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Wang W, Wei X, Zhu Z, Wu L, Zhu Q, Arbab S, Wang C, Bai Y, Wang Q, Zhang J. Tn3-like structures co-harboring of bla CTX-M-65, bla TEM-1 and bla OXA-10 in the plasmids of two Escherichia coli ST1508 strains originating from dairy cattle in China. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:279. [PMID: 38110972 PMCID: PMC10729465 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the level of horizontal transmission of the blaCTX-M-65 gene and the role of its associated mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the bovine-derived Escherichia coli. After PCR identification, two plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-65 were successfully transferred to the recipient E. coli J53 Azr through conjugation assays and subsequently selected for Whole-Genome sequencing (WGS) analysis. The resistance profiles of these two positive strains and their transconjugants were also determined through antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Whole genome data were acquired using both the PacBio sequencing platform and the Illumina data platform. The annotated results were then submitted to the Genbank database for accession number recording. For comparison, the genetic environment of plasmids carrying the resistance gene blaCTX-M-65 was mapped using the Easyfig software. WGS analysis revealed Tn3-like composite transposons bearing blaCTX-M-65, blaTEM-1, and blaOXA-10 in the IncHI2-type plasmids of these two E. coli ST1508 strains. A phylogenetic tree was generated from all 48 assembled E. coli isolates blaCTX-M-65, blaTEM-1, and blaOXA-10 from the NCBI Pathogen Detection database with our two isolates, showing the relationships and the contribution of SNPs to the diversity between genetic samples. This study suggests that the transmissibility of blaCTX-M-65 on Tn3-like composite transposons contributes to an increased risk of its transmission in E. coli derived from dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei Province, 056038, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei Province, 056038, People's Republic of China
| | - Safia Arbab
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengye Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei Province, 056038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubin Bai
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicines, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China.
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730050, People's Republic of China.
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Wang Y, He J, Sun L, Jiang Y, Hu L, Leptihn S, Zhu P, Fu X, Yu Y, Hua X. IS26 mediated bla CTX-M-65 amplification in Escherichia coli increase the antibiotic resistance to cephalosporin in vivo. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 35:202-209. [PMID: 37802302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize two Escherichia coli strains isolated from a patient pre- and post-treatment, using β-lactams and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations (BLBLIs). METHODS A combination of antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) with whole genome sequencing using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore platforms. Long-read sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were performed to determine the copy numbers and expression levels of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), respectively. Effect on fitness costs were assessed by growth rate determination. RESULTS The strain obtained from the patient after the antibiotic treatment (XH989) exhibited higher resistance to cefepime, BLBLIs and quinolones compared with the pre-treatment strain (XH987). Sequencing revealed IS26-mediated duplications of a IS26-fosA3-blaCTX-M-65 plasmid-embedded element in strain XH989. Long-read sequencing (7.4 G data volume) indicated a variation in copy numbers of blaCTX-M-65 within one single culture of strain XH989. Increased copy numbers of the IS26-fosA3-blaCTX-M-65 element were correlated with higher CTX-M-65 expression level and did not impose fitness costs, while facilitating faster growth under high antibiotic concentrations. CONCLUSION Our study is an example from the clinic how BLBLIs and β-lactams exposure in vivo possibly promoted the amplification of an IS26-multiple drug resistance (MDR) region. The observation of a copy number variation seen with the blaCTX-M-65 gene in the plasmid of the post-treatment strain expands our knowledge of insertion sequence dynamics and evolution during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jintao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Women's Hospital, Hangzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hangzhou General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany; University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Qingdao Single-Cell Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoting Fu
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China; Qingdao Single-Cell Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yunsong Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Hua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Regional Medical Center for National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Research Center of Future Digital Healthcare, Hangzhou, China.
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Peng K, Li Y, Wang Q, Yang P, Wang Z, Li R. Integrative conjugative elements mediate the high prevalence of tmexCD3-toprJ1b in Proteus spp. of animal source. mSystems 2023; 8:e0042923. [PMID: 37707055 PMCID: PMC10654056 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00429-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The emergence and spread of tmexCD-toprJ have greatly weakened the function of tigecycline. Although studies have demonstrated the significance of Proteus as carriers for tmexCD-toprJ, the epidemic mechanism and characteristics of tmexCD-toprJ in Proteus remain unclear. Herein, we deciphered that the umuC gene in VRIII of SXT/R391 ICEs was a hotspot for the integration of tmexCD3-toprJ1b-bearing mobile genetic elements by genomic analysis. The mobilization and dissemination of tmexCD3-toprJ1b in Proteus were mediated by highly prevalent ICEs. Furthermore, the co-occurrence of tmexCD3-toprJ1b-bearing ICEs with other chromosomally encoded multidrug resistance gene islands warned that the chromosomes of Proteus are significant reservoirs of ARGs. Overall, our results provide significant insights for the prevention and control of tmexCD3-toprJ1b in Proteus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Peng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangfan Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaojun Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengbin Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruichao Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Li Y, Peng K, Wang Q, Xiao X, Li R, Wang Z. Characterization of a cfr-bearing integrative and conjugative element in Proteus cibarius coharbouring tet(X6) on the chromosome. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:2597-2599. [PMID: 37452733 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Peng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaojun Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Xiao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruichao Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Loras C, Pérez-Vázquez M, González Prieto A, Oteo-Iglesias J, Alós JI. Prevalence of fosA3 Gene in Fosfomycin-Resistant Proteus mirabilis in the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Spain) and Characterization of Two Positive Strains. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:444-447. [PMID: 37023411 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2022.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmid-mediated resistance to fosfomycin has been seldom described in Proteus mirabilis. We report two strains harboring fosA3 gene. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a plasmid that encoded fosA3 gene flanked by two insertion sequence (IS)26 mobile elements. Both strains also produced the blaCTX-M-65 gene that was located in the same plasmid. The sequence detected was IS1182-blaCTX-M-65-orf1-orf2-IS26-IS26-fosA3-orf1-orf2-orf3-IS26. The importance of this transposon lies in its ability to spread in Enterobacterales, therefore, epidemiological surveillance should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Loras
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Spain
| | - María Pérez-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Resistencia a Antibióticos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, ISCIII, Majadahonda, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Oteo-Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Resistencia a Antibióticos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, ISCIII, Majadahonda, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Ignacio Alós
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Spain
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Li Y, Yin M, Fang C, Fu Y, Dai X, Zeng W, Zhang L. Genetic analysis of resistance and virulence characteristics of clinical multidrug-resistant Proteus mirabilis isolates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1229194. [PMID: 37637463 PMCID: PMC10457174 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1229194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Proteus mirabilis is the one of most important pathogens of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. mirabilis severely limits antibiotic treatments, which poses a public health risk. This study aims to investigate the resistance characteristics and virulence potential for a collection of P. mirabilis clinical isolates. Methods and results Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed fourteen MDR strains, which showed high resistance to most β-lactams and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and a lesser extent to quinolones. All the MDR strains were sensitive to carbapenems (except imipenem), ceftazidime, and amikacin, and most of them were also sensitive to aminoglycosides. The obtained MDR isolates were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq. The core genome-based phylogenetic tree reveals the high genetic diversity of these MDR P. mirabilis isolates and highlights the possibility of clonal spread of them across China. Mobile genetic elements SXT/R391 ICEs were commonly (10/14) detected in these MDR P. mirabilis strains, whereas the presence of resistance island PmGRI1 and plasmid was sporadic. All ICEs except for ICEPmiChn31006 carried abundant antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the HS4 region, including the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene blaCTX-M-65. ICEPmiChn31006 contained the sole ARG blaCMY-2 and was nearly identical to the global epidemic ICEPmiJpn1. The findings highlight the important roles of ICEs in mediating the spread of ARGs in P. mirabilis strains. Additionally, these MDR P. mirabilis strains have great virulence potential as they exhibited significant virulence-related phenotypes including strong crystalline biofilm, hemolysis, urease production, and robust swarming motility, and harbored abundant virulence genes. Conclusion In conclusion, the prevalence of MDR P. mirabilis with high virulence potential poses an urgent threat to public health. Intensive monitoring is needed to reduce the incidence of infections by MDR P. mirabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Yin
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengju Fang
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Fu
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Dai
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Hejiang People’s hospital, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Luhua Zhang
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Mattioni Marchetti V, Hrabak J, Bitar I. Fosfomycin resistance mechanisms in Enterobacterales: an increasing threat. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1178547. [PMID: 37469601 PMCID: PMC10352792 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1178547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is well-known to be a global health and development threat. Due to the decrease of effective antimicrobials, re-evaluation in clinical practice of old antibiotics, as fosfomycin (FOS), have been necessary. FOS is a phosphonic acid derivate that regained interest in clinical practice for the treatment of complicated infection by multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Globally, FOS resistant Gram-negative pathogens are raising, affecting the public health, and compromising the use of the antibiotic. In particular, the increased prevalence of FOS resistance (FOSR) profiles among Enterobacterales family is concerning. Decrease in FOS effectiveness can be caused by i) alteration of FOS influx inside bacterial cell or ii) acquiring antimicrobial resistance genes. In this review, we investigate the main components implicated in FOS flow and report specific mutations that affect FOS influx inside bacterial cell and, thus, its effectiveness. FosA enzymes were identified in 1980 from Serratia marcescens but only in recent years the scientific community has started studying their spread. We summarize the global epidemiology of FosA/C2/L1-2 enzymes among Enterobacterales family. To date, 11 different variants of FosA have been reported globally. Among acquired mechanisms, FosA3 is the most spread variant in Enterobacterales, followed by FosA7 and FosA5. Based on recently published studies, we clarify and represent the molecular and genetic composition of fosA/C2 genes enviroment, analyzing the mechanisms by which such genes are slowly transmitting in emerging and high-risk clones, such as E. coli ST69 and ST131, and K. pneumoniae ST11. FOS is indicated as first line option against uncomplicated urinary tract infections and shows remarkable qualities in combination with other antibiotics. A rapid and accurate identification of FOSR type in Enterobacterales is difficult to achieve due to the lack of commercial phenotypic susceptibility tests and of rapid systems for MIC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Mattioni Marchetti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- Unit of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jaroslav Hrabak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
| | - Ibrahim Bitar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
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Ma S, Shen J, Xu Y, Ding P, Gao X, Pan Y, Wu H, Hu G, He D. Epidemic characteristics of the SXT/R391 integrated conjugative elements in multidrug-resistant Proteus mirabilis isolated from chicken farm. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102640. [PMID: 37068352 PMCID: PMC10130350 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to depict prevalence and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) strains in 4 chicken farms and to probe the transfer mechanism of resistance genes. A total of 187 P. mirabilis isolates were isolated from 4 chicken farms. The susceptibility testing of these isolates to 14 antimicrobials showed that the multidrug resistance (MDR) rate was as high as 100%. The β-lactamase resistance genes blaOXA-1, blaCTX-M-1G, blaCTX-M-9G and colistin resistance gene mcr-1 were highly carried in the P. mirabilis isolates. An MDR strain W47 was selected for whole genome sequencing (WGS) and conjugation experiment. The results showed that W47 carried 23 resistance genes and 64 virulence genes, and an SXT/R391 integrated conjugative elements (ICEs) named ICEPmiChn5 carrying 17 genes was identified in chromosome. ICEPmiChn5 was able to be excised from the chromosome of W47 forming a circular intermediate, but repeated conjugation experiments were unsuccessful. Among 187 P. mirabilis isolates, 144 (77.01%, 144/187) isolates carried ICEPmiChn5-like ICEs, suggesting that ICEs may be the major vector for the transmission of resistance genes among MDR chicken P. mirabilis strains in this study. The findings were conducive to insight into the resistance mechanism of chicken P. mirabilis strains and provide a theoretical basis for the use of antibiotics for the treatment of MDR P. mirabilis infections in veterinary clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jiaxing Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yakun Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Pengyun Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yushan Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hua Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Gongzheng Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dandan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Li Y, Liu Q, Qiu Y, Fang C, Zhou Y, She J, Chen H, Dai X, Zhang L. Genomic characteristics of clinical multidrug-resistant Proteus isolates from a tertiary care hospital in southwest China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:977356. [PMID: 36090113 PMCID: PMC9449695 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.977356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Proteus, especially those strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemases, represents a major public health concern. In the present work, we characterized 27 MDR Proteus clinical isolates, including 23 Proteus mirabilis, three Proteus terrae, and one Proteus faecis, by whole-genome analysis. Among the 27 isolates analyzed, SXT/R391 ICEs were detected in 14 strains, and the complete sequences of nine ICEs were obtained. These ICEs share a common backbone structure but also have different gene contents in hotspots and variable regions. Among them, ICEPmiChn2826, ICEPmiChn2833, ICEPmiChn3105, and ICEPmiChn3725 contain abundant antibiotic resistance genes, including the ESBL gene blaCTX-M-65. The core gene phylogenetic analysis of ICEs showed their genetic diversity, and revealed the cryptic dissemination of them in Proteus strains from food animals and humans on a China-wide scale. One of the isolates, FZP3105, acquired an NDM-1-producing MDR plasmid, designated pNDM_FZP3105, which is a self-transmissible type 1/2 hybrid IncC plasmid. Analysis of the genetic organization showed that pNDM_FZP3105 has two novel antibiotic resistance islands bearing abundant antibiotic resistance genes, among which blaNDM-1 is located in a 9.0 kb ΔTn125 bracketed by two copies of IS26 in the same direction. In isolates FZP2936 and FZP3115, blaKPC-2 was detected on an IncN plasmid, which is identical to the previously reported pT211 in Zhejiang province of China. Besides, a MDR genomic island PmGRI1, a variant of PmGRI1-YN9 from chicken in China, was identified on their chromosome. In conclusion, this study demonstrates abundant genetic diversity of mobile genetic elements carrying antibiotic resistance genes, especially ESBL and carbapenemase genes, in clinical Proteus isolates, and highlights that the continuous monitoring on their transmission and further evolution is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Immune Mechanism and Therapy of Major Diseases of Luzhou Key Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yichuan Qiu
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengju Fang
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yungang Zhou
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Junping She
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Huan Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Dai
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Xiaoyi Dai,
| | - Luhua Zhang
- The School of Basic Medical Science and Public Center of Experimental Technology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Luhua Zhang,
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Brenciani A, Morroni G, Schwarz S, Giovanetti E. Oxazolidinones: mechanisms of resistance and mobile genetic elements involved. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2596-2621. [PMID: 35989417 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxazolidinones (linezolid and tedizolid) are last-resort antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of severe infections in humans caused by MDR Gram-positive bacteria. They bind to the peptidyl transferase centre of the bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis. Even if the majority of Gram-positive bacteria remain susceptible to oxazolidinones, resistant isolates have been reported worldwide. Apart from mutations, affecting mostly the 23S rDNA genes and selected ribosomal proteins, acquisition of resistance genes (cfr and cfr-like, optrA and poxtA), often associated with mobile genetic elements [such as non-conjugative and conjugative plasmids, transposons, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), prophages and translocatable units], plays a critical role in oxazolidinone resistance. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge on oxazolidinone resistance mechanisms and provide an overview on the diversity of the mobile genetic elements carrying oxazolidinone resistance genes in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenciani
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Medical School, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Morroni
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Medical School, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eleonora Giovanetti
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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11
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Song Z, Lei CW, Zuo L, Li C, Wang YL, Tian YM, Wang HN. Whole genome sequence of Proteus mirabilis ChSC1905 strain harbouring a new SXT/R391-family ICE. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 30:279-281. [PMID: 35817261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterise the whole genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant (MDR) Proteus mirabilis strain ChSC1905 isolated from a swine farm in China. METHODS The genome was sequenced by Illumina NovaSeq and Oxford Nanopore platforms, and it was assembled via Canu v.1.5. The acquired antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were identified by ResFinder. A conjugation experiment was carried out to determine the mobilisation of integrative and conjugative element. RESULTS Strain ChSC1905 exhibited a MDR phenotype. The genome of strain ChSC1905 was 4 038 038 bp in length with a GC content of 39.1%, which contained 3645 coding sequences and 110 RNA genes. A total of 23 acquired ARGs were identified, among which 21 ARGs including the clinically important resistance genes blaCTX-M-65, cfr, fosA3, and aac(6')-Ib-cr were located on a SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative element (ICE). BLAST analysis showed that this new SXT/R391-family ICE (ICEPmiChnChSC1905 of 143 689 bp) was involved in sequence inversion mediated by ISVsa3 and genetic rearrangement mediated by IS26, and it could be transferred to E. coli EC600. CONCLUSION In this study, we report the genome sequence of MDR P. mirabilis strain ChSC1905 that harboured a novel SXT/R391-family ICE (ICEPmiChnChSC1905) involved in genetic rearrangement in China, which promotes the diversity of ICE and should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Song
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang-Wei Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zuo
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Cui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Long Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Ming Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Ning Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
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12
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A Novel SXT/R391 Integrative and Conjugative Element Carries Two Copies of the blaNDM-1 Gene in Proteus mirabilis. mSphere 2021; 6:e0058821. [PMID: 34378988 PMCID: PMC8386438 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00588-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of the blaNDM-1 gene is a major public health concern. Here, we describe the multidrug-resistant Proteus mirabilis strain XH1653, which contains a novel SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative element (ICE), harboring two tandem copies of blaNDM-1 and 21 other resistance genes. XH1653 was resistant to all antibiotics tested, apart from aztreonam. Whole-genome data revealed that two copies of blaNDM-1 embedded in the ISCR1 element are located in HS4 of the novel ICE, which we named ICEPmiChnXH1653. A circular intermediate of ICEPmiChnXH1653 was detected by PCR, and conjugation experiments showed that the ICE can be transferred to the Escherichia coli strain EC600 with frequencies of 1.5 × 10-7. In the recipient strain, the ICE exhibited a higher excision frequency and extrachromosomal copy number than the ICE in the donor strain. We also observed that the presence of ICEPmiChnXH1653 has a negative impact on bacterial fitness and leads to changes in the transcriptome of the host. In vitro evolution experiments under nonselective conditions showed that the two tandem copies of the ISCR1 element and the ISVsa3 element can be lost during repeated laboratory passage. This is the first report of a novel SXT/R391 ICE carrying two tandem copies of blaNDM-1, which also illustrates the role that ICEs may play as platforms for the accumulation and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes. IMPORTANCE The occurrence of carbapenemase-producing Proteus mirabilis, especially those strains producing NDM-1 and its variants, is a major public health concern worldwide. The integrative conjugative element (ICE) plays an important role in horizontal acquisition of resistance genes. In this study, we characterized a novel SXT/R391 ICE from a clinical P. mirabilis isolate that we named ICEPmiChnXH1653, which contains two tandem copies of the carbapenemase gene blaNDM-1. We performed an integrative approach to gain insights into different aspects of ICEPmiChnXH1653 evolution and biology and observed that ICEPmiChnXH1653 obtained the carbapenemase gene blaNDM-1 by ISCR1-mediated homologous recombination. Our study reveals that the transmission of blaNDM-1 by ISCR1 elements or ICEs may be an important contributor to the carbapenem resistance development across species, which could improve our understanding of horizontal gene transfer in clinical environments.
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Han L, Lu XQ, Liu XW, Liao MN, Sun RY, Xie Y, Liao XP, Liu YH, Sun J, Zhang RM. Molecular Epidemiology of Fosfomycin Resistant E. coli from a Pigeon Farm in China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070777. [PMID: 34202219 PMCID: PMC8300711 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the prevalence and molecular characteristics of fosfomycin-resistant Escherichia coli from a domestic pigeon farm. A total of 79 samples collected from pigeons and their surrounding environments were screened for the presence of fosfomycin resistant isolates and these included 49 E. coli isolates that displayed high-level resistance (MIC ≥ 256 mg L−1) and carried the fosA3 gene on plasmids with sizes ranging from 80 to 370 kb. MLST analysis of these fosA3-positive E. coli isolates indicated the presence of nine sequence types (ST6856, ST8804, ST457, ST746, ST533, ST165, ST2614, ST362 and ST8805) of which ST6856 was the most prevalent (24.5%, 12/49). PFGE combined with genomic context comparative analyses indicated that the fosA3 gene was spread by horizontal transfer as well as via clonal transmission between E. coli in the pigeon farm, and IS26 played an important role in fosA3 transmission. The high prevalence of fosA3 in the pigeon farm and the high similarity of the fosA3 genomic environment between E. coli isolates from humans and pigeons indicated that the pigeon farm served as a potential reservoir for human infections. The pigeon farm was found to be an important reservoir for the fosA3 gene and this should be further monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (X.-Q.L.); (X.-W.L.); (M.-N.L.); (R.-Y.S.); (Y.X.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Lu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (X.-Q.L.); (X.-W.L.); (M.-N.L.); (R.-Y.S.); (Y.X.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xu-Wei Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (X.-Q.L.); (X.-W.L.); (M.-N.L.); (R.-Y.S.); (Y.X.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mei-Na Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (X.-Q.L.); (X.-W.L.); (M.-N.L.); (R.-Y.S.); (Y.X.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruan-Yang Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (X.-Q.L.); (X.-W.L.); (M.-N.L.); (R.-Y.S.); (Y.X.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yao Xie
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (X.-Q.L.); (X.-W.L.); (M.-N.L.); (R.-Y.S.); (Y.X.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (X.-Q.L.); (X.-W.L.); (M.-N.L.); (R.-Y.S.); (Y.X.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (X.-Q.L.); (X.-W.L.); (M.-N.L.); (R.-Y.S.); (Y.X.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (X.-Q.L.); (X.-W.L.); (M.-N.L.); (R.-Y.S.); (Y.X.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rong-Min Zhang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.H.); (X.-Q.L.); (X.-W.L.); (M.-N.L.); (R.-Y.S.); (Y.X.); (X.-P.L.); (Y.-H.L.); (J.S.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence:
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14
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Kong LH, Xiang R, Wang YL, Wu SK, Lei CW, Kang ZZ, Chen YP, Ye XL, Lai Y, Wang HN. Integration of the blaNDM-1 carbapenemase gene into a novel SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative element in Proteus vulgaris. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1439-1442. [PMID: 32155266 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the genetic environment of the carbapenem resistance determinant in Proteus vulgaris of swine origin. METHODS The carbapenem-resistant P. vulgaris strain BC22 was isolated from a faecal swab from a diseased pig with diarrhoea in Sichuan Province of China in 2018. The presence of carbapenemase genes was screened by PCR. WGS and bioinformatics analysis were performed to analyse the genetic environment of the carbapenem resistance determinant. RESULTS P. vulgaris strain BC22 was found to harbour the carbapenemase gene blaNDM-1. WGS data revealed that blaNDM-1 was located in a truncated ISAba125 composite transposon. The carbapenem resistance gene blaNDM-1 and 20 other resistance genes, including the multiresistance gene cfr and the bifunctional aminoglycoside/quinolone resistance gene aac(6')-lb-cr, were located in a novel SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative element (ICE). This new SXT/R391 ICE of 148.7 kb was chromosomally located, and could be transferred to Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS Here, we report a carbapenemase gene, blaNDM-1, integrated into an SXT/R391 ICE. Our study highlights that this SXT/R391 ICE may facilitate the dissemination of clinically important resistance genes such as blaNDM-1, cfr and aac(6')-lb-cr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Han Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-Kang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Wei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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15
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He D, Wang L, Zhao S, Liu L, Liu J, Hu G, Pan Y. A novel tigecycline resistance gene, tet(X6), on an SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative element in a Proteus genomospecies 6 isolate of retail meat origin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:1159-1164. [PMID: 32016288 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize a novel tigecycline resistance gene, tet(X6), and a novel SXT-related integrative and conjugative element (ICE), ICEPgs6Chn1, found in a tigecycline-resistant Proteus genomospecies 6 strain, T60. METHODS Strain T60 was identified by the VITEK 2 system, biochemical reactions and an SNP-based approach. The genetic profile of strain T60 was determined by WGS analysis. ICEPgs6Chn1 was analysed by PCR, conjugation experiments and bioinformatics tools. tet(X6) was characterized by cloning and protein structure prediction. RESULTS Strain T60 was resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, tigecycline, florfenicol, colistin and kanamycin, but susceptible to cefotaxime; it also exhibited high MICs of eravacycline (32 mg/L) and omadacycline (>64 mg/L). Only one chromosome was identified and tet(X6) was located in chromosomal ICEPgs6Chn1, a member of the SXT/R391 ICE family, of 114 368 bp and encoding the antimicrobial resistance genes floR, strB, strA, aph(3')-Ia, aac(3)-IV, aph(4)-Ia, tet(X6) and sul2. The circular intermediate of ICEPgs6Chn1 was detected by PCR and sequencing, but conjugation experiments showed that it was not self-transmissible. Cloning of the novel gene tet(X6) and protein structure prediction revealed that Tet(X6) confers tigecycline resistance. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of a novel SXT/R391 ICE in a Proteus genomospecies 6 strain. Importantly, a novel high-level tigecycline resistance gene, tet(X6), emerged for the first time in the SXT/R391 element of Proteus genomospecies 6, revealing that ICEs may serve as an important platform for the accumulation of antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan He
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lanping Liu
- Animal Husbandry and Fishery Bureau, Nankang District, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gongzheng Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yushan Pan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Mobile Oxazolidinone Resistance Genes in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0018820. [PMID: 34076490 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00188-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven mobile oxazolidinone resistance genes, including cfr, cfr(B), cfr(C), cfr(D), cfr(E), optrA, and poxtA, have been identified to date. The cfr genes code for 23S rRNA methylases, which confer a multiresistance phenotype that includes resistance to phenicols, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A compounds. The optrA and poxtA genes code for ABC-F proteins that protect the bacterial ribosomes from the inhibitory effects of oxazolidinones. The optrA gene confers resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols, while the poxtA gene confers elevated MICs or resistance to oxazolidinones, phenicols, and tetracycline. These oxazolidinone resistance genes are most frequently found on plasmids, but they are also located on transposons, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), genomic islands, and prophages. In these mobile genetic elements (MGEs), insertion sequences (IS) most often flanked the cfr, optrA, and poxtA genes and were able to generate translocatable units (TUs) that comprise the oxazolidinone resistance genes and occasionally also other genes. MGEs and TUs play an important role in the dissemination of oxazolidinone resistance genes across strain, species, and genus boundaries. Most frequently, these MGEs also harbor genes that mediate resistance not only to antimicrobial agents of other classes, but also to metals and biocides. Direct selection pressure by the use of antimicrobial agents to which the oxazolidinone resistance genes confer resistance, but also indirect selection pressure by the use of antimicrobial agents, metals, or biocides (the respective resistance genes against which are colocated on cfr-, optrA-, or poxtA-carrying MGEs) may play a role in the coselection and persistence of oxazolidinone resistance genes.
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Lu J, Zhao K, Xie H, Li R, Zhou M. Identification and Characterization of a Novel SXT/R391 Integrative and Conjugative Element in a Proteus mirabilis Food Isolate. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:727-732. [PMID: 33970016 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic human pathogen. In this study, a novel SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative element (ICE), named ICEPmiChnS012, was identified in the multidrug-resistant P. mirabilis strain S012 that was isolated from retail chicken in China. Whole genome sequencing revealed that ICEPmiChnS012 carried 22 resistance genes including aac(6')-Ib-cr, fosA3, blaOXA-1, blaCTX-M-65, and blaHMS-1. ICEPmiChnS012 harbored 10 copies of IS26 and IS26-mediated genetic new rearrangements caused variations in HS4 region. To our knowledge, an unusual gene cassette array dfrA1-ereA1-aadA2 was found in P. mirabilis in this study for the first time. And this is the first report of identification of aph3-VI and blaHMS-1 in VRIII region in P. mirabilis. The conjugation experiments proved that ICEPmiChnS012 could be transferred to Escherichia coli EC600 through conjugation. These findings demonstrated that ICEPmiChnS012 was a special ICE that carried the largest number of antimicrobial resistance genes in the family of SXT/R391 ICEs. This element could serve as an important vehicle for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and should receive great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyuan Lu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kang Zhao
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huadong Xie
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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Identification of a novel genomic resistance island PmGRI1-STP3 and an SXT/R391 integrative conjugative element in Proteus mirabilis of swine origin in China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 25:77-81. [PMID: 33667705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the genetic environment of antimicrobial resistance genes in Proteus mirabilis strain STP3 isolated from a diarrhoeic pig on a swine farm in Sichuan Province, China. METHODS Strain STP3 was subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Illumina MiSeq (200× coverage) and Nanopore PromethION (100× coverage) platforms were used for genome sequencing. A conjugation experiment was performed to determine the transferability and stability of antimicrobial resistance genes in this strain. RESULTS The assembled circular genome of P. mirabilis STP3 was 4 115 975 bp with a GC content of 39.58%; no plasmid sequence was detected. A novel genomic resistance island (PmGRI1-STP3) and an SXT/R391 integrative conjugative element (ICE) variant (ICEPmiChnSTP3) were characterised in P. mirabilis STP3. PmGRI1-STP3 of 52.7 kb was located at the 3' end of tRNA-Sec and shared the greatest identity with PmGRI1-C55 (54% coverage, 99.99% identity). PmGRI1-STP3 carried 16 resistance genes, including the clinically important extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene blaCTX-M-3. ICEPmiChnSTP3 was inserted into the prfC gene. It carried 18 resistance genes, including the rRNA methyltransferase gene cfr and the fluoroquinolone resistance gene aac(6')-Ib-cr. A class 2 integron (dfrA1-sat2-aadA1) was also identified on transposon Tn7. Mobilisation experiments indicated that ICEPmiChnSTP3 was conjugally mobilised to Escherichia coli. However, PmGRI1-STP3 appeared to lose its mobilisation ability. CONCLUSION The identification of two genomic islands (GIs) in this study suggested that genetic elements might be key mediators for resistance gene acquisition in P. mirabilis and that IS26-mediated rearrangements promote the diversity of GIs.
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Song Z, Zuo L, Li C, Tian Y, Wang H. Copper Ions Facilitate the Conjugative Transfer of SXT/R391 Integrative and Conjugative Element Across Bacterial Genera. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:616792. [PMID: 33603719 PMCID: PMC7884315 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.616792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper can persist stably in the environment for prolonged periods. Except for inducing antibiotic resistance in bacteria, copper ions (Cu2+) can facilitate the horizontal transfer of plasmid DNA. However, whether and how Cu2+ can accelerate the conjugative transfer of SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative element (ICE) is still largely unknown. In this study, Proteus mirabilis ChSC1905, harboring an SXT/R391 ICE that carried 21 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), was used as a donor, and Escherichia coli EC600 was used as a recipient. Cu2+, at subinhibitory and environmentally relevant concentrations (1–10 μmol/L), significantly accelerated the conjugative transfer of SXT/R391 ICE across bacterial genera (from P. mirabilis to E. coli) (p < 0.05). The combined analyses of phenotypic tests and genome-wide sequencing indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell membrane permeability were critical in the enhanced conjugative transfer of SXT/R391 ICE. Furthermore, the expression of genes related to cell adhesion and ATP synthesis was also significantly upregulated on exposure to Cu2+ at a concentration of 5 μmol/L. This study clarified the potential mechanisms of Cu2+ to promote the conjugative transfer of SXT/R391 ICE, revealing the potential risk imposed by Cu2+ on the horizontal transfer of SXT/R391 ICE-mediated ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Song
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zuo
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cui Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiming Tian
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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20
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Sato JL, Fonseca MRB, Cerdeira LT, Tognim MCB, Sincero TCM, Noronha do Amaral MC, Lincopan N, Galhardo RS. Genomic Analysis of SXT/R391 Integrative Conjugative Elements From Proteus mirabilis Isolated in Brazil. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:571472. [PMID: 33193168 PMCID: PMC7606855 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.571472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are widespread in many bacterial species, often carrying antibiotic resistance determinants. In the present work, we screened a collection of Proteus mirabilis clinical isolates for the presence of type 1 SXT/R391 ICEs. Among the 76 isolates analyzed, 5 of them carry such elements. The complete sequences of these elements were obtained. One of the isolates carried the CMY-2 beta-lactamase gene in a transposon and is nearly identical to the element ICEPmiJpn1 previously described in Japan, and later shown to be present in other parts of the world, indicating global spread of this element. Nevertheless, the Brazilian isolate carrying ICEPmiJpn1 is not clonally related to the other lineages carrying the same element around the world. The other ICEs identified in this work do not carry known antibiotic resistance markers and are diverse in variable gene content and size, suggesting that these elements may be responsible for the acquisition of other advantageous traits by bacteria. Some sequences carried by these elements in Brazilian strains were not previously found in other SXT/R391 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina R B Fonseca
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louise T Cerdeira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria C B Tognim
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Thais C M Sincero
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Galhardo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Lü Y, Kang H, Fan J. A Novel bla CTX-M-65-Harboring IncHI2 Plasmid pE648CTX-M-65 Isolated from a Clinical Extensively-Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli ST648. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3383-3391. [PMID: 33061485 PMCID: PMC7533269 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s269766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An ESBL, carbapenemase- and MCR-1-producing Escherichia coli ST648 strain was isolated from the urine sample of a patient in a Chinese tertiary hospital in 2016. Methods The strain was fully sequenced by GridION X5 platform of Oxford Nanopore Technology. Results The sequence analysis showed that the extended-spectrum β-lactamases CTX-M-65 and OXA-1, the carbapenemase NDM-5, the MCR-1 were encoded, respectively, by three different resistance plasmids. The pE648CTX-M-65-carrying blaCTX-M-65 was a novel conjugative plasmid belonging to IncHI2 type; except for the blaCTX-M-65, it also carried resistance genes ble, floR, sul1, aph(4)-Ia, aac(3)-VI, aac(6ʹ)-II, blaOXA-1, catB, arr3 and tetA. Besides, an IncX4 plasmid pE648MCR-1-carrying mcr-1 and an IncX3 plasmid pE648NDM-5-carrying blaNDM-5 were also identified. Conclusion The three transferable resistance plasmids coexisting in the E. coli ST648 isolate indicated the high risk to disseminate the extensively-drug-resistance among Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiquan Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Fan
- The Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
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22
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Hu R, Wang X, Muhamamd I, Wang Y, Dong W, Zhang H, Wang Y, Liu S, Gao Y, Kong L, Ma H. Biological Characteristics and Genetic Analysis of a Highly Pathogenic Proteus Mirabilis Strain Isolated From Dogs in China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:589. [PMID: 33134334 PMCID: PMC7575763 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene characteristics of highly pathogenic Proteus mirabilis. In this study, we isolated P. mirabilis CC15031 from diarrhea dogs in China, tested the median lethal dose (LD50), and measured the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10 different antibiotics commonly used in veterinary clinic. Meanwhile, we presented the complete genome sequence annotations to analyze the virulence and resistance formation mechanism. The results showed that the CC15031 presented relatively potent pathogenicity in mice (LD50 = 0.57 × 106 CFU) and exhibited a high degree of resistance to all the tested antimicrobial agents. The CC15031 genome of 4,031,742 bp with 3,745 predicted genes had an average gene length of 917 bp and 38.99% guanine-cytosine content. A new variant of an integrative and conjugative element with a type IV secretion system (217,446 bp) conferring multidrug resistance was identified and characterized by structural analysis in CC15031. These data provide a foundation for understanding the genomic features and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renge Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Inam Muhamamd
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenlong Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuming Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,The Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lingcong Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,The Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,The Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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23
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He J, Li C, Cui P, Wang H. Detection of Tn 7-Like Transposons and Antibiotic Resistance in Enterobacterales From Animals Used for Food Production With Identification of Three Novel Transposons Tn 6813, Tn 6814, and Tn 6765. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2049. [PMID: 33013752 PMCID: PMC7500258 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacterales are widely distributed in the gastro-intestinal system of animals and may cause opportunistic infections. Worse still, multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales also poses a serious threat to public health. Tn7-like transposons have been found in several species of the Enterobacterales order and play an important role in dissemination of antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and genetic characterization of Tn7-like transposons in Enterobacterales isolates from food animals and their association with antibiotic resistance. Enterobacterales isolated from the samples were identified and classified according to the 16S rDNA sequence. Tn7-like transposons and associated integrons were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. The antibiotic resistance of each Tn7-like transposon positive isolate was detected according to the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Then, six representative strains were selected to study the genetic environment by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). In total, we isolated 377 Tn7-like transposons positive strains of Enterobacterales. Class 2 integrons were detected in 99.5% of the isolates, and there were high frequency mutation sites especially in base 535, a stop mutation. Many isolates (54.9%) were multidrug-resistant and observed high resistance rates to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin. Among these strains, we found three new types of Tn7-like transposons, named Tn6813, Tn6814, and Tn6765. This is the first comprehensive survey that shows Tn7-like transposons in Enterobacterales from animals used for food production in different regions of China. This study also provides an insight into the horizontal transfer of resistance genes associated with Tn7-like transposons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cui Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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24
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Isolation, nucleotide sequencing and genomic comparison of a Novel SXT/R391 ICE mobile genetic element isolated from a municipal wastewater environment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8716. [PMID: 32457296 PMCID: PMC7251087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrative Conjugative Elements (ICE’s) of the SXT/R391 family have largely been detected in clinical or environmental isolates of Gammaproteobacteria, particularly Vibrio and Proteus species. As wastewater treatment plants accumulate a large and diverse number of such species, we examined raw water samples taken from a municipal wastewater treatment plant initially using SXT/R391 family integrase gene-specific PCR probes to detect the presence of such elements in a directed approach. A positive amplification occurred over a full year period and a subsequent Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis revealed a very limited diversity in the treatment plant examined. Samples demonstrating positive amplification were cultured using Vibrio and Proteus selective media and PCR amplification tracking was utilized to monitor SXT/R391-ICE family containing strains. This screening procedure resulted in the isolation and identification of a Proteus mirabilis strain harbouring an ICE. Whole-genome sequencing of this ICE containing strain using Illumina sequencing technology revealed a novel 81 kb element that contained 75 open reading frames on annotation but contained no antibiotic or metal resistance determinants. Comparative genomics revealed the element contained a conserved ICE core with one of the insertions containing a novel bacteriophage defence mechanism. This directed isolation suggests that ICE elements are present in the environment without apparent selective pressure but may contain adaptive functions allowing survival in particular environments such as municipal wastewater which are reservoirs for large bacterial phage populations.
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25
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Zhu T, Liu S, Ying Y, Xu L, Liu Y, Jin J, Ying J, Lu J, Lin X, Li K, Xu T, Bao Q, Li P. Genomic and functional characterization of fecal sample strains of Proteus cibarius carrying two floR antibiotic resistance genes and a multiresistance plasmid-encoded cfr gene. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101427. [PMID: 32058867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular characteristics and horizontal transfer of florfenicol resistance gene-related sequences in Proteus strains isolated from animals. A total of six Proteus strains isolated from three farms between 2015 and 2016 were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for known florfenicol resistance genes. Proteus cibarius G11, isolated from the fecal material of a goose, was found to harbor both cfr and floR genes. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the strain harbored two copies of the floR gene: one was located on the chromosome and the other was located on a plasmid named pG11-152. Two floR-containing fragments 4028 bp in length were identical and showed transposon-like structures. The cfr gene was found on a plasmid named pG11-51 and flanked by a pair of IS26s. Thus, mobile genetic elements played an important role in floR replication and horizontal resistance gene transfer. Therefore, increasing attention should be paid to monitoring the spread of resistance genes and resistance in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyuan Zhu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Suzhen Liu
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ying
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yabo Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Junjie Jin
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jun Ying
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Junwan Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Kewei Li
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Teng Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, 014040, China.
| | - Qiyu Bao
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Peizhen Li
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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26
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Ryan MP, Slattery S, Pembroke JT. A Novel Arsenate-Resistant Determinant Associated with ICEpMERPH, a Member of the SXT/R391 Group of Mobile Genetic Elements. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121048. [PMID: 31888308 PMCID: PMC6947025 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ICEpMERPH, the first integrative conjugative element (ICE) of the SXT/R391 family isolated in the United Kingdom and Europe, was analyzed to determine the nature of its adaptive functions, its genetic structure, and its homology to related elements normally found in pathogenic Vibrio or Proteus species. Whole genome sequencing of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolate K802 (which contains the ICEpMERPH) was carried out using Illumina sequencing technology. ICEpMERPH has a size of 110 Kb and 112 putative open reading frames (ORFs). The “hotspot regions” of the element were found to contain putative restriction digestion systems, insertion sequences, and heavy metal resistance genes that encoded resistance to mercury, as previously reported, but also surprisingly to arsenate. A novel arsenate resistance system was identified in hotspot 4 of the element, unrelated to other SXT/R391 elements. This arsenate resistance system was potentially linked to two genes: orf69, encoding an organoarsenical efflux major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter-like protein related to ArsJ, and orf70, encoding nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Phenotypic analysis using isogenic strains of Escherichia coli strain AB1157 with and without the ICEpMERPH revealed resistance to low levels of arsenate in the range of 1–5 mM. This novel, low-level resistance may have an important adaptive function in polluted environments, which often contain low levels of arsenate contamination. A bioinformatic analysis on the novel determinant and the phylogeny of ICEpMERPH was presented.
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Wang XC, Lei CW, Kang ZZ, Zhang Y, Wang HN. IS 26-Mediated Genetic Rearrangements in Salmonella Genomic Island 1 of Proteus mirabilis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2245. [PMID: 31608048 PMCID: PMC6769106 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) is an integrative mobilizable element integrated into the chromosome of bacteria, which plays an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes. Lots of SGI1 variants are found mainly in Salmonella enterica and Proteus mirabilis. In this study, a total of 157 S. enterica and 132 P. mirabilis strains were collected from food-producing animals in Sichuan Province of China between December 2016 and November 2017. Detection of the SGI1 integrase gene showed that three S. enterica and five P. mirabilis strains were positive for SGI1, which displayed different multidrug resistance profiles. Five different SGI1 variants, including two novel variants (SGI1-PmBC1123 and SGI1-PmSC1111), were characterized by whole genome sequencing and PCR linkage. In two novel SGI1 variants, IS26-mediated rearrangements resulted in large sequence inversions of the MDR regions extending outside the SGI1 backbone. The sul3-type III class 1 integron (5′CS-sat-psp-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH-IS440-sul3) and gene cassettes aac(6′)-Ib-cr-blaOXA–1-catB3-arr-3 are found in SGI1-PmSC1111. Mobilization experiments indicated that three known variants were conjugally mobilized in trans to Escherichia coli with the help of a conjugative IncC plasmid. However, the two novel variants seemed to lose the mobilization, which might result from the sequence inversion of partial SGI1 backbone. The identification of the two novel SGI1 variants in this study suggested that IS26-mediated rearrangements promote the diversity of SGI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chun Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang-Wei Lei
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Kang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Ning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhang Y, Lei CW, Wang HN. Identification of a novel conjugative plasmid carrying the multiresistance gene cfr in Proteus vulgaris isolated from swine origin in China. Plasmid 2019; 105:102440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2019.102440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Xiao T, Dai H, Lu B, Li Z, Cai H, Huang Z, Kan B, Wang D. Distribution and characteristics of SGI1/PGI2 genomic island from Proteus strains in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 70:123-130. [PMID: 30825526 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) and Proteus genomic island (PGI) bearing P. mirabilis present a serious threat to public health. In this study, we screened 288 Proteus isolates recovered from seven provinces in China. Fourteen strains (4.9%) all belonged to P. mirabilis were positive for SGI1/PGI2, including twelve from clinical samples (5.3%) and two from food (3.3%). A Blastn search against GenBank and phylogenetic analyses identified eight different SGI1 variants and one PGI2 variant from the fourteen SGI1/PGI2 variants. All SGI1 variants shared a common backbone and harbored different resistance gene(s), except the sul1 gene at its multidrug-resistant (MDR) region. Among the variants, three novel SGI1 variants, designated as SGI1-PmCA11, SGI1-PmCA14 and SGI1-PmCA46, contained different gene cassettes, which were similar to sequences in plasmids or class 1 integrons of Klebsiella pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Moreover, one novel PGI2, designated as PGI2-PmCA72, had an identical gene cassette to the first class 1 integron from PGI2 (GenBank accession no. MG201402.1) in P. mirabilis, but varied due to missing, replaced, inserted and inverted gene clusters. The four novel SGI1/PGI2 variants contained the cmlA5, dfrA14, blaOXA-10, aadA15, blaOXA-1, catB3 and dfrA16 resistance genes, which have never been reported in SGI1/PGI2 variants. Phenotypically, all fourteen SGI1/PGI2-containing strains showed multidrug resistance. All except four strains were resistant to the first, or the second and/or-third generation cephalosporins. Considering the increasing number and the emergence of new SGI1/PGI2 variants, further surveillance is needed to prevent the spreading of the MDR genomic islands among Proteus isolates from human and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China; Center for Human Pathogen Collection, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China; Center for Human Pathogen Collection, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Binghuai Lu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hongyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China; Center for Human Pathogen Collection, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhenzhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China; Center for Human Pathogen Collection, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Duochun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China; Center for Human Pathogen Collection, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, China.
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