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Antimicrobial stewardship intervention bundle decreases outpatient fluoroquinolone prescribing for urinary tract infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:488-490. [PMID: 35403600 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An antimicrobial stewardship bundle was implemented in 23 community health system urgent care and primary care clinics to reduce fluoroquinolone prescribing in urinary tract infections. The percentage of urinary tract infection (UTI) visits prescribed a fluoroquinolone subsequently decreased from 17.6% to 3% in urgent care and from 23.8% to 6.8% in primary care.
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2
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Alrawashdeh M, Rhee C, Hsu H, Wang R, Horan K, Lee GM. Assessment of Federal Value-Based Incentive Programs and In-Hospital Clostridioides difficile Infection Rates. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2132114. [PMID: 34714336 PMCID: PMC8556622 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.32114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Health care facility-onset Clostridioides difficile infection (HO-CDI) rates reported to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) became a target quality metric for 2 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) value-based incentive programs (VBIPs) in October 2016. The association of VBIPs with HO-CDI rates is unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between VBIP implementation and HO-CDI rates. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This interrupted time series study evaluated HO-CDI rates among adults hospitalized from January 2013 to March 2019 at 265 acute-care hospitals. INTERVENTIONS Implementation of VBIPs in October 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Quarterly rates of HO-CDI per 10 000 patient-days, as reported to NHSN by participating hospitals, were evaluated. Generalized estimating equations were used to fit negative binomial regression models to estimate immediate program effect size (ie, level change) and changes in the slope of HO-CDI rates, controlling for each hospital's predominant method of CDI testing (ie, nucleic acid amplification test [NAAT], enzyme immunoassay [EIA] for toxin, or other testing methods). RESULTS The study cohort included 24 332 938 admissions, 109 371 136 patient-days, and 74 681 HO-CDI events at 265 hospitals (145 [55%] with 100-399 beds; 205 [77%] not-for-profit hospitals; 185 [70%] teaching hospitals; 229 [86%] in metropolitan areas). Compared with EIA, rates of HO-CDI were higher when detected by NAAT (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR], 1.55; 95% CI, 1.40-1.70; P < .001) and other testing methods (aIRR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.26-1.71; P < .001). There were no significant changes in testing methods used by hospitals immediately after VBIP implementation. Controlling for CDI testing method, VBIP implementation was associated with a 6% level decline in HO-CDI rates in the immediate postpolicy quarter (aIRR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-0.99; P = .01) and a 4% decline in slope per quarter (aIRR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.95-0.97; P < .001). Results were similar in a sensitivity analysis using a 1-year roll-in period accounting for the period after the announcement of the HO-CDI VBIP policy and prior to its implementation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, VBIP implementation was associated with improvements in HO-CDI rates, independent of CDI testing method. Given that CMS payment policies have not previously been associated with improvements in other targeted health care-associated infection rates, future research should focus on elucidating the specific processes that contributed to improvement in HO-CDI rates to inform the design of future VBIP interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alrawashdeh
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Chanu Rhee
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heather Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly Horan
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Grace M. Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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3
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Green SB, Stover KR, Barber K, Bouchard JL, Brown ML, Deri CR, Francis BJ, Gauthier TP, Hayes JE, Marx AH, McGee EU, Mediwala K, Musgrove RJ, Slain D, Stramel SA, Bland CM, Bookstaver PB. A Baker's Dozen of Top Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention Publications in 2020. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab422. [PMID: 34557559 PMCID: PMC8454524 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of articles related to antimicrobial stewardship published each year has increased significantly over the last decade. Keeping up with the literature, particularly the most innovative, well-designed, or applicable to one’s own practice area, can be challenging. The Southeastern Research Group Endeavor (SERGE-45) network reviewed antimicrobial stewardship–related, peer-reviewed literature from 2020 that detailed actionable interventions. The top 13 publications were summarized following identification using a modified Delphi technique. This article highlights the selected interventions and may serve as a key resource for teaching and training, and to identify novel or optimized stewardship opportunities within one’s institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Green
- Department of Pharmacy, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kayla R Stover
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Katie Barber
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jeannette L Bouchard
- Department of Pharmacy, WakeMed Health and Hospitals, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew L Brown
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Connor R Deri
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bailey J Francis
- Department of Pharmacy, Novant Health Forsyth Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy P Gauthier
- Baptist Health South Florida, Clinical Pharmacy Enterprise, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jillian E Hayes
- Department of Pharmacy AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Ashley H Marx
- Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edoabasi U McGee
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine-Georgia Campus, School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, Georgia, USA
| | - Krutika Mediwala
- Pharmacy Services, Medical University of South Carolina Health, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel J Musgrove
- Department of Pharmacy, St Joseph's/Candler Health System, Savannah, Georgia, USA
| | - Douglas Slain
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Section of Infectious Diseases, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Stefanie A Stramel
- Department of Pharmacy, Memorial Hermann Memorial City Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher M Bland
- Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Savannah, Georgia, USA
| | - P Brandon Bookstaver
- Department of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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4
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McIsaac W, Kukan S, Huszti E, Szadkowski L, O'Neill B, Virani S, Ivers N, Lall R, Toor N, Shah M, Alvi R, Bhatt A, Nakamachi Y, Morris AM. A pragmatic randomized trial of a primary care antimicrobial stewardship intervention in Ontario, Canada. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2021; 22:185. [PMID: 34525972 PMCID: PMC8442308 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-021-01536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 90% of antibiotics are prescribed in primary care, but 50% may be unnecessary. Reducing unnecessary antibiotic overuse is needed to limit antimicrobial resistance. We conducted a pragmatic trial of a primary care provider-focused antimicrobial stewardship intervention to reduce antibiotic prescriptions in primary care. METHODS Primary care practitioners from six primary care clinics in Toronto, Ontario were assigned to intervention or control groups to evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-faceted intervention for reducing antibiotic prescriptions to adults with respiratory and urinary tract infections. The intervention included provider education, clinical decision aids, and audit and feedback of antibiotic prescribing. The primary outcome was total antibiotic prescriptions for these infections. Secondary outcomes were delayed prescriptions, prescriptions longer than 7 days, recommended antibiotic use, and outcomes for individual infections. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate treatment effects, adjusting for clustering by clinic and baseline differences. RESULTS There were 1682 encounters involving 54 primary care providers from January until May 31, 2019. In intervention clinics, the odds of any antibiotic prescription was reduced 22% (adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.78; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.64.0.96). The odds that a delay in filling a prescription was recommended was increased (adjusted OR=2.29; 95% CI=1.37, 3.83), while prescription durations greater than 7 days were reduced (adjusted OR=0.24; 95% CI=0.13, 0.43). Recommended antibiotic use was similar in control (85.4%) and intervention clinics (91.8%, p=0.37). CONCLUSIONS A community-based, primary care provider-focused antimicrobial stewardship intervention was associated with a reduced likelihood of antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory and urinary infections, an increase in delayed prescriptions, and reduced prescription durations. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT03517215 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren McIsaac
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Ray D. Wolfe Department of Family Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, 60 Murray St, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada.
| | - Sahana Kukan
- Ray D. Wolfe Department of Family Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, 60 Murray St, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Ella Huszti
- Biostatistics Research Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Leah Szadkowski
- Biostatistics Research Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Braden O'Neill
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sophia Virani
- Ray D. Wolfe Department of Family Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, 60 Murray St, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Noah Ivers
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, and Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rosemarie Lall
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Platinum Medical, Scarborough Health Network Teaching Unit, Toronto, Canada
| | - Navsheer Toor
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Southlake Academic Family Health Team, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mruna Shah
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- West Durham Family Health Team, Pickering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruby Alvi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Summerville Family Health Team, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aashka Bhatt
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yoshiko Nakamachi
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew M Morris
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Sinai Health, University Health Network, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nudges are interventions that alter the way options are presented, enabling individuals to more easily select the best option. Health systems and researchers have tested nudges to shape clinician decision-making with the aim of improving healthcare service delivery. We aimed to systematically study the use and effectiveness of nudges designed to improve clinicians' decisions in healthcare settings. DESIGN A systematic review was conducted to collect and consolidate results from studies testing nudges and to determine whether nudges directed at improving clinical decisions in healthcare settings across clinician types were effective. We systematically searched seven databases (EBSCO MegaFILE, EconLit, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) and used a snowball sampling technique to identify peer-reviewed published studies available between 1 January 1984 and 22 April 2020. Eligible studies were critically appraised and narratively synthesised. We categorised nudges according to a taxonomy derived from the Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Included studies were appraised using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. RESULTS We screened 3608 studies and 39 studies met our criteria. The majority of the studies (90%) were conducted in the USA and 36% were randomised controlled trials. The most commonly studied nudge intervention (46%) framed information for clinicians, often through peer comparison feedback. Nudges that guided clinical decisions through default options or by enabling choice were also frequently studied (31%). Information framing, default and enabling choice nudges showed promise, whereas the effectiveness of other nudge types was mixed. Given the inclusion of non-experimental designs, only a small portion of studies were at minimal risk of bias (33%) across all Cochrane criteria. CONCLUSIONS Nudges that frame information, change default options or enable choice are frequently studied and show promise in improving clinical decision-making. Future work should examine how nudges compare to non-nudge interventions (eg, policy interventions) in improving healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana S Last
- Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alison M Buttenheim
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics (CHIBE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Implementation Science Center at the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics (PISCE@LDI), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carter E Timon
- College of Liberal and Professional Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nandita Mitra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rinad S Beidas
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics (CHIBE), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Implementation Science Center at the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics (PISCE@LDI), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Johnson MC, Hulgan T, Cooke RG, Kleinpell R, Roumie C, Callaway-Lane C, Mitchell LD, Hathaway J, Dittus R, Staub M. Operationalising outpatient antimicrobial stewardship to reduce system-wide antibiotics for acute bronchitis. BMJ Open Qual 2021; 10:bmjoq-2020-001275. [PMID: 34210668 PMCID: PMC8252871 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2020-001275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics are not recommended for treatment of acute uncomplicated bronchitis (AUB), but are often prescribed (85% of AUB visits within the Veterans Affairs nationally). This quality improvement project aimed to decrease antibiotic prescribing for AUB in community-based outpatient centres from 65% to <32% by April 2020. METHODS From January to December 2018, community-based outpatient clinics' 6 months' average of prescribed antibiotics for AUB and upper respiratory infections was 63% (667 of 1054) and 64.6% (314 of 486) when reviewing the last 6 months. Seven plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles were implemented by an interprofessional antimicrobial stewardship team between January 2019 and March 2020. Balancing measures were a return patient phone call or visit within 4 weeks for the same complaint. Χ2 tests and statistical process control charts using Western Electric rules were used to analyse intervention data. RESULTS The AUB antibiotic prescribing rate decreased from 64.6% (314 of 486) in the 6 months prior to the intervention to 36.8% (154 of 418) in the final 6 months of the intervention. No change was seen in balancing measures. The largest reduction in antibiotic prescribing was seen after implementation of PDSA 6 in which 14 high prescribers were identified and targeted for individualised reviews of encounters of patients with AUB with an antimicrobial steward. CONCLUSIONS Operational implementation of successful stewardship interventions is challenging and differs from the traditional implementation study environment. As a nascent outpatient stewardship programme with limited resources and no additional intervention funding, we successfully reduced antibiotic prescribing from 64.6% to 36.8%, a reduction of 43% from baseline. The most success was seen with targeted education of high prescribers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Clouse Johnson
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Nashville Campus, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Todd Hulgan
- Infectious Diseases, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Nashville Campus, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robin G Cooke
- Pharmacy, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Nashville Campus, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ruth Kleinpell
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Nashville Campus, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,School of Nursing, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christianne Roumie
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Nashville Campus, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carol Callaway-Lane
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Nashville Campus, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lauren D Mitchell
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Nashville Campus, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jacob Hathaway
- Primary Care, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Nashville Campus, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert Dittus
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Nashville Campus, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Milner Staub
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Nashville Campus, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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7
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Outpatient Fluoroquinolone Prescription Fills in the United States, 2014 to 2020: Assessing the Impact of Food and Drug Administration Safety Warnings. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0015121. [PMID: 33875430 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00151-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) safety warnings on outpatient fluoroquinolone use is unclear. Annual changes in outpatient ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin prescription fills (IQVIA National Prescription Audit databases) were assessed using a regression model. Monthly fills during baseline (August 2014 to April 2016) and first (May 2016 to June 2018) and second FDA warning periods (July 2018 to February 2020) were compared by interrupted time series analysis. From 2015 through 2019, total fluoroquinolone fills decreased from 35,616,786 (111.1/1,000 persons) to 21,100,050 (64.3/1,000 persons) annually (10.8% annually [P = 0.001]). Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin fills decreased annually by 10.4% (P = 0.001), 11.2% (P < 0.001), and 17.7% (P = 0.008), respectively. During the baseline period, there was no significant change in monthly fluoroquinolone fills. In May 2016 and during the first warning period, monthly fluoroquinolone fills decreased significantly (P < 0.001); the trend of decreased fills was significantly greater than that of the baseline period (P = 0.02). There was no change in fluoroquinolone fills in July 2018. Monthly fills decreased significantly throughout the second warning period (P < 0.001), but the trend did not differ from that of the first warning period. Trends for ciprofloxacin, the most commonly prescribed fluoroquinolone, were similar to those for the class. Fills of prescriptions by infectious diseases specialists (P < 0.005) and nurse practitioners (P = 0.04) significantly increased during the study. U.S. outpatient fluoroquinolone prescription fills significantly decreased from August 2014 to February 2020, most strongly in association with May 2016 FDA warnings. FDA safety warnings are useful tools for leveraging outpatient antimicrobial stewardship.
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Buehrle DJ, Shively NR, Wagener MM, Clancy CJ, Decker BK. Sustained Reductions in Overall and Unnecessary Antibiotic Prescribing at Primary Care Clinics in a Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Following a Multifaceted Stewardship Intervention. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:e316-e322. [PMID: 31813965 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most antibiotic prescribing is in outpatient settings. However, antibiotic stewardship has focused overwhelmingly on hospitalized patients. In a few studies, behavioral interventions decreased unnecessary outpatient prescribing against acute respiratory infections, but data are conflicting on sustained benefits after intervention discontinuation. METHODS We conducted a prospective, observational study in 7 primary care clinics, in which an intervention comprised of clinician education, peer comparisons, and computer decision support order sets was directed against all antibiotic prescribing. After 6 months, peer comparisons were discontinued. Antibiotic prescribing was compared in the baseline (January-June 2016), intervention (January-June 2017), and postintervention (January-June 2018) periods. RESULTS Mean antibiotic prescriptions significantly decreased from 76.9 (baseline) to 49.5 (intervention) and 56.3 (postintervention) per 1000 visits (35.6% and 26.8% reductions, respectively; P values < .001). The rate of unnecessary antibiotic prescribing (ie, antibiotic not indicated) decreased from 58.8% (baseline) to 37.8% (intervention) and 44.3% (postintervention) (35.7% and 24.7% decreases, respectively; P = .001 and P = .01). Overall, 19.9% (27/136), 36.6% (66/180), and 34.9% (67/192) of antibiotics were prescribed optimally (ie, antibiotics were indicated, and a guideline-concordant agent was prescribed for guideline-concordant duration) during the baseline, intervention, and postintervention periods, respectively (baseline vs intervention and postintervention, P = .001 and P = .003, respectively). Differences between intervention and postintervention periods in overall, unnecessary, or optimal antibiotic prescribing were not significant. CONCLUSIONS A multifaceted outpatient stewardship intervention achieved reductions in overall, unnecessary, and suboptimal antibiotic prescription rates, which were sustained for a year after components of the intervention were discontinued. There is opportunity for further improvement, as inappropriate and suboptimal prescribing remained common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna J Buehrle
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nathan R Shively
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marilyn M Wagener
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cornelius J Clancy
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brooke K Decker
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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McIsaac WJ, Senthinathan A, Moineddin R, Nakamachi Y, Dresser L, McIntyre M, Singh S, De Oliveira N, Tannenbaum D, Bloom J, Lemieux C, Marr P, Levy M, Mitri M, Walji S, Kukan S, Morris AM. Development and evaluation of a primary care antimicrobial stewardship program (PC-ASP) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE CANADA = JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE L'ASSOCIATION POUR LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE ET L'INFECTIOLOGIE CANADA 2021; 6:32-48. [PMID: 36340211 PMCID: PMC9612432 DOI: 10.3138/jammi-2020-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective community-based antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are needed because 90% of antimicrobials are prescribed in the community. A primary care ASP (PC-ASP) was evaluated for its effectiveness in lowering antibiotic prescriptions for six common infections. METHODS A multi-faceted educational program was assessed using a before-and-after design in four primary care clinics from 2015 through 2017. The primary outcome was the difference between control and intervention clinics in total antibiotic prescriptions for six common infections before and after the intervention. Secondary outcomes included changes in condition-specific antibiotic use, delayed antibiotic prescriptions, prescriptions exceeding 7 days duration, use of recommended antibiotics, and emergency department visits or hospitalizations within 30 days. Multi-method models adjusting for demographics, case mix, and clustering by physician were used to estimate treatment effects. RESULTS Total antibiotic prescriptions in control and intervention clinics did not differ (difference in differences = 1.7%; 95% CI -12.5% to 15.9%), nor did use of delayed prescriptions (-5.2%; 95% CI -24.2% to 13.8%). Prescriptions for longer than 7 days were significantly reduced (-21.3%; 95% CI -42.5% to -0.1%). However, only 781 of 1,777 encounters (44.0%) involved providers who completed the ASP education. Where providers completed the education, delayed prescriptions increased 17.7% (p = 0.06), and prescriptions exceeding 7 days duration declined (-27%; 95% CI -48.3% to -5.6%). Subsequent emergency department visits and hospitalizations did not increase. CONCLUSIONS PC-ASP effectiveness on antibiotic use was variable. Shorter prescription durations and increased use of delayed prescriptions were adopted by engaged primary care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren J McIsaac
- Ray D. Wolfe Department of Family Medicine, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arrani Senthinathan
- Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rahim Moineddin
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoshiko Nakamachi
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda Dresser
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark McIntyre
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzanne Singh
- Ray D. Wolfe Department of Family Medicine, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nelia De Oliveira
- Ray D. Wolfe Department of Family Medicine, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Tannenbaum
- Ray D. Wolfe Department of Family Medicine, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Bloom
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Camille Lemieux
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Marr
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Levy
- Ray D. Wolfe Department of Family Medicine, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mira Mitri
- Ray D. Wolfe Department of Family Medicine, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sakina Walji
- Ray D. Wolfe Department of Family Medicine, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sahana Kukan
- Ray D. Wolfe Department of Family Medicine, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew M Morris
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Sinai Health, University Health Network, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Decreased Overall and Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing in a Veterans Affairs Hospital Emergency Department following a Peer Comparison-Based Stewardship Intervention. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:AAC.01660-20. [PMID: 33020159 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01660-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic prescribing is very common in emergency departments (EDs). Optimal stewardship intervention strategies in EDs are not well defined. We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study in a Veterans Affairs ED in which clinician education and monthly e-mail-based peer comparisons were directed against all oral antibiotic prescribing for discharged patients. Oral antibiotic prescriptions were compared in baseline (June 2016 to December 2017) and intervention (January to June 2018) periods using an interrupted time series regression model. Prescribing appropriateness was compared during January to June 2017 and the intervention period. During the intervention period, antibiotic prescriptions decreased monthly by 10.4 prescriptions per 1,000 ED visits (P = 0.07 [95% confidence interval {CI}, -21.7 to 1.0]). The relative decrease in the trend of antibiotic prescriptions during the intervention period compared to baseline was 9.9 prescriptions per 1,000 ED visits per month (P = 0.07 [95% CI, -20.9 to 1.0]). The intervention was associated with a significant decrease and increase in amoxicillin-clavulanate and cephalexin prescriptions, respectively (P < 0.001, P = 0.004). Decreasing trends in ciprofloxacin prescriptions during the baseline period were maintained during the intervention. Unnecessary antibiotic prescribing (i.e., antibiotic not indicated) decreased from 55.6% to 38.7% during the intervention (30.4% decrease, P = 0.003). Optimal antibiotic prescribing (i.e., antibiotics were indicated, and a guideline-concordant agent was prescribed for guideline-concordant duration) increased by 36% (21.6% to 29.3%, P = 0.12). A peer comparison-based stewardship intervention directed at ED clinicians was associated with reductions in overall and unnecessary oral antibiotic prescribing. There is potential to further improve antibiotic use as suboptimal prescribing remained common.
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Poss-Doering R, Kühn L, Kamradt M, Stürmlinger A, Glassen K, Andres E, Kaufmann-Kolle P, Wambach V, Bader L, Szecsenyi J, Wensing M. Fostering Appropriate Antibiotic Use in a Complex Intervention: Mixed-Methods Process Evaluation Alongside the Cluster-Randomized Trial ARena. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E878. [PMID: 33302559 PMCID: PMC7764260 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cluster randomized trial ARena (sustainable reduction of antibiotic-induced antimicrobial resistance, 2017-2020) promoted appropriate use of antibiotics for acute non-complicated infections in primary care networks (PCNs) in Germany. A process evaluation assessed determinants of practice and explored factors associated with antibiotic prescribing patterns. This work describes its findings on uptake and impacts of the complex intervention program and indicates potential implementation into routine care. In a nested mixed-methods approach, a three-wave study-specific survey for participating physicians and medical assistants assessed potential impacts and uptake of the complex intervention program. Stakeholders received a one-time online questionnaire to reflect on network-related aspects. Semi-structured, open-ended interviews, with a purposive sample of physicians, medical assistants and stakeholders, explored program component acceptance for daily practice and perceived sustainability of intervention component effects. Intervention components were perceived to be smoothly integrable into practice routines. The highest uptake was reported for educational components: feedback reports, background information, e-learning modules and disease-specific quality circles (QCs). Participation in PCNs was seen as the motivational factor for guideline-oriented patient care and adoption of new routines. Future approaches to fostering appropriate antibiotics use by targeting health literacy competencies and clinician's therapy decisions should combine evidence-based information sources, audit and feedback reports and QCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Poss-Doering
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.); (J.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Lukas Kühn
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.); (J.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Martina Kamradt
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.); (J.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Anna Stürmlinger
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.); (J.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Katharina Glassen
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.); (J.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Edith Andres
- aQua Institut, Maschmuehlenweg 8-10, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (E.A.); (P.K.-K.)
| | - Petra Kaufmann-Kolle
- aQua Institut, Maschmuehlenweg 8-10, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (E.A.); (P.K.-K.)
| | - Veit Wambach
- Agentur deutscher Arztnetze e.V., Friedrichstraße 171, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Lutz Bader
- Kassenärztliche Vereinigung Bayerns (KVB), 80684 München, Germany;
| | - Joachim Szecsenyi
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.); (J.S.); (M.W.)
- aQua Institut, Maschmuehlenweg 8-10, 37073 Goettingen, Germany; (E.A.); (P.K.-K.)
| | - Michel Wensing
- Department of General Practice and Health Services Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (L.K.); (M.K.); (A.S.); (K.G.); (J.S.); (M.W.)
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Redding LE, Muller BM, Szymczak JE. Small and Large Animal Veterinarian Perceptions of Antimicrobial Use Metrics for Hospital-Based Stewardship in the United States. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:582. [PMID: 33102546 PMCID: PMC7505943 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Robust measurement and tracking of antimicrobial use (AMU) is a fundamental component of stewardship interventions. Feeding back AMU metrics to individual clinicians is a common approach to changing prescribing behavior. Metrics must be meaningful and comprehensible to clinicians. Little is known about how veterinary clinicians working in the United States (US) hospital setting think about AMU metrics for antimicrobial stewardship. Objective: To identify hospital-based veterinary clinicians' attitudes toward audit and feedback of AMU metrics, their perceptions of different AMU metrics, and their response to receiving an individualized prescribing report. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with veterinarians working at two hospitals in the Eastern US. Interviews elicited perceptions of antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary medicine. Respondents were shown a personalized AMU Report characterizing their prescribing patterns relative to their peers and were asked to respond. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the framework method with matrices. Results: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 veterinary clinicians (22 small animal and 12 large animal). Respondents generally felt positive about the reports and were interested in seeing how their prescribing compared to that of their peers. Many respondents expressed doubt that the reports accurately captured the complexities of their prescribing decisions and found metrics associated with animal daily doses (ADDs) confusing. Only 13 (38.2%) respondents felt the reports would change how they used antimicrobials. When asked how the impact of the reports could be optimized, respondents recommended providing a more detailed explanation of how the AMU metrics were derived, education prior to report roll-out, guidance on how to interpret the metrics, and development of meaningful benchmarks for goal-setting. Conclusions: These findings provide important insight that can be used to design veterinary-specific AMU metrics as part of a stewardship intervention that are meaningful to clinicians and more likely to promote judicious prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel E Redding
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brandi M Muller
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Julia E Szymczak
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Improving Antimicrobial Use in Adult Outpatient Clinics: the New Frontier for Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-020-00722-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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