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Rudraraju RS, Daher SS, Gallardo-Macias R, Wang X, Neiditch MB, Freundlich JS. Mycobacterium tuberculosis KasA as a drug target: Structure-based inhibitor design. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1008213. [PMID: 36189349 PMCID: PMC9519891 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1008213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported the β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein KasA as a druggable target for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This review summarizes the current status of major classes of KasA inhibitors with an emphasis on significant contributions from structure-based design methods leveraging X-ray crystal structures of KasA alone and in complex with inhibitors. The issues addressed within each inhibitor class are discussed while detailing the characterized interactions with KasA and structure-activity relationships. A critical analysis of these findings should lay the foundation for new KasA inhibitors to study the basic biology of M. tuberculosis and to form the basis of new antitubercular molecules of clinical significance with activity against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma S. Rudraraju
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Samer S. Daher
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ricardo Gallardo-Macias
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew B. Neiditch
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States,*Correspondence: Matthew B. Neiditch, ; Joel S. Freundlich,
| | - Joel S. Freundlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States,Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States,*Correspondence: Matthew B. Neiditch, ; Joel S. Freundlich,
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2
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Zhao F, Lauder K, Liu S, Finnigan JD, Charnock SBR, Charnock SJ, Castagnolo D. Chemoenzymatic Cascades for the Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Hydroxysulfides Bearing a Stereocentre at the C-O or C-S Bond by Ketoreductases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202363. [PMID: 35576553 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chiral β-hydroxysulfides are an important class of organic compounds which find broad application in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. Herein we describe the development of novel biocatalytic and chemoenzymatic methods for the enantioselective synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides by exploiting ketoreductase (KRED) enzymes. Four KREDs were discovered from a pool of 384 enzymes identified and isolated through a metagenomic approach. KRED311 and KRED349 catalysed the synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides bearing a stereocentre at the C-O bond with opposite absolute configurations and excellent ee values by novel chemoenzymatic and biocatalytic-chemical-biocatalytic (bio-chem-bio) cascades starting from commercially available thiophenols/thiols and α-haloketones/alcohols. KRED253 and KRED384 catalysed the enantioselective synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides bearing a stereocentre at the C-S bond with opposite enantioselectivities by dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of racemic α-thioaldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Kate Lauder
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - James D Finnigan
- Prozomix Limited, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, NE49 9HA, UK
| | - Simon B R Charnock
- Prozomix Limited, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, NE49 9HA, UK
| | - Simon J Charnock
- Prozomix Limited, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, NE49 9HA, UK
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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3
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Zhao F, Lauder K, Liu S, Finnigan JD, Charnock SBR, Charnock SJ, Castagnolo D. Chemoenzymatic Cascades for the Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Hydroxysulfides Bearing a Stereocentre at C− O or C − S Bonds by Ketoreductases (KREDs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- University College London Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Kate Lauder
- King's College London Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Siyu Liu
- King's College London Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | - Daniele Castagnolo
- University College London Chemistry 20 Gordon Street WC1H 0AJ London UNITED KINGDOM
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4
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Lane TR, Urbina F, Rank L, Gerlach J, Riabova O, Lepioshkin A, Kazakova E, Vocat A, Tkachenko V, Cole S, Makarov V, Ekins S. Machine Learning Models for Mycobacterium tuberculosisIn Vitro Activity: Prediction and Target Visualization. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:674-689. [PMID: 34964633 PMCID: PMC9121329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health challenge, with approximately 1.4 million deaths per year. There is still a need to develop novel treatments for patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). There have been many large-scale phenotypic screens that have led to the identification of thousands of new compounds. Yet, there is very limited investment in TB drug discovery which points to the need for new methods to increase the efficiency of drug discovery against Mtb. We have used machine learning approaches to learn from the public Mtb data, resulting in many data sets and models with robust enrichment and hit rates leading to the discovery of new active compounds. Recently, we have curated predominantly small-molecule Mtb data and developed new machine learning classification models with 18 886 molecules at different activity cutoffs. We now describe the further validation of these Bayesian models using a library of over 1000 molecules synthesized as part of EU-funded New Medicines for TB and More Medicines for TB programs. We highlight molecular features which are enriched in these active compounds. In addition, we provide new regression and classification models that can be used for scoring compound libraries or used to design new molecules. We have also visualized these molecules in the context of known molecular targets and identified clusters in chemical property space, which may aid in future target identification efforts. Finally, we are also making these data sets publicly available, representing a significant increase to the available Mtb inhibition data in the public domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Fabio Urbina
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Laura Rank
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Jacob Gerlach
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Olga Riabova
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Elena Kazakova
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anthony Vocat
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Valery Tkachenko
- Science Data Experts, 14909 Forest Landing Cir, Rockville, MD 20850
| | | | - Vadim Makarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Das M, Dewan A, Shee S, Singh A. The Multifaceted Bacterial Cysteine Desulfurases: From Metabolism to Pathogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:997. [PMID: 34201508 PMCID: PMC8300815 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10070997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Living cells have developed a relay system to efficiently transfer sulfur (S) from cysteine to various thio-cofactors (iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters, thiamine, molybdopterin, lipoic acid, and biotin) and thiolated tRNA. The presence of such a transit route involves multiple protein components that allow the flux of S to be precisely regulated as a function of environmental cues to avoid the unnecessary accumulation of toxic concentrations of soluble sulfide (S2-). The first enzyme in this relay system is cysteine desulfurase (CSD). CSD catalyzes the release of sulfane S from L-cysteine by converting it to L-alanine by forming an enzyme-linked persulfide intermediate on its conserved cysteine residue. The persulfide S is then transferred to diverse acceptor proteins for its incorporation into the thio-cofactors. The thio-cofactor binding-proteins participate in essential and diverse cellular processes, including DNA repair, respiration, intermediary metabolism, gene regulation, and redox sensing. Additionally, CSD modulates pathogenesis, antibiotic susceptibility, metabolism, and survival of several pathogenic microbes within their hosts. In this review, we aim to comprehensively illustrate the impact of CSD on bacterial core metabolic processes and its requirement to combat redox stresses and antibiotics. Targeting CSD in human pathogens can be a potential therapy for better treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amit Singh
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (M.D.); (A.D.); (S.S.)
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Margalef J, Samec JSM. Assessing Methodologies to Synthesize α-Sulfenylated Carbonyl Compounds by Green Chemistry Metrics. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:808-823. [PMID: 33180999 PMCID: PMC7894555 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
α-Sulfenylated carbonyl compounds are important both as active pharmaceutical ingredients and as intermediates in organic synthesis. Owing to their relevance in synthetic organic chemistry, this Minireview focuses on assessing the most relevant synthetic procedures based on green chemistry metrics. The Minireview starts with the traditional routes and then focuses on more recently developed methodologies. These routes include sulfenylating reagents using organocatalysis, cross-dehydrogenative couplings using in situ halogenations to prevent reactive intermediates in high concentrations, oxidative couplings using terminal oxidants such as DDQ or TEMPO, and redox-neutral couplings using transition metal catalysis. These methodologies have been evaluated on the basis of atom economy, E factor, and the safety and toxicity of the transformations and the solvents used. Besides using green metrics to evaluate these novel methodologies, the synthetic utility is also assessed with regard to the availability of starting materials and the generality of the reactions. This Minireview aims to inspire researchers to apply green assessments to other methodologies and also for them to take measures to increase the greenness of their developed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jèssica Margalef
- Departament de Química Física i InorgànicaUniversitat Rovira i VirgiliC/ Marcel lí Domingo, 143007TarragonaSpain
| | - Joseph S. M. Samec
- Department of Organic ChemistryStockholm UniversitySvante Arrhenius väg 16 C106 91StockholmSweden
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Velappan AB, Kesamsetty D, Datta D, Ma R, Hari N, Franzblau SG, Debnath J. 1,3-Oxazine-2-one derived dual-targeted molecules against replicating and non-replicating forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112835. [PMID: 32977201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The high mortality rate and increasing prevalence of resistant Mtb are the major concerns for the Tuberculosis (TB) treatment in this century. To curtail the prevalence of resistant Mtb, we have prepared 1,3-oxazine-2-one based dual targeted molecules. Compound 67 and 68 were found to be equally active against replicating and non-replicatiing form of Mtb (MICMABA 3.48 and 2.97 μg/ml; MICLORA 2.94 and 2.15 μg/ml respectively). They had found to suppress the biosynthesis of alfa, methoxy and keto-mycolate completely, as well as inhibit enzymatic activity of MenG (IC50 = 9.11 and 6.25 μg/ml respectively for H37Ra; IC50 = 11.76 and 10.88 μg/ml respectively for M smegmatis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Babu Velappan
- Department of Chemistry, SCBT, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Tamilnadu, 613401, India
| | - Dhanunjaya Kesamsetty
- Department of Chemistry, SCBT, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Tamilnadu, 613401, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Rui Ma
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Natarajan Hari
- NMR Laboratory, SCBT, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Tamilnadu, 613401, India
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joy Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, SCBT, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Tamilnadu, 613401, India.
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8
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GUPTA S, UNDALE VR, LAKHADIVE K. Novel Targets for Antimicrobials. Turk J Pharm Sci 2020; 17:565-575. [PMID: 33177939 PMCID: PMC7650728 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.90197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the phenomenon developed by microorganism on exposure to antimicrobial agents, making them unresponsive. Development of microbial confrontation is a severe rising risk to global community well-being as treatment in addition, management of such resistant microbial infections is difficult and challenging. The situation requires action across all government sectors and society. The change in the molecular target on which antimicrobial drugs act is one of the key mechanisms behind AMR. One of the approaches to battle with AMR can be exploring newer molecular targets in microbes and discovering new molecules accordingly. There are various examples of novel targets such as biomolecules involving in biosynthesis of cell wall, biosynthesis of aromatic amino acid, cell disunion, biosynthesis of fatty acid, and isoprenoid biosynthesis and tRNA synthetases. Fatty acid biosynthesis (FAB) and their enzymes among all the above is the more appealing target for the advancement of new antimicrobial agents. Number of promising inhibitors have been developed for bacterial fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and also few of them are clinically used. Some of these potential inhibitors are found to be used in development of new antibacterial as a lead compound and have been discovered from high throughput screening processes like Platencimycin and their analogue, Platencin. The review majorly encompasses bacterial FAB in type II FAS system and potential inhibitors with respective targets of novel antibacterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchita GUPTA
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra
| | | | - Kedar LAKHADIVE
- Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra
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9
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Anti-Tubercular Properties of 4-Amino-5-(4-Fluoro-3- Phenoxyphenyl)-4 H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-Thiol and Its Schiff Bases: Computational Input and Molecular Dynamics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090559. [PMID: 32878018 PMCID: PMC7560126 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, the parent compound 4-amino-5-(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (1) and its Schiff bases 2, 3, and 4 were subjected to whole-cell anti-TB against H37Rv and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) by resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) plate method. Test compound 1 exhibited promising anti-TB activity against H37Rv and MDR strains of MTB at 5.5 µg/mL and 11 µg/mL, respectively. An attempt to identify the suitable molecular target for compound 1 was performed using a set of triazole thiol cellular targets, including β-ketoacyl carrier protein synthase III (FABH), β-ketoacyl ACP synthase I (KasA), CYP121, dihydrofolate reductase, enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase, and N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase. MTB β-ketoacyl ACP synthase I (KasA) was identified as the cellular target for the promising anti-TB parent compound 1 via docking and molecular dynamics simulation. MM(GB/PB)SA binding free energy calculation revealed stronger binding of compound 1 compared with KasA standard inhibitor thiolactomycin (TLM). The inhibitory mechanism of test compound 1 involves the formation of hydrogen bonding with the catalytic histidine residues, and it also impedes access of fatty-acid substrates to the active site through interference with α5–α6 helix movement. Test compound 1-specific structural changes at the ALA274–ALA281 loop might be the contributing factor underlying the stronger anti-TB effect of compound 1 when compared with TLM, as it tends to adopt a closed conformation for the access of malonyl substrate to its binding site.
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Formánek B, Tauchman J, Císařová I, Veselý J. Access to Spirocyclic Benzothiophenones with Multiple Stereocenters via an Organocatalytic Cascade Reaction. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8510-8521. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bedřich Formánek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Tauchman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Veselý
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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11
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Khan A, Zhao H, Zhang M, Khan S, Zhao D. Regio‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of Sulfone‐Bearing Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters by Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1340-1345. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Khan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Science Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Science Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Science Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Meina Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Science Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Shahid Khan
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Science Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Depeng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Science Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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Khan A, Zhao H, Zhang M, Khan S, Zhao D. Regio‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of Sulfone‐Bearing Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters by Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Khan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Science Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Science Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Science Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Meina Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Science Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Shahid Khan
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Science Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Depeng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Science Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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Hidden antibiotics in actinomycetes can be identified by inactivation of gene clusters for common antibiotics. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:1149-1154. [PMID: 31501558 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacteria, which are one of the largest bacterial phyla and comprise between 13 and 30% of the soil microbiota, are the main source of antibiotic classes in clinical use1. During screens for antimicrobials, as many as 50% of actinomycete strains are discarded because they produce a known antibiotic (Supplementary Fig. 1) (ref. 2). Despite each strain likely having the capacity to produce many compounds, strains are abandoned because the already characterized antibiotic could interfere with screening for, or purification of, newly discovered compounds3. We applied CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering to knockout genes encoding two of the most frequently rediscovered antibiotics, streptothricin or streptomycin, in 11 actinomycete strains. We report that this simple approach led to production of different antibiotics that were otherwise masked. We were able to rapidly discover rare and previously unknown variants of antibiotics including thiolactomycin, amicetin, phenanthroviridin and 5-chloro-3-formylindole. This strategy could be applied to existing strain collections to realize their biosynthetic potential.
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Tsai YT, Salzman V, Cabruja M, Gago G, Gramajo H. Role of long-chain acyl-CoAs in the regulation of mycolic acid biosynthesis in mycobacteria. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170087. [PMID: 28724694 PMCID: PMC5541348 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the dominant features of the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and other mycobacteria, is the mycobacterial cell envelope with its exceptional complex composition. Mycolic acids are major and very specific components of the cell envelope and play a key role in its architecture and impermeability. Biosynthesis of mycolic acid (MA) precursors requires two types of fatty acid synthases, FAS I and FAS II, which should work in concert in order to keep lipid homeostasis tightly regulated. Both FAS systems are regulated at their transcriptional level by specific regulatory proteins. FasR regulates components of the FAS I system, whereas MabR and FadR regulate components of the FAS II system. In this article, by constructing a tight mabR conditional mutant in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155, we demonstrated that sub-physiological levels of MabR lead to a downregulation of the fasII genes, inferring that this protein is a transcriptional activator of the FAS II system. In vivo labelling experiments and lipidomic studies carried out in the wild-type and the mabR conditional mutant demonstrated that under conditions of reduced levels of MabR, there is a clear inhibition of biosynthesis of MAs, with a concomitant change in their relative composition, and of other MA-containing molecules. These studies also demonstrated a change in the phospholipid composition of the membrane of the mutant strain, with a significant increase of phosphatidylinositol. Gel shift assays carried out with MabR and PfasII as a probe in the presence of different chain-length acyl-CoAs strongly suggest that molecules longer than C18 can be sensed by MabR to modulate its affinity for the operator sequences that it recognizes, and in that way switch on or off the MabR-dependent promoter. Finally, we demonstrated the direct role of MabR in the upregulation of the fasII operon genes after isoniazid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ting Tsai
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Valentina Salzman
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Matías Cabruja
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Gago
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Actinomycetes, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Target discovery focused approaches to overcome bottlenecks in the exploitation of antimycobacterial natural products. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:811-822. [PMID: 29569936 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major global health hazard. The search for new antimycobacterials has focused on such as screening combinational chemistry libraries or designing chemicals to target predefined pockets of essential bacterial proteins. The relative ineffectiveness of these has led to a reappraisal of natural products for new antimycobacterial drug leads. However, progress has been limited, we suggest through a failure in many cases to define the drug target and optimize the hits using this information. We highlight methods of target discovery needed to develop a drug into a candidate for clinical trials. We incorporate these into suggested analysis pipelines which could inform the research strategies to accelerate the development of new drug leads from natural products.
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Identification of a Desaturase Involved in Mycolic Acid Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium smegmatis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164253. [PMID: 27741286 PMCID: PMC5065219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids are unique long chain fatty acids found in the cell walls of mycobacteria including the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The introduction of double bonds in mycolic acids remains poorly understood, however, genes encoding two potential aerobic desaturases have been proposed to be involved in this process. Here we show that one of these genes, desA1, is essential for growth of the saprophytic Mycobacterium smegmatis. Depletion of desA1 in a M. smegmatis conditional mutant led to reduction of mycolic acid biosynthesis and loss of viability. The DesA1-depleted cells exhibited two other phenotypes: using 14[C]-labelling, we detected the accumulation of minor mycolic acid-related species that migrated faster in a silver TLC plate. Spiral Time of Flight Mass Spectroscopic analysis suggested the presence of species with sizes corresponding to what were likely monoenoic derivatives of α-mycolic acids. Additionally, conditional depletion led to the presence of free fatty acyl species of lengths ~C26-C48 in the lysing cells. Cell viability could be rescued in the conditional mutant by Mycobacterium tuberculosis desA1, highlighting the potential of desA1 as a new drug target in pathogenic mycobacteria.
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17
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Velappan AB, Charan Raja MR, Datta D, Tsai YT, Halloum I, Wan B, Kremer L, Gramajo H, Franzblau SG, Kar Mahapatra S, Debnath J. Attenuation of Mycobacterium species through direct and macrophage mediated pathway by unsymmetrical diaryl urea. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:825-841. [PMID: 27750200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major threat for mankind and the emergence of resistance strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) against first line antibiotics makes it lethal for human civilization. In this study, we have synthesized different diaryl urea derivatives targeting the inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis. Among the 39 synthesized molecules, compounds 46, 57, 58 and 86 showed MIC values ≤ 10 μg/ml against H37Rv and mc26030 strains. The best molecule with a methyl at ortho position of the first aromatic ring and prenyl group at the meta position of the second aromatic ring showed the MIC value of 5.2 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml against H37Rv and mc26030 respectively, with mammalian cytotoxicity of 163.4 μg/ml. The effective compounds showed selective inhibitory effect on mycolic acid (epoxy mycolate) biosynthesis in 14C-radiolabelled assay. At the same time these molecules also executed their potent immunomodulatory activity by up-regulation of IFN-γ and IL-12 and down-regulation of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Babu Velappan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamilnadu 613401, India
| | - Mamilla R Charan Raja
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamilnadu 613401, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Yi Ting Tsai
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Iman Halloum
- Centre d'étude des Pathogènes pour la Biotechnologie et la Santé CNRS FRE3689, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St. Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre d'étude des Pathogènes pour la Biotechnologie et la Santé CNRS FRE3689, Université de Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France; INSERM, CPBS, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St. Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Santanu Kar Mahapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamilnadu 613401, India
| | - Joy Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamilnadu 613401, India.
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18
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Li H, Cowie A, Johnson JA, Webster D, Martyniuk CJ, Gray CA. Determining the mode of action of anti-mycobacterial C17 diyne natural products using expression profiling: evidence for fatty acid biosynthesis inhibition. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:621. [PMID: 27514659 PMCID: PMC4981992 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment of microbial infections is becoming increasingly challenging because of limited therapeutic options and the growing number of pathogenic strains that are resistant to current antibiotics. There is an urgent need to identify molecules with novel modes of action to facilitate the development of new and more effective therapeutic agents. The anti-mycobacterial activity of the C17 diyne natural products falcarinol and panaxydol has been described previously; however, their mode of action remains largely undetermined in microbes. Gene expression profiling was therefore used to determine the transcriptomic response of Mycobacterium smegmatis upon treatment with falcarinol and panaxydol to better characterize the mode of action of these C17 diynes. Results Our analyses identified 704 and 907 transcripts that were differentially expressed in M. smegmatis after treatment with falcarinol and panaxydol respectively. Principal component analysis suggested that the C17 diynes exhibit a mode of action that is distinct to commonly used antimycobacterial drugs. Functional enrichment analysis and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that cell processes such as ectoine biosynthesis and cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthesis were responsive to falcarinol and panaxydol treatment at the transcriptome level in M. smegmatis. The modes of action of the two C17 diynes were also predicted through Prediction of Activity Spectra of Substances (PASS). Based upon convergence of these three independent analyses, we hypothesize that the C17 diynes inhibit fatty acid biosynthesis, specifically phospholipid synthesis, in mycobacteria. Conclusion Based on transcriptomic responses, it is suggested that the C17 diynes act differently than other anti-mycobacterial compounds in M. smegmatis, and do so by inhibiting phospholipid biosynthesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2949-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 5050, 100 Tucker Park Road, E2L 4L5, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Andrew Cowie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 5050, 100 Tucker Park Road, E2L 4L5, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - John A Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 5050, 100 Tucker Park Road, E2L 4L5, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Duncan Webster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Saint John Regional Hospital, 400 University Ave, E2L 4L4, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 5050, 100 Tucker Park Road, E2L 4L5, Saint John, NB, Canada.,Present address: Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 1333 Center Drive, 32610-0144, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher A Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 5050, 100 Tucker Park Road, E2L 4L5, Saint John, NB, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, 30 Dineen Drive, E3B 5A3, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
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Yu JS, Huang HM, Ding PG, Hu XS, Zhou F, Zhou J. Catalytic Enantioselective Construction of Sulfur-Containing Tetrasubstituted Carbon Stereocenters. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Huang
- College
of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610066, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Gang Ding
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Si Hu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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20
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Bommineni GR, Kapilashrami K, Cummings JE, Lu Y, Knudson SE, Gu C, Walker SG, Slayden RA, Tonge PJ. Thiolactomycin-Based Inhibitors of Bacterial β-Ketoacyl-ACP Synthases with in Vivo Activity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5377-90. [PMID: 27187871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
β-Ketoacyl-ACP synthases (KAS) are key enzymes involved in the type II bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis (FASII) pathway and are putative targets for antibacterial discovery. Several natural product KAS inhibitors have previously been reported, including thiolactomycin (TLM), which is produced by Nocardia spp. Here we describe the synthesis and characterization of optically pure 5R-thiolactomycin (TLM) analogues that show improved whole cell activity against bacterial strains including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and priority pathogens such as Francisella tularensis and Burkholderia pseudomallei. In addition, we identify TLM analogues with in vivo efficacy against MRSA and Klebsiella pneumoniae in animal models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason E Cummings
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-2025, United States
| | | | - Susan E Knudson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-2025, United States
| | | | | | - Richard A Slayden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-2025, United States
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21
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Docking studies of flavonoid compounds as inhibitors of β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase I (Kas I) of Escherichia coli. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 61:214-23. [PMID: 26292066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most frequent causes of many common bacterial infections, including cholecystitis, bacteremia, cholangitis, urinary tract infection (UTI), traveler's diarrhea and other clinical infections such as neonatal meningitis and pneumonia. The fatty acid biosynthesis is essential for the bacterial viability and growth. There are three types of β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase (KAS) which are important for overcoming the bacterial resistance problem. β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase I (KAS I) is member of the condensing enzyme family, which is a key catalyst in bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis, and thus an attractive target for novel antibioticsis related to the elongation of unsaturated fatty acids in bacterial fatty acid synthesis and can be a good therapeutic target of designing novel antibiotics. In this report, we performed docking study of E. coli (KAS I) and 50 flavonoids. Out of these 50 flavonoids, there are two compounds, genistein and isorhamnetin, that showed the superior binding energy while fully satisfying the conditions of drug likeliness. The predicted binding energy of genistein and isorhamnetin toward KAS I are -135.76kcal/mol and -132.42kcal/mol, respectively. These energies favorably compare to the biding energy of known drugs thiolactomicin and cerulenin that are -90.26kcal/mol and -99.64kcal/mol, respectively. The method used was docking with the selected E. coli (KAS I-PDB ID-1FJ4) using iGemdock. This was also found to obey the Lipinski's guidelines of five and to show the drug likeliness and bioavailability.
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22
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23
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Dover LG, Bhatt A, Bhowruth V, Willcox BE, Besra GS. New drugs and vaccines for drug-resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisinfections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:481-97. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.4.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Mahajan A, Hans R, Chibale K, Kumar V. Synthesis and medicinal chemistry of selected antitubercular natural products and natural product derivatives. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46124f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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Wilson R, Kumar P, Parashar V, Vilchèze C, Veyron-Churlet R, Freundlich JS, Barnes SW, Walker JR, Szymonifka MJ, Marchiano E, Shenai S, Colangeli R, Jacobs WR, Neiditch MB, Kremer L, Alland D. Antituberculosis thiophenes define a requirement for Pks13 in mycolic acid biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:499-506. [PMID: 23770708 PMCID: PMC3720791 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report a new class of thiophene (TP) compounds that kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by the novel mechanism of Pks13 inhibition. An F79S mutation near the catalytic Ser-55 site in Pks13 conferred TP-resistance in Mtb. Over-expression of wild-type pks13 resulted in TP-resistance and over-expression of the F79S pks13 mutant conferred high-level resistance. In vitro, TP inhibited fatty acyl-AMP loading onto Pks13. TP inhibited mycolic acid biosynthesis in wild-type Mtb, but to a much lesser extent in TP-resistant Mtb. TP treatment was bactericidal and equivalent to the first-line drug isoniazid, but it was less likely to permit emergent resistance. Combined isoniazid and TP treatment exhibited sterilizing activity. Computational-docking identified a possible TP-binding groove within the Pks13 ACP domain. This study confirms that Mtb Pks13 is required for mycolic acid biosynthesis, validates it as a druggable target and demonstrates the therapeutic potential of simultaneously inhibiting multiple targets in the same biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Wilson
- Division of Infectious Disease, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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26
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A one-pot, three-component regiospecific synthesis of dispiropyrrolidines containing a thiophenone ring via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Wu X, Cherian PT, Lee RE, Hurdle JG. The membrane as a target for controlling hypervirulent Clostridium difficile infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:806-15. [PMID: 23264511 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The stationary phase of Clostridium difficile, which is primarily responsible for diarrhoeal symptoms, is refractory to antibiotic killing. We investigated whether disrupting the functions of the clostridial membrane is an approach to control C. difficile infections by promptly removing growing and non-growing cells. METHODS The bactericidal activities of various membrane-active agents were determined against C. difficile logarithmic-phase and stationary-phase cultures and compared with known antibiotics. Their effects on the synthesis of ATP, toxins A/B and sporulation were also determined. The effect of rodent caecal contents on anti-difficile activities was examined using two reutericyclin lead compounds, clofazimine, daptomycin and other comparator antibiotics. RESULTS Most membrane-active agents and partially daptomycin showed concentration-dependent killing of both logarithmic-phase and stationary-phase cultures. The exposure of cells to compounds at their MBC resulted in a rapid loss of viability with concomitant reductions in cellular ATP, toxins A/B and spore numbers. With the exception of nisin, these effects were not due to membrane pore formation. Interestingly, the activity of the proton ionophore nigericin significantly increased as the growth of C. difficile decreased, suggesting the importance of the proton gradient to the survival of non-growing cells. The activities of the lipophilic antimicrobials reutericyclins and clofazimine were reduced by caecal contents. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that C. difficile is uniquely susceptible to killing by molecules affecting its membrane function and bioenergetics, indicating that the clostridial membrane is a novel antimicrobial target for agents to alleviate the burden of C. difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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28
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Sydor T, von Bargen K, Hsu FF, Huth G, Holst O, Wohlmann J, Becken U, Dykstra T, Söhl K, Lindner B, Prescott JF, Schaible UE, Utermöhlen O, Haas A. Diversion of phagosome trafficking by pathogenic Rhodococcus equi depends on mycolic acid chain length. Cell Microbiol 2012; 15:458-73. [PMID: 23078612 PMCID: PMC3864644 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus equi is a close relative of Mycobacterium spp. and a facultative intracellular pathogen which arrests phagosome maturation in macrophages before the late endocytic stage. We have screened a transposon mutant library of R. equi for mutants with decreased capability to prevent phagolysosome formation. This screen yielded a mutant in the gene for β-ketoacyl-(acyl carrier protein)-synthase A (KasA), a key enzyme of the long-chain mycolic acid synthesizing FAS-II system. The longest kasA mutant mycolic acid chains were 10 carbon units shorter than those of wild-type bacteria. Coating of non-pathogenic E. coli with purified wild-type trehalose dimycolate reduced phagolysosome formation substantially which was not the case with shorter kasA mutant-derived trehalose dimycolate. The mutant was moderately attenuated in macrophages and in a mouse infection model, but was fully cytotoxic.Whereas loss of KasA is lethal in mycobacteria, R. equi kasA mutant multiplication in broth was normal proving that long-chain mycolic acid compounds are not necessarily required for cellular integrity and viability of the bacteria that typically produce them. This study demonstrates a central role of mycolic acid chain length in diversion of trafficking by R. equi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sydor
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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29
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Streptomycin-starved Mycobacterium tuberculosis 18b, a drug discovery tool for latent tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5782-9. [PMID: 22926567 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01125-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 18b, a streptomycin (STR)-dependent mutant that enters a viable but nonreplicating state in the absence of STR, has been developed as a simple model for drug testing against dormant bacilli. Here, we further evaluated the STR-starved 18b (SS18b) model both in vitro and in vivo by comparing the behavior of 22 approved and experimental tuberculosis drugs. Using the resazurin reduction microplate assay (REMA), rifampin (RIF), rifapentine (RPT), TMC207, clofazimine (CFM), and linezolid (LIN) were found to be active against SS18b in vitro, and their bactericidal activity was confirmed by determining the number of CFU. A latent 18b infection was established in mice, and some of the above-mentioned drugs were used for treatment, either alone or in combination with RIF. RIF, RPT, TMC207, CFM, and pyrazinamide (PZA) were all active in vivo, while cell wall inhibitors were not. A comparative kinetic study of rifamycin efficacy was then undertaken, and the results indicated that RPT clears latent 18b infection in mice faster than RIF. Intrigued by the opposing responses of live and dormant 18b cells to cell wall inhibitors, we conducted a systematic analysis of 14 such inhibitors using REMA. This uncovered an SS18b signature (CWPRED) that accurately predicted the activities of cell wall inhibitors and performed well in a blind study. CWPRED will be useful for establishing the mode of action of compounds with unknown targets, while the SS18b system should facilitate the discovery of drugs for treating latent tuberculosis.
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30
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Shakya N, Garg G, Agrawal B, Kumar R. Chemotherapeutic interventions against tuberculosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:690-718. [PMID: 24281707 PMCID: PMC3763665 DOI: 10.3390/ph5070690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of infectious deaths globally. Many effective conventional antimycobacterial drugs have been available, however, emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has overshadowed the effectiveness of the current first and second line drugs. Further, currently available agents are complicated by serious side effects, drug interactions and long-term administration. This has prompted urgent research efforts in the discovery and development of new anti-tuberculosis agent(s). Several families of compounds are currently being explored for the treatment of tuberculosis. This review article presents an account of the existing chemotherapeutics and highlights the therapeutic potential of emerging molecules that are at different stages of development for the management of tuberculosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Shakya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 728-Heritage Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
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31
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Sharma U. Current possibilities and unresolved issues of drug target validation inMycobacterium tuberculosis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1171-86. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.626763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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AccD6, a key carboxyltransferase essential for mycolic acid synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is dispensable in a nonpathogenic strain. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:6960-72. [PMID: 21984794 DOI: 10.1128/jb.05638-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) is a key enzyme providing a substrate for mycolic acid biosynthesis. Although in vitro studies have demonstrated that the protein encoded by accD6 (Rv2247) may be a functional carboxyltransferase subunit of ACC in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the in vivo function and regulation of accD6 in slow- and fast-growing mycobacteria remain elusive. Here, directed mutagenesis demonstrated that although accD6 is essential for M. tuberculosis, it can be deleted in Mycobacterium smegmatis without affecting its cell envelope integrity. Moreover, we showed that although it is part of the type II fatty acid synthase operon, the accD6 gene of M. tuberculosis, but not that of M. smegmatis, possesses its own additional promoter (P(acc)). The expression level of accD6(Mtb) placed only under the control of P(acc) is 10-fold lower than that in wild-type M. tuberculosis but is sufficient to sustain cell viability. Importantly, this limited expression level affects growth, mycolic acid content, and cell morphology. These results provide the first in vivo evidence for AccD6 as a key player in the mycolate biosynthesis of M. tuberculosis, implicating AccD6 as the essential ACC subunit in pathogenic mycobacteria and an excellent target for new antitubercular compounds. Our findings also highlight important differences in the mechanism of acetyl carboxylation between pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacterial species.
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Dwivedi N, Mishra BN, Katoch VM. 2D-QSAR model development and analysis on variant groups of anti-tuberculosis drugs. Bioinformation 2011; 7:82-90. [PMID: 21938210 PMCID: PMC3174041 DOI: 10.6026/97320630007082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantitative structure activity relationship study was performed on different groups of anti-tuberculosis drug compound for establishing quantitative relationship between biological activity and their physicochemical /structural properties. In recent years, a large number of herbal drugs are promoted in treatment of tuberculosis especially due to the emergence of MDR (multi drug resistance) and XDR (extensive drug resistance) tuberculosis. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is resistant to front-line drugs (isoniazid and rifampicin, the most powerful anti-TB drugs) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is resistant to front-line and second-line drugs. The possibility of drug resistance TB increases when patient does not take prescribed drugs for defined time period. Natural products (secondary metabolites) isolated from the variety of sources including terrestrial and marine plants and animals, and microorganisms, have been recognized as having antituberculosis action and have recently been tested preclinically for their growth inhibitory activity towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis or related organisms. A quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed to explore the antituberculosis compound from the derivatives of natural products . Theoretical results are in accord with the in vitro experimental data with reported growth inhibitory activity towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis or related organisms. Antitubercular activity was predicted through QSAR model, developed by forward feed multiple linear regression method with leave-one-out approach. Relationship correlating measure of QSAR model was 74% (R(2) = 0.74) and predictive accuracy was 72% (RCV(2) = 0.72). QSAR studies indicate that dipole energy and heat of formation correlate well with anti-tubercular activity. These results could offer useful references for understanding mechanisms and directing the molecular design of new lead compounds with improved anti-tubercular activity. The generated QSAR model revealed the importance of structural, thermodynamic and electro topological parameters. The quantitative structure activity relationship provides important structural insight in designing of potent antitubercular agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Dwivedi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow-226021, India
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering & Technology, IFTM, Lodhipur-Rajput, Delhi Road, Moradabad-244001, India
- Department of Health Research (Govt. of India) & Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, NewDelhi-110029, India
| | - Bhartendu Nath Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow-226021, India
| | - Vishwa Mohan Katoch
- Department of Health Research (Govt. of India) & Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, NewDelhi-110029, India
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Lu X, Wan B, Franzblau SG, You Q. Design, synthesis and anti-tubercular evaluation of new 2-acylated and 2-alkylated amino-5-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)thiophene-3-carboxylic acid derivatives. Part 1. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3551-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lee W, Luckner SR, Kisker C, Tonge PJ, Engels B. Elucidation of the protonation states of the catalytic residues in mtKasA: implications for inhibitor design. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5743-56. [PMID: 21615093 DOI: 10.1021/bi200006t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
KasA (β-ketoacyl ACP synthase I) is involved in the biosynthetic pathway of mycolic acids, an essential component of the cell wall in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It was shown that KasA is essential for the survival of the pathogen and thus could serve as a new drug target for the treatment of tuberculosis. The active site of KasA was previously characterized by X-ray crystallography. However, questions regarding the protonation state of specific amino acids, the orientation of the histidine groups within the active site, and additional conformers being accessible at ambient temperatures remain open and have to be addressed prior to the design of new inhibitors. We investigate the active site of KasA in this work by means of structural motifs and relative energies. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, free energy perturbation computations, and calculations employing the hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method made it possible to determine the protonation status and reveal important details about the catalytic mechanism of KasA. Additionally, we can rationalize the molecular basis for the acyl-transfer activity in the H311A mutant. Our data strongly suggest that inhibitors should be able to inhibit different protonation states because the enzyme can switch easily between a zwitterionic and neutral state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Lee
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
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Novel inhibitors of InhA efficiently kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3889-98. [PMID: 21628538 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00266-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis has become a serious global health threat, which is now complicated by the emergence of extensively drug-resistant strains. New drugs that are active against drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) are needed. We chose to search for new inhibitors of the enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase InhA, the target of the first-line TB drug isoniazid (also known as isonicotinoic acid hydrazide [INH]). A subset of a chemical library, composed of 300 compounds inhibiting Plasmodium falciparum enoyl reductase, was tested against M. tuberculosis. Four compounds were found to inhibit M. tuberculosis growth with MICs ranging from 1 μM to 10 μM. Testing of these compounds against M. tuberculosis in vitro revealed that only two compounds (CD39 and CD117) were bactericidal against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis. These two compounds were also bactericidal against M. tuberculosis incubated under anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, CD39 and CD117 exhibited increased bactericidal activity when used in combination with INH or rifampin, but CD39 was shown to be toxic to eukaryotic cells. The compounds inhibit InhA as well the fatty acid synthase type I, and CD117 was found to also inhibit tuberculostearic acid synthesis. This study provides the TB drug development community with two chemical scaffolds that are suitable for structure-activity relationship study to improve on their cytotoxicities and bactericidal activities in vitro and in vivo.
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Termentzi A, Khouri I, Gaslonde T, Prado S, Saint-Joanis B, Bardou F, Amanatiadou EP, Vizirianakis IS, Kordulakova J, Jackson M, Brosch R, Janin YL, Daffé M, Tillequin F, Michel S. Synthesis, biological activity, and evaluation of the mode of action of novel antitubercular benzofurobenzopyrans substituted on A ring. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5833-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Molle V, Gulten G, Vilchèze C, Veyron-Churlet R, Zanella-Cléon I, Sacchettini JC, Jacobs Jr WR, Kremer L. Phosphorylation of InhA inhibits mycolic acid biosynthesis and growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:1591-605. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Arabolaza A, D'Angelo M, Comba S, Gramajo H. FasR, a novel class of transcriptional regulator, governs the activation of fatty acid biosynthesis genes in Streptomyces coelicolor. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:47-63. [PMID: 20624224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Membrane lipid homeostasis is essential for bacterial survival and adaptation to different environments. The regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis is therefore crucial for maintaining the correct composition and biophysical properties of cell membranes. This regulation implicates a biochemical control of key enzymes and a transcriptional regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism. In Streptomyces coelicolor we found that control of lipid homeostasis is accomplished, at least in part, through the transcriptional regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic genes. A novel transcription factor, FasR (SCO2386), controls expression of fabDHPF operon and lies immediately upstream of fabD, in a cluster of genes that is highly conserved within actinomycetes. Disruption of fasR resulted in a mutant strain, with severe growth defects and a delay in the timing of morphological and physiological differentiation. Expression of fab genes was downregulated in the fasR mutant, indicating a role for this transcription factor as an activator. Consequently, the mutant showed a significant drop in fatty acid synthase activity and triacylglyceride accumulation. FasR binds specifically to a DNA sequence containing fabDHPF promoter region, both in vivo and in vitro. These data provide the first example of positive regulation of genes encoding core proteins of saturated fatty acid synthase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Arabolaza
- Microbiology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531 (S2002LRK) Rosario, Argentina
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Machutta CA, Bommineni GR, Luckner SR, Kapilashrami K, Ruzsicska B, Simmerling C, Kisker C, Tonge PJ. Slow onset inhibition of bacterial beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthases by thiolactomycin. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:6161-9. [PMID: 20018879 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.077909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiolactomycin (TLM), a natural product thiolactone antibiotic produced by species of Nocardia and Streptomyces, is an inhibitor of the beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (KAS) enzymes in the bacterial fatty acid synthase pathway. Using enzyme kinetics and direct binding studies, TLM has been shown to bind preferentially to the acyl-enzyme intermediates of the KASI and KASII enzymes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Escherichia coli. These studies, which utilized acyl-enzyme mimics in which the active site cysteine was replaced by a glutamine, also revealed that TLM is a slow onset inhibitor of the KASI enzymes KasA and ecFabB but not of the KASII enzymes KasB and ecFabF. The differential affinity of TLM for the acyl-KAS enzymes is proposed to result from structural change involving the movement of helices alpha5 and alpha6 that prepare the enzyme to bind malonyl-AcpM or TLM and that is initiated by formation of hydrogen bonds between the acyl-enzyme thioester and the oxyanion hole. The finding that TLM is a slow onset inhibitor of ecFabB supports the proposal that the long residence time of TLM on the ecFabB homologues in Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella pneumonia is an important factor for the in vivo antibacterial activity of TLM against these two organisms despite the fact that the in vitro MIC values are only 100-200 microg/ml. The mechanistic data on the interaction of TLM with KasA will provide an important foundation for the rational development of high affinity KasA inhibitors based on the thiolactone skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl A Machutta
- Institute for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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Luckner SR, Machutta CA, Tonge PJ, Kisker C. Crystal structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis KasA show mode of action within cell wall biosynthesis and its inhibition by thiolactomycin. Structure 2009; 17:1004-13. [PMID: 19604480 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria have a unique cell wall consisting of mycolic acids, very-long-chain lipids that provide protection and allow the bacteria to persist within human macrophages. Inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis is fatal for the organism and a starting point for the discovery and development of novel antibiotics. We determined the crystal structures of KasA, a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids, in its apo-form and bound to the natural product inhibitor thiolactomycin. Detailed insights into the interaction of the inhibitor with KasA and the identification of a polyethylene glycol molecule that mimics a fatty acid substrate of approximately 40 carbon atoms length, represent the first atomic view of a mycobacterial enzyme involved in the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids and provide a robust platform for the development of novel thiolactomycin analogs with high affinity for KasA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia R Luckner
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Platensimycin activity against mycobacterial beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6306. [PMID: 19609444 PMCID: PMC2707616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is an urgent need for the discovery and development of new drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, especially due to the recent emergence of multi-drug and extensively-drug resistant strains. Herein, we have examined the susceptibility of mycobacteria to the natural product platensimycin. Methods and Findings We have demonstrated that platensimycin has bacteriostatic activity against the fast growing Mycobacterium smegmatis (MIC = 14 µg/ml) and against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC = 12 µg/ml). Growth in the presence of paltensimycin specifically inhibited the biosynthesis of mycolic acids suggesting that the antibiotic targeted the components of the mycolate biosynthesis complex. Given the inhibitory activity of platensimycin against β-ketoacyl-ACP synthases from Staphylococcus aureus, M. tuberculosis KasA, KasB or FabH were overexpressed in M. smegmatis to establish whether these mycobacterial KAS enzymes were targets of platensimycin. In M. smegmatis overexpression of kasA or kasB increased the MIC of the strains from 14 µg/ml, to 30 and 124 µg/ml respectively. However, overexpression of fabH on did not affect the MIC. Additionally, consistent with the overexpression data, in vitro assays using purified proteins demonstrated that platensimycin inhibited Mt-KasA and Mt-KasB, but not Mt-FabH. Significance Our results have shown that platensimycin is active against mycobacterial KasA and KasB and is thus an exciting lead compound against M. tuberculosis and the development of new synthetic analogues.
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43
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Al-Balas Q, Anthony NG, Al-Jaidi B, Alnimr A, Abbott G, Brown AK, Taylor RC, Besra GS, McHugh TD, Gillespie SH, Johnston BF, Mackay SP, Coxon GD. Identification of 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxylate derivatives active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and the beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase mtFabH. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5617. [PMID: 19440303 PMCID: PMC2680598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease which kills two million people every year and infects approximately over one-third of the world's population. The difficulty in managing tuberculosis is the prolonged treatment duration, the emergence of drug resistance and co-infection with HIV/AIDS. Tuberculosis control requires new drugs that act at novel drug targets to help combat resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and reduce treatment duration. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our approach was to modify the naturally occurring and synthetically challenging antibiotic thiolactomycin (TLM) to the more tractable 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxylate scaffold to generate compounds that mimic TLM's novel mode of action. We report here the identification of a series of compounds possessing excellent activity against M. tuberculosis H(37)R(v) and, dissociatively, against the beta-ketoacyl synthase enzyme mtFabH which is targeted by TLM. Specifically, methyl 2-amino-5-benzylthiazole-4-carboxylate was found to inhibit M. tuberculosis H(37)R(v) with an MIC of 0.06 microg/ml (240 nM), but showed no activity against mtFabH, whereas methyl 2-(2-bromoacetamido)-5-(3-chlorophenyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate inhibited mtFabH with an IC(50) of 0.95+/-0.05 microg/ml (2.43+/-0.13 microM) but was not active against the whole cell organism. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings clearly identify the 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxylate scaffold as a promising new template towards the discovery of a new class of anti-tubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qosay Al-Balas
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nahoum G. Anthony
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Bilal Al-Jaidi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amani Alnimr
- Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grainne Abbott
- Strathclyde Innovations in Drug Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair K. Brown
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgebaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C. Taylor
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgebaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgebaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D. McHugh
- Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Blair F. Johnston
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P. Mackay
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey D. Coxon
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Kurth DG, Gago GM, de la Iglesia A, Bazet Lyonnet B, Lin TW, Morbidoni HR, Tsai SC, Gramajo H. ACCase 6 is the essential acetyl-CoA carboxylase involved in fatty acid and mycolic acid biosynthesis in mycobacteria. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:2664-2675. [PMID: 19423629 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.027714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids are essential for the survival, virulence and antibiotic resistance of the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Inhibitors of mycolic acid biosynthesis, such as isoniazid and ethionamide, have been used as efficient drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis. However, the increase in cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis has prompted a search for new targets and agents that could also affect synthesis of mycolic acids. In mycobacteria, the acyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCases) provide the building blocks for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis by fatty acid synthase (FAS) I and for the elongation of FAS I products by the FAS II complex to produce meromycolic acids. By generating a conditional mutant in the accD6 gene of Mycobacterium smegmatis, we demonstrated that AccD6 is the essential carboxyltransferase component of the ACCase 6 enzyme complex implicated in the biosynthesis of malonyl-CoA, the substrate of the two FAS enzymes of Mycobacterium species. Based on the conserved structure of the AccD5 and AccD6 active sites we screened several inhibitors of AccD5 as potential inhibitors of AccD6 and found that the ligand NCI-172033 was capable of inhibiting AccD6 with an IC(50) of 8 microM. The compound showed bactericidal activity against several pathogenic Mycobacterium species by producing a strong inhibition of both fatty acid and mycolic acid biosynthesis at minimal inhibitory concentrations. Overexpression of accD6 in M. smegmatis conferred resistance to NCI-172033, confirming AccD6 as the main target of the inhibitor. These results define the biological role of a key ACCase in the biosynthesis of membrane and cell envelope fatty acids, and provide a new target, AccD6, for rational development of novel anti-mycobacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Kurth
- Microbiology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gabriela M Gago
- Microbiology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Agustina de la Iglesia
- Microbiology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Bernardo Bazet Lyonnet
- Microbiology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ting-Wan Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Héctor R Morbidoni
- Microbiology Division, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Shiou-Chuan Tsai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Microbiology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
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Kikionis S, McKee V, Markopoulos J, Igglessi-Markopoulou O. Regioselective ring opening of thiomalic acid anhydrides by carbon nucleophiles. Synthesis and X-ray structure elucidation of novel thiophenone derivatives. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Ohata K, Terashima S. Efficient synthesis and biological activity of enantiomeric pairs of thiolactomycin and its 3-demethyl derivative. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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Nicolaou K, Chen J, Edmonds D, Estrada A. Fortschritte in der Chemie und Biologie natürlicher Antibiotika. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Dömling A, Srivastava S, Beck B, Herdtweck E, Khoury K. A Novel Δ-Thiolactone Scaffold by a Versatile Intramolecular Multicomponent Reaction. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-s(f)101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Ohata K, Terashima S. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Enantiomeric Pairs of 5-(Alk-2-enyl)thiolactomycin and 5-[(E)-Cycloalk-2-enylidenemethyl]thiolactomycin Congeners. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:920-36. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Ohata
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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50
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Analysis of lipid biosynthesis and location. Methods Mol Biol 2009. [PMID: 20560057 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-207-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
A procedure for metabolic labeling of all cellular lipids starting with a culture of mycobacteria is described in this chapter using either a pulse-chase or a simple labeling experimental design. Three fractions are produced for subsequent lipid analysis: (1) the culture filtrate; (2) a readily released surface lipid fraction; and (3) the killed, labeled bacteria. A standardized, TLC-based method for general lipid analysis that can be used to quantify the labeling of all the mycobacterial lipids is given as well as a protocol for analyzing the fatty acyl moieties of the lipids.
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