1
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Huo H, Jiang M, Bai Y, Ahmed S, Volz K, Hartmann H, Henss A, Singh CV, Raabe D, Janek J. Chemo-mechanical failure mechanisms of the silicon anode in solid-state batteries. Nat Mater 2024; 23:543-551. [PMID: 38278984 PMCID: PMC10990934 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Silicon is a promising anode material due to its high theoretical specific capacity, low lithiation potential and low lithium dendrite risk. Yet, the electrochemical performance of silicon anodes in solid-state batteries is still poor (for example, low actual specific capacity and fast capacity decay), hindering practical applications. Here the chemo-mechanical failure mechanisms of composite Si/Li6PS5Cl and solid-electrolyte-free silicon anodes are revealed by combining structural and chemical characterizations with theoretical simulations. The growth of the solid electrolyte interphase at the Si|Li6PS5Cl interface causes severe resistance increase in composite anodes, explaining their fast capacity decay. Solid-electrolyte-free silicon anodes show sufficient ionic and electronic conductivities, enabling a high specific capacity. However, microscale void formation during delithiation causes larger mechanical stress at the two-dimensional interfaces of these anodes than in composite anodes. Understanding these chemo-mechanical failure mechanisms of different anode architectures and the role of interphase formation helps to provide guidelines for the design of improved electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Huo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ming Jiang
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shamail Ahmed
- Materials Science Centre and Faculty of Physics, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Volz
- Materials Science Centre and Faculty of Physics, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hannah Hartmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Henss
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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2
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Zhao H, Yin Y, Wu Y, Zhang S, Mingers AM, Ponge D, Gault B, Rohwerder M, Raabe D. How solute atoms control aqueous corrosion of Al-alloys. Nat Commun 2024; 15:561. [PMID: 38228660 PMCID: PMC10792079 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aluminum alloys play an important role in circular metallurgy due to their good recyclability and 95% energy gain when made from scrap. Their low density and high strength translate linearly to lower greenhouse gas emissions in transportation, and their excellent corrosion resistance enhances product longevity. The durability of Al alloys stems from the dense barrier oxide film strongly bonded to the surface, preventing further degradation. However, despite decades of research, the individual elemental reactions and their influence on the nanoscale characteristics of the oxide film during corrosion in multicomponent Al alloys remain unresolved questions. Here, we build up a direct correlation between the near-atomistic picture of the corrosion oxide film and the solute reactivity in the aqueous corrosion of a high-strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. We reveal the formation of nanocrystalline Al oxide and highlight the solute partitioning between the oxide and the matrix and segregation to the internal interface. The sharp decrease in partitioning content of Mg in the peak-aged alloy emphasizes the impact of heat treatment on the oxide stability and corrosion kinetics. Through H isotopic labelling with deuterium, we provide direct evidence that the oxide acts as a trap for this element, pointing at the essential role of the Al oxide might act as a kinetic barrier in preventing H embrittlement. Our findings advance the mechanistic understanding of further improving the stability of Al oxide, guiding the design of corrosion-resistant alloys for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yue Yin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yuxiang Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Ponge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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3
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Jovičević-Klug M, Souza Filho IR, Springer H, Adam C, Raabe D. Green steel from red mud through climate-neutral hydrogen plasma reduction. Nature 2024; 625:703-709. [PMID: 38267679 PMCID: PMC10808056 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06901-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Red mud is the waste of bauxite refinement into alumina, the feedstock for aluminium production1. With about 180 million tonnes produced per year1, red mud has amassed to one of the largest environmentally hazardous waste products, with the staggering amount of 4 billion tonnes accumulated on a global scale1. Here we present how this red mud can be turned into valuable and sustainable feedstock for ironmaking using fossil-free hydrogen-plasma-based reduction, thus mitigating a part of the steel-related carbon dioxide emissions by making it available for the production of several hundred million tonnes of green steel. The process proceeds through rapid liquid-state reduction, chemical partitioning, as well as density-driven and viscosity-driven separation between metal and oxides. We show the underlying chemical reactions, pH-neutralization processes and phase transformations during this surprisingly simple and fast reduction method. The approach establishes a sustainable toxic-waste treatment from aluminium production through using red mud as feedstock to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from steelmaking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hauke Springer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institut für Bildsame Formgebung, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Adam
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
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4
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Sasidhar KN, Siboni NH, Mianroodi JR, Rohwerder M, Neugebauer J, Raabe D. Enhancing corrosion-resistant alloy design through natural language processing and deep learning. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadg7992. [PMID: 37566657 PMCID: PMC10421031 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg7992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose strategies that couple natural language processing with deep learning to enhance machine capability for corrosion-resistant alloy design. First, accuracy of machine learning models for materials datasets is often limited by their inability to incorporate textual data. Manual extraction of numerical parameters from descriptions of alloy processing or experimental methodology inevitably leads to a reduction in information density. To overcome this, we have developed a fully automated natural language processing approach to transform textual data into a form compatible for feeding into a deep neural network. This approach has resulted in a pitting potential prediction accuracy substantially beyond state of the art. Second, we have implemented a deep learning model with a transformed-input feature space, consisting of a set of elemental physical/chemical property-based numerical descriptors of alloys replacing alloy compositions. This helped identification of those descriptors that are most critical toward enhancing their pitting potential. In particular, configurational entropy, atomic packing efficiency, local electronegativity differences, and atomic radii differences proved to be the most critical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nima Hamidi Siboni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck Straße-1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Ergodic Labs, Lohmühlenstraße 65, 12435 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jaber Rezaei Mianroodi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck Straße-1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Ergodic Labs, Lohmühlenstraße 65, 12435 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Rohwerder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck Straße-1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Neugebauer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck Straße-1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck Straße-1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
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5
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El‐Zoka AA, Stephenson LT, Kim S, Gault B, Raabe D. The Fate of Water in Hydrogen-Based Iron Oxide Reduction. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2300626. [PMID: 37290039 PMCID: PMC10460863 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gas-solid reactions are important for many redox processes that underpin the energy and sustainability transition. The specific case of hydrogen-based iron oxide reduction is the foundation to render the global steel industry fossil-free, an essential target as iron production is the largest single industrial emitter of carbon dioxide. This perception of gas-solid reactions has not only been limited by the availability of state-of-the-art techniques which can delve into the structure and chemistry of reacted solids, but one continues to miss an important reaction partner that defines the thermodynamics and kinetics of gas phase reactions: the gas molecules. In this investigation, cryogenic-atom probe tomography is used to study the quasi in situ evolution of iron oxide in the solid and gas phases of the direct reduction of iron oxide by deuterium gas at 700°C. So far several unknown atomic-scale characteristics are observed, including, D2 accumulation at the reaction interface; formation of a core (wüstite)-shell (iron) structure; inbound diffusion of D through the iron layer and partitioning of D among phases and defects; outbound diffusion of oxygen through the wüstite and/or through the iron to the next free available inner/outer surface; and the internal formation of heavy nano-water droplets at nano-pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A. El‐Zoka
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für EisenforschungMax‐Planck‐Strasse 140237DüsseldorfGermany
- Department of MaterialsRoyal School of MinesImperial CollegeLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Leigh T. Stephenson
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für EisenforschungMax‐Planck‐Strasse 140237DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Se‐Ho Kim
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für EisenforschungMax‐Planck‐Strasse 140237DüsseldorfGermany
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für EisenforschungMax‐Planck‐Strasse 140237DüsseldorfGermany
- Department of MaterialsRoyal School of MinesImperial CollegeLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für EisenforschungMax‐Planck‐Strasse 140237DüsseldorfGermany
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6
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Antonov S, Kelly T, Raabe D, Fraser H. The Need for Atomic-scale Tomography. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:591-592. [PMID: 37613198 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Kelly
- Steam Instruments, Inc., 931 E Main St, Suite 3, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Eisenforschung GmbH, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hamish Fraser
- Department of Materials Science & Eng., The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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7
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Morgado FF, Bhatt S, Stephenson L, Mouton I, Neugebauer J, Raabe D, Freysoldt C, Gault B, Katnagallu S. Role of Simulations and Experiments in Analytical Field Ion Microscopy. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:602. [PMID: 37613397 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe F Morgado
- Max Planck Institut fϋr Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shalini Bhatt
- Max Planck Institut fϋr Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leigh Stephenson
- Max Planck Institut fϋr Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Isabelle Mouton
- Max Planck Institut fϋr Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Neugebauer
- Max Planck Institut fϋr Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max Planck Institut fϋr Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Baptiste Gault
- Max Planck Institut fϋr Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shyam Katnagallu
- Max Planck Institut fϋr Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
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8
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Pei Z, Yin J, Liaw PK, Raabe D. Author Correction: Toward the design of ultrahigh-entropy alloys via mining six million texts. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3588. [PMID: 37328493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zongrui Pei
- New York University, New York, NY, 10012, USA.
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Junqi Yin
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Peter K Liaw
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
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9
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Zhou X, Ahmadian A, Gault B, Ophus C, Liebscher CH, Dehm G, Raabe D. Atomic motifs govern the decoration of grain boundaries by interstitial solutes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3535. [PMID: 37316498 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain boundaries, the two-dimensional defects between differently oriented crystals, tend to preferentially attract solutes for segregation. Solute segregation has a significant effect on the mechanical and transport properties of materials. At the atomic level, however, the interplay of structure and composition of grain boundaries remains elusive, especially with respect to light interstitial solutes like B and C. Here, we use Fe alloyed with B and C to exploit the strong interdependence of interface structure and chemistry via charge-density imaging and atom probe tomography methods. Direct imaging and quantifying of light interstitial solutes at grain boundaries provide insight into decoration tendencies governed by atomic motifs. We find that even a change in the inclination of the grain boundary plane with identical misorientation impacts grain boundary composition and atomic arrangement. Thus, it is the smallest structural hierarchical level, the atomic motifs, that controls the most important chemical properties of the grain boundaries. This insight not only closes a missing link between the structure and chemical composition of such defects but also enables the targeted design and passivation of the chemical state of grain boundaries to free them from their role as entry gates for corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, or mechanical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Zhou
- Department of Microstructure Physics & Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Department of Structure & Nano- / Micromechanics of Materials, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ali Ahmadian
- Department of Structure & Nano- / Micromechanics of Materials, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Microstructure Physics & Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christian H Liebscher
- Department of Structure & Nano- / Micromechanics of Materials, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dehm
- Department of Structure & Nano- / Micromechanics of Materials, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Department of Microstructure Physics & Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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10
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Ma Y, Bae JW, Kim SH, Jovičević-Klug M, Li K, Vogel D, Ponge D, Rohwerder M, Gault B, Raabe D. Reducing Iron Oxide with Ammonia: A Sustainable Path to Green Steel. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2300111. [PMID: 36995040 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Iron making is the biggest single cause of global warming. The reduction of iron ores with carbon generates about 7% of the global carbon dioxide emissions to produce ≈1.85 billion tons of steel per year. This dramatic scenario fuels efforts to re-invent this sector by using renewable and carbon-free reductants and electricity. Here, the authors show how to make sustainable steel by reducing solid iron oxides with hydrogen released from ammonia. Ammonia is an annually 180 million ton traded chemical energy carrier, with established transcontinental logistics and low liquefaction costs. It can be synthesized with green hydrogen and release hydrogen again through the reduction reaction. This advantage connects it with green iron making, for replacing fossil reductants. the authors show that ammonia-based reduction of iron oxide proceeds through an autocatalytic reaction, is kinetically as effective as hydrogen-based direct reduction, yields the same metallization, and can be industrially realized with existing technologies. The produced iron/iron nitride mixture can be subsequently melted in an electric arc furnace (or co-charged into a converter) to adjust the chemical composition to the target steel grades. A novel approach is thus presented to deploying intermittent renewable energy, mediated by green ammonia, for a disruptive technology transition toward sustainable iron making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jae Wung Bae
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Matic Jovičević-Klug
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kejiang Li
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Dirk Vogel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Ponge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Rohwerder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Souza Filho IR, Ma Y, Raabe D, Springer H. Fundamentals of Green Steel Production: On the Role of Gas Pressure During Hydrogen Reduction of Iron Ores. JOM (1989) 2023; 75:2274-2286. [PMID: 37351269 PMCID: PMC10282048 DOI: 10.1007/s11837-023-05829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Out of the multitude of researched processing routes for sustainable ironmaking, hydrogen-based direct reduction and hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HyPSR) are currently the most promising candidates for a successful industrial application. Both processes operate under gaseous atmospheres, which turn the partial and absolute pressure of hydrogen into a relevant process parameter. Here, we present first insights into the influence of total pressure and concentration of hydrogen on the reduction of hematite, focusing on the more pressure-sensitive route (HyPSR). The effect of pressure on the dissociation of H2 molecules into metastable H atoms or H+ ions,- and the overall hydrogen utilization is discussed using a thermodynamic approach. Validation experiments were conducted to testify the practical feasibility of adjusting these parameters. A decrease in the total pressure of the system from 900 mbar to 450 mbar resulted in an improved hydrogen utilization, thus suggesting that a larger population of H atoms can exist in the plasma arcs ignited under 450 mbar. An increase in the hydrogen concentration to 20 vol.% lead to undesired evaporation, likely because of a parallel increase in plasma temperature. Possibilities and challenges for exploiting these pressure-related phenomena for the industrial production of green steel are outlined and discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11837-023-05829-z.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Y. Ma
- Max-Planck-Institut Für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - D. Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut Für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H. Springer
- Max-Planck-Institut Für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Metallic Composites, RWTH Aachen University, 52072 Aachen, Germany
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12
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Zhou X, Bai Y, El-Zoka AA, Kim SH, Ma Y, Liebscher CH, Gault B, Mianroodi JR, Dehm G, Raabe D. Effect of Pore Formation on Redox-Driven Phase Transformation. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:168001. [PMID: 37154636 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.168001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
When solid-state redox-driven phase transformations are associated with mass loss, vacancies are produced that develop into pores. These pores can influence the kinetics of certain redox and phase transformation steps. We investigated the structural and chemical mechanisms in and at pores in a combined experimental-theoretical study, using the reduction of iron oxide by hydrogen as a model system. The redox product (water) accumulates inside the pores and shifts the local equilibrium at the already reduced material back toward reoxidation into cubic Fe_{1-x}O (where x refers to Fe deficiency, space group Fm3[over ¯]m). This effect helps us to understand the sluggish reduction of cubic Fe_{1-x}O by hydrogen, a key process for future sustainable steelmaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Zhou
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yang Bai
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ayman A El-Zoka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yan Ma
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaber R Mianroodi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dehm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Huang L, Chen D, Xie D, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhu T, Raabe D, Ma E, Li J, Shan Z. Quantitative tests revealing hydrogen-enhanced dislocation motion in α-iron. Nat Mater 2023:10.1038/s41563-023-01537-w. [PMID: 37081170 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01537-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen embrittlement jeopardizes the use of high-strength steels in critical load-bearing applications. However, uncertainty regarding how hydrogen affects dislocation motion, owing to the lack of quantitative experimental evidence, hinders our understanding of hydrogen embrittlement. Here, by studying the well-controlled, cyclic, bow-out motions of individual screw dislocations in α-iron, we find that the critical stress for initiating dislocation motion in a 2 Pa electron-beam-excited H2 atmosphere is 27-43% lower than that in a vacuum environment, proving that hydrogen enhances screw dislocation motion. Moreover, we find that aside from vacuum degassing, cyclic loading and unloading facilitates the de-trapping of hydrogen, allowing the dislocation to regain its hydrogen-free behaviour. These findings at the individual dislocation level can inform hydrogen embrittlement modelling and guide the design of hydrogen-resistant steels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longchao Huang
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengke Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Degang Xie
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Suzhi Li
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ting Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - En Ma
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhiwei Shan
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Abstract
Production of metals stands for 40% of all industrial greenhouse gas emissions, 10% of the global energy consumption, 3.2 billion tonnes of minerals mined, and several billion tonnes of by-products every year. Therefore, metals must become more sustainable. A circular economy model does not work, because market demand exceeds the available scrap currently by about two-thirds. Even under optimal conditions, at least one-third of the metals will also in the future come from primary production, creating huge emissions. Although the influence of metals on global warming has been discussed with respect to mitigation strategies and socio-economic factors, the fundamental materials science to make the metallurgical sector more sustainable has been less addressed. This may be attributed to the fact that the field of sustainable metals describes a global challenge, but not yet a homogeneous research field. However, the sheer magnitude of this challenge and its huge environmental effects, caused by more than 2 billion tonnes of metals produced every year, make its sustainability an essential research topic not only from a technological point of view but also from a basic materials research perspective. Therefore, this paper aims to identify and discuss the most pressing scientific bottleneck questions and key mechanisms, considering metal synthesis from primary (minerals), secondary (scrap), and tertiary (re-mined) sources as well as the energy-intensive downstream processing. Focus is placed on materials science aspects, particularly on those that help reduce CO2 emissions, and less on process engineering or economy. The paper does not describe the devastating influence of metal-related greenhouse gas emissions on climate, but scientific approaches how to solve this problem, through research that can render metallurgy fossil-free. The content is considering only direct measures to metallurgical sustainability (production) and not indirect measures that materials leverage through their properties (strength, weight, longevity, functionality).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Raabe D, Mianroodi JR, Neugebauer J. Accelerating the design of compositionally complex materials via physics-informed artificial intelligence. Nat Comput Sci 2023; 3:198-209. [PMID: 38177883 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-023-00412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The chemical space for designing materials is practically infinite. This makes disruptive progress by traditional physics-based modeling alone challenging. Yet, training data for identifying composition-structure-property relations by artificial intelligence are sparse. We discuss opportunities to discover new chemically complex materials by hybrid methods where physics laws are combined with artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | - Jörg Neugebauer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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16
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Li Y, Yuan G, Li L, Kang J, Yan F, Du P, Raabe D, Wang G. Ductile 2-GPa steels with hierarchical substructure. Science 2023; 379:168-173. [PMID: 36634172 DOI: 10.1126/science.add7857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically strong and ductile load-carrying materials are needed in all sectors, from transportation to lightweight design to safe infrastructure. Yet, a grand challenge is to unify both features in one material. We show that a plain medium-manganese steel can be processed to have a tensile strength >2.2 gigapascals at a uniform elongation >20%. This requires a combination of multiple transversal forging, cryogenic treatment, and tempering steps. A hierarchical microstructure that consists of laminated and twofold topologically aligned martensite with finely dispersed retained austenite simultaneously activates multiple micromechanisms to strengthen and ductilize the material. The dislocation slip in the well-organized martensite and the gradual deformation-stimulated phase transformation synergistically produce the high ductility. Our nanostructure design strategy produces 2 gigapascal-strength and yet ductile steels that have attractive composition and the potential to be produced at large industrial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengkai Yan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengju Du
- Jiangyin Xingcheng Special Steel Works Co., Ltd, Jiangyin 214400, People's Republic of China
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
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17
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Rao Z, Tung PY, Xie R, Wei Y, Zhang H, Ferrari A, Klaver TPC, Körmann F, Sukumar PT, Kwiatkowski da Silva A, Chen Y, Li Z, Ponge D, Neugebauer J, Gutfleisch O, Bauer S, Raabe D. Machine learning-enabled high-entropy alloy discovery. Science 2022; 378:78-85. [PMID: 36201584 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo4940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High-entropy alloys are solid solutions of multiple principal elements that are capable of reaching composition and property regimes inaccessible for dilute materials. Discovering those with valuable properties, however, too often relies on serendipity, because thermodynamic alloy design rules alone often fail in high-dimensional composition spaces. We propose an active learning strategy to accelerate the design of high-entropy Invar alloys in a practically infinite compositional space based on very sparse data. Our approach works as a closed-loop, integrating machine learning with density-functional theory, thermodynamic calculations, and experiments. After processing and characterizing 17 new alloys out of millions of possible compositions, we identified two high-entropy Invar alloys with extremely low thermal expansion coefficients around 2 × 10-6 per degree kelvin at 300 kelvin. We believe this to be a suitable pathway for the fast and automated discovery of high-entropy alloys with optimal thermal, magnetic, and electrical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Rao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Po-Yen Tung
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruiwen Xie
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ye Wei
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alberto Ferrari
- Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - T P C Klaver
- Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Fritz Körmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Yao Chen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.,School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dirk Ponge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Neugebauer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Gutfleisch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
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18
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Kim SH, Dong K, Zhao H, El-Zoka AA, Zhou X, Woods EV, Giuliani F, Manke I, Raabe D, Gault B. Understanding the Degradation of a Model Si Anode in a Li-Ion Battery at the Atomic Scale. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8416-8421. [PMID: 36049043 PMCID: PMC9486947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To advance the understanding of the degradation of the liquid electrolyte and Si electrode, and their interface, we exploit the latest developments in cryo-atom probe tomography. We evidence Si anode corrosion from the decomposition of the Li salt before charge-discharge cycles even begin. Volume shrinkage during delithiation leads to the development of nanograins from recrystallization in regions left amorphous by the lithiation. The newly created grain boundaries facilitate pulverization of nanoscale Si fragments, and one is found floating in the electrolyte. P is segregated to these grain boundaries, which confirms the decomposition of the electrolyte. As structural defects are bound to assist the nucleation of Li-rich phases in subsequent lithiations and accelerate the electrolyte's decomposition, these insights into the developed nanoscale microstructure interacting with the electrolyte contribute to understanding the self-catalyzed/accelerated degradation Si anodes and can inform new battery designs unaffected by these life-limiting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Kang Dong
- Institute
of Applied Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Huan Zhao
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Ayman A. El-Zoka
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Xuyang Zhou
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Eric V. Woods
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Finn Giuliani
- Department
of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial
College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Manke
- Institute
of Applied Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck
Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf 40237, Germany
- Department
of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial
College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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19
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Moravcik I, Zelený M, Dlouhy A, Hadraba H, Moravcikova-Gouvea L, Papež P, Fikar O, Dlouhy I, Raabe D, Li Z. Impact of interstitial elements on the stacking fault energy of an equiatomic CoCrNi medium entropy alloy: theory and experiments. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2022; 23:376-392. [PMID: 36081838 PMCID: PMC9448438 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2080512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of interstitial N and C on the stacking fault energy (SFE) of an equiatomic CoCrNi medium entropy alloy. Results of computer modeling were compared to tensile deformation and electron microscopy data. Both N and C in solid solution increase the SFE of the face-centered cubic (FCC) alloy matrix at room temperature, with the former having a more significant effect by 240% for 0.5 at % N. Total energy calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) as well as thermodynamic modeling of the Gibbs free energy with the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) method reveal a stabilizing effect of N and C interstitials on the FCC lattice with respect to the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) CoCrNi-X (X: N, C) lattice. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) measurements of the width of dissociated ½<110> dislocations suggest that the SFE of CoCrNi increases from 22 to 42-44 mJ·m-2 after doping the alloy with 0.5 at. % interstitial N. The higher SFE reduces the nucleation rates of twins, leading to an increase in the critical stress required to trigger deformation twinning, an effect which can be used to design load-dependent strain hardening response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Moravcik
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, NETME Centre, Brno, Czech Republic
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Zelený
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, NETME Centre, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Dlouhy
- Institute of Physics of Materials of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Hadraba
- Institute of Physics of Materials of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Larissa Moravcikova-Gouvea
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, NETME Centre, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Papež
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, NETME Centre, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Fikar
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, NETME Centre, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of Materials of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Dlouhy
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, NETME Centre, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of Materials of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhiming Li
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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20
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Fabritius-Vilpoux K, Enax J, Mayweg D, Meyer F, Herbig M, Raabe D, Fabritius HO. Ultrastructural changes of bovine tooth surfaces under erosion in presence of biomimetic hydroxyapatite. Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials 2021. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.21.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Enamel and dentin are susceptible to acids from food sources leading to dental erosion, a global problem affecting millions of individuals. Particulate hydroxyapatite (HAP) on the tooth surface can influence the effects of acid attacks. Standardized bovine enamel and dentin samples with artificial saliva are used in an in vitro cyclic demineralization–remineralization protocol to analyze the structural changes experienced by tooth surfaces using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and to evaluate the potential of a HAP-based oral care gel in the protection of teeth from erosive attacks. The interfaces between HAP particle and enamel HAP crystallites are investigated using focused ion beam preparation and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that erosion with phosphoric acid severely affects enamel crystallites and dentin tubules, while artificial saliva leads to remineralization effects. The HAP-gel forms a microscopic layer on both enamel and dentin surfaces. Upon acid exposure, this layer is sacrificed before the native tooth tissues are affected, leading to significantly lower degrees of demineralization compared to the controls. This demonstrates that the use of particulate HAP as a biomaterial in oral care formulations can help protect enamel and dentin surfaces from erosive attacks during meals using a simple and effective protection principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathia Fabritius-Vilpoux
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Enax
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - David Mayweg
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden; Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frederic Meyer
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Herbig
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helge-Otto Fabritius
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany; Bionics and Materials Development, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany
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21
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Sun B, Lu W, Gault B, Ding R, Makineni SK, Wan D, Wu CH, Chen H, Ponge D, Raabe D. Chemical heterogeneity enhances hydrogen resistance in high-strength steels. Nat Mater 2021; 20:1629-1634. [PMID: 34239084 PMCID: PMC8610813 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The antagonism between strength and resistance to hydrogen embrittlement in metallic materials is an intrinsic obstacle to the design of lightweight yet reliable structural components operated in hydrogen-containing environments. Economical and scalable microstructural solutions to this challenge must be found. Here, we introduce a counterintuitive strategy to exploit the typically undesired chemical heterogeneity within the material's microstructure that enables local enhancement of crack resistance and local hydrogen trapping. We use this approach in a manganese-containing high-strength steel and produce a high dispersion of manganese-rich zones within the microstructure. These solute-rich buffer regions allow for local micro-tuning of the phase stability, arresting hydrogen-induced microcracks and thus interrupting the percolation of hydrogen-assisted damage. This results in a superior hydrogen embrittlement resistance (better by a factor of two) without sacrificing the material's strength and ductility. The strategy of exploiting chemical heterogeneities, rather than avoiding them, broadens the horizon for microstructure engineering via advanced thermomechanical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhan Sun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ran Ding
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Surendra Kumar Makineni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Di Wan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Chun-Hung Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dirk Ponge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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22
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Kovács A, Lewis LH, Palanisamy D, Denneulin T, Schwedt A, Scott ER, Gault B, Raabe D, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Charilaou M. Discovery and Implications of Hidden Atomic-Scale Structure in a Metallic Meteorite. Nano Lett 2021; 21:8135-8142. [PMID: 34529916 PMCID: PMC8519181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Iron and its alloys have made modern civilization possible, with metallic meteorites providing one of the human's earliest sources of usable iron as well as providing a window into our solar system's billion-year history. Here highest-resolution tools reveal the existence of a previously hidden FeNi nanophase within the extremely slowly cooled metallic meteorite NWA 6259. This new nanophase exists alongside Ni-poor and Ni-rich nanoprecipitates within a matrix of tetrataenite, the uniaxial, chemically ordered form of FeNi. The ferromagnetic nature of the nanoprecipitates combined with the antiferromagnetic character of the FeNi nanophases gives rise to a complex magnetic state that evolves dramatically with temperature. These observations extend and possibly alter our understanding of celestial metallurgy, provide new knowledge concerning the archetypal Fe-Ni phase diagram and supply new information for the development of new types of sustainable, technologically critical high-energy magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Kovács
- Ernst
Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Laura H. Lewis
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Thibaud Denneulin
- Ernst
Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander Schwedt
- Central
Facility for Electron Microscopy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Edward R.D. Scott
- Hawaii
Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department
of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial
College London, London, SW7 2BP, U.K.
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst
Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michalis Charilaou
- Department
of Physics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, United States
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23
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Liu C, Li Z, Lu W, Bao Y, Xia W, Wu X, Zhao H, Gault B, Liu C, Herbig M, Fischer A, Dehm G, Wu G, Raabe D. Reactive wear protection through strong and deformable oxide nanocomposite surfaces. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5518. [PMID: 34535645 PMCID: PMC8448869 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wear-related energy and material loss cost over 2500 Billion Euro per year. Traditional wisdom suggests that high-strength materials reveal low wear rates, yet, their plastic deformation mechanisms also influence their wear performance. High strength and homogeneous deformation behavior, which allow accommodating plastic strain without cracking or localized brittle fracture, are crucial for developing wear-resistant metals. Here, we present an approach to achieve superior wear resistance via in-situ formation of a strong and deformable oxide nanocomposite surface during wear, by reaction of the metal surface with its oxidative environment, a principle that we refer to as ‘reactive wear protection’. We design a TiNbZr-Ag alloy that forms an amorphous-crystalline oxidic nanocomposite surface layer upon dry sliding. The strong (2.4 GPa yield strength) and deformable (homogeneous deformation to 20% strain) nanocomposite surface reduces the wear rate of the TiNbZr-Ag alloy by an order of magnitude. The reactive wear protection strategy offers a pathway for designing ultra-wear resistant alloys, where otherwise brittle oxides are turned to be strong and deformable for improving wear resistance. Wear-resistant metals have long been a pursuit of reducing wear-related energy and material loss. Here the authors present the ‘reactive wear protection’ strategy via friction-induced in situ formation of strong and deformable oxide nanocomposites on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Zhiming Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.,State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Bao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenzhen Xia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, 243000, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Shagang School of Iron and Steel, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Materials, Royal School of Mine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Herbig
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alfons Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dehm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ge Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Han L, Rao Z, Souza Filho IR, Maccari F, Wei Y, Wu G, Ahmadian A, Zhou X, Gutfleisch O, Ponge D, Raabe D, Li Z. Ultrastrong and Ductile Soft Magnetic High-Entropy Alloys via Coherent Ordered Nanoprecipitates. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2102139. [PMID: 34337799 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The lack of strength and damage tolerance can limit the applications of conventional soft magnetic materials (SMMs), particularly in mechanically loaded functional devices. Therefore, strengthening and toughening of SMMs is critically important. However, conventional strengthening concepts usually significantly deteriorate soft magnetic properties, due to Bloch wall interactions with the defects used for hardening. Here a novel concept to overcome this dilemma is proposed, by developing bulk SMMs with excellent mechanical and attractive soft magnetic properties through coherent and ordered nanoprecipitates (<15 nm) dispersed homogeneously within a face-centered cubic matrix of a non-equiatomic CoFeNiTaAl high-entropy alloy (HEA). Compared to the alloy in precipitate-free state, the alloy variant with a large volume fraction (>42%) of nanoprecipitates achieves significantly enhanced strength (≈1526 MPa) at good ductility (≈15%), while the coercivity is only marginally increased (<10.7 Oe). The ordered nanoprecipitates and the resulting dynamic microband refinement in the matrix significantly strengthen the HEAs, while full coherency between the nanoprecipitates and the matrix leads at the same time to the desired insignificant pinning of the magnetic domain walls. The findings provide guidance for developing new high-performance materials with an excellent combination of mechanical and soft magnetic properties as needed for the electrification of transport and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuliu Han
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ziyuan Rao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Isnaldi R Souza Filho
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fernando Maccari
- Functional Materials, Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ye Wei
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ge Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ali Ahmadian
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xuyang Zhou
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Gutfleisch
- Functional Materials, Materials Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dirk Ponge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhiming Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Materials Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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25
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Shi P, Li R, Li Y, Wen Y, Zhong Y, Ren W, Shen Z, Zheng T, Peng J, Liang X, Hu P, Min N, Zhang Y, Ren Y, Liaw PK, Raabe D, Wang YD. Hierarchical crack buffering triples ductility in eutectic herringbone high-entropy alloys. Science 2021; 373:912-918. [PMID: 34413235 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf6986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In human-made malleable materials, microdamage such as cracking usually limits material lifetime. Some biological composites, such as bone, have hierarchical microstructures that tolerate cracks but cannot withstand high elongation. We demonstrate a directionally solidified eutectic high-entropy alloy (EHEA) that successfully reconciles crack tolerance and high elongation. The solidified alloy has a hierarchically organized herringbone structure that enables bionic-inspired hierarchical crack buffering. This effect guides stable, persistent crystallographic nucleation and growth of multiple microcracks in abundant poor-deformability microstructures. Hierarchical buffering by adjacent dynamic strain-hardened features helps the cracks to avoid catastrophic growth and percolation. Our self-buffering herringbone material yields an ultrahigh uniform tensile elongation (~50%), three times that of conventional nonbuffering EHEAs, without sacrificing strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Runguang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuebo Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunbo Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weili Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianxiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchao Peng
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Liang
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Hu
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Min
- Laboratory for Microstructures, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Ren
- X-Ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Peter K Liaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Department Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Material Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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26
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Zachariah Z, Balachandran S, Liu Z, Pourzal R, McCarthy SM, Hall DJ, Fischer A, Raabe D, Herbig M. On the Formation Mechanism of Column Damage Within Modular Taper Junctions. J Arthroplasty 2021; 36:2603-2611.e2. [PMID: 33812716 PMCID: PMC9342686 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2021.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Column damage is a unique degradation pattern observed in cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo) femoral head taper surfaces that resemble column-like troughs in the proximal-distal direction. We investigate the metallurgical origin of this phenomenon. METHODS Thirty-two severely damaged CoCrMo femoral head retrievals from 7 different manufacturers were investigated for the presence of column damage and chemical inhomogeneities within the alloy microstructure via metallographic evaluation of samples sectioned off from the femoral heads. RESULTS Column damage was found to affect 37.5% of the CoCrMo femoral heads in this study. All the column-damaged femoral heads exhibited chemical inhomogeneities within their microstructures, which comprised of regions enriched or depleted in molybdenum and chromium. Column damage appears as a dissolution of the entire surface with preferential corrosion along the molybdenum and chromium depleted regions. CONCLUSION Molybdenum and chromium depleted zones serve as initiation sites for in vivo corrosion of the taper surface. Through crevice corrosion, the degradation spreads to the adjacent non-compositionally depleted areas of the alloy as well. Future improved alloy and processing recipes are required to ensure no chemical inhomogeneity due to segregation of solute elements are present in CoCrMo femoral heads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Zachariah
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Corresponding author: (Zita Zachariah)
| | - Shanoob Balachandran
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhilong Liu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robin Pourzal
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Stephanie M. McCarthy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Deborah J. Hall
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alfons Fischer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Herbig
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
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27
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Mianroodi JR, Shanthraj P, Svendsen B, Raabe D. Phase-Field Modeling of Chemoelastic Binodal/Spinodal Relations and Solute Segregation to Defects in Binary Alloys. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:1787. [PMID: 33916332 PMCID: PMC8038625 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic phase-field chemomechanics (MPFCM) is employed in the current work to model solute segregation, dislocation-solute interaction, spinodal decomposition, and precipitate formation, at straight dislocations and configurations of these in a model binary solid alloy. In particular, (i) a single static edge dipole, (ii) arrays of static dipoles forming low-angle tilt (edge) and twist (screw) grain boundaries, as well as at (iii) a moving (gliding) edge dipole, are considered. In the first part of the work, MPFCM is formulated for such an alloy. Central here is the MPFCM model for the alloy free energy, which includes chemical, dislocation, and lattice (elastic), contributions. The solute concentration-dependence of the latter due to solute lattice misfit results in a strong elastic influence on the binodal (i.e., coexistence) and spinodal behavior of the alloy. In addition, MPFCM-based modeling of energy storage couples the thermodynamic forces driving (Cottrell and Suzuki) solute segregation, precipitate formation and dislocation glide. As implied by the simulation results for edge dislocation dipoles and their configurations, there is a competition between (i) Cottrell segregation to dislocations resulting in a uniform solute distribution along the line, and (ii) destabilization of this distribution due to low-dimensional spinodal decomposition when the segregated solute content at the line exceeds the spinodal value locally, i.e., at and along the dislocation line. Due to the completely different stress field of the screw dislocation configuration in the twist boundary, the segregated solute distribution is immediately unstable and decomposes into precipitates from the start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Rezaei Mianroodi
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany or (B.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Pratheek Shanthraj
- The Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Bob Svendsen
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany or (B.S.); (D.R.)
- Material Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany or (B.S.); (D.R.)
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28
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Zhou X, Mianroodi JR, Kwiatkowski da Silva A, Koenig T, Thompson GB, Shanthraj P, Ponge D, Gault B, Svendsen B, Raabe D. The hidden structure dependence of the chemical life of dislocations. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/16/eabf0563. [PMID: 33863726 PMCID: PMC8051869 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dislocations are one-dimensional defects in crystals, enabling their deformation, mechanical response, and transport properties. Less well known is their influence on material chemistry. The severe lattice distortion at these defects drives solute segregation to them, resulting in strong, localized spatial variations in chemistry that determine microstructure and material behavior. Recent advances in atomic-scale characterization methods have made it possible to quantitatively resolve defect types and segregation chemistry. As shown here for a Pt-Au model alloy, we observe a wide range of defect-specific solute (Au) decoration patterns of much greater variety and complexity than expected from the Cottrell cloud picture. The solute decoration of the dislocations can be up to half an order of magnitude higher than expected from classical theory, and the differences are determined by their structure, mutual alignment, and distortion field. This opens up pathways to use dislocations for the compositional and structural nanoscale design of advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - J R Mianroodi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Material Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - T Koenig
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
| | - G B Thompson
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
| | - P Shanthraj
- The Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
| | - D Ponge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - B Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - B Svendsen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Material Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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29
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Ye X, Yan F, Schäfer L, Wang D, Geßwein H, Wang W, Chellali MR, Stephenson LT, Skokov K, Gutfleisch O, Raabe D, Hahn H, Gault B, Kruk R. Magnetoelectric Tuning of Pinning-Type Permanent Magnets through Atomic-Scale Engineering of Grain Boundaries. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2006853. [PMID: 33354774 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pinning-type magnets with high coercivity at high temperatures are at the core of thriving clean-energy technologies. Among these, Sm2 Co17 -based magnets are excellent candidates owing to their high-temperature stability. However, despite intensive efforts to optimize the intragranular microstructure, the coercivity currently only reaches 20-30% of the theoretical limits. Here, the roles of the grain-interior nanostructure and the grain boundaries in controlling coercivity are disentangled by an emerging magnetoelectric approach. Through hydrogen charging/discharging by applying voltages of only ≈1 V, the coercivity is reversibly tuned by an unprecedented value of ≈1.3 T. In situ magneto-structural characterization and atomic-scale tracking of hydrogen atoms reveal that the segregation of hydrogen atoms at the grain boundaries, rather than the change of the crystal structure, dominates the reversible and substantial change of coercivity. Hydrogen reduces the local magnetocrystalline anisotropy and facilitates the magnetization reversal starting from the grain boundaries. This study opens a way to achieve the giant magnetoelectric effect in permanent magnets by engineering grain boundaries with hydrogen atoms. Furthermore, it reveals the so far neglected critical role of grain boundaries in the conventional magnetization-switching paradigm of pinning-type magnets, suggesting a critical reconsideration of engineering strategies to overcome the coercivity limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Ye
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Fengkai Yan
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH (MPIE), 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lukas Schäfer
- Department of Material Science, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Holger Geßwein
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mohammed Reda Chellali
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Leigh T Stephenson
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH (MPIE), 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Konstantin Skokov
- Department of Material Science, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Oliver Gutfleisch
- Department of Material Science, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH (MPIE), 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Horst Hahn
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH (MPIE), 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert Kruk
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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30
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Wei Y, Varanasi RS, Schwarz T, Gomell L, Zhao H, Larson DJ, Sun B, Liu G, Chen H, Raabe D, Gault B. Machine-learning-enhanced time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. Patterns (N Y) 2021; 2:100192. [PMID: 33659909 PMCID: PMC7892357 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is a widespread approach used to work out what the constituents of a material are. Atoms and molecules are removed from the material and collected, and subsequently, a critical step is to infer their correct identities based on patterns formed in their mass-to-charge ratios and relative isotopic abundances. However, this identification step still mainly relies on individual users' expertise, making its standardization challenging, and hindering efficient data processing. Here, we introduce an approach that leverages modern machine learning technique to identify peak patterns in time-of-flight mass spectra within microseconds, outperforming human users without loss of accuracy. Our approach is cross-validated on mass spectra generated from different time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToF-MS) techniques, offering the ToF-MS community an open-source, intelligent mass spectra analysis. A machine-learning method provides reliable atomic/molecular labels for ToF-MS No human labeling or prior information required The training dataset is artificially generated based on isotopic abundances Method validated on a variety of materials and two ToF-MS-based techniques
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToF-MS) is a mainstream analytical technique widely used in biology, chemistry, and materials science. ToF-MS provides quantitative compositional analysis with high sensitivity across a wide dynamic range of mass-to-charge ratios. A critical step in ToF-MS is to infer the identity of the detected ions. Here, we introduce a machine-learning-enhanced algorithm to provide a user-independent approach to performing this identification using patterns from the natural isotopic abundances of individual atomic and molecular ions, without human labeling or prior knowledge of composition. Results from several materials and techniques are compared with those obtained by field experts. Our open-source, easy-to-implement, reliable analytic method accelerates this identification process. A wide range of ToF-MS-based applications can benefit from our approach, e.g., hunting for patterns of biomarkers or for contamination on solid surfaces in high-throughput data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wei
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leonie Gomell
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Huan Zhao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David J Larson
- CAMECA Instruments, 5470 Nobel Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Binhan Sun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Geng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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31
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Benzing J, Luecke W, Mates S, Ponge D, Raabe D, Wittig J. Intercritical annealing to achieve a positive strain-rate sensitivity of mechanical properties and suppression of macroscopic plastic instabilities in multi-phase medium-Mn steels. Mater Sci Eng A Struct Mater 2021; 803:10.1016/j.msea.2020.140469. [PMID: 34092917 PMCID: PMC8176460 DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.140469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the high strain-rate tensile properties of a cold-rolled medium-Mn steel (Fe-12Mn-3Al-0.05C % in mass fraction) designed to have a multi-phase microstructure and positive strain-rate sensitivity. At the intercritical annealing temperature of 585 °C, increasing the annealing time from 0.5 h to 8 h increased the phase volume fraction of ultrafine-grained (UFG) austenite from 2% to 35% by reversion. The remainder of the microstructure was composed of UFG ferrite and recovered α'-martensite (the latter resembles the cold-rolled state). Servo hydraulic tension testing and Kolsky-bar tension testing were used to measure the tensile properties from quasi-static strain rates to dynamic strain rates ( ε ˙ = 10 - 4 s - 1 to ε ˙ = 10 3 s - 1 ). The strain-rate sensitivities of the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were positive for both annealing times. Tensile properties and all non-contact imaging modalities (infrared imaging and digital image correlation) indicated an advantageous suppression of Lüders bands and Portevin Le Chatelier (PLC) bands (a critical challenge in multi-phase medium-Mn steel design) due to the unique combination of microstructural constituents and overall composition. Fracture surfaces of specimens annealed for 0.5 h showed some instances of localized cleavage fracture (approximately 30 μm wide areas and lath-like ridges). Specimens annealed for 8 h maintained a greater product of strength and elongation by at least 2.5 GPa % (on average for each strain rate). The relevant processing-structure-property relationships are discussed in the context of recommendations for design strategies concerning multi-phase steels such that homogeneous deformation behavior and positive strain-rate sensitivities can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.T. Benzing
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1683, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, 325 Broadway, Stop 647, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - W.E. Luecke
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Science and Engineering Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8553, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - S.P. Mates
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Science and Engineering Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8553, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - D. Ponge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - D. Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J.E. Wittig
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1683, USA
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32
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Wang Z, Lu W, Zhao H, Liebscher CH, He J, Ponge D, Raabe D, Li Z. Ultrastrong lightweight compositionally complex steels via dual-nanoprecipitation. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/46/eaba9543. [PMID: 33188015 PMCID: PMC7673736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba9543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High-performance lightweight materials are urgently needed, given the pressing quest for weight reduction and the associated energy savings and emission reduction. Here, by incorporating the multi-principal element feature of compositionally complex alloys, we develop the concept of lightweight steels further and propose a new class of compositionally complex steels (CCSs). This approach allows us to use the high solid solution strengthening and shift the alloys' compositions into previously unattainable phase regions where both nanosized shearable κ-carbides and non-shearable B2 particles are simultaneously formed. The achievement of dual-nanoprecipitation in our CCSs leads to materials with ultrahigh specific tensile strength (up to 260 MPa·cm3 g-1) and excellent tensile elongation (13 to 38%), a combination outperforming all other high-strength high-entropy alloys and advanced lightweight steels. Our concept of CCSs is thus useful for guiding the design of ultrastrong lightweight metallic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangwei Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Huan Zhao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian H Liebscher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Junyang He
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Ponge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhiming Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, 410083 Changsha, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, 410083 Changsha, China
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Katnagallu S, Wu G, Singh SP, Nandam SH, Xia W, Stephenson LT, Gleiter H, Schwaiger R, Hahn H, Herbig M, Raabe D, Gault B, Balachandran S. Nanoglass-Nanocrystal Composite-a Novel Material Class for Enhanced Strength-Plasticity Synergy. Small 2020; 16:e2004400. [PMID: 32885564 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The properties of a material can be engineered by manipulating its atomic and chemical architecture. Nanoglasses which have been recently invented and comprise nanosized glassy particles separated by amorphous interfaces, have shown promising properties. A potential way to exploit the structural benefits of nanoglasses and of nanocrystalline materials is to optimize the composition to obtain crystals forming within the glassy particles. Here, a metastable Fe-10 at% Sc nanoglass is synthesized. A complex hierarchical microstructure is evidenced experimentally at the atomic scale. This bulk material comprises grains of a Fe90 Sc10 amorphous matrix separated by an amorphous interfacial network enriched and likely stabilized by hydrogen, and property-enhancing pure-Fe nanocrystals self-assembled within the matrix. This composite structure leads a yield strength above 2.5 GPa with an exceptional quasi-homogeneous plastic flow of more than 60% in compression. This work opens new pathways to design materials with even superior properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Katnagallu
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76021, Germany
| | - Ge Wu
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Shiv Prakash Singh
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76021, Germany
| | - Sree Harsha Nandam
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76021, Germany
| | - Wenzhen Xia
- Department of Structure and Nano-Micromechanics of Materials, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Leigh T Stephenson
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Herbert Gleiter
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76021, Germany
| | - Ruth Schwaiger
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-2), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Horst Hahn
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, 76021, Germany
| | - Michael Herbig
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shanoob Balachandran
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
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Wu G, Balachandran S, Gault B, Xia W, Liu C, Rao Z, Wei Y, Liu S, Lu J, Herbig M, Lu W, Dehm G, Li Z, Raabe D. Crystal-Glass High-Entropy Nanocomposites with Near Theoretical Compressive Strength and Large Deformability. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2002619. [PMID: 32686224 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) and metallic glasses (MGs) are two material classes based on the massive mixing of multiple-principal elements. HEAs are single or multiphase crystalline solid solutions with high ductility. MGs with amorphous structure have superior strength but usually poor ductility. Here, the stacking fault energy in the high-entropy nanotwinned crystalline phase and the glass-forming-ability in the MG phase of the same material are controlled, realizing a novel nanocomposite with near theoretical yield strength (G/24, where G is the shear modulus of a material) and homogeneous plastic strain above 45% in compression. The mutually compatible flow behavior of the MG phase and the dislocation flux in the crystals enable homogeneous plastic co-deformation of the two regions. This crystal-glass high-entropy nanocomposite design concept provides a new approach to developing advanced materials with an outstanding combination of strength and ductility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Shanoob Balachandran
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Wenzhen Xia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Chang Liu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Ziyuan Rao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Ye Wei
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Shaofei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Herbig
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dehm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Zhiming Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
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35
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Moon J, Ha HY, Kim KW, Park SJ, Lee TH, Kim SD, Jang JH, Jo HH, Hong HU, Lee BH, Lee YJ, Lee C, Suh DW, Han HN, Raabe D, Lee CH. A new class of lightweight, stainless steels with ultra-high strength and large ductility. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12140. [PMID: 32699336 PMCID: PMC7376142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Steel is the global backbone material of industrialized societies, with more than 1.8 billion tons produced per year. However, steel-containing structures decay due to corrosion, destroying annually 3.4% (2.5 trillion US$) of the global gross domestic product. Besides this huge loss in value, a solution to the corrosion problem at minimum environmental impact would also leverage enhanced product longevity, providing an immense contribution to sustainability. Here, we report a leap forward toward this aim through the development of a new family of low-density stainless steels with ultra-high strength (> 1 GPa) and high ductility (> 35%). The alloys are based on the Fe-(20-30)Mn-(11.5-12.0)Al-1.5C-5Cr (wt%) system and are strengthened by dispersions of nano-sized Fe3AlC-type κ-carbide. The alloying with Cr enhances the ductility without sacrificing strength, by suppressing the precipitation of κ-carbide and thus stabilizing the austenite matrix. The formation of a protective Al-rich oxide film on the surface lends the alloys outstanding resistance to pitting corrosion similar to ferritic stainless steels. The new alloy class has thus the potential to replace commercial stainless steels as it has much higher strength at similar formability, 17% lower mass density and lower environmental impact, qualifying it for demanding lightweight, corrosion resistant, high-strength structural parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonoh Moon
- Steel Department, Advanced Metals Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Young Ha
- Steel Department, Advanced Metals Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Won Kim
- Steel Department, Advanced Metals Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Park
- Steel Department, Advanced Metals Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Lee
- Steel Department, Advanced Metals Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Kim
- Steel Department, Advanced Metals Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Jang
- Steel Department, Advanced Metals Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Haeng Jo
- Steel Department, Advanced Metals Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Uk Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Ho Lee
- Center for Core Research Facilities, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333 Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Lee
- Advanced Metallic Materials Research Group, Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 67 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Suh
- Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Nam Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Chang-Hoon Lee
- Steel Department, Advanced Metals Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam, 51508, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Luo H, Sohn SS, Lu W, Li L, Li X, Soundararajan CK, Krieger W, Li Z, Raabe D. Author Correction: A strong and ductile medium-entropy alloy resists hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3404. [PMID: 32616711 PMCID: PMC7331807 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Luo
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Seok Su Sohn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Linlin Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | | | - Waldemar Krieger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhiming Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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37
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Luo H, Sohn SS, Lu W, Li L, Li X, Soundararajan CK, Krieger W, Li Z, Raabe D. A strong and ductile medium-entropy alloy resists hydrogen embrittlement and corrosion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3081. [PMID: 32555177 PMCID: PMC7299985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong and ductile materials that have high resistance to corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement are rare and yet essential for realizing safety-critical energy infrastructures, hydrogen-based industries, and transportation solutions. Here we report how we reconcile these constraints in the form of a strong and ductile CoNiV medium-entropy alloy with face-centered cubic structure. It shows high resistance to hydrogen embrittlement at ambient temperature at a strain rate of 10−4 s−1, due to its low hydrogen diffusivity and the deformation twinning that impedes crack propagation. Moreover, a dense oxide film formed on the alloy’s surface reduces the hydrogen uptake rate, and provides high corrosion resistance in dilute sulfuric acid with a corrosion current density below 7 μA cm−2. The combination of load carrying capacity and resistance to harsh environmental conditions may qualify this multi-component alloy as a potential candidate material for sustainable and safe infrastructures and devices. Strong and ductile materials with resistance to both corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement remain rare and yet are essential for hydrogen-propelled industries. Here, the authors show that a CoNiV medium-entropy alloy with face-centered cubic structure fulfils all the above criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Luo
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Seok Su Sohn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Linlin Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | | | - Waldemar Krieger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhiming Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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38
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Lei Z, Wu Y, He J, Liu X, Wang H, Jiang S, Gu L, Zhang Q, Gault B, Raabe D, Lu Z. Snoek-type damping performance in strong and ductile high-entropy alloys. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaba7802. [PMID: 32596465 PMCID: PMC7299626 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Noise and mechanical vibrations not only cause damage to devices, but also present major public health hazards. High-damping alloys that eliminate noise and mechanical vibrations are therefore required. Yet, low operating temperatures and insufficient strength/ductility ratios in currently available high-damping alloys limit their applicability. Using the concept of high-entropy alloy (HEA), we present a class of high-damping materials. The design is based on refractory HEAs, solid-solutions doped with either 2.0 atomic % oxygen or nitrogen, (Ta0.5Nb0.5HfZrTi)98O2 and (Ta0.5Nb0.5HfZrTi)98N2. Via Snoek relaxation and ordered interstitial complexes mediated strain hardening, the damping capacity of these HEAs is as high as 0.030, and the damping peak reaches up to 800 K. The model HEAs also exhibit a high tensile yield strength of ~1400 MPa combined with a large ductility of ~20%. The high-temperature damping properties, together with superb mechanical properties make these HEAs attractive for applications where noise and vibrations must be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Lei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yuan Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junyang He
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xiongjun Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Suihe Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Zhaoping Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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39
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Schweinar K, Beeg S, Hartwig C, Rajamathi CR, Kasian O, Piccinin S, Prieto MJ, Tanase LC, Gottlob DM, Schmidt T, Raabe D, Schlögl R, Gault B, Jones TE, Greiner MT. Formation of a 2D Meta-stable Oxide by Differential Oxidation of AgCu Alloys. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:23595-23605. [PMID: 32314585 PMCID: PMC7304822 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal alloy catalysts can develop complex surface structures when exposed to reactive atmospheres. The structures of the resulting surfaces have intricate relationships with a myriad of factors, such as the affinity of the individual alloying elements to the components of the gas atmosphere and the bond strengths of the multitude of low-energy surface compounds that can be formed. Identifying the atomic structure of such surfaces is a prerequisite for establishing structure-property relationships, as well as for modeling such catalysts in ab initio calculations. Here, we show that an alloy, consisting of an oxophilic metal (Cu) diluted into a noble metal (Ag), forms a meta-stable two-dimensional oxide monolayer, when the alloy is subjected to oxidative reaction conditions. The presence of this oxide is correlated with selectivity in the corresponding test reaction of ethylene epoxidation. In the present study, using a combination of in situ, ex situ, and theoretical methods (NAP-XPS, XPEEM, LEED, and DFT), we determine the structure to be a two-dimensional analogue of Cu2O, resembling a single lattice plane of Cu2O. The overlayer holds a pseudo-epitaxial relationship with the underlying noble metal. Spectroscopic evidence shows that the oxide's electronic structure is qualitatively distinct from its three-dimensional counterpart, and because of weak electronic coupling with the underlying noble metal, it exhibits metallic properties. These findings provide precise details of this peculiar structure and valuable insights into how alloying can enhance catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schweinar
- Department
of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beeg
- Department
of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Caroline Hartwig
- Department
of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Catherine R. Rajamathi
- Department
of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Olga Kasian
- Department
of Interface Chemistry and Surface Engineering, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Helmholtz
Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Piccinin
- CNR-IOM
DEMOCRITOS, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, Via Bonomea
265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauricio J. Prieto
- Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Department of
Interface Science, Faradayweg
4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Department of
Chemical Physics, Faradayweg
4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liviu C. Tanase
- Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Department of
Interface Science, Faradayweg
4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Department of
Chemical Physics, Faradayweg
4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel M. Gottlob
- Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Department of
Chemical Physics, Faradayweg
4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Department of
Interface Science, Faradayweg
4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Fritz-Haber-Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Department of
Chemical Physics, Faradayweg
4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Department
of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department
of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department
of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal
School of Mines, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Travis E. Jones
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark T. Greiner
- Department
of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max-Planck Institute
for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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40
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Lim J, Kasiri G, Sahu R, Schweinar K, Hengge K, Raabe D, La Mantia F, Scheu C. Frontispiece: Irreversible Structural Changes of Copper Hexacyanoferrate Used as a Cathode in Zn‐Ion Batteries. Chemistry 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202082263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joohyun Lim
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Straße 1 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Ghoncheh Kasiri
- Universität Bremen, Energiespeicher- und Energiewandlersysteme Bibliothekstr. 1 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Rajib Sahu
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Straße 1 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Kevin Schweinar
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Straße 1 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Katharina Hengge
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Straße 1 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Straße 1 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Fabio La Mantia
- Universität Bremen, Energiespeicher- und Energiewandlersysteme Bibliothekstr. 1 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Christina Scheu
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Straße 1 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
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41
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Zhao H, Huber L, Lu W, Peter NJ, An D, De Geuser F, Dehm G, Ponge D, Neugebauer J, Gault B, Raabe D. Interplay of Chemistry and Faceting at Grain Boundaries in a Model Al Alloy. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:106102. [PMID: 32216435 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.106102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The boundary between two crystal grains can decompose into arrays of facets with distinct crystallographic character. Faceting occurs to minimize the system's free energy, i.e., when the total interfacial energy of all facets is below that of the topologically shortest interface plane. In a model Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy, we show that faceting occurs at investigated grain boundaries and that the local chemistry is strongly correlated with the facet character. The self-consistent coevolution of facet structure and chemistry leads to the formation of periodic segregation patterns of 5-10 nm, or to preferential precipitation. This study shows that segregation-faceting interplay is not limited to bicrystals but exists in bulk engineering Al alloys and hence affects their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Liam Huber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicolas J Peter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dayong An
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frédéric De Geuser
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SIMaP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gerhard Dehm
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Ponge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Neugebauer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straβe 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
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42
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Ding R, Yao Y, Sun B, Liu G, He J, Li T, Wan X, Dai Z, Ponge D, Raabe D, Zhang C, Godfrey A, Miyamoto G, Furuhara T, Yang Z, van der Zwaag S, Chen H. Chemical boundary engineering: A new route toward lean, ultrastrong yet ductile steels. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaay1430. [PMID: 32258395 PMCID: PMC7101205 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
For decades, grain boundary engineering has proven to be one of the most effective approaches for tailoring the mechanical properties of metallic materials, although there are limits to the fineness and types of microstructures achievable, due to the rapid increase in grain size once being exposed to thermal loads (low thermal stability of crystallographic boundaries). Here, we deploy a unique chemical boundary engineering (CBE) approach, augmenting the variety in available alloy design strategies, which enables us to create a material with an ultrafine hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure even after heating to high temperatures. When applied to plain steels with carbon content of only up to 0.2 weight %, this approach yields ultimate strength levels beyond 2.0 GPa in combination with good ductility (>20%). Although demonstrated here for plain carbon steels, the CBE design approach is, in principle, applicable also to other alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ding
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingjie Yao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Binhan Sun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Geng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianguo He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tong Li
- Institute for Materials & ZGH, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany
| | - Xinhao Wan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zongbiao Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dirk Ponge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Andy Godfrey
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Goro Miyamoto
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tadashi Furuhara
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sybrand van der Zwaag
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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43
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Balachandran S, Zachariah Z, Fischer A, Mayweg D, Wimmer MA, Raabe D, Herbig M. Atomic Scale Origin of Metal Ion Release from Hip Implant Taper Junctions. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:1903008. [PMID: 32154080 PMCID: PMC7055581 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Millions worldwide suffer from arthritis of the hips, and total hip replacement is a clinically successful treatment for end-stage arthritis patients. Typical hip implants incorporate a cobalt alloy (Co-Cr-Mo) femoral head fixed on a titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) femoral stem via a Morse taper junction. However, fretting and corrosion at this junction can cause release of wear particles and metal ions from the metallic implant, leading to local and systemic toxicity in patients. This study is a multiscale structural-chemical investigation, ranging from the micrometer down to the atomic scale, of the underlying mechanisms leading to metal ion release from such taper junctions. Correlative transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography reveals microstructural and compositional alterations in the subsurface of the titanium alloy subjected to in vitro gross-slip fretting against the cobalt alloy. Even though the cobalt alloy is comparatively more wear-resistant, changes in the titanium alloy promote tribocorrosion and subsequent degradation of the cobalt alloy. These observations regarding the concurrent occurrence of electrochemical and tribological phenomena are vital to further improve the design and performance of taper junctions in similar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanoob Balachandran
- Department Microstructure Physics and Alloy DesignMax‐Planck‐Institut für Eisenforschung GmbHMax‐Planck‐Straße 1Düsseldorf40237Germany
| | - Zita Zachariah
- Department Microstructure Physics and Alloy DesignMax‐Planck‐Institut für Eisenforschung GmbHMax‐Planck‐Straße 1Düsseldorf40237Germany
| | - Alfons Fischer
- Department Microstructure Physics and Alloy DesignMax‐Planck‐Institut für Eisenforschung GmbHMax‐Planck‐Straße 1Düsseldorf40237Germany
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical Center1611 W. Harrison St.ChicagoIL60612USA
| | - David Mayweg
- Department Microstructure Physics and Alloy DesignMax‐Planck‐Institut für Eisenforschung GmbHMax‐Planck‐Straße 1Düsseldorf40237Germany
| | - Markus A. Wimmer
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryRush University Medical Center1611 W. Harrison St.ChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Department Microstructure Physics and Alloy DesignMax‐Planck‐Institut für Eisenforschung GmbHMax‐Planck‐Straße 1Düsseldorf40237Germany
| | - Michael Herbig
- Department Microstructure Physics and Alloy DesignMax‐Planck‐Institut für Eisenforschung GmbHMax‐Planck‐Straße 1Düsseldorf40237Germany
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44
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Lim J, Kasiri G, Sahu R, Schweinar K, Hengge K, Raabe D, La Mantia F, Scheu C. Irreversible Structural Changes of Copper Hexacyanoferrate Used as a Cathode in Zn-Ion Batteries. Chemistry 2020; 26:4917-4922. [PMID: 31782839 PMCID: PMC7187350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The structural changes of copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF), a Prussian blue analogue, which occur when used as a cathode in an aqueous Zn-ion battery, are investigated using electron microscopy techniques. The evolution of Znx Cu1-x HCF phases possessing wire and cubic morphologies from initial CuHCF nanoparticles are monitored after hundreds of cycles. Irreversible introduction of Zn ions to CuHCF is revealed locally using scanning transmission electron microscopy. A substitution mechanism is proposed to explain the increasing Zn content within the cathode material while simultaneously the Cu content is lowered during Zn-ion battery cycling. The present study demonstrates that the irreversible introduction of Zn ions is responsible for the decreasing Zn ion capacity of the CuHCF cathode in high electrolyte concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyun Lim
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ghoncheh Kasiri
- Universität Bremen, Energiespeicher- und Energiewandlersysteme, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Rajib Sahu
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kevin Schweinar
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Hengge
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabio La Mantia
- Universität Bremen, Energiespeicher- und Energiewandlersysteme, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christina Scheu
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
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45
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Abstract
Metallic materials have enabled technological progress over thousands of years. The accelerated demand for structural (that is, load-bearing) alloys in key sectors such as energy, construction, safety and transportation is resulting in predicted production growth rates of up to 200 per cent until 2050. Yet most of these materials require a lot of energy when extracted and manufactured and these processes emit large amounts of greenhouse gases and pollution. Here we review methods of improving the direct sustainability of structural metals, in areas including reduced-carbon-dioxide primary production, recycling, scrap-compatible alloy design, contaminant tolerance of alloys and improved alloy longevity. We discuss the effectiveness and technological readiness of individual measures and also show how novel structural materials enable improved energy efficiency through their reduced mass, higher thermal stability and better mechanical properties than currently available alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - C Cem Tasan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Elsa A Olivetti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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46
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Fabritius-Vilpoux K, Enax J, Herbig M, Raabe D, Fabritius HO. Quantitative affinity parameters of synthetic hydroxyapatite and enamel surfaces in vitro. Bioinspired, Biomimetic and Nanobiomaterials 2019. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.18.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathia Fabritius-Vilpoux
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim Enax
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Herbig
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helge-Otto Fabritius
- Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
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47
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Oh HS, Kim SJ, Odbadrakh K, Ryu WH, Yoon KN, Mu S, Körmann F, Ikeda Y, Tasan CC, Raabe D, Egami T, Park ES. Engineering atomic-level complexity in high-entropy and complex concentrated alloys. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2090. [PMID: 31064988 PMCID: PMC6504951 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative and well-targeted design of modern alloys is extremely challenging due to their immense compositional space. When considering only 50 elements for compositional blending the number of possible alloys is practically infinite, as is the associated unexplored property realm. In this paper, we present a simple property-targeted quantitative design approach for atomic-level complexity in complex concentrated and high-entropy alloys, based on quantum-mechanically derived atomic-level pressure approximation. It allows identification of the best suited element mix for high solid-solution strengthening using the simple electronegativity difference among the constituent elements. This approach can be used for designing alloys with customized properties, such as a simple binary NiV solid solution whose yield strength exceeds that of the Cantor high-entropy alloy by nearly a factor of two. This study provides general design rules that enable effective utilization of atomic level information to reduce the immense degrees of freedom in compositional space without sacrificing physics-related plausibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Seok Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Khorgolkhuu Odbadrakh
- Joint Institute for Computational Sciences, University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37996, USA
- National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, 14201, Mongolia
| | - Wook Ha Ryu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook Noh Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sai Mu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Fritz Körmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Yuji Ikeda
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cemal Cem Tasan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Takeshi Egami
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Eun Soo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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48
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Peng Z, Lu Y, Hatzoglou C, Kwiatkowski da Silva A, Vurpillot F, Ponge D, Raabe D, Gault B. An Automated Computational Approach for Complete In-Plane Compositional Interface Analysis by Atom Probe Tomography. Microsc Microanal 2019; 25:389-400. [PMID: 30722805 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618016112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an efficient, automated computational approach for analyzing interfaces within atom probe tomography datasets, enabling quantitative mapping of their thickness, composition, as well as the Gibbsian interfacial excess of each solute. Detailed evaluation of an experimental dataset indicates that compared with the composition map, the interfacial excess map is more robust and exhibits a relatively higher resolution to reveal compositional variations. By field evaporation simulations with a predefined emitter mimicking the experimental dataset, the impact of trajectory aberrations on the measurement of the thickness, composition, and interfacial excess of the decorated interface are systematically analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Peng
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Yifeng Lu
- Database Systems and Data Mining Group,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München,Oettingenstraße 67, 80538 München,Germany
| | | | - Alisson Kwiatkowski da Silva
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | | | - Dirk Ponge
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design,Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
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49
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Mouton I, Katnagallu S, Makineni SK, Cojocaru-Mirédin O, Schwarz T, Stephenson LT, Raabe D, Gault B. Calibration of Atom Probe Tomography Reconstructions Through Correlation with Electron Micrographs. Microsc Microanal 2019; 25:301-308. [PMID: 30714566 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618016161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although atom probe tomography (APT) reconstructions do not directly influence the local elemental analysis, any structural inferences from APT volumes demand a reliable reconstruction of the point cloud. Accurate estimation of the reconstruction parameters is crucial to obtain reliable spatial scaling. In the current work, a new automated approach of calibrating atom probe reconstructions is developed using only one correlative projection electron microscopy (EM) image. We employed an algorithm that implements a 2D cross-correlation of microstructural features observed in both the APT reconstructions and the corresponding EM image. We apply this protocol to calibrate reconstructions in a Cu(In,Ga)Se2-based semiconductor and in a Co-based superalloy. This work enables us to couple chemical precision to structural information with relative ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Mouton
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Shyam Katnagallu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | | | | | - Torsten Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | | | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
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Mouton I, Breen AJ, Wang S, Chang Y, Szczepaniak A, Kontis P, Stephenson LT, Raabe D, Herbig M, Britton TB, Gault B. Quantification Challenges for Atom Probe Tomography of Hydrogen and Deuterium in Zircaloy-4. Microsc Microanal 2019; 25:481-488. [PMID: 30853034 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761801615x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Analysis and understanding of the role of hydrogen in metals is a significant challenge for the future of materials science, and this is a clear objective of recent work in the atom probe tomography (APT) community. Isotopic marking by deuteration has often been proposed as the preferred route to enable quantification of hydrogen by APT. Zircaloy-4 was charged electrochemically with hydrogen and deuterium under the same conditions to form large hydrides and deuterides. Our results from a Zr hydride and a Zr deuteride highlight the challenges associated with accurate quantification of hydrogen and deuterium, in particular associated with the overlap of peaks at a low mass-to-charge ratio and of hydrogen/deuterium containing molecular ions. We discuss possible ways to ensure that appropriate information is extracted from APT analysis of hydrogen in zirconium alloy systems that are important for nuclear power applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Mouton
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Andrew J Breen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Siyang Wang
- Department of Materials,Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London,London, SW7 2AZ,UK
| | - Yanhong Chang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Agnieszka Szczepaniak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Paraskevas Kontis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Leigh T Stephenson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - Dierk Raabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - M Herbig
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
| | - T Ben Britton
- Department of Materials,Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London,London, SW7 2AZ,UK
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung,Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf,Germany
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