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Zaidner Y, Prévost M, Shahack-Gross R, Weissbrod L, Yeshurun R, Porat N, Guérin G, Mercier N, Galy A, Pécheyran C, Barbotin G, Tribolo C, Valladas H, White D, Timms R, Blockley S, Frumkin A, Gaitero-Santos D, Ilani S, Ben-Haim S, Pedergnana A, Pietraszek AV, García P, Nicosia C, Lagle S, Varoner O, Zeigen C, Langgut D, Crouvi O, Borgel S, Sarig R, May H, Hershkovitz I. Evidence from Tinshemet Cave in Israel suggests behavioural uniformity across Homo groups in the Levantine mid-Middle Palaeolithic circa 130,000-80,000 years ago. Nat Hum Behav 2025; 9:886-901. [PMID: 40069367 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-025-02110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025]
Abstract
The south Levantine mid-Middle Palaeolithic (mid-MP; ~130-80 thousand years ago (ka)) is remarkable for its exceptional evidence of human morphological variability, with contemporaneous fossils of Homo sapiens and Neanderthal-like hominins. Yet, it remains unclear whether these hominins adhered to discrete behavioural sets or whether regional-scale intergroup interactions could have homogenized mid-MP behaviour. Here we report on our discoveries at Tinshemet Cave, Israel. The site yielded articulated Homo remains in association with rich assemblages of ochre, fauna and stone tools dated to ~100 ka. Viewed from the perspective of other key regional sites of this period, our findings indicate consolidation of a uniform behavioural set in the Levantine mid-MP, consisting of similar lithic technology, an increased reliance on large-game hunting and a range of socially elaborated behaviours, comprising intentional human burial and the use of ochre in burial contexts. We suggest that the development of this behavioural uniformity is due to intensified inter-population interactions and admixture between Homo groups ~130-80 ka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Zaidner
- Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Marion Prévost
- Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruth Shahack-Gross
- Department of Maritime Civilizations, Department of Archaeological Sciences, School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, Recanati Institute of Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Reuven Yeshurun
- Zinman Institute of Archaeology and School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naomi Porat
- Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilles Guérin
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, UMR CEA-CNRS-UVSQ 8212 CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Norbert Mercier
- Archéosciences Bordeaux, UMR 6034 CNRS-Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Asmodée Galy
- Archéosciences Bordeaux, UMR 6034 CNRS-Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Pessac Cedex, France
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Pécheyran
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Gaëlle Barbotin
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Chantal Tribolo
- Archéosciences Bordeaux, UMR 6034 CNRS-Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Hélène Valladas
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, UMR CEA-CNRS-UVSQ 8212 CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Dustin White
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Rhys Timms
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Simon Blockley
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Amos Frumkin
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | - Sapir Ben-Haim
- Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Alyssa V Pietraszek
- Department of Maritime Civilizations, School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Pedro García
- Department of Maritime Civilizations, School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Susan Lagle
- Zinman Institute of Archaeology and School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oz Varoner
- Department of Bible, Archaeology and the Ancient Near East, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Chen Zeigen
- Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Dafna Langgut
- Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Ancient Environments, Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Onn Crouvi
- Geological Survey of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sarah Borgel
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rachel Sarig
- Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Oral Biology, Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hila May
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Israel Hershkovitz
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Keeling BA, Quam R, Martínez I, Arsuaga JL, Maroto J. Reassessment of the human mandible from Banyoles (Girona, Spain). J Hum Evol 2023; 174:103291. [PMID: 36493597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of a human mandible in 1887 near the present-day city of Banyoles, northeastern Spain, researchers have generally emphasized its archaic features, including the lack of chin structures, and suggested affinities with the Neandertals or European Middle Pleistocene (Chibanian) specimens. Uranium-series and electron spin resonance dating suggest the mandible dates to the Late Pleistocene (Tarantian), approximately ca. 45-66 ka. In this study, we reassessed the taxonomic affinities of the Banyoles mandible by comparing it to samples of Middle Pleistocene fossils from Africa and Europe, Neandertals, Early and Upper Paleolithic modern humans, and recent modern humans. We evaluated the frequencies and expressions of morphological features and performed a three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis on a virtual reconstruction of Banyoles to capture overall mandibular shape. Our results revealed no derived Neandertal morphological features in Banyoles. While a principal component analysis based on Euclidean distances from the first two principal components clearly grouped Banyoles with both fossil and recent Homo sapiens individuals, an analysis of the Procrustes residuals demonstrated that Banyoles did not fit into any of the comparative groups. The lack of Neandertal features in Banyoles is surprising considering its Late Pleistocene age. A consideration of the Middle Pleistocene fossil record in Europe and southwest Asia suggests that Banyoles is unlikely to represent a late-surviving Middle Pleistocene population. The lack of chin structures also complicates an assignment to H. sapiens, although early fossil H. sapiens do show somewhat variable development of the chin structures. Thus, Banyoles represents a non-Neandertal Late Pleistocene European individual and highlights the continuing signal of diversity in the hominin fossil record. The present situation makes Banyoles a prime candidate for ancient DNA or proteomic analyses, which may shed additional light on its taxonomic affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Keeling
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, SUNY, New York, USA.
| | - Rolf Quam
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, SUNY, New York, USA; Centro UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain; Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA; Cátedra de Otoacústica Evolutiva y Paleoantropología (HM Hospitales-Universidad de Alcalá), Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martínez
- Cátedra de Otoacústica Evolutiva y Paleoantropología (HM Hospitales-Universidad de Alcalá), Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Francisco Javier Muñiz, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Calle Paraguay 2155, Primer piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1121, Argentina
| | - Juan Luis Arsuaga
- Centro UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julià Maroto
- Grup d'Arqueologia i Prehistòria, Universitat de Girona, pl. Ferrater Mora, 1, 17071 Girona, Spain
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Gatto L, Di Nunno V, Franceschi E, Tosoni A, Bartolini S, Brandes AA. Pharmacotherapeutic Treatment of Glioblastoma: Where Are We to Date? Drugs 2022; 82:491-510. [PMID: 35397073 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The clinical management of glioblastoma (GBM) is still bereft of treatments able to significantly improve the poor prognosis of the disease. Despite the extreme clinical need for novel therapeutic drugs, only a small percentage of patients with GBM benefit from inclusion in a clinical trial. Moreover, often clinical studies do not lead to final interpretable conclusions. From the mistakes and negative results obtained in the last years, we are now able to plan a novel generation of clinical studies for patients with GBM, allowing the testing of multiple anticancer agents at the same time. This assumes critical importance, considering that, thanks to improved knowledge of altered molecular mechanisms related to the disease, we are now able to propose several potential effective compounds in patients with both newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM. Among the novel compounds assessed, the initially great enthusiasm toward trials employing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) was disappointing due to the negative results that emerged in three randomized phase III trials. However, novel biological insights into the disease suggest that immunotherapy can be a convincing and effective treatment in GBM even if ICIs failed to prolong the survival of these patients. In this regard, the most promising approach consists of engineered immune cells such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T, CAR M, and CAR NK alone or in combination with other treatments. In this review, we discuss several issues related to systemic treatments in GBM patients. First, we assess critical issues toward the planning of clinical trials and the strategies employed to overcome these obstacles. We then move on to the most relevant interventional studies carried out on patients with previously untreated (newly diagnosed) GBM and those with recurrent and pretreated disease. Finally, we investigate novel immunotherapeutic approaches with special emphasis on preclinical and clinical data related to the administration of engineered immune cells in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gatto
- Department of Oncology, AUSL Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Franceschi
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Via Altura 3, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alicia Tosoni
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Via Altura 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Bartolini
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Via Altura 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alba Ariela Brandes
- Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Via Altura 3, Bologna, Italy
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