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Bradley-Cronkwright M, Moore S, Hou L, Cote S, Rolian C. Impact of hindlimb length variation on jumping dynamics in the Longshanks mouse. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246808. [PMID: 38634230 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Distantly related mammals (e.g. jerboa, tarsiers, kangaroos) have convergently evolved elongated hindlimbs relative to body size. Limb elongation is hypothesized to make these species more effective jumpers by increasing their kinetic energy output (through greater forces or acceleration distances), thereby increasing take-off velocity and jump distance. This hypothesis, however, has rarely been tested at the population level, where natural selection operates. We examined the relationship between limb length, muscular traits and dynamics using Longshanks mice, which were selectively bred over 22 generations for longer tibiae. Longshanks mice have approximately 15% longer tibiae and 10% longer femora compared with random-bred Control mice from the same genetic background. We collected in vivo measures of locomotor kinematics and force production, in combination with behavioral data and muscle morphology, to examine how changes in bone and muscle structure observed in Longshanks mice affect their hindlimb dynamics during jumping and clambering. Longshanks mice achieved higher mean and maximum lunge-jump heights than Control mice. When jumping to a standardized height (14 cm), Longshanks mice had lower maximum ground reaction forces, prolonged contact times and greater impulses, without significant differences in average force, power or whole-body velocity. While Longshanks mice have longer plantarflexor muscle bodies and tendons than Control mice, there were no consistent differences in muscular cross-sectional area or overall muscle volume; improved lunge-jumping performance in Longshanks mice is not accomplished by simply possessing larger muscles. Independent of other morphological or behavioral changes, our results point to the benefit of longer hindlimbs for performing dynamic locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Moore
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Lily Hou
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - Susanne Cote
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - Campbell Rolian
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4N1
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0C7
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Lazarte MDLÁ, Manzano A, Sanchez RS, Abdala V. Ontogeny of the meniscus in the anuran Xenopus laevis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:457-469. [PMID: 36089759 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The anuran knee joint is subjected to the jump, one of the tetrapods' most demanding mechanical stresses. Consistent with this continuous effort, the knee of the anurans has a complex structure comparable to that of an amniote. Here, we describe the ontogeny of the Xenopus knee tissues and study the morphogenesis of the knee joint shape by performing a geometric morphometric analysis of specially selected anatomical structures: the menisci and the long bone epiphyses. A meniscus is a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure, with a triangular cross-section inserted between joints surfaces. A meniscus transmits load across the tibiofemoral joint by increasing congruity of the long bone epiphysis and decreasing the resulting stress exerted on the articular cartilage. We ask two questions: (1) what is the tissue composition along the ontogeny of the menisci of a swimming frog? (2) How do the menisci acquire the shape that will allow their adjustment? We studied the structures and tissue ontogeny of the knee of several specimens of Xenopus laevis and evaluated the congruity of the knee structures across the species ontogeny. Histological sections showed that the cavitation process responsible for separating the menisci and the epiphyses seems to be pivotal in shaping the conformity of these structures and the long bone epiphyses of the hindlimbs. The geometric morphometric analysis allowed us to interpret three phases of differentiation associated with limb functionality. The characteristic shape of the meniscus appears early in the ontogeny of the knee, simultaneously with the epiphysis contours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Manzano
- Centro de Investigación Científica y Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción (CICYTTP) CONICET, Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Cátedra de Embriología y Anatomía Animal, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología (FCyT-UADER), Oro Verde, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Romel S Sanchez
- Cátedra de Biología General, Facultad de Cs. Naturales e IML, UNT, Tucumán, Argentina
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO) CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, Tucumán, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Departamento Biomédico-Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UNT, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical (IBN), UNT-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología General, Facultad de Cs. Naturales e IML, UNT, Tucumán, Argentina
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Lewton KL, Cardenas EE, Cruz D, Morales J, Patel BA. Bone volume in the distal calcaneus correlates with body size but not leap frequency in galagids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:27-38. [PMID: 36787780 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primate leap performance varies with body size, where performance will be optimized in lightweight individuals due to the inverse relationship between force generation and body mass. With all other factors equal, it is less energetically costly to swing a light hindlimb than a heavier hindlimb. Previous work on the calcaneus of galagids hypothesized that bone volume in leaping galagids may be minimized to decrease overall hindlimb mass. We predict that (1) lighter taxa will exhibit relatively less calcaneal bone volume than heavier taxa, and (2) taxa that are high-frequency leapers will exhibit relatively less bone volume than lower frequency leapers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relationships among bone volume, body size, and leap frequency (high vs. low) were examined in a sample of 51 individuals from four genera of galagids (Euoticus, Galago, Galagoides, and Otolemur) that differ in the percentage of time engaged in leaping locomotion. Using μCT scans of calcanei, we quantified relative bone volume (BV/TV) of the distal calcaneal segment and predicted that it would vary with body size and frequency of leaping locomotion. RESULTS Phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) regression models indicate that body size, but not leaping frequency, affects BV/TV in the distal calcaneus. Relative bone volume increases with body size, supporting our first hypothesis. DISCUSSION These results support previous work demonstrating a positive correlation between BV/TV and body size. With some exceptions, small galagids tend to have less BV/TV than larger galagids. Leaping frequency does not relate to BV/TV in this sample; larger taxonomic and/or behavioral sampling may provide additional insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Lewton
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emily-Elizabeth Cardenas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniela Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jocelyn Morales
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Biren A Patel
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Lower Levels of Vestibular Developmental Stability in Slow-Moving than Fast-Moving Primates. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13122305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The vestibular system of the mammalian inner ear senses angular and linear velocity of the head and enables animals to maintain their balance. Vestibular anatomy has been studied extensively in order to link its structure to particular kinds of locomotion. Available evidence indicates that, in primates, slow-moving species show higher levels of vestibular variation than fast-moving taxa. We analysed intraspecific morphological variation and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) levels in the semicircular canal systems of six species of lorisiform primates: three slow-moving lorisids and three fast-moving galagids. Our results showed clear differences in levels of intraspecific variation between slow-moving and fast-moving taxa. Higher levels of variation were responsible for deviations from coplanarity for synergistic pairs of canals in slower taxa. Lorisids also presented higher levels of FA than galagids. FA is a better indicator of agility than intraspecific variation. These results suggest that in order to function efficiently in fast taxa, semicircular canal systems must develop as symmetrically as possible, and should minimise the deviation from coplanarity for synergistic pairs. Higher levels of variation and asymmetry in slow-moving taxa may be related to lower levels of stabilising selection on the vestibular system, linked to a lower demand for rapid postural changes.
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Jumping with adhesion: landing surface incline alters impact force and body kinematics in crested geckos. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23043. [PMID: 34845262 PMCID: PMC8630229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboreal habitats are characterized by a complex three-dimensional array of branches that vary in numerous characteristics, including incline, compliance, roughness, and diameter. Gaps must often be crossed, and this is frequently accomplished by leaping. Geckos bearing an adhesive system often jump in arboreal habitats, although few studies have examined their jumping biomechanics. We investigated the biomechanics of landing on smooth surfaces in crested geckos, Correlophus ciliatus, asking whether the incline of the landing platform alters impact forces and mid-air body movements. Using high-speed videography, we examined jumps from a horizontal take-off platform to horizontal, 45° and 90° landing platforms. Take-off velocity was greatest when geckos were jumping to a horizontal platform. Geckos did not modulate their body orientation in the air. Body curvature during landing, and landing duration, were greatest on the vertical platform. Together, these significantly reduced the impact force on the vertical platform. When landing on a smooth vertical surface, the geckos must engage the adhesive system to prevent slipping and falling. In contrast, landing on a horizontal surface requires no adhesion, but incurs high impact forces. Despite a lack of mid-air modulation, geckos appear robust to changing landing conditions.
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Clark J, Clark C, Higham TE. Tail Control Enhances Gliding in Arboreal Lizards: An Integrative Study Using a 3D Geometric Model and Numerical Simulation. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:579-588. [PMID: 34009342 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to glide through an arboreal habitat has been acquired by several mammals, amphibians, snakes, lizards, and even invertebrates. Lizards of the genus Draco possess specialized morphological structures for gliding, including a patagium, throat lappets, and modified hindlimbs. Despite being among the most specialized reptilian gliders, it is currently unknown how Draco is able to maneuver effectively during flight. Here, we present a new computational method for characterizing the role of tail control on Draco glide distance and stability. We first modeled Draco flight dynamics as a function of gravitational, lift, and drag forces. Lift and drag estimates were derived from wind tunnel experiments of 3D printed models based on photos of Draco during gliding. Initial modeling leveraged the known mass and planar surface area of the Draco to estimate lift and drag coefficients. We developed a simplified, 3D simulation for Draco gliding, calculating longitudinal and lateral position and a pitch angle of the lizard with respect to a cartesian coordinate frame. We used PID control to model the lizards' tail adjustment to maintain an angle of attack. Our model suggests an active tail improves both glide distance and stability in Draco. These results provide insight toward the biomechanics of Draco; however, future in vivo studies are needed to provide a complete picture for gliding mechanics of this genus. Our approach enables the replication and modification of existing gliders to better understand their performance and mechanics. This can be applied to extinct species, but also as a way of exploring the biomimetic potential of different morphological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaden Clark
- Department of Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher Clark
- Department of Engineering, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Timothy E Higham
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Parslew B, Sivalingam G, Crowther W. A dynamics and stability framework for avian jumping take-off. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:181544. [PMID: 30473867 PMCID: PMC6227979 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Jumping take-off in birds is an explosive behaviour with the goal of providing a rapid transition from ground to airborne locomotion. An effective jump is predicated on the need to maintain dynamic stability through the acceleration phase. The present study concerns understanding how birds retain control of body attitude and trajectory during take-off. Cursory observation suggests that stability is achieved with relatively little cost. However, analysis of the problem shows that the stability margins during jumping are actually very small and that stability considerations play a significant role in the selection of appropriate jumping kinematics. We use theoretical models to understand stability in prehensile take-off (from a perch) and also in non-prehensile take-off (from the ground). The primary instability is tipping, defined as rotation of the centre of gravity about the ground contact point. Tipping occurs when the centre of pressure falls outside the functional foot. A contribution of the paper is the development of graphical tipping stability margins for both centre of gravity location and acceleration angle. We show that the nose-up angular acceleration extends stability bounds forward and is hence helpful in achieving shallow take-offs. The stability margins are used to interrogate simulated take-offs of real birds using published experimental kinematic data from a guinea fowl (ground take-off) and a diamond dove (perch take-off). For the guinea fowl, the initial part of the jump is stable; however, simulations exhibit a stuttering instability not observed experimentally that is probably due to the absence of compliance in the idealized joints. The diamond dove model confirms that the foot provides an active torque reaction during take-off, extending the range of stable jump angles by around 45°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Parslew
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Energy and time optimal trajectories in exploratory jumps of the spider Phidippus regius. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7142. [PMID: 29739977 PMCID: PMC5940701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Jumping spiders are proficient jumpers that use jumps in a variety of behavioural contexts. We use high speed, high resolution video to measure the kinematics of a single regal jumping spider for a total of 15 different tasks based on a horizontal gap of 2–5 body lengths and vertical gap of +/−2 body lengths. For short range jumps, we show that low angled trajectories are used that minimise flight time. For longer jumps, take-off angles are steeper and closer to the optimum for minimum energy cost of transport. Comparison of jump performance against other arthropods shows that Phidippus regius is firmly in the group of animals that use dynamic muscle contraction for actuation as opposed to a stored energy catapult system. We find that the jump power requirements can be met from the estimated mass of leg muscle; hydraulic augmentation may be present but appears not to be energetically essential.
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Kienapfel K, Preuschoft H, Wulf A, Wagner H. The biomechanical construction of the horse's body and activity patterns of three important muscles of the trunk in the walk, trot and canter. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e818-e827. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kienapfel
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity; Ruhr University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - H. Preuschoft
- Anatomical Institute; Ruhr University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - A. Wulf
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Science; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - H. Wagner
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Science; University of Münster; Münster Germany
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10
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Richards CT, Porro LB, Collings AJ. Kinematic control of extreme jump angles in the red leg running frog (Kassina maculata). J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1894-1904. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.144279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The kinematic flexibility of frog hindlimbs enables multiple locomotor modes within a single species. Prior work has extensively explored maximum performance capacity in frogs; however, the mechanisms by which anurans modulate performance within locomotor modes remain unclear. We explored how Kassina maculata, a species known for both running and jumping abilities, modulates takeoff angle from horizontal to nearly vertical. Specifically, how do 3D motions of leg segments coordinate to move the center of mass (COM) upwards and forwards? How do joint rotations modulate jump angle? High-speed video was used to quantify 3D joint angles and their respective rotation axis vectors. Inverse kinematics was used to determine how hip, knee and ankle rotations contribute to components of COM motion. Independent of takeoff angle, leg segment retraction (rearward rotation) was twofold greater than adduction (downward rotation). Additionally, the joint rotation axis vectors reoriented through time suggesting dynamic shifts in relative roles of joints. We found two hypothetical mechanisms for increasing takeoff angle: Firstly, greater knee and ankle excursion increased shank adduction, elevating the COM. Secondly, during the steepest jumps the body rotated rapidly backwards to redirect the COM velocity. This rotation was not caused by pelvic angle extension, but rather by kinematic transmission from leg segments via reorientation of the joint rotation axes. We propose that K. maculata uses proximal leg retraction as the principal kinematic drive while dynamically tuning jump trajectory by knee and ankle joint modulation.
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11
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Dececchi TA, Larsson HC, Habib MB. The wings before the bird: an evaluation of flapping-based locomotory hypotheses in bird antecedents. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2159. [PMID: 27441115 PMCID: PMC4941780 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Powered flight is implicated as a major driver for the success of birds. Here we examine the effectiveness of three hypothesized pathways for the evolution of the flight stroke, the forelimb motion that powers aerial locomotion, in a terrestrial setting across a range of stem and basal avians: flap running, Wing Assisted Incline Running (WAIR), and wing-assisted leaping. METHODS Using biomechanical mathematical models based on known aerodynamic principals and in vivo experiments and ground truthed using extant avians we seek to test if an incipient flight stroke may have contributed sufficient force to permit flap running, WAIR, or leaping takeoff along the phylogenetic lineage from Coelurosauria to birds. RESULTS None of these behaviours were found to meet the biomechanical threshold requirements before Paraves. Neither was there a continuous trend of refinement for any of these biomechanical performances across phylogeny nor a signal of universal applicability near the origin of birds. None of these flap-based locomotory models appear to have been a major influence on pre-flight character acquisition such as pennaceous feathers, suggesting non-locomotory behaviours, and less stringent locomotory behaviours such as balancing and braking, played a role in the evolution of the maniraptoran wing and nascent flight stroke. We find no support for widespread prevalence of WAIR in non-avian theropods, but can't reject its presence in large winged, small-bodied taxa like Microraptor and Archaeopteryx. DISCUSSION Using our first principles approach we find that "near flight" locomotor behaviors are most sensitive to wing area, and that non-locomotory related selection regimes likely expanded wing area well before WAIR and other such behaviors were possible in derived avians. These results suggest that investigations of the drivers for wing expansion and feather elongation in theropods need not be intrinsically linked to locomotory adaptations, and this separation is critical for our understanding of the origin of powered flight and avian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael B. Habib
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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12
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Bijma NN, Gorb SN, Kleinteich T. Landing on branches in the frog Trachycephalus resinifictrix (Anura: Hylidae). J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2016; 202:267-76. [PMID: 26803830 PMCID: PMC4819504 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-016-1069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) are famous for their saltatory or hopping locomotion, which is related to numerous anatomical specialisations that are characteristic for the group. However, while the biomechanics of take-off in frogs have been studied in detail, much less is known on how frogs land after a jump. Besides terrestrial and aquatic species, several lineages of frogs adopted an arboreal lifestyle and especially the biomechanics of landing on challenging, small, and unpredictable substrates, such as leaves or branches, are virtually unknown. Here we studied the landing kinematics of the arboreal frog Trachycephalus resinifictrix (Hylidae) on a wooden stick that was used to mimic a small tree branch. We observed two different landing behaviours: (1) landing on the abdomen and (2) attachment with the toes of either the forelimb or the hindlimb. In the latter case, the frogs performed a cartwheel around the stick, while they were only attached by their adhesive toe pads. We estimated the forces that act on the toes during this behaviour to be up to fourteen times the body weight of the animals. This behaviour demonstrates the remarkable adhesive capabilities of the toe pads and the body control of the frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke N Bijma
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Kleinteich
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
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13
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Comparative sacral morphology and the reconstructed tail lengths of five extinct primates: Proconsul heseloni, Epipliopithecus vindobonensis, Archaeolemur edwardsi, Megaladapis grandidieri, and Palaeopropithecus kelyus. J Hum Evol 2016; 90:135-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Legreneur P, Bels V, Monteil K, Laurin M. Movement in a gravitational field: The question of limb interarticular coordination in terrestrial vertebrates. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2013; 36:49. [PMID: 23677448 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2013-13049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrated that interarticular coordination of terrestrial tetrapods emerges from an environment highly constrained by friction and the gravitational field. We briefly review recent works on the jumping behavior in squamates, lemurs and amphibians. We then explore previously published work as well as some unpublished experimental data on human jumping. Finally, we end by inferring locomotion in some of the first limbed vertebrates using a simulation procedure. All these data show that despite changes in shape, structure, and motor controls of taxa, the same spatio-temporal sequence of joint displacements always occurs when the movement is executed in a terrestrial environment. Comparison with aquatic locomotion argues for the hypothesis that this pattern emerged in early terrestrial tetrapods as a response to the gravitational constraint and the terrestrial frictional environment.
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15
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TOJIMA SAYAKA. Tail length estimation from sacrocaudal skeletal morphology in catarrhines. ANTHROPOL SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.120813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SAYAKA TOJIMA
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto
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16
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Aguilar J, Lesov A, Wiesenfeld K, Goldman DI. Lift-off dynamics in a simple jumping robot. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:174301. [PMID: 23215192 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.174301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We study vertical jumping in a simple robot comprising an actuated mass-spring arrangement. The actuator frequency and phase are systematically varied to find optimal performance. Optimal jumps occur above and below (but not at) the robot's resonant frequency f(0). Two distinct jumping modes emerge: a simple jump, which is optimal above ff(0), is achievable with a squat maneuver, and a peculiar stutter jump, which is optimal below f(0), is generated with a countermovement. A simple dynamical model reveals how optimal lift-off results from nonresonant transient dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Aguilar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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Libby T, Moore TY, Chang-Siu E, Li D, Cohen DJ, Jusufi A, Full RJ. Tail-assisted pitch control in lizards, robots and dinosaurs. Nature 2012; 481:181-4. [PMID: 22217942 DOI: 10.1038/nature10710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jusufi A, Zeng Y, Full RJ, Dudley R. Aerial Righting Reflexes in Flightless Animals. Integr Comp Biol 2011; 51:937-43. [PMID: 21930662 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icr114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ardian Jusufi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA.
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Russo GA, Shapiro LJ. Morphological correlates of tail length in the catarrhine sacrum. J Hum Evol 2011; 61:223-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Legreneur P, Monteil KM, Pellé E, Montuelle S, Bels V. Submaximal leaping in the grey mouse lemur. ZOOLOGY 2011; 114:247-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Channon AJ, Usherwood JR, Crompton RH, Günther MM, Vereecke EE. The extraordinary athletic performance of leaping gibbons. Biol Lett 2011; 8:46-9. [PMID: 21831879 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The distance that animals leap depends on their take-off angle and velocity. The velocity is generated solely by mechanical work during the push-off phase of standing-start leaps. Gibbons are capable of exceptional leaping performance, crossing gaps in the forest canopy exceeding 10 m, yet possess none of the adaptations possessed by specialist leapers synonymous with maximizing mechanical work. To understand this impressive performance, we recorded leaps of the gibbons exceeding 3.7 m. Gibbons perform more mass-specific work (35.4 J kg(-1)) than reported for any other species to date, accelerating to 8.3 ms(-1) in a single movement and redefining our estimates of work performance by animals. This energy (enough for a 3.5 m vertical leap) is 60 per cent higher than that achieved by galagos, which are renowned for their remarkable leaping performance. The gibbons' unusual morphology facilitates a division of labour among the hind limbs, forelimbs and trunk, resulting in modest power requirements compared with more specialized leapers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Channon
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology II, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Legreneur P, Thévenet FR, Libourel PA, Monteil KM, Montuelle S, Pouydebat E, Bels V. Hindlimb interarticular coordinations in Microcebus murinus in maximal leaping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:1320-7. [PMID: 20348344 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.041079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of coordinations of the hindlimb joints in the world's smallest living primate (Microcebus murinus). The sequencing and timing of joint rotations have been analyzed in five adult males performing maximal leaping from a take-off immobile platform to their own wooden nest. Angular kinematics of hip, knee, angle and metatarso-phalangeal (MT) joints were deduced from high-speed X-ray films in the sagittal plane of the animals. The body mass center (BMC) of the lemurs was assimilated to their iliac crest. The maximal airborne performance of the lemurs was 0.33+/-0.04 m, which represented 2.55+/-0.36 times their snout-vent length. Take-off instant occurred 72+/-7 ms after the start of the push-off, with a BMC velocity of 3.23+/-0.48 m s(-1), oriented 55+/-14 deg. with the horizontal plane. The kinematic analysis of the joints and musculo-tendon architecture of the M. murinus plantar flexors pointed out mechanical power amplifier mechanisms (i.e. stretch-shortening cycle of hindlimb muscles and proximo-to-distal sequence).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Legreneur
- EA 647, CRIS, Université de Lyon, 27-29 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Scarfogliero U, Stefanini C, Dario P. Design and Development of the Long-Jumping "Grillo" Mini Robot. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1109/robot.2007.363830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lemelin P, Jungers WL. Body size and scaling of the hands and feet of prosimian primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2007; 133:828-40. [PMID: 17340639 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hands and feet of primates fulfill a variety of biological roles linked with food acquisition and positional behavior. Current explanations of shape differences in cheiridial morphology among prosimians are closely tied to body size differences. Although numerous studies have examined the relationships between body mass and limb morphology in prosimians, no scaling analysis has specifically considered hand and foot dimensions and intrinsic proportions. In this study, we present such an analysis for a sample of 270 skeletal specimens distributed over eight prosimian families. The degree of association between size and shape was assessed using nonparametric correlational techniques, while the relationship between each ray element length and body mass (from published data and a body mass surrogate) was tested for allometric scaling. Since tarsiers and strepsirrhines encompass many taxa of varying degrees of phylogenetic relatedness, effective degrees of freedom were calculated, and comparisons between families were performed to partially address the problem of statistical nonindependence and "phylogenetic inertia." Correlational analyses indicate negative allometry between relative phalangeal length (as reflected by phalangeal indices) and body mass, except for the pollex and hallux. Thus, as size increases, there is a significant decrease in the relative length of the digits when considering all prosimian taxa sampled. Regression analyses show that while the digital portion of the rays scales isometrically with body mass, the palmar/plantar portion of the rays often scales with positive allometry. Some but not all of these broadly interspecific allometric patterns remain statistically significant when effective degrees of freedom are taken into account. As is often the case in interspecific scaling, comparisons within families show different scaling trends in the cheiridia than those seen across families (i.e., lorisids, indriids, and lemurids exhibit rather different allometries). The interspecific pattern of positive allometry that appears to best characterize the metapodials of prosimians, especially those of the foot, parallels differences found in the morphology of the volar skin. Indeed, relatively longer metapodials appear to covary with flatter and more coalesced volar pads, which in turn slightly improve frictional force for animals that are at a comparative disadvantage while climbing because of their larger mass. Despite the essentially isometric relationship found between digit length and body mass across prosimians, examination of the residual variation reveals that tarsiers and Daubentonia possess, relative to their body sizes, remarkably long fingers. Such marked departures between body size and finger length observed in these particular primates are closely linked with specialized modes of prey acquisition and manipulation involving the hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lemelin
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7.
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