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Barretto LAF, Van PKT, Fowler CC. Conserved patterns of sequence diversification provide insight into the evolution of two-component systems in Enterobacteriaceae. Microb Genom 2024; 10:001215. [PMID: 38502064 PMCID: PMC11004495 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) are a major mechanism used by bacteria to sense and respond to their environments. Many of the same TCSs are used by biologically diverse organisms with different regulatory needs, suggesting that the functions of TCS must evolve. To explore this topic, we analysed the amino acid sequence divergence patterns of a large set of broadly conserved TCS across different branches of Enterobacteriaceae, a family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes biomedically important genera such as Salmonella, Escherichia, Klebsiella and others. Our analysis revealed trends in how TCS sequences change across different proteins or functional domains of the TCS, and across different lineages. Based on these trends, we identified individual TCS that exhibit atypical evolutionary patterns. We observed that the relative extent to which the sequence of a given TCS varies across different lineages is generally well conserved, unveiling a hierarchy of TCS sequence conservation with EnvZ/OmpR as the most conserved TCS. We provide evidence that, for the most divergent of the TCS analysed, PmrA/PmrB, different alleles were horizontally acquired by different branches of this family, and that different PmrA/PmrB sequence variants have highly divergent signal-sensing domains. Collectively, this study sheds light on how TCS evolve, and serves as a compendium for how the sequences of the TCS in this family have diverged over the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. F. Barretto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G2E9, Canada
| | - Patryc-Khang T. Van
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G2E9, Canada
| | - Casey C. Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G2E9, Canada
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Vieira T, Dos Santos CA, de Jesus Bertani AM, Costa GL, Campos KR, Sacchi CT, Cunha MPV, Carvalho E, da Costa AJ, de Paiva JB, Rubio MDS, Camargo CH, Tiba-Casas MR. Polymyxin Resistance in Salmonella: Exploring Mutations and Genetic Determinants of Non-Human Isolates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:110. [PMID: 38391496 PMCID: PMC10885896 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Until 2015, polymyxin resistance was primarily attributed to chromosomal mutations. However, with the first report of mobile colistin resistance (mcr-1) in commensal Escherichia coli from food animals in China, the landscape has changed. To evaluate the presence of polymyxin resistance in Salmonella spp., a drop screening test for colistin and polymyxin B was carried out on 1156 isolates of non-human origin (animals, food, and the environment), received in Brazil, between 2016 and 2021. Subsequently, 210 isolates with resistant results in the drop test were subjected to the gold-standard test (broth microdilution) for both colistin and polymyxin B. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 102 resistant isolates was performed for a comprehensive analysis of associated genes. Surprisingly, none of the isolates resistant to colistin in the drop test harbored any of the mcr variants (mcr-1 to mcr-10). WGS identified that the most common mutations were found in pmrA (n= 22; T89S) and pmrB (n = 24; M15T, G73S, V74I, I83A, A111V). Other resistance determinants were also detected, such as the aac(6')-Iaa gene in 72 isolates, while others carried beta-lactamase genes (blaTEM-1blaCTX-M-2, blaCMY-2). Additionally, genes associated with fluoroquinolone resistance (qnrB19, qnrS1, oqxA/B) were detected in 11 isolates. Colistin and polymyxin B resistance were identified among Salmonella from non-human sources, but not associated with the mcr genes. Furthermore, the already-described mutations associated with polymyxin resistance were detected in only a small number of isolates, underscoring the need to explore and characterize unknown genes that contribute to resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Vieira
- Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcela da Silva Rubio
- School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, University of the State of São Paulo, Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
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Erdmann MB, Gardner PP, Lamont IL. The PitA protein contributes to colistin susceptibility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292818. [PMID: 37824582 PMCID: PMC10569645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a wide range of problematic infections in individuals with predisposing conditions. Infections can be treated with colistin but some isolates are resistant to this antibiotic. To better understand the genetic basis of resistance, we experimentally evolved 19 independent resistant mutants from the susceptible laboratory strain PAO1. Whole genome sequencing identified mutations in multiple genes including phoQ and pmrB that have previously been associated with resistance, pitA that encodes a phosphate transporter, and carB and eno that encode enzymes of metabolism. Individual mutations were engineered into the genome of strain PAO1. Mutations in pitA, pmrB and phoQ increased the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for colistin 8-fold, making the bacteria resistant. Engineered pitA/phoQ and pitA/pmrB double mutants had higher MICs than single mutants, demonstrating additive effects on colistin susceptibility. Single carB and eno mutations did not increase the MIC suggesting that their effect is dependent on the presence of other mutations. Many of the resistant mutants had increased susceptibility to β-lactams and lower growth rates than the parental strain demonstrating that colistin resistance can impose a fitness cost. Two hundred and fourteen P. aeruginosa isolates from a range of sources were tested and 18 (7.8%) were colistin resistant. Sequence variants in genes identified by experimental evolution were present in the 18 resistant isolates and may contribute to resistance. Overall our results identify pitA mutations as novel contributors to colistin resistance and demonstrate that resistance can reduce fitness of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul P. Gardner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Iain L. Lamont
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Merino N, Berdejo D, Pagán E, Girard C, Kerros S, Spinozzi E, Pagán R, García-Gonzalo D. Phenotypic and Genotypic Comparison of Antimicrobial-Resistant Variants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Evolution Assays with Antibiotics or Commercial Products Based on Essential Oils. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1443. [PMID: 37895914 PMCID: PMC10610042 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
On account of the widespread development and propagation of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, essential oils (EOs) have emerged as potential alternatives to antibiotics. However, as already observed for antibiotics, recent studies have raised concerns regarding the potential emergence of resistant variants (RVs) to EOs. In this study, we assessed the emergence of RVs in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium after evolution assays under extended exposure to subinhibitory doses of two commercial EOs (AEN and COLIFIT) as well as to two antibiotics (amoxicillin and colistin). Phenotypic characterization of RVs from evolution assays with commercial EOs yielded no relevant increases in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of E. coli and did not even modify MIC values in S. Typhimurium. Conversely, RVs of E. coli and S. Typhimurium isolated from evolution assays with antibiotics showed increased resistance. Genotypic analysis demonstrated that resistance to commercial EOs was associated with enhanced protection against oxidative stress and redirection of cell energy toward efflux activity, while resistance to antibiotics was primarily linked to modifications in the cell binding sites of antibiotics. These findings suggest that AEN and COLIFIT could serve as safe alternatives to antibiotics in combating the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance within the agrifood system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Merino
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniel Berdejo
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elisa Pagán
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- Chemistry Interdiscplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Rafael Pagán
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego García-Gonzalo
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Riquelme MP, Martinez RW, Brito B, García P, Legarraga P, Wozniak A. Chromosome-Mediated Colistin Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli: Mutation Analysis in the Light of Genetic Background. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:6451-6462. [PMID: 37789836 PMCID: PMC10544214 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s427398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Colistin resistance mechanisms involving mutations in chromosomal genes associated with LPS modification are not completely understood. Mutations in genes coding for the MgrB regulator frequently account for colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae, whereas mutations in genes coding for PhoPQ and PmrAB are frequent in E. coli. Our aim was to perform a genetic analysis of chromosomal mutations in colistin-resistant (MIC ≥4 µg/mL) clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae (n = 8) and E. coli (n = 7) of different STs. Methods Isolates were obtained in a 3-year period in a university hospital in Santiago, Chile. Susceptibility to colistin, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, carbapenems and ciprofloxacin was determined through broth microdilution. Whole genome sequencing was performed for all isolates and chromosomal gene sequences were compared with sequences of colistin-susceptible isolates of the same sequence types. Results None of the isolates carried mcr genes. Most of the isolates were susceptible to all the antibiotics analyzed. E. coli isolates were ST69, ST127, ST59, ST131 and ST14, and K. pneumoniae isolates were ST454, ST45, ST6293, ST380 and ST25. All the isolates had mutations in chromosomal genes analyzed. K. pneumoniae had mutations mainly in mgrB gene, whereas E. coli had mutations in pmrA, pmrB and pmrE genes. Most of the amino acid changes in LPS-modifying enzymes of colistin-resistant isolates were found in colistin-susceptible isolates of the same and/or different ST. Eleven of them were found only in colistin-resistant isolates. Conclusion Colistin resistance mechanisms depend on genetic background, and are due to chromosomal mutations, which implies a lower risk of transmission than plasmid-mediated genes. Colistin resistance is not associated with multidrug-resistance, nor to high-risk sequence types.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paz Riquelme
- Department of Clinical Laboratories - School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo W Martinez
- Genomics & Resistant Microbes Group (Germ) - Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM); School of Medicine-Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), SantiagoChile
| | - Bárbara Brito
- Australian Institute for Microbiology & Infection - Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Patricia García
- Department of Clinical Laboratories - School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), SantiagoChile
- Clinical Laboratories Network, Red de Salud UC-CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulette Legarraga
- Department of Clinical Laboratories - School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Clinical Laboratories Network, Red de Salud UC-CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aniela Wozniak
- Department of Clinical Laboratories - School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), SantiagoChile
- Clinical Laboratories Network, Red de Salud UC-CHRISTUS, Santiago, Chile
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Huang YT, Mao YC, Tseng CH, Liu CW, Liu PY. Identification of combinatorial mutations associated with colistin resistance in Shewanella algae. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105143. [PMID: 37085044 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic used to treat infections caused by drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying colistin resistance in Shewanella algae are not well understood. In this study, we sequenced and compared the genomes of 23 mcr-negative colistin-resistant and sensitive S. algae samples from various sources. We applied a computational approach to identify combinatorial mutations associated with colistin resistance. Our analysis revealed a combination of three mutations (PmrB 451, PmrE168, PmrH292) that were strongly associated with colistin resistance in S. algae. This study provides insights into the genetic mechanisms of colistin resistance in S. algae and demonstrates the utility of a computational approach for identifying epistatic interactions among mutations. Identifying the genetic mutations responsible for colistin resistance in S. algae can inform the development of new treatments or strategies to combat infections caused by this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ting Huang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Daxue Road Section 1, Minxiong Township, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Chiao Mao
- Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Section 4, Xitun District, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Tseng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Section 4, Xitun District, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Section 4, Xitun District, Taichung 40705, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Section 4, Xitun District, Taichung 40705, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd, South District, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd, South District, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd, South District, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; Genomic Center for Infectious Diseases, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 1650 Taiwan Boulevard Section 4. Xitun District, Taichung 40705, Taiwan.
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Tok S, Guzel M, Soyer Y. Emerging Increase in Colistin Resistance Rates in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica from Türkiye. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:222. [PMID: 37221339 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne infections caused by drug-resistant Salmonella spp. are a global health concern. Moreover, commensal Escherichia coli is considered risky due to the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Colistin is considered a last-resort antibiotic against Gram-negative bacterial infections. Colistin resistance can be transferred both vertically, and horizontally via conjugation between bacterial species. Plasmid-mediated resistance has been associated with mcr-1 to mcr-10 genes. In this study, we collected food samples (n = 238), and isolated E. coli (n = 36) and Salmonella (n = 16), representing recent isolates. We included previously collected Salmonella (n = 197) and E. coli (n = 56) from various sources from 2010 to 2015 in Türkiye as representing historical isolates to investigate colistin-resistance over time. In all isolates, colistin resistance was screened phenotypically by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and then in resistant isolates, mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes were further screened. In addition, the antibiotic resistance of recent isolates was determined, and antibiotic resistance genes were investigated. We found that in total 20 Salmonella isolates (9.38%) and 23 of the E. coli isolates (25%) showed phenotypic colistin resistance. Interestingly, the majority of colistin-resistant isolates (N:32) had resistance levels above 128 mg/L. Furthermore 75% of commensal E. coli isolates recently isolated were resistant at least 3 antibiotics. Overall, we found that the colistin resistance has been increased from 8.12 to 25% in Salmonella isolates, and 7.14% to 52.8% in E. coli isolates over time. However, none of these resistant isolates carried mcr genes, most likely indicating emerging chromosomal colistin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seray Tok
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Guzel
- Department of Food Engineering, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Soyer
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Panteleev PV, Safronova VN, Kruglikov RN, Bolosov IA, Ovchinnikova TV. Genomic Insights into Bacterial Resistance to Proline-Rich Antimicrobial Peptide Bac7. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:438. [PMID: 37103865 PMCID: PMC10145973 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PrAMPs) having a potent antimicrobial activity and a modest toxicity toward mammalian cells attract much attention as new templates for the development of antibiotic drugs. However, a comprehensive understanding of mechanisms of bacterial resistance development to PrAMPs is necessary before their clinical application. In this study, development of the resistance to the proline-rich bovine cathelicidin Bac71-22 derivative was characterized in the multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli clinical isolate causing the urinary tract infection. Three Bac71-22-resistant strains with ≥16-fold increase in minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were selected by serially passaging after four-week experimental evolution. It was shown that in salt-containing medium, the resistance was mediated by inactivation of the SbmA transporter. The absence of salt in the selection media affected both dynamics and main molecular targets under selective pressure: a point mutation leading to the amino acid substitution N159H in the WaaP kinase responsible for heptose I phosphorylation in the LPS structure was also found. This mutation led to a phenotype with a decreased susceptibility to both the Bac71-22 and polymyxin B. Screening of antimicrobial activities with the use of a wide panel of known AMPs, including the human cathelicidin LL-37 and conventional antibiotics, against selected strains indicated no significant cross-resistance effects.
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Ardebili A, Izanloo A, Rastegar M. Polymyxin combination therapy for multidrug-resistant, extensively-drug resistant, and difficult-to-treat drug-resistant gram-negative infections: is it superior to polymyxin monotherapy? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:387-429. [PMID: 36820511 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2184346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increasing prevalence of infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively-drug resistant (XDR) or difficult-to-treat drug resistant (DTR) Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, and Escherichia coli poses a severe challenge. AREAS COVERED The rapid growing of multi-resistant GNB as well as the considerable deceleration in development of new anti-infective agents have made polymyxins (e.g. polymyxin B and colistin) a mainstay in clinical practices as either monotherapy or combination therapy. However, whether the polymyxin-based combinations lead to better outcomes remains unknown. This review mainly focuses on the effect of polymyxin combination therapy versus monotherapy on treating GNB-related infections. We also provide several factors in designing studies and their impact on optimizing polymyxin combinations. EXPERT OPINION An abundance of recent in vitro and preclinical in vivo data suggest clinical benefit for polymyxin-drug combination therapies, especially colistin plus meropenem and colistin plus rifampicin, with synergistic killing against MDR, XDR, and DTR P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii. The beneficial effects of polymyxin-drug combinations (e.g. colistin or polymyxin B + carbapenem against carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, polymyxin B + carbapenem + rifampin against carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, and colistin + ceftolozan/tazobactam + rifampin against PDR-P. aeruginosa) have often been shown in clinical setting by retrospective studies. However, high-certainty evidence from large randomized controlled trials is necessary. These clinical trials should incorporate careful attention to patient's sample size, characteristics of patient's groups, PK/PD relationships and dosing, rapid detection of resistance, MIC determinations, and therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Ardebili
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ahdieh Izanloo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rastegar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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10
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Zeng X, Hinenoya A, Guan Z, Xu F, Lin J. Critical role of the RpoE stress response pathway in polymyxin resistance of Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:732-746. [PMID: 36658759 PMCID: PMC10396327 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polymyxins, including colistin, are the drugs of last resort to treat MDR bacterial infections in humans. In-depth understanding of the molecular basis and regulation of polymyxin resistance would provide new therapeutic opportunities to combat increasing polymyxin resistance. Here we aimed to identify novel targets that are crucial for polymyxin resistance using Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), a unique colistin-resistant model strain. METHODS BL21(DE3) was subjected to random transposon mutagenesis for screening colistin-susceptible mutants. The insertion sites of desired mutants were mapped; the key genes of interest were also inactivated in different strains to examine functional conservation. Specific genes in the known PmrAB and PhoPQ regulatory network were inactivated to examine crosstalk among different pathways. Lipid A species and membrane phospholipids were analysed by normal phase LC/MS. RESULTS Among eight mutants with increased susceptibility to colistin, five mutants contained different mutations in three genes (rseP, degS and surA) that belong to the RpoE stress response pathway. Inactivation of rpoE, pmrB, eptA or pmrD led to significantly increased susceptibility to colistin; however, inactivation of phoQ or eptB did not change colistin MIC. RpoE mutation in different E. coli and Salmonella resistant strains all led to significant reduction in colistin MIC (16-32-fold). Inactivation of rpoE did not change the lipid A profile but significantly altered the phospholipid profile. CONCLUSIONS Inactivation of the important members of the RpoE regulon in polymyxin-resistant strains led to a drastic reduction in polymyxin MIC and an increase of lysophospholipids with no change in lipid A modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximin Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Atsushi Hinenoya
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fuzhou Xu
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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11
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Treilles M, Châtre P, Drapeau A, Madec JY, Haenni M. Spread of the mcr-1 colistin-resistance gene in Escherichia coli through plasmid transmission and chromosomal transposition in French goats. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1023403. [PMID: 36687643 PMCID: PMC9846274 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1023403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colistin-resistance widely disseminated in food-producing animals due to decades of colistin use to treat diarrhea. The plasmid-borne mcr-1 gene has been extensively reported from bovine, swine and chicken worldwide, but smaller productions such as the goat farming sector were much less surveyed. Methods We looked for colistin-resistant isolates presenting plasmid-borne genes of the mcr family in both breeding (n=80) and fattening farms (n=5). Localization of the mcr-1 gene was performed using Southern blot analysis coupled to short-read and long-read sequencing. Results Only the mcr-1 gene was identified in 10% (8/80) of the breeding farms and four over the five fattening farms. In total, 4.2% (65/1561) of the animals tested in breeding farms and 60.0% (84/140) of those tested in fattening farms presented a mcr-1-positive E. coli. The mcr-1 gene was located either on the chromosome (32.2%) or on IncX4 (38.9%) and IncHI2 (26.8%) plasmids. As expected, both clonal expansion and plasmidic transfers were observed in farms where the mcr-1 gene was carried by plasmids. Tn6330 transposition was observed in the chromosome of diverse E. coli sequence types within the same farm. Discussion Our results show that the mcr-1 gene is circulating in goat production and is located either on plasmids or on the chromosome. Evidence of Tn6330 transposition highlighted the fact that chromosomal insertion does not impair the transmission capability of the mcr-1 gene. Only strict hygiene and biosecurity procedures in breeding farms, as well as a prudent use of antibiotics in fattening farms, can avoid such complex contamination pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Treilles
- Laboratoire d’Analyse Qualyse, Champdeniers Saint-Denis, France,Association Régionale de Prévention contre la résistance aux Antimicrobiens, Champdeniers Saint Denis, France
| | - Pierre Châtre
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES) – Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Drapeau
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES) – Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Madec
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES) – Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marisa Haenni
- Unité Antibiorésistance et Virulence Bactériennes, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES) – Université de Lyon, Lyon, France,*Correspondence: Marisa Haenni, ✉
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He Z, Xu W, Zhao H, Li W, Dai Y, Lu H, Zhao L, Zhang C, Li Y, Sun B. Epidemiological characteristics an outbreak of ST11 multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae in Anhui, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:996753. [PMID: 36212848 PMCID: PMC9537591 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.996753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae has become a primary threat to global health because of its virulence and resistance. In 2015, China reported multidrug-resistant (MDR) and hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) isolates. The emergence of MDR-hvKp poses a significant threat to public health. We collected 76 MDR K. pneumoniae isolates from the same hospital, of which there were a total of six MDR-hvKp isolates. We performed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and capsular typing, whole genome sequencing, comparative genome analysis, and phylogenetic analysis as well as phenotypic experiments, including growth curves, mucoviscosity assay, Galleria mellonella infection model, human whole blood survival, and human neutrophil bactericidal assay to further characterize the samples. We identified six large plasmids carrying extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes or carbapenemase genes (blaCTX–M–65, blaKPC–2, blaSHV–12, blaSHV–158), 9 plasmids containing other drug resistance genes, and 7 hypervirulence plasmids carrying rmpA and rmpA2 in ST11 MDR-hvKp isolates. Some of these plasmids were identical, whereas others differed only by insertion elements. In addition, we identified a plasmid, p21080534_1, that carries hypervirulence genes (iucABCD, iutA, rmpA2), a carbapenemase gene (blaKPC–2), and an ESBL gene (blaSHV–12), as well as MDR-hvKp 21072329, which did not carry rmpA or rmpA2, but exhibited hypervirulence and hypermucoviscosity. ST11 MDR-hvKp derived from hypervirulence and multidrug resistance plasmids not only causes significant treatment difficulties, but also represents an unprecedented challenge to public health. Therefore, urgent measures are needed to limit further spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhien He
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huaiwei Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University of China, Hefei, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Changfeng Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yujie Li,
| | - Baolin Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Baolin Sun,
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Chen X, Li P, Sun Z, Xu X, Jiang J, Su J. Insertion sequence mediating mrgB disruption is the major mechanism of polymyxin resistance in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 30:357-362. [PMID: 35817263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) pose a huge health challenge worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of polymyxin resistance in clinical CRKP isolates in China and to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying these polymyxin-resistant CRKP (PR-CRKP) isolates. METHODS A total of 493 CRKP clinical isolates from patients were collected from six tertiary-care hospitals in China during 2017-2018. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of polymyxin B and colistin were determined using the broth microdilution method. PR-CRKP isolates were identified and subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Quantitative real-time PCR and structural modelling analysis were also performed. RESULTS We observed a 2.2% (11/493) polymyxin resistance rate in this multicentre cohort. Polymyxin B MICs ranged from 4 to 64 μg/mL and colistin MICs ranged from 8 to 128 μg/mL in 11 PR-CRKP isolates. Key genetic variations identified in PR-CRKP isolates involved eight disruptions (seven insertional inactivation by an insertion sequence [IS] element, one frameshift deletion) in mgrB, and three missense mutations in pmrA, pmrB, and phoP. ISKpn26 was the predominant IS (4/7), and three of these occurred in nucleotide position 74 in the mgrB gene. In addition, we reported a novel mutation S62R in pmrB that may confer polymyxin resistance in K. pneumoniae. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the multifaceted molecular mechanisms of polymyxin resistance in CRKP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Li
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhewei Sun
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaogang Xu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiachun Su
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Carmosino I, Bonardi S, Rega M, Luppi A, Lamperti L, Ossiprandi MC, Bacci C. Evolution of β-lactams, fluroquinolones and colistin resistance and genetic profiles in <em>Salmonella</em> isolates from pork in northern Italy. Ital J Food Saf 2022; 11:9972. [PMID: 35795463 PMCID: PMC9251873 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2022.9972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Food Safety Authority and European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control antimicrobial resistance report published in 2021 shows increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella against antibiotics of choice for human salmonellosis (s-lactams and fluoroquinolones). The aim of the study was to follow the evolution of resistance against some Critical Important Antimicrobials in Salmonella isolates from fresh pork collected in Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy, over two decades. Emilia-Romagna region is characterized by production of well-known pork derived products, as Parma Ham. The samples were collected in three different periods, ranging from 2000 to 2003, 2012 to 2016 and 2018 to 2021. After serotyping, the isolates were phenotypically tested for resistance to three classes of antibiotics: s-lactams, fluoroquinolones and polymyxins. End-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCRReal Time were used for genotypical analyses. The phenotypical resistance to s-lactams and fluoroquinolones were clearly increasing when comparing the results obtained from isolates collected in the first period (16.7% and 16.7%, respectively) with those of the third period (29.7% and 32.4%, respectively). On the contrary, the resistance to colistin decreased from 33.3% to 5.4%. Genotypically, the 71.4% and 83.3% of the strains harboured s-lactams and fluoroquinolones genes, respectively, while colistin resistance genes were not detected in the phenotypically resistant strains.
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Hamame A, Davoust B, Cherak Z, Rolain JM, Diene SM. Mobile Colistin Resistance ( mcr) Genes in Cats and Dogs and Their Zoonotic Transmission Risks. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060698. [PMID: 35745552 PMCID: PMC9230929 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pets, especially cats and dogs, represent a great potential for zoonotic transmission, leading to major health problems. The purpose of this systematic review was to present the latest developments concerning colistin resistance through mcr genes in pets. The current study also highlights the health risks of the transmission of colistin resistance between pets and humans. Methods: We conducted a systematic review on mcr-positive bacteria in pets and studies reporting their zoonotic transmission to humans. Bibliographic research queries were performed on the following databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Microsoft Academic, and Web of Science. Articles of interest were selected using the PRISMA guideline principles. Results: The analyzed articles from the investigated databases described the presence of mcr gene variants in pets including mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-8, mcr-9, and mcr-10. Among these articles, four studies reported potential zoonotic transmission of mcr genes between pets and humans. The epidemiological analysis revealed that dogs and cats can be colonized by mcr genes that are beginning to spread in different countries worldwide. Overall, reported articles on this subject highlight the high risk of zoonotic transmission of colistin resistance genes between pets and their owners. Conclusions: This review demonstrated the spread of mcr genes in pets and their transmission to humans, indicating the need for further measures to control this significant threat to public health. Therefore, we suggest here some strategies against this threat such as avoiding zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf Hamame
- Faculté de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Zineb Cherak
- Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Batna-2, Route de Constantine, Fésdis, Batna 05078, Algeria;
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Faculté de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
- Correspondence: (J.-M.R.); (S.M.D.); Tel.: +33-4-9183-5649 (S.M.D.)
| | - Seydina M. Diene
- Faculté de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France;
- Correspondence: (J.-M.R.); (S.M.D.); Tel.: +33-4-9183-5649 (S.M.D.)
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Antimicrobial resistance and genetic background of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica strains isolated from human infections in São Paulo, Brazil (2000-2019). Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1249-1262. [PMID: 35446010 PMCID: PMC9433476 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica causes Salmonellosis, an important infection in humans and other animals. The number of multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes associated with Salmonella spp. isolates is increasing worldwide, causing public health concern. Here, we aim to characterize the antimicrobial-resistant phenotype of 789 non-typhoidal S. enterica strains isolated from human infections in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, along 20 years (2000-2019). Among the non-susceptible isolates, 31.55, 14.06, and 13.18% were resistant to aminoglycosides, tetracycline, and β-lactams, respectively. Moreover, 68 and 11 isolates were considered MDR and Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producers, respectively, whereas one isolate was colistin-resistant. We selected four strains to obtain a draft of the Genome Sequence; one S. Infantis (ST32), one S. Enteritidis (ST11), one S. I 4,[5],12:i:- (ST19), and one S. Typhimurium (ST313). Among them, three presented at least one of the following antimicrobial resistance genes (AMR) linked to mobile DNA: blaTEM-1B, dfrA1, tetA, sul1, floR, aac(6')-laa, and qnrE1. This is the first description of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) gene qnrE1 in a clinical isolate of S. I 4,[5],12:i:-. The S. Typhimurium is a colistin-resistant isolate, but did not harbor mcr genes, but it presented mutations within the mgrB, pmrB, and pmrC regions that might be linked to the colistin-resistant phenotype. The virulence pattern of the four isolates resembled the virulence pattern of the highly pathogenic S. Typhimurium UK-1 reference strain in assays involving the in vivo Galleria mellonella model. In conclusion, most isolates studied here are susceptible, but a small percentage present an MDR or ESBL-producer and pathogenic phenotype. Sequence analyses revealed plasmid-encoded AMR genes, such as β-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, indicating that these characteristics can be potentially disseminated among other bacterial strains.
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Prevalence of polymyxin resistance through the food chain, the global crisis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2022; 75:185-198. [PMID: 35079146 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-022-00502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the vital challenges facing global health today. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections are often treated with the narrow-spectrum drugs, colistin (polymyxin E) or polymyxin B, which are last-resort antibiotics for human therapeutics that are effective against Gram-negative bacteria. Unfortunately, resistance to these polymyxins has occurred because of selective pressure caused by the inappropriate use of those antibiotics, especially in farming. The mechanisms of resistance to polymyxins are mediated through intrinsic, mutational, or genetic alteration in chromosomal genes. The mechanism includes the regulatory network controlling chemical modifications of lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide, reducing the negative charge of lipid A and its affinity for polymyxins. Additionally, the unique mobile colistin/polymyxin B resistance (mcr) gene reported in Enterobacteriales is responsible for the horizontal dissemination of resistance to polymyxins via the food chain. There is now an urgent need to increase surveillance for detecting resistance to polymyxins. Therefore, this review presents an overview of presently available scientific literature on the mechanism of resistance to polymyxins, with their associated gene variants, evaluation methods, resistance transmission through the food chain via food bacteria, and related risk factors. We further focus on the significant implications of polymyxins usage in India and future views for food safety to preserve polymyxin activity.
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Whole-Genome Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Enteritidis Strains Isolated from Poultry Sources in Korea. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121615. [PMID: 34959570 PMCID: PMC8707440 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella Enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of main serovars isolated from human patients with food poisoning and poultry without clinical signs. Consumption of poultry products contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis is a common source of human salmonellosis; 82 Salmonella spp. were isolated from 291 samples of retail chicken meat, 201 one-day-old chicks, 30 internal organs of chickens, 156 chicken eggs, 100 duck eggs, 38 straw bedding samples, 18 samples of retail duck meat, and 19 swab samples from slaughterhouses in 2019 and 2020. An antibiotic susceptibility test was performed for all isolates, revealing 33 multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The whole genome of 33 MDR strains isolated in 2019 and 2020 and 10 strains isolated in 2011, 2012, and 2017 was sequenced using the MinION sequencing protocol. Within these 43 samples, 5 serovars were identified: S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S. Virchow, S. Albany, and S. Bareilly. The most common serovar was S. Enteritidis (26/43), which showed the highest resistance to ampicillin (100%), followed by nalidixic acid (90%) and colistin (83%). Core genome multilocus sequence typing analysis showed that the S. Enteritidis strains isolated from different sources and in different years were clustered together. In addition, the S. Enteritidis strains isolated since 2011 consistently harbored the same antibiotic resistance patterns.
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Binsker U, Käsbohrer A, Hammerl JA. Global colistin use: A review of the emergence of resistant Enterobacterales and the impact on their genetic basis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6382128. [PMID: 34612488 PMCID: PMC8829026 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dramatic global rise of MDR and XDR Enterobacterales in human medicine forced clinicians to the reintroduction of colistin as last-resort drug. Meanwhile, colistin is used in the veterinary medicine since its discovery, leading to a steadily increasing prevalence of resistant isolates in the livestock and meat-based food sector. Consequently, transmission of resistant isolates from animals to humans, acquisition via food and exposure to colistin in the clinic are reasons for the increased prevalence of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales in humans in the last decades. Initially, resistance mechanisms were caused by mutations in chromosomal genes. However, since the discovery in 2015, the focus has shifted exclusively to mobile colistin resistances (mcr). This review will advance the understanding of chromosomal-mediated resistance mechanisms in Enterobacterales. We provide an overview about genes involved in colistin resistance and the current global situation of colistin-resistant Enterobacterales. A comparison of the global colistin use in veterinary and human medicine highlights the effort to reduce colistin sales in veterinary medicine under the One Health approach. In contrast, it uncovers the alarming rise in colistin consumption in human medicine due to the emergence of MDR Enterobacterales, which might be an important driver for the increasing emergence of chromosome-mediated colistin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Binsker
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens A Hammerl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Gogry FA, Siddiqui MT, Sultan I, Haq QMR. Current Update on Intrinsic and Acquired Colistin Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:677720. [PMID: 34476235 PMCID: PMC8406936 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.677720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin regained global interest as a consequence of the rising prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae. In parallel, colistin-resistant bacteria emerged in response to the unregulated use of this antibiotic. However, some Gram-negative species are intrinsically resistant to colistin activity, such as Neisseria meningitides, Burkholderia species, and Proteus mirabilis. Most identified colistin resistance usually involves modulation of lipid A that decreases or removes early charge-based interaction with colistin through up-regulation of multistep capsular polysaccharide expression. The membrane modifications occur by the addition of cationic phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) or 4-amino-l-arabinose on lipid A that results in decrease in the negative charge on the bacterial surface. Therefore, electrostatic interaction between polycationic colistin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is halted. It has been reported that these modifications on the bacterial surface occur due to overexpression of chromosomally mediated two-component system genes (PmrAB and PhoPQ) and mutation in lipid A biosynthesis genes that result in loss of the ability to produce lipid A and consequently LPS chain, thereafter recently identified variants of plasmid-borne genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10). It was hypothesized that mcr genes derived from intrinsically resistant environmental bacteria that carried chromosomal pmrC gene, a part of the pmrCAB operon, code three proteins viz. pEtN response regulator PmrA, sensor kinase protein PmrAB, and phosphotransferase PmrC. These plasmid-borne mcr genes become a serious concern as they assist in the dissemination of colistin resistance to other pathogenic bacteria. This review presents the progress of multiple strategies of colistin resistance mechanisms in bacteria, mainly focusing on surface changes of the outer membrane LPS structure and other resistance genetic determinants. New handier and versatile methods have been discussed for rapid detection of colistin resistance determinants and the latest approaches to revert colistin resistance that include the use of new drugs, drug combinations and inhibitors. Indeed, more investigations are required to identify the exact role of different colistin resistance determinants that will aid in developing new less toxic and potent drugs to treat bacterial infections. Therefore, colistin resistance should be considered a severe medical issue requiring multisectoral research with proper surveillance and suitable monitoring systems to report the dissemination rate of these resistant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Insha Sultan
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Characterisation of Early Positive mcr-1 Resistance Gene and Plasmidome in Escherichia coli Pathogenic Strains Associated with Variable Phylogroups under Colistin Selection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091041. [PMID: 34572623 PMCID: PMC8466100 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An antibiotic susceptibility monitoring programme was conducted from 2004 to 2010, resulting in a collection of 143 Escherichia coli cultured from bovine faecal samples (diarrhoea) and milk-aliquots (mastitis). The isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing and were distributed in phylogroups A, B1, B2, C, D, E, and G with no correlation for particular genotypes with pathotypes. In fact, the population structure showed that the strains belonging to the different phylogroups matched broadly to ST complexes; however, the isolates are randomly associated with the diseases, highlighting the necessity to investigate the virulence factors more accurately in order to identify the mechanisms by which they cause disease. The antimicrobial resistance was assessed phenotypically, confirming the genomic prediction on three isolates that were resistant to colistin, although one isolate was positive for the presence of the gene mcr-1 but susceptible to colistin. To further characterise the genomic context, the four strains were sequenced by using a single-molecule long read approach. Genetic analyses indicated that these four isolates harboured complex and diverse plasmids encoding not only antibiotic resistant genes (including mcr-1 and bla) but also virulence genes (siderophore, ColV, T4SS). A detailed description of the plasmids of these four E. coli strains, which are linked to bovine mastitis and diarrhoea, is presented for the first time along with the characterisation of the predicted antibiotic resistance genes. The study highlighted the diversity of incompatibility types encoding complex antibiotic resistance elements such as Tn6330, ISEcp1, Tn6029, and IS5075. The mcr-1 resistance determinant was identified in IncHI2 plasmids pCFS3273-1 and pCFS3292-1, thus providing some of the earliest examples of mcr-1 reported in Europe, and these sequences may be a representative of the early mcr-1 plasmidome characterisation in the EU/EEA.
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Huang C, Shi Q, Zhang S, Wu H, Xiao Y. Acquisition of the mcr-1 Gene Lowers the Target Mutation to Impede the Evolution of a High-Level Colistin-Resistant Mutant in Escherichia coli. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:3041-3051. [PMID: 34408448 PMCID: PMC8364431 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s324303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The spread of the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 poses a significant public health threat. Little information is available on the development of high-level colistin-resistant mutants (HLCRMs) in MCR-1-producing Escherichia coli (MCRPEC). The present study was designed to evaluate the impact of chromosomal modifications in pmrAB, phoPQ, and mgrB combined with mcr-1 on colistin resistance in E. coli. Methods Five MCRPEC and three non-MCRPEC (E. coli ATCC25922 and two plasmid-curing) strains were used. The HLCRMs were selected through multi-stepwise colistin exposure. Moreover, two E. coli C600-pMCRs were constructed and used for selection of HLCRMs. Further analysis included mutation rates and DNA sequencing. Transcripts of pmrABC, phoP, mgrB, and mcr-1 were quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. Results All tested HLCRMs were successfully isolated from their parental strains. Non-MCRPEC strains had higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and mutation rates than MCRPEC strains. Nineteen amino acid substitutions were identified: seven in PmrA, six in PmrB, one in PhoP, three in PhoQ, and two in MgrB. Most were detected in non-MCRPEC strains. Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant predicted that four substitutions, PmrA Gly15Arg, Gly53Arg, PmrB Pro94Gln, and PhoP Asp86Gly, affected protein function. Two HLCRM isolates did not show amino acid substitutions in contrast to their parental MCRPEC isolates. No further mutations were detected in the second- and third-step mutants. Further transcriptional analysis showed that the up-regulation of pmrCAB expression was greater in the mutant of E. coli C600 than in E. coli C600-pMCR. Conclusion Acquisition of the mcr-1 gene had a negative impact on the development of HLCRMs in E. coli, but was associated with low-level colistin resistance. Thus, colistin-based combination regimens may be effective against infections with MCR-1-producing isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuntian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongcheng Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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A Resistance Mechanism in Non- mcr Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli in Taiwan: R81H Substitution in PmrA Is an Independent Factor Contributing to Colistin Resistance. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0002221. [PMID: 34259551 PMCID: PMC8552686 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00022-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin resistance due to the mcr-type genes in Escherichia coli is well characterized. In order to study the resistance mechanism in mcr-negative colistin-resistant E. coli, strains were selected from a nationwide antimicrobial resistance surveillance program in Taiwan for further investigation. A total of 11 mcr-negative colistin-resistant isolates among 7,942 (0.1%) clinical E. coli isolates were identified between 2008 and 2018. Their prevalence was low and remained stable during the study period. Since 2012, ST131 and ST1193 clones with multiple drug-resistant phenotypes have emerged. All resistant strains displayed higher expression levels of the operons pmrHFIJKLM and pmrCAB than the control MG1655 strain. Although several amino acid substitutions were identified in PmrA or PmrB, only R81H in PmrA was associated with overexpression of pmrHFIJKLM and colistin resistance. The effect of substitution R81H in PmrA in colistin resistance was confirmed by complementation experiments. Although some strains harbored substitutions in PmrB, the identified mutations in pmrB did not contribute to colistin resistance. In conclusion, the amino acid substitution R81H in PmrA is an independent factor contributing to colistin resistance in non-mcrE. coli. IMPORTANCE The molecular epidemiology and resistance mechanisms of mcr-negative colistin-resistant E. coli are not well described. In this study, a total of 11 mcr-negative colistin-resistant E. coli isolates were selected from a nationwide antimicrobial resistance surveillance program in Taiwan for further investigation. We determined the resistance mechanism of non-mcr colistin-resistant strains using gene knockout and complementation experiments. We observed the occurrence of the global multiple-drug-resistant E. coli clones ST131 and ST1193 starting in 2012. Moreover, for the first time, we proved that the amino acid substitution R81H in PmrA is an independent factor contributing to colistin resistance in non-mcrE. coli. The study results helped to gain an insight into the diversity and complexity of chromosome-encoded colistin resistance in E. coli.
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Royer G, Poirel L, La Combe B, Clermont O, Chau F, Mercier-Darty M, Denamur E, Nordmann P, Ricard JD, Decousser JW. Lack of association between colistin resistance and chlorhexidine reduced susceptibility in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:2736-2737. [PMID: 34245272 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Royer
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France.,LABGeM, Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France.,Département de Prévention, Diagnostic et Traitement des Infections, Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Laurent Poirel
- Laboratoire Européen Associé INSERM, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,National Reference Centre for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice La Combe
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France.,APHP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, DMU ESPRIT, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, 92700 Colombes, France.,Service de Réanimation polyvalente, Hôpital du Scorff - Groupe Hospitalier Bretagne Sud Lorient, 5 Avenue Choiseul, 56322 Lorient, France
| | - Olivier Clermont
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Chau
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Mercier-Darty
- Département de Prévention, Diagnostic et Traitement des Infections, Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Erick Denamur
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Bichat, APHP, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Patrice Nordmann
- Laboratoire Européen Associé INSERM, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,National Reference Centre for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Damien Ricard
- Université de Paris, IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, 75018 Paris, France.,APHP, Hôpital Louis Mourier, DMU ESPRIT, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, 92700 Colombes, France
| | - Jean-Winoc Decousser
- Département de Prévention, Diagnostic et Traitement des Infections, Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, 94000 Créteil, France.,EA 7380 Dynamyc, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France
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25
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Plasmid-mediated Kluyvera-like arnBCADTEF operon confers colistin (hetero)resistance to Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.00091-21. [PMID: 33685891 PMCID: PMC8092862 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00091-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of colistin as a last resort antimicrobial is compromised by the emergence of resistant enterobacteria with acquired determinants like mcr genes, mutations that activate the PmrAB system and by still unknown mechanisms. This work analyzed 74 E. coli isolates from healthy swine, turkey or bovine, characterizing their colistin resistance determinants. The mcr-1 gene, detected in 69 isolates, was the main determinant found among which 45% were carried by highly mobile plasmids, followed by four strains lacking previously known resistance determinants or two with mcr-4 (one in addition to mcr-1), whose phenotypes were not transferred by conjugation. Although a fraction of isolates carrying mcr-1 or mcr-4 genes also presented missense polymorphisms in pmrA or pmrB, constitutive activation of PmrAB was not detected, in contrast to strains with mutations that confer colistin resistance. The expression of mcr genes negatively controls the transcription of the arnBCADTEF operon itself, a down-regulation that was also observed in the four isolates lacking known resistance determinants, three of them sharing the same macrorestriction and plasmid profiles. Genomic sequencing of one of these strains, isolated from a bovine in 2015, revealed a IncFII plasmid of 62.1 Kb encoding an extra copy of the arnBCADTEF operon closely related to Kluyvera ascorbata homologs. This element, called pArnT1, was cured by ethidium bromide and the cells lost resistance to colistin in parallel. Furthermore, a susceptible E. coli strain acquired heteroresistance after transformation with pArnT1 or pBAD24 carrying the Kluyvera-like arnBCADTEF operon, revealing it as a new colistin resistance determinant.
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Li L, Li R, Qi C, Gao H, Wei Q, Tan L, Sun F. Mechanisms of polymyxin resistance induced by Salmonella typhimurium in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2021; 257:109063. [PMID: 33932721 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The increase incidence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella has become a major global health concern. Polymyxin, an ancient polypeptide antibiotic, has been given renewed attention over recent years, resulting in resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to polymyxin, but its resistance mechanism is not completely clear. Thus, it is important to study its resistance mechanisms. In this study, an in vitro induced polymyxin-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium in the laboratory were constructed to investigate the mechanism of resistance of Salmonella to polymyxin. Gradual induction of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC13311 (AT) by concentration increment was used to screen for a highly polymyxin-resistant strain AT-P128. The broth dilution technique was used to compare the sensitivity of the two strains to different antimicrobial drugs. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were then identified by whole genome sequencing, and differences in gene expression between the two strains were compared by transcriptome sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Finally, for the first time, the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system was used to construct gene deletion mutants in Salmonella to knock out the phoP gene of AT-P128. The results showed that strain AT-P128 was significantly more resistant to amoxicillin, ceftiofur, ampicillin, fluphenazine, and chloramphenicol and significantly less resistant to sulfamethoxazole than the parental strain AT. The growth curve results showed no significant change in the growth rate between AT-P128 and AT. Motility and biofilm formation assays showed a significant decrease in AT-P128. Additionally, the WGS results showed that AT-P128 had mutations in 9 genes involving 14 SNPs. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR results showed increased expression of phoPQ. The loss of the phoP gene decreased AT-P128ΔphoP resistance to polymyxin by 32-fold. These results suggested that polymyxin resistance affected the biology, genome components, and gene expression levels of Salmonella and that the PhoPQ two-component system played a key role in polymyxin resistance in Salmonella, providing insights into the diversity and complexity of polymyxin resistance in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Caili Qi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Haixia Gao
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Qiling Wei
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Lei Tan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China.
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27
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Effects of Regulatory Network Organization and Environment on PmrD Connector Activity and Polymyxin Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.00889-20. [PMID: 33361295 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00889-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymyxins are a class of cyclic peptides with antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. In Enterobacteriaceae, the PhoQ/PhoP and PmrB/PmrA two-component systems regulate many genes that confer resistance to both polymyxins and host antimicrobial peptides. The activities of these two-component systems are modulated by additional proteins that are conserved across Enterobacteriaceae, such as MgrB, a negative regulator of PhoQ, and PmrD, a "connector" protein that activates PmrB/PmrA in response to PhoQ/PhoP stimulation. Despite the conservation of many protein components of the PhoQ/PhoP-PmrD-PmrB/PmrA network, the specific molecular interactions and regulatory mechanisms vary across different genera. Here, we explore the role of PmrD in modulating this signaling network in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli We show that in K. pneumoniae, PmrD is not required for polymyxin resistance arising from mutation of mgrB-the most common cause of spontaneous polymyxin resistance in this bacterium-suggesting that direct activation of polymyxin resistance genes by PhoQ/PhoP plays a critical role in this resistance pathway. However, for conditions of low pH or intermediate iron concentrations, both of which stimulate PmrB/PmrA, we find that PmrD does contribute to resistance. We further show that in E. coli, PmrD functions as a connector between PhoQ/PhoP and PmrB/PmrA, in contrast with previous reports. In this case, activity also depends on PmrB/PmrA stimulation, or on very high activation of PhoQ/PhoP. Our results indicate that the importance of the PmrD connector in modulating the polymyxin resistance network depends on both the network organization and on the environmental conditions associated with PmrB stimulation.
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28
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Snyman Y, Whitelaw AC, Reuter S, Maloba MRB, Newton-Foot M. Colistin Resistance Mechanisms in Clinical Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Isolates from the Western Cape of South Africa. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1249-1258. [PMID: 33571049 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections. Colistin resistance thus poses a threat to human health. Colistin resistance is most commonly encoded by mutations in chromosomal pmrA, pmrB, phoP, phoQ, ccrB, and mgrB genes, and the presence of plasmid-mediated mcr genes. This study describes colistin resistance mechanisms in clinical Enterobacterales isolates from the Western Cape, South Africa. Results: Escherichia coli (n = 22) and Klebsiella spp. (n = 7) isolates, from nine health care facilities, were confirmed to be colistin resistant during 2016 and 2017. mcr-1 was present in 55% (12/22) of E. coli and 71% (5/7) of Klebsiella spp. isolates. Colistin resistance mutations in pmrB were identified in 8/10 mcr-negative E. coli isolates using whole-genome sequencing, with pmrB Pro-94→Gln being the most frequent with presence in 4 isolates. One mcr-negative Klebsiella spp. isolate had a complete deletion of the mgrB and one contained an insertion sequence (IS1) in mgrB. Conclusion: A reduction in the proportion of colistin-resistant isolates harboring mcr-1 from 2016 to 2017 was observed. Colistin-resistant E. coli attributed by chromosomal mutations in pmrB in 2017 were mostly clonal related, which contrasts with the 2016 unrelated mcr-1-positive isolates. The diverse strains, hospitals, and resistance mechanisms may suggest that selective pressure is the main driver of colistin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolandi Snyman
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Christopher Whitelaw
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra Reuter
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Motlatji Reratilwe Bonnie Maloba
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Universitas Hospital, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Mae Newton-Foot
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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29
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The Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Hatcheries and Dissemination in an Integrated Broiler Chicken Operation in Korea. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010154. [PMID: 33440890 PMCID: PMC7827806 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive identification rates of Salmonella enterica in hatcheries and upstream breeder farms were 16.4% (36/220) and 3.0% (6/200), respectively. Among the Salmonella serovars identified in the hatcheries, S. enterica ser. Albany (17/36, 47.2%) was the most prevalent, followed by the serovars S. enterica ser. Montevideo (11/36, 30.6%) and S. enterica ser. Senftenberg (5/36, 13.9%), which were also predominant. Thirty-six isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial tested, of which 52.8% (n = 19) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Thirty-three isolates (enrofloxacin, MIC ≥ 0.25) showed point mutations in the gyrA and parC genes. One isolate, S. enterica ser. Virchow, carrying the blaCTX-M-15 gene from the breeder farm was ceftiofur resistant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that 52.0% S. enterica ser. Montevideo and 29.6% S. enterica ser. Albany isolates sourced from the downstream of hatcheries along the broiler chicken supply chain carried the same PFGE types as those of the hatcheries. Thus, the hatcheries showed a high prevalence of Salmonella isolates with high antimicrobial resistance and no susceptible isolate. The AMR isolates from hatcheries originating from breeder farms could disseminate to the final retail market along the broiler chicken supply chain. The emergence of AMR Salmonella in hatcheries may be due to the horizontal spread of resistant isolates. Therefore, Salmonella control in hatcheries, particularly its horizontal transmission, is important.
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30
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Knopp M, Babina AM, Gudmundsdóttir JS, Douglass MV, Trent MS, Andersson DI. A novel type of colistin resistance genes selected from random sequence space. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009227. [PMID: 33411736 PMCID: PMC7790251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a rapidly increasing medical problem that severely limits the success of antibiotic treatments, and the identification of resistance determinants is key for surveillance and control of resistance dissemination. Horizontal transfer is the dominant mechanism for spread of resistance genes between bacteria but little is known about the original emergence of resistance genes. Here, we examined experimentally if random sequences can generate novel antibiotic resistance determinants de novo. By utilizing highly diverse expression libraries encoding random sequences to select for open reading frames that confer resistance to the last-resort antibiotic colistin in Escherichia coli, six de novocolistin resistance conferring peptides (Dcr) were identified. The peptides act via direct interactions with the sensor kinase PmrB (also termed BasS in E. coli), causing an activation of the PmrAB two-component system (TCS), modification of the lipid A domain of lipopolysaccharide and subsequent colistin resistance. This kinase-activation was extended to other TCS by generation of chimeric sensor kinases. Our results demonstrate that peptides with novel activities mediated via specific peptide-protein interactions in the transmembrane domain of a sensory transducer can be selected de novo, suggesting that the origination of such peptides from non-coding regions is conceivable. In addition, we identified a novel class of resistance determinants for a key antibiotic that is used as a last resort treatment for several significant pathogens. The high-level resistance provided at low expression levels, absence of significant growth defects and the functionality of Dcr peptides across different genera suggest that this class of peptides could potentially evolve as bona fide resistance determinants in natura. We expressed over 100 million randomly generated DNA sequences in Escherichia coli and selected 6 variants that encode peptides that provide resistance to the last-resort antibiotic colistin. We show that the selected peptides are auxiliary activators of the two-component system PmrAB, and that resistance is mediated via modifications of the cell envelope causing decreased antibiotic uptake. This is the first example where random expression libraries have been employed to select for peptides that perform an activating function by direct peptide-protein interactions in vivo, adding support to the idea that non-coding DNA can serve as a substrate for de novo gene evolution. Additionally, the described peptides expand the narrow list of colistin resistance genes and further analyses of clinical isolates will be necessary to determine if similar resistance determinants have evolved in natura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Knopp
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MK); (DIA)
| | - Arianne M. Babina
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | - Martin V. Douglass
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Georgia, United States of America
| | - M. Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dan I. Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MK); (DIA)
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31
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Genomic Characteristics of Colistin-Resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Infantis from Poultry Farms in the Republic of Serbia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120886. [PMID: 33321688 PMCID: PMC7762970 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on 174 single isolates from poultry farms in Serbia and it was determined that seven Salmonella spp. were multidrug resistant. Sixteen serotypes were detected, but only serotype Infantis confirmed reduced susceptibility to colistin. Seven colistin resistant Salmonella Infantis were studied in detail using the WGS approach. Three sequence types were identified corresponding to different epizootiology region. The isolate from the Province of Vojvodina 3842 and isolates from Jagodina (92 and 821) are represented by the sequence type ST413 and ST11, respectively. Four isolates from Kraljevo are ST32, a common S. Infantis sequence type in humans, poultry and food. The fosfomycin resistance gene fosA7 in isolate 3842 and the vgaA gene in isolate 8418/2948 encoding resistance to pleuromutilins were reported for the first time in serovar Infantis. The changes in relative expression of the phoP/Q, mgrB and pmrA/B genes were detected. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the pmrB gene, including transitions Val164Gly or Val164Met, and Arg92Pro are described. Analyses of quinolone resistance determining region revealed substitutions Ser83Tyr in GyrA protein and Thr57Ser and Ser80Arg in ParC protein. Based on WGS data, there are two major clusters among analyzed Salmonella Infantis isolates from central Serbia.
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32
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Sevilla E, Vico JP, Delgado-Blas JF, González-Zorn B, Marín CM, Uruén C, Martín-Burriel I, Bolea R, Mainar-Jaime RC. Resistance to colistin and production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or AmpC enzymes in Salmonella isolates collected from healthy pigs in Northwest Spain in two periods: 2008-2009 and 2018. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 338:108967. [PMID: 33243630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a common subclinical infection in pigs and therefore apparently healthy animals may represent a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella for humans. This study estimates and characterizes resistance to two classes of antimicrobials considered of the highest priority within the critically important antimicrobials for humans, i.e. colistin (CR) and 3rd generation cephalosporins (3GC), on a collection of Salmonella isolates from pigs from two periods: between 2008 and 09, when colistin was massively used; and in 2018, after three years under a National Plan against Antibiotic Resistance. Prevalence of CR was low (6 out of 625; 0.96%; 95%CI: 0.44-2.1) in 2008-09 and associated mostly to the mcr-1 gene, which was detected in four S. 4,5,12:i:- isolates. Polymorphisms in the pmrAB genes were detected in a S. 9,12:-:- isolate. No CR was detected in 2018 out of 59 isolates tested. Among 270 Salmonella isolates considered for the assessment of resistance to 3GC in the 2008-2009 sampling, only one Salmonella Bredeney (0.37%; 95%CI: 0.07-2.1) showed resistance to 3GC, which was associated with the blaCMY-2 gene (AmpC producer). In 2018, six isolates out of 59 (10.2%; 95%CI: 4.7-20.5) showed resistance to 3GC, but only two different strains were identified (S. 4,12:i:- and S. Rissen), both confirmed as extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producers. The blaCTX-M-3 and blaTEM-1b genes in S. 4,12:i:- and the blaTEM-1b gene in S. Rissen seemed to be associated with this resistance. Overall, the prevalence of CR in Salmonella appeared to be very low in 2008-2009 despite the considerable use of colistin in pigs at that time, and seemed to remain so in 2018. Resistance to 3GC was even lower in 2008-2009 but somewhat higher in 2018. Resistance was mostly coded by genes associated with mobile genetic elements. Most serotypes involved in these antimicrobial resistances displayed a multidrug resistance pattern and were considered zoonotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloísa Sevilla
- Dpto. de Patología Animal y, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan P Vico
- IRNASUS-CONICET-Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José F Delgado-Blas
- Dpto. de Sanidad Animal y Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno González-Zorn
- Dpto. de Sanidad Animal y Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara M Marín
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Uruén
- Dpto. de Patología Animal y, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Burriel
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Dpto. de Patología Animal y, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raúl C Mainar-Jaime
- Dpto. de Patología Animal y, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
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33
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Antony L, Fenske G, Kaushik RS, Nagaraja TG, Thomas M, Scaria J. Population structure of Salmonella enterica serotype Mbandaka reveals similar virulence potential irrespective of source and phylogenomic stratification. F1000Res 2020; 9:1142. [PMID: 33214877 PMCID: PMC7653644 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.25540.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Salmonella enterica serotype Mbandaka ( Salmonella ser. Mbandaka) is a multi-host adapted Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) that can cause foodborne illnesses in human. Outbreaks of Salmonella ser. Mbandaka contributed to the economic stress caused by NTS due to hospitalizations. Whole genome sequencing (WGS)-based phylogenomic analysis facilitates better understanding of the genomic features that may expedite the foodborne spread of Salmonella ser. Mbandaka. Methods: In the present study, we define the population structure, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and virulence profile of Salmonella ser. Mbandaka using WGS data of more than 400 isolates collected from different parts of the world. We validated the genotypic prediction of AMR and virulence phenotypically using an available set of representative isolates. Results: Phylogenetic analysis of Salmonella ser. Mbandaka using Bayesian approaches revealed clustering of the population into two major groups; however, clustering of these groups and their subgroups showed no pattern based on the host or geographical origin. Instead, we found a uniform virulence gene repertoire in all isolates. Phenotypic analysis on a representative set of isolates showed a similar trend in cell invasion behavior and adaptation to a low pH environment. Both genotypic and phenotypic analysis revealed the carriage of multidrug resistance (MDR) genes in Salmonella ser. Mbandaka. Conclusions: Overall, our results show that the presence of multidrug resistance along with adaptation to broad range of hosts and uniformity in the virulence potential, isolates of Salmonella ser. Mbandaka from any source could have the potential to cause foodborne outbreaks as well as AMR dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linto Antony
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Gavin Fenske
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology & Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Tiruvoor G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, Brookings, SD, USA
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Abdul Momin MHF, Liakopoulos A, Bean DC, Phee LM, Wareham DW. A novel plasmid-mediated polymyxin resistance determinant (mcr-1.8) in Escherichia coli recovered from broiler chickens in Brunei Darussalam. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:3392-3394. [PMID: 31504534 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhd Haziq F Abdul Momin
- Antimicrobial Research Group, Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Apostolos Liakopoulos
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Health, Institute of Biology, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David C Bean
- School of Applied & Biomedical Sciences, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Lynette M Phee
- Antimicrobial Research Group, Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Division of Infection, Barts Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David W Wareham
- Antimicrobial Research Group, Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Division of Infection, Barts Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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35
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Antibiotic Resistance by Enzymatic Modification of Antibiotic Targets. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:768-782. [PMID: 32493628 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance remains a significant threat to modern medicine. Modification of the antibiotic target is a resistance strategy that is increasingly prevalent among pathogens. Examples include resistance to glycopeptide and polymyxin antibiotics that occurs via chemical modification of their molecular targets in the cell envelope. Similarly, many ribosome-targeting antibiotics are impaired by methylation of the rRNA. In these cases, the antibiotic target is subjected to enzymatic modification rather than genetic mutation, and in many instances the resistance enzymes are readily mobilized among pathogens. Understanding the enzymes responsible for these modifications is crucial to combat resistance. Here, we review our current understanding of enzymatic modification of antibiotic targets as well as discuss efforts to combat these resistance mechanisms.
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36
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Rough-type and loss of the LPS due to lpx genes deletions are associated with colistin resistance in multidrug-resistant clinical Escherichia coli isolates not harbouring mcr genes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233518. [PMID: 32433662 PMCID: PMC7239443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli has become a great challenge in treating nosocomial infections. The polymyxin antibiotic colistin is used as a ‘last-line’ therapy for such strains, but resistance to colistin is increasingly emerging all over the world. In this study, we investigated lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of colistin-resistant isolates and examined mutations in lpx genes in strains not harbouring mcr genes. We examined 351 clinical E. coli isolates with 38 showing reduced susceptibility to colistin. These isolates were collected from different clinical specimens including blood, urine, and wounds, but no stool. After confirmation of the isolates via a BD Phoenix-100 system (Becton Dickinson, USA), we performed antimicrobial susceptibility tests to characterize the resistance pattern of these isolates to different classes of antibiotics, using the disk diffusion test. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of colistin was determined using E-test strips. The presence of mobile colistin resistance (mcr-1 and mcr-2) genes was tested for all isolates. LPS (including lipid A) were extracted from all isolates and associated lpx genes analyzed by PCR and sequencing. Among the 38 clinical E. coli isolates with reduced susceptibility to colistin, 52% were resistant to colistin. The MICs of colistin ranged from 0.5 μg/ml to ˃256 μg/ml. Within the 20 colistin-resistant strains, six isolates carried the mcr-1 gene, but not mcr-2. Heterologous expression of the mcr-1 gene in susceptible E. coli DH5α increased the MIC of colistin by eight-fold. The remaining 14 isolates, were negative for both mcr genes. Six isolates were further negative for LPS production and five showed rough LPS phenotypes. Here we present evidence that loss of LPS or lipid A-deficiency can lead to colistin-resistance in clinical E. coli isolates not harbouring mcr genes.
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37
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Samantha A, Vrielink A. Lipid A Phosphoethanolamine Transferase: Regulation, Structure and Immune Response. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5184-5196. [PMID: 32353363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of antibiotics are targeted to the bacterial membrane due to its unique arrangement and composition relative to the host mammalian membranes. By modification of their membranes, some gram-negative pathogens resist the action of antibiotics. Lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferase (EptA) is an intramembrane enzyme that modifies the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide/lipooligosaccharide by the addition of phosphoethanolamine. This modification reduces the overall net-negative charge of the outer membrane of some gram-negative bacteria, conferring resistance to polymyxin. This resistance mechanism has resulted in a global public health issue due to the increased use of polymyxin as last-resort antibiotic treatments against multi-drug-resistant pathogens. Studies show that, without EptA, pathogenic bacteria become more sensitive to polymyxin and to clearance by the host immune system, suggesting the importance of this target enzyme for the development of novel therapeutic agents. In this review, EptA will be discussed comprehensively. Specifically, this review will cover the regulation of eptA expression by the two component systems PmrA/PmrB and PhoP/PhoQ, the site of modification on lipid A, the structure and catalytic mechanism of EptA in comparison to MCR-1 and Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase, and the host immune system's response to lipid A modification by EptA. The overarching aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of polymyxin resistance mediated by EptA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela Samantha
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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38
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Huang J, Li C, Song J, Velkov T, Wang L, Zhu Y, Li J. Regulating polymyxin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria: roles of two-component systems PhoPQ and PmrAB. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:445-459. [PMID: 32250173 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymyxins (polymyxin B and colistin) are last-line antibiotics against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Polymyxin resistance is increasing worldwide, with resistance most commonly regulated by two-component systems such as PmrAB and PhoPQ. This review discusses the regulatory mechanisms of PhoPQ and PmrAB in mediating polymyxin resistance, from receiving an external stimulus through to activation of genes responsible for lipid A modifications. By analyzing the reported nonsynonymous substitutions in each two-component system, we identified the domains that are critical for polymyxin resistance. Notably, for PmrB 71% of resistance-conferring nonsynonymous mutations occurred in the HAMP (present in histidine kinases, adenylate cyclases, methyl accepting proteins and phosphatase) linker and DHp (dimerization and histidine phosphotransfer) domains. These results enhance our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underpinning polymyxin resistance and may assist with the development of new strategies to minimize resistance emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Huang
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Chen Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia.,Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jiangning Song
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute & Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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39
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Janssen AB, Bartholomew TL, Marciszewska NP, Bonten MJM, Willems RJL, Bengoechea JA, van Schaik W. Nonclonal Emergence of Colistin Resistance Associated with Mutations in the BasRS Two-Component System in Escherichia coli Bloodstream Isolates. mSphere 2020; 5:e00143-20. [PMID: 32161146 PMCID: PMC7067592 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00143-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are increasingly common, prompting the renewed interest in the use of colistin. Colistin specifically targets Gram-negative bacteria by interacting with the anionic lipid A moieties of lipopolysaccharides, leading to membrane destabilization and cell death. Here, we aimed to uncover the mechanisms of colistin resistance in nine colistin-resistant Escherichia coli strains and one Escherichia albertii strain. These were the only colistin-resistant strains of 1,140 bloodstream Escherichia isolates collected in a tertiary hospital over a 10-year period (2006 to 2015). Core-genome phylogenetic analysis showed that each patient was colonized by a unique strain, suggesting that colistin resistance was acquired independently in each strain. All colistin-resistant strains had lipid A that was modified with phosphoethanolamine. In addition, two E. coli strains had hepta-acylated lipid A species, containing an additional palmitate compared to the canonical hexa-acylated E. coli lipid A. One E. coli strain carried the mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene mcr-1.1 on an IncX4-type plasmid. Through construction of chromosomal transgene integration mutants, we experimentally determined that mutations in basRS, encoding a two-component signal transduction system, contributed to colistin resistance in four strains. We confirmed these observations by reversing the mutations in basRS to the sequences found in reference strains, resulting in loss of colistin resistance. While the mcr genes have become a widely studied mechanism of colistin resistance in E. coli, sequence variation in basRS is another, potentially more prevalent but relatively underexplored, cause of colistin resistance in this important nosocomial pathogen.IMPORTANCE Multidrug resistance among Gram-negative bacteria has led to the use of colistin as a last-resort drug. The cationic colistin kills Gram-negative bacteria through electrostatic interaction with the anionic lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharides. Due to increased use in clinical and agricultural settings, colistin resistance has recently started to emerge. In this study, we used a combination of whole-genome sequence analysis and experimental validation to characterize the mechanisms through which Escherichia coli strains from bloodstream infections can develop colistin resistance. We found no evidence of direct transfer of colistin-resistant isolates between patients. The lipid A of all isolates was modified by the addition of phosphoethanolamine. In four isolates, colistin resistance was experimentally verified to be caused by mutations in the basRS genes, encoding a two-component regulatory system. Our data show that chromosomal mutations are an important cause of colistin resistance among clinical E. coli isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel B Janssen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Toby L Bartholomew
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia P Marciszewska
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J M Bonten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jose A Bengoechea
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Willem van Schaik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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40
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Dafopoulou K, Xavier BB, Zarkotou O, Orfanidou M, Goossens H, Tsakris A, Malhotra-Kumar S, Pournaras S. Detection of colistin resistance in the highly virulent Escherichia coli ST131 H30Rx clone in Greece. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 20:31-32. [PMID: 31786358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Dafopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - B B Xavier
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - O Zarkotou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Orfanidou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - H Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S Pournaras
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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41
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Huang J, Dai X, Ge L, Shafiq M, Shah JM, Sun J, Yi S, Wang L. Sequence Duplication Within pmrB Gene Contribute to High-Level Colistin Resistance in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 26:1442-1451. [PMID: 31770069 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the emergence of plasmid-encoded mechanisms, mutation within the pmrAB genes remains one of the primary colistin resistance mechanisms in Escherichia coli. However, the mechanisms of high-level colistin resistance (HLCR) have not been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the HLCR mechanisms in five colistin-susceptible Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates after colistin exposure. Three PmrB substitutions (G19R, L167P, V88E) and two PmrB sequence duplication (PmrB-sd) mutations (68-77dup and 94-156dup) were detected. Chromosomal replacement and deletion mutagenesis revealed the two PmrB-sd mutations contribute to, but are not fully responsible for, HLCR in APEC strains. Quantitative reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that the PmrB-sd induction mutants showed an increased pmrAB transcript level and the PmrB-sd reversion mutants exhibited a reduction of pmrAB expression. All five induction mutants exhibited decreased minimum inhibitory concentrations to florfenicol and tetracycline. In addition, four mutants (G19R, L167P, V88E, and 94-156dup) and two mutants (68-77dup and 94-156dup) also displayed increased sensitivity to ceftiofur and gentamicin, respectively. Zeta potential measurement of the induction mutants showed that there was less negative charge on the cell surface compared with its parental strains in the absence of colistin. The induction mutants also showed an increase of lag time and decrease of fitness. In summary, the identification of novel PmrB-sd mutations contributing to HLCR is helpful to broaden the knowledge of colistin resistance. Attention should be paid to the use of colistin for the treatment of infections caused by APEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingyang Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Ge
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jan Mohammad Shah
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sida Yi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Ma X, He Y, Yu X, Cai Y, Zeng J, Cai R, Lu Y, Chen L, Chen C, Huang B. Ceftazidime/avibactam Improves the Antibacterial Efficacy of Polymyxin B Against Polymyxin B Heteroresistant KPC-2-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Hinders Emergence of Resistant Subpopulation in vitro. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2029. [PMID: 31551966 PMCID: PMC6735287 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing multidrug resistance and limited antibiotics, polymyxin B revived as the last resort for the treatment of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). Unfortunately, the heteroresistance hampers polymyxin B monotherapy treatment via the amplification of resistant subpopulation. Reliable polymyxin B based combinations are demanded. Ceftazidime/avibactam has been regarded as a new salvage therapy against CRKP. The occurrence of heteroresistance was confirmed by population analysis profiling (PAP). Our study demonstrated that polymyxin B and ceftazidime/avibactam combinations improved the in vitro antimicrobial activity of polymyxin B and delayed or suppressed the regrowth of resistant subpopulation by time-kill studies. Ceftazidime/avibactam at around MIC values (0.5–1 × MIC) plus clinically achievable concentrations of polymyxin B (0.5–2 mg/L) resulted in sustained killing against polymyxin B-heteroresistant isolates. Active PmrAB and PhoPQ systems and a pmrA mutation (G53R) in resistant subpopulation might associate with heteroresistance, but further investigation was required. Our findings suggested that the heteroresistance represented barriers to polymyxin B efficacy, and the combination of polymyxin B with ceftazidime/avibactam could be potentially valuable for the treatment of heteroresistant CRKP. Further, in vivo studies need to be performed to evaluate the efficacy of this combination against heteroresistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyan Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuegao Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yimei Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renxin Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Public Health Research Institute Tuberculosis Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Cha Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Rule R, Mbelle N, Sekyere JO, Kock M, Hoosen A, Said M. A rare case of Colistin-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis meningitis in an HIV-seropositive patient. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:806. [PMID: 31521113 PMCID: PMC6744686 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-typhoidal salmonellae (NTS) have been associated with invasive disease, notably meningitis, in immunocompromised individuals. Infections of this nature carry high rates of morbidity and mortality. Colistin resistance in salmonellae is a rare finding, more so in an invasive isolate such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Colistin resistance has important infection control implications and failure to manage this phenomenon may lead to the loss of our last line of defence against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative organisms. To our knowledge, this is the first reported clinical case of colistin-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis meningitis in South Africa. Case presentation We report a case of a young male patient with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who presented to hospital with symptoms of meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultured a Salmonella Enteritidis strain. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of the isolate, revealed the strain to be colistin resistant. Despite early and aggressive antimicrobial therapy, the patient succumbed to the illness after a short stay in hospital. Subsequent genomic analysis of the isolate showed no presence of the mcr genes or resistance-conferring mutations in phoPQ, pmrAB, pmrHFIJKLME/arnBCADTEF, mgrB, and acrAB genes, suggesting the presence of a novel colistin resistance mechanism. Conclusion Invasive non-typhoidal salmonellae infection should be suspected in patients with advanced immunosuppression who present with clinical features of meningitis. Despite early and appropriate empiric therapy, these infections are commonly associated with adverse outcomes to the patient. Combination therapy with two active anti-Salmonella agents may be a consideration in the future to overcome the high mortality associated with NTS meningitis. Colistin resistance in clinical Salmonella isolates, although a rare finding at present, has significant public health and infection control implications. The causative mechanism of resistance should be sought in all cases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4391-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Rule
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Pathology Building, University of Pretoria, Prinshof Campus, Corner of Steve Biko Road and Dr Savage Road, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa. .,Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Corner of Steve Biko Road and Dr Savage Road, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa.
| | - Nontombi Mbelle
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Pathology Building, University of Pretoria, Prinshof Campus, Corner of Steve Biko Road and Dr Savage Road, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa.,Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Corner of Steve Biko Road and Dr Savage Road, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa
| | - John Osei Sekyere
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Pathology Building, University of Pretoria, Prinshof Campus, Corner of Steve Biko Road and Dr Savage Road, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa
| | - Marleen Kock
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Pathology Building, University of Pretoria, Prinshof Campus, Corner of Steve Biko Road and Dr Savage Road, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa.,Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Corner of Steve Biko Road and Dr Savage Road, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa
| | - Anwar Hoosen
- Vermaak and Partners Pathologists, Unitas Hospital, Corner of Rabie Street and Clifton Avenue, Lyttelton Manor, Pretoria, 0157, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Said
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Pathology Building, University of Pretoria, Prinshof Campus, Corner of Steve Biko Road and Dr Savage Road, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa.,Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Corner of Steve Biko Road and Dr Savage Road, Pretoria, 0084, South Africa
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44
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Jayol A, Nordmann P, André C, Poirel L, Dubois V. Evaluation of three broth microdilution systems to determine colistin susceptibility of Gram-negative bacilli. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:1272-1278. [PMID: 29481600 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The broth microdilution (BMD) method is currently the recommended technique to determine susceptibility to colistin. Objectives We evaluated the accuracy of three commercialized BMD panels [Sensititre (ThermoFisher Diagnostics), UMIC (Biocentric) and MicroScan (Beckman Coulter)] to determine colistin susceptibility. Methods A collection of 185 isolates of Gram-negative bacilli (133 colistin resistant and 52 colistin susceptible) was tested. Manual BMD according to EUCAST guidelines was used as the reference method, and EUCAST 2017 breakpoints were used for susceptibility categorization. Results The UMIC system gave the highest rate of very major errors (11.3%) compared with the Sensititre and MicroScan systems (3% and 0.8%, respectively). A high rate of major errors (26.9%) was found with the MicroScan system due to an overestimation of the MICs for the non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli, whereas no major errors were found with the Sensititre and UMIC systems. Conclusions The UMIC system was easy to use, but failed to detect >10% of colistin-resistant isolates. The MicroScan system showed excellent results for enterobacterial isolates, but non-susceptible results for non-fermenters should be confirmed by another method and the range of MICs tested was narrow. The Sensititre system was the most reliable marketed BMD panel with a categorical agreement of 97.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Jayol
- Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,INSERM European Unit (LEA-IAME Paris, France), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Bacteriology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrice Nordmann
- Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,INSERM European Unit (LEA-IAME Paris, France), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,University of Lausanne and University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Laurent Poirel
- Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,INSERM European Unit (LEA-IAME Paris, France), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Dubois
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS UMR5234, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Polymyxins: Challenges, Issues, and Recommendations. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01390-18. [PMID: 30541939 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01390-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymyxins, including polymyxin B and polymyxin E (colistin), are now increasingly being used worldwide to treat patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial infections. This necessitates that laboratories employ an accurate and reliable method for the routine performance of polymyxin susceptibility testing. A number of reasons have accounted for the difficulties with susceptibility testing for the polymyxins, including their multicomponent composition, poor diffusion in the agar medium, adsorption to microtiter plates, the lack of a reliable susceptibility test, the lack of a specific breakpoint from professional organizations, the synergistic effect of polysorbate 80, and the development of heteroresistance. This minireview discusses such problems that impact the results of currently available susceptibility testing methods. We also provide emerging concepts on mechanisms of polymyxin resistance, including chromosomally and plasmid-mediated mcr-related resistance. Broad-range investigations on such critical issues in relation to polymyxins can be beneficial for the implementation of effective treatment against MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Bourrel AS, Poirel L, Royer G, Darty M, Vuillemin X, Kieffer N, Clermont O, Denamur E, Nordmann P, Decousser JW, LAFAURIE M, BERCOT B, WALEWSKI V, LESCAT M, CARBONNELLE E, OUSSER F, IDRI N, RICARD JD, LANDRAUD L, LE DORZE M, JACQUIER H, CAMBAU E, LEPEULE R, GOMART C. Colistin resistance in Parisian inpatient faecal Escherichia coli as the result of two distinct evolutionary pathways. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74:1521-1530. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Bourrel
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie et d’Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - Laurent Poirel
- Laboratoire Européen Associé INSERM, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Guilhem Royer
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie et d’Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
- IAME, UMR1137 INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris Nord, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria, Paris, France
- LABGeM, Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Mélanie Darty
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie et d’Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - Xavier Vuillemin
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie et d’Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Kieffer
- Laboratoire Européen Associé INSERM, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Clermont
- IAME, UMR1137 INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris Nord, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria, Paris, France
| | - Erick Denamur
- IAME, UMR1137 INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris Nord, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Nordmann
- Laboratoire Européen Associé INSERM, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Medical and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- National Reference Centre for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Winoc Decousser
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie et d’Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
- IAME, UMR1137 INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris Nord, Emerging Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria, Paris, France
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Jayol A, Poirel L, André C, Dubois V, Nordmann P. Detection of colistin-resistant Gram-negative rods by using the SuperPolymyxin medium. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 92:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Zankari E, Allesøe R, Joensen KG, Cavaco LM, Lund O, Aarestrup FM. PointFinder: a novel web tool for WGS-based detection of antimicrobial resistance associated with chromosomal point mutations in bacterial pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2764-2768. [PMID: 29091202 PMCID: PMC5890747 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic resistance is a major health problem, as drugs that were once highly effective no longer cure bacterial infections. WGS has previously been shown to be an alternative method for detecting horizontally acquired antimicrobial resistance genes. However, suitable bioinformatics methods that can provide easily interpretable, accurate and fast results for antimicrobial resistance associated with chromosomal point mutations are still lacking. Methods Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed on 150 isolates covering three different bacterial species: Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Campylobacter jejuni. The web-server ResFinder-2.1 was used to identify acquired antimicrobial resistance genes and two methods, the novel PointFinder (using BLAST) and an in-house method (mapping of raw WGS reads), were used to identify chromosomal point mutations. Results were compared with phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing results. Results A total of 685 different phenotypic tests associated with chromosomal resistance to quinolones, polymyxin, rifampicin, macrolides and tetracyclines resulted in 98.4% concordance. Eleven cases of disagreement between tested and predicted susceptibility were observed: two C. jejuni isolates with phenotypic fluoroquinolone resistance and two with phenotypic erythromycin resistance and five colistin-susceptible E. coli isolates with a detected pmrB V161G mutation when assembled with Velvet, but not when using SPAdes or when mapping the reads. Conclusions PointFinder proved, with high concordance between phenotypic and predicted antimicrobial susceptibility, to be a user-friendly web tool for detection of chromosomal point mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ea Zankari
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.,Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rosa Allesøe
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrine G Joensen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lina M Cavaco
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Lund
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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Peter S, Bezdan D, Oberhettinger P, Vogel W, Dörfel D, Dick J, Marschal M, Liese J, Weidenmaier C, Autenrieth I, Ossowski S, Willmann M. Whole-genome sequencing enabling the detection of a colistin-resistant hypermutating Citrobacter werkmanii strain harbouring a novel metallo-β-lactamase VIM-48. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 51:867-874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Jayol A, Nordmann P, Lehours P, Poirel L, Dubois V. Comparison of methods for detection of plasmid-mediated and chromosomally encoded colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:175-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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