sputtered films (2.0 to 5.8 × 106 S m−1). This work shows how a self-driving laboratoy can discover materials that provide optimal trade-offs between conflicting objectives. Useful materials must satisfy multiple objectives. The Pareto front expresses the trade-offs of competing objectives. This work uses a self-driving laboratory to map out the Pareto front for making highly conductive coatings at low temperatures.
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19
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Zhao H, Liu S, Wei Y, Yue Y, Gao M, Li Y, Zeng X, Deng X, Kotov NA, Guo L, Jiang L. Multiscale engineered artificial tooth enamel. Science 2022; 375:551-556. [PMID: 35113708 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tooth enamel, renowned for its high stiffness, hardness, and viscoelasticity, is an ideal model for designing biomimetic materials, but accurate replication of complex hierarchical organization of high-performance biomaterials in scalable abiological composites is challenging. We engineered an enamel analog with the essential hierarchical structure at multiple scales through assembly of amorphous intergranular phase (AIP)-coated hydroxyapatite nanowires intertwined with polyvinyl alcohol. The nanocomposite simultaneously exhibited high stiffness, hardness, strength, viscoelasticity, and toughness, exceeding the properties of enamel and previously manufactured bulk enamel-inspired materials. The presence of AIP, polymer confinement, and strong interfacial adhesion are all needed for high mechanical performance. This multiscale design is suitable for scalable production of high-performance materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewei Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shaojia Liu
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yonghai Yue
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mingrui Gao
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yangbei Li
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaolong Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuliang Deng
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nicholas A Kotov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science, Biointerface Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Michigan Institute of Translational Nanotechnology (MITRAN), Ypsilanti, MI 48198, USA
| | - Lin Guo
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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20
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Abstract
Using two fencing swords manufactured in Europe and China, we investigated the typical materials used for fencing blades and compared the experimental results with the nominal compositions of a variety of steels. We found that spring steels and maraging steels were the primary metals used in fencing blades. The review then provides an overview of the chemical compositions, heat treatment processes, microstructures and associated mechanical properties of these materials. By combining the requirements for the safety of athletes, mechanical behaviors of different steels, and production costs for industry, we introduced possible directions for the heat treatments and processing methods that have the potential to enhance performance and overcome the limitations of previous materials. In addition, an ultra-strong steel, Fe-9.95Mn-0.44C-1.87Al-0.67V which could be a promising new candidate in this area, was recommended. Finally, we suggested that successful cooperation between manufacturers and researchers is necessary to reach the various requirements of fencing blades to meet the growing popularity of fencing in China.
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21
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Lee S, Ghaffarian H, Kim W, Lee T, Han SM, Ryu S, Oh SH. A Study on Dislocation Mechanisms of Toughening in Cu-Graphene Nanolayered Composite. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:188-195. [PMID: 34941273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of graphene interfaces in strengthening and toughening of the Cu-graphene nanocomposite by a combination of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) deformation and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In situ TEM directly showed that dislocation plasticity is strongly confined within single Cu grains by the graphene interfaces and grain boundaries. The weak Cu-graphene interfacial bonding induces stress decoupling, which results in independent plastic deformation of each Cu layer. As confirmed by the MD simulation, the localized deformation made by such constrained dislocation plasticity results in the nucleation and growth of voids at the graphene interface, which acts as a precursor for crack. The graphene interfaces also effectively block crack propagation promoted by easy delamination of Cu layers dissipating the elastic strain energy. The toughening mechanisms revealed by the present study will provide valuable insights into the optimization of the mechanical properties of metal-graphene nanolayered composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Lee
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
- nstitute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Hadi Ghaffarian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & KI for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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22
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Effect of Rolling Temperature on the Structural Refinement and Mechanical Properties of Dual-Phase Heterostructured Low-Carbon Steel. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Warm rolling at temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 500 °C was conducted on the dual-phase heterostructured low-carbon steel to investigate the effect of deformation temperature on the structural refinement and mechanical properties. Defying our intuition, the grain size and strength of the rolled steels do not deteriorate with the increase in deformation temperature. Warm rolling at 300 °C produces a much finer lamellar structure and higher strength than steels rolled at both room temperature and elevated temperature. It is supposed that the enhanced interactions between carbon atoms and defects (interfaces and dislocations) at 300 °C promote dislocation accumulation and stabilize the nanostructure, thus helping with producing an extremely finer structure and higher strength than other temperatures.
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23
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Lu Q, Lai Q, Chai Z, Wei X, Xiong X, Yi H, Huang M, Xu W, Wang J. Revolutionizing car body manufacturing using a unified steel metallurgy concept. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk0176. [PMID: 34860541 PMCID: PMC8641927 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous high-performance steels with various compositions and mechanical properties were developed to enable a safe and light-weight automotive body-in-white (BIW). However, this multisteel scheme creates substantial challenges, including the resistance spot welding of dissimilar steels, processing optimization, and recycling. Here, we propose a revolutionary unified steel (UniSteel) concept, i.e., using a single chemistry to produce multiple steel grades for the entire BIW. The tensile strengths of various UniSteel grades are ranging from 600 to 1680 MPa, encompassing the strengths of typical commercial counterparts while exhibiting competent ductility. The prototype parts made of UniSteel press-hardened steel (PHS) grade demonstrate superior side-intrusion resistance over the commercial PHS, and the satisfactory weldability is verified. The UniSteel reduces the resistivity difference within the sheet stack-ups, allowing the simplification of welding processes. The UniSteel concept could potentially revolutionize the manufacturing of BIW for the global automotive industry and contribute to carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- China Science Laboratory, General Motors Global
Research and Development, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation,
Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingquan Lai
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhisong Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation,
Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation,
Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Hongliang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation,
Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Easyforming Materials Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou,
China
| | - Mingxin Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University
of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation,
Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- China Science Laboratory, General Motors Global
Research and Development, Shanghai, China
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24
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Bhattacharya A, Shen YF, Hefferan CM, Li SF, Lind J, Suter RM, Krill CE, Rohrer GS. Grain boundary velocity and curvature are not correlated in Ni polycrystals. Science 2021; 374:189-193. [PMID: 34618565 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhattacharya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yu-Feng Shen
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Shiu Fai Li
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan Lind
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robert M Suter
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Carl E Krill
- Institute of Functional Nanosystems, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gregory S Rohrer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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25
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Shi P, Li R, Li Y, Wen Y, Zhong Y, Ren W, Shen Z, Zheng T, Peng J, Liang X, Hu P, Min N, Zhang Y, Ren Y, Liaw PK, Raabe D, Wang YD. Hierarchical crack buffering triples ductility in eutectic herringbone high-entropy alloys. Science 2021; 373:912-918. [PMID: 34413235 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf6986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In human-made malleable materials, microdamage such as cracking usually limits material lifetime. Some biological composites, such as bone, have hierarchical microstructures that tolerate cracks but cannot withstand high elongation. We demonstrate a directionally solidified eutectic high-entropy alloy (EHEA) that successfully reconciles crack tolerance and high elongation. The solidified alloy has a hierarchically organized herringbone structure that enables bionic-inspired hierarchical crack buffering. This effect guides stable, persistent crystallographic nucleation and growth of multiple microcracks in abundant poor-deformability microstructures. Hierarchical buffering by adjacent dynamic strain-hardened features helps the cracks to avoid catastrophic growth and percolation. Our self-buffering herringbone material yields an ultrahigh uniform tensile elongation (~50%), three times that of conventional nonbuffering EHEAs, without sacrificing strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Runguang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuebo Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunbo Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weili Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianxiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchao Peng
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Liang
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Hu
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Min
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Ren
- X-Ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Peter K Liaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Department Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Material Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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26
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Di Gioacchino F, Lucon E, Mitchell E, Clarke K, Matlock D. Side-grooved Charpy impact testing: Assessment of splitting and fracture properties of high-toughness plate steels. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. A, STRUCTURAL MATERIALS : PROPERTIES, MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING 2021; 252:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2021.107842. [PMID: 37554341 PMCID: PMC10407962 DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2021.107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The fracture properties and susceptibility to crack-divider delamination (or splitting) of three commercially produced high-toughness X70 pipeline steels are evaluated with Charpy impact test samples modified to incorporate side grooves. Temperature-dependent impact data are compared with standard Charpy V-notch (CVN) and drop weight tear test data (DWTT). It is shown that the modified geometry prevents the accumulation of plastic deformation at upper shelf energy temperatures and improves the accuracy of impact properties measurements. It also promotes splitting, mirroring the splitting behavior assessed with DWTT samples. To demonstrate the effects of splitting on fracture characteristics and impact energies, steels with similar tensile properties but different splitting susceptibilities are considered. Splitting severity is maximum close to the ductile-brittle transition temperature. However, the effect of splitting on impact energy is minimum at such temperature, as this type of delamination increases energy absorption at lower temperatures and decreases it by a similar extent at higher temperatures. This finding is discussed by examination of force-displacement curves from the instrumented impact tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Di Gioacchino
- ASPPRC, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, USA
| | - E. Lucon
- Advanced Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E.B. Mitchell
- ASPPRC, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, USA
| | - K.D. Clarke
- ASPPRC, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, USA
| | - D.K. Matlock
- ASPPRC, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, USA
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27
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Towards enhanced strength-ductility synergy via hierarchical design in steels: from the material genome perspective. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:958-961. [PMID: 36654250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Effect of Processing Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Deformed and Partitioned (D&P) Medium Mn Steels. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deformed and partitioned (D&P) medium Mn steels exhibiting high strength, large ductility, and excellent fracture toughness have been developed recently. The ultra-high dislocation density and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect are the main mechanisms for their exceptional mechanical properties. The simple processing route to manufacturing D&P steel makes it promising for large-scale industrial applications. However, the exact effect of each processing step on the final mechanical properties of D&P steel is not yet fully understood. In the present work, the effects of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of D&P steels are systematically investigated. The evolution of microstructure, tensile behavior and austenite fraction of warm rolled samples and D&P samples are revealed. Two D&P steels, with and without the intercritical annealing process, are both produced for comparison. It is revealed that the intercritical annealing process plays an insignificant role to the mechanical properties of D&P steel. The partitioning process is extremely important for obtaining large uniform elongation via slow but sustaining strain hardening by the TRIP effect in the partitioned austenite. The cold rolling process is also significant for acquiring high strength, and the cold rolling thickness reduction (CRTR) is extremely critical for the strength–ductility synergy of D&P steels.
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29
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On the Factors Governing Austenite Stability: Intrinsic versus Extrinsic. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13153440. [PMID: 32759813 PMCID: PMC7435654 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we separate the different governing factors on austenite stability into intrinsic and extrinsic factors, depending on the domain defined by austenite grain boundaries. The different measuring techniques on the effectiveness of the governing factors in affecting the austenite stability are discussed. On the basis of the austenite stability, a new alloy design strategy that involves the competition between the intrinsic and extrinsic factors to control the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect to realize the stronger the more ductile steel is proposed. The present review may provide new insights into the development of novel thermal-mechanical processing to advance the mechanical properties of steels for industrial applications.
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