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Zhao G, Zhang D, Tang Y, Hu X, Wang X. Recent advances on engineering Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum for efficient production of L-threonine and its derivatives. Metab Eng 2025; 90:1-15. [PMID: 40020772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2025.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2025] [Accepted: 02/23/2025] [Indexed: 03/03/2025]
Abstract
L-threonine, one of the three major amino acids, plays a vital role in various industries such as food, feed, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Currently, the fermentation-based production of L-threonine has evolved into an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly industrial process. Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum, as the industrial workhorses of amino acids production, have long been widely studied due to their well-established genetic backgrounds and powerful molecular tools. This review focuses on recent advances in the microbial production of L-threonine by metabolic engineering. From three key modules, including L-threonine synthesis module, central metabolism module and global regulation module, we provide a comprehensive analysis on the entire metabolic pathway of L-threonine and the global regulation of the production process. Furthermore, we systematically summarize biotransformation methods for producing high-value derivatives of L-threonine, thereby broadening the application scope and market potential of L-threonine. Overall, this review shows many effective strategies for the biosynthesis of L-threonine, and offers guidance for the microbial production of L-aspartate family amino acids and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Dezhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yaqun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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2
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Tian L, Zhou J, Lv Q, Liu F, Yang T, Zhang X, Xu M, Rao Z. Rational engineering of the Plasmodium falciparuml-lactate dehydrogenase loop involved in catalytic proton transfer to improve chiral 2-hydroxybutyric acid production. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:71-79. [PMID: 33631263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
l-lactate dehydrogenases (LDHs) has been widely studied for their ability to reduce 2-keto acids for the production of 2-hydroxy acids, whereby 2-hydroxybutyric acids (2-HBA) is among the most important fundamental building blocks for synthesizing pharmaceuticals and biodegradable materials. However, LDHs usually show low activity towards 2-keto acids with longer side chain such as 2-oxobutyric acid (2-OBA). Here rational engineering of the Plasmodium falciparum LDH loop with residue involved in the catalytic proton transfer was initially studied. By combining homology alignment and structure-based design approach, we found that changing the charge characteristics or hydrogen bond network interactions of this loop could improve enzymatic catalytic activities and stabilities towards 2-OBA. Compared with wild type, variant N197Dldh showed 1.15 times higher activity and 2.73 times higher Kcat/Km. The half-life of variant N197Dldh at 40 °C increased to 77.9 h compared with 50.4 h of wild type. Furthermore, asymmetric synthesis of (S)-2-HBA with coenzyme regeneration revealed 95.8 g/L production titer within 12 h for variant N197Dldh, 2.05 times higher than using wild type. Our study indicated the importance of loop with residues involved in the catalytic proton transfer process, and the engineered LDH would be more suitable for (S)-2-HBA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Junping Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Qinglan Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Fei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China.
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Luo Z, Yu S, Zeng W, Zhou J. Comparative analysis of the chemical and biochemical synthesis of keto acids. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 47:107706. [PMID: 33548455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Keto acids are essential organic acids that are widely applied in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, beverages, and feed additives as well as chemical synthesis. Currently, most keto acids on the market are prepared via chemical synthesis. The biochemical synthesis of keto acids has been discovered with the development of metabolic engineering and applied toward the production of specific keto acids from renewable carbohydrates using different metabolic engineering strategies in microbes. In this review, we provide a systematic summary of the types and applications of keto acids, and then summarize and compare the chemical and biochemical synthesis routes used for the production of typical keto acids, including pyruvic acid, oxaloacetic acid, α-oxobutanoic acid, acetoacetic acid, ketoglutaric acid, levulinic acid, 5-aminolevulinic acid, α-ketoisovaleric acid, α-keto-γ-methylthiobutyric acid, α-ketoisocaproic acid, 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, 2-keto-D-gluconic acid, 5-keto-D-gluconic acid, and phenylpyruvic acid. We also describe the current challenges for the industrial-scale production of keto acids and further strategies used to accelerate the green production of keto acids via biochemical routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengshan Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shiqin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Zhou J, Zhang R, Yang T, Liu Q, Zheng J, Wang F, Liu F, Xu M, Zhang X, Rao Z. Relieving Allosteric Inhibition by Designing Active Inclusion Bodies and Coating of the Inclusion Bodies with Fe3O4 Nanomaterials for Sustainable 2-Oxobutyric Acid Production. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junping Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Qiaoli Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Junxian Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Fang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Fei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
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A Bacterial Multidomain NAD-Independent d-Lactate Dehydrogenase Utilizes Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide and Fe-S Clusters as Cofactors and Quinone as an Electron Acceptor for d-Lactate Oxidization. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00342-17. [PMID: 28847921 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00342-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial membrane-associated NAD-independent d-lactate dehydrogenase (Fe-S d-iLDH) oxidizes d-lactate into pyruvate. A sequence analysis of the enzyme reveals that it contains an Fe-S oxidoreductase domain in addition to a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-containing dehydrogenase domain, which differs from other typical d-iLDHs. Fe-S d-iLDH from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 was purified as a His-tagged protein and characterized in detail. This monomeric enzyme exhibited activities with l-lactate and several d-2-hydroxyacids. Quinone was shown to be the preferred electron acceptor of the enzyme. The two domains of the enzyme were then heterologously expressed and purified separately. The Fe-S cluster-binding motifs predicted by sequence alignment were preliminarily verified by site-directed mutagenesis of the Fe-S oxidoreductase domain. The FAD-containing dehydrogenase domain retained 2-hydroxyacid-oxidizing activity, although it decreased compared to the full Fe-S d-iLDH. Compared to the intact enzyme, the FAD-containing dehydrogenase domain showed increased catalytic efficiency with cytochrome c as the electron acceptor, but it completely lost the ability to use coenzyme Q10 Additionally, the FAD-containing dehydrogenase domain was no longer associated with the cell membrane, and it could not support the utilization of d-lactate as a carbon source. Based on the results obtained, we conclude that the Fe-S oxidoreductase domain functions as an electron transfer component to facilitate the utilization of quinone as an electron acceptor by Fe-S d-iLDH, and it helps the enzyme associate with the cell membrane. These functions make the Fe-S oxidoreductase domain crucial for the in vivo d-lactate utilization function of Fe-S d-iLDH.IMPORTANCE Lactate metabolism plays versatile roles in most domains of life. Lactate utilization processes depend on certain enzymes to oxidize lactate to pyruvate. In recent years, novel bacterial lactate-oxidizing enzymes have been continually reported, including the unique NAD-independent d-lactate dehydrogenase that contains an Fe-S oxidoreductase domain besides the typical flavin-containing domain (Fe-S d-iLDH). Although Fe-S d-iLDH is widely distributed among bacterial species, the investigation of it is insufficient. Fe-S d-iLDH from Pseudomonas putida KT2440, which is the major d-lactate-oxidizing enzyme for the strain, might be a representative of this type of enzyme. A study of it will be helpful in understanding the detailed mechanisms underlying the lactate utilization processes.
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Coupling between d-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase drives bacterial l-serine synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7574-E7582. [PMID: 28827360 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619034114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
l-Serine biosynthesis, a crucial metabolic process in most domains of life, is initiated by d-3-phosphoglycerate (d-3-PG) dehydrogenation, a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction catalyzed by d-3-PG dehydrogenase (SerA). d-2-Hydroxyglutarate (d-2-HG) is traditionally viewed as an abnormal metabolite associated with cancer and neurometabolic disorders. Here, we reveal that bacterial anabolism and catabolism of d-2-HG are involved in l-serine biosynthesis in Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. SerA catalyzes the stereospecific reduction of 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to d-2-HG, responsible for the major production of d-2-HG in vivo. SerA combines the energetically favorable reaction of d-2-HG production to overcome the thermodynamic barrier of d-3-PG dehydrogenation. We identified a bacterial d-2-HG dehydrogenase (D2HGDH), a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent enzyme, that converts d-2-HG back to 2-KG. Electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) and ETF-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETFQO) are also essential in d-2-HG metabolism through their capacity to transfer electrons from D2HGDH. Furthermore, while the mutant with D2HGDH deletion displayed decreased growth, the defect was rescued by adding l-serine, suggesting that the D2HGDH is functionally tied to l-serine synthesis. Substantial flux flows through d-2-HG, being produced by SerA and removed by D2HGDH, ETF, and ETFQO, maintaining d-2-HG homeostasis. Overall, our results uncover that d-2-HG-mediated coupling between SerA and D2HGDH drives bacterial l-serine synthesis.
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Wang Y, Feng Y, Xue S. Highly efficient production of 2-ketobutyrate from 2-hydroxybutyrate by resting cells of Pseudomonas stutzeri DEH130. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2016.1247819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yayue Wang
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China and
- School of Chemistry and Chemical engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanbin Feng
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China and
| | - Song Xue
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China and
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Babaei P, Marashi SA, Asad S. Genome-scale reconstruction of the metabolic network in Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:3022-32. [PMID: 26302703 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00086f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501 is an endophytic bacterium capable of nitrogen fixation. This strain has been isolated from the rice rhizosphere and provides the plant with fixed nitrogen and phytohormones. These interesting features encouraged us to study the metabolism of this microorganism at the systems-level. In this work, we present the first genome-scale metabolic model (iPB890) for P. stutzeri, involving 890 genes, 1135 reactions, and 813 metabolites. A combination of automatic and manual approaches was used in the reconstruction process. Briefly, using the metabolic networks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida as templates, a draft metabolic network of P. stutzeri was reconstructed. Then, the draft network was driven through an iterative and curative process of gap filling. In the next step, the model was evaluated using different experimental data such as specific growth rate, Biolog substrate utilization data and other experimental observations. In most of the evaluation cases, the model was successful in correctly predicting the cellular phenotypes. Thus, we posit that the iPB890 model serves as a suitable platform to explore the metabolism of P. stutzeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parizad Babaei
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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NAD-Independent L-Lactate Dehydrogenase Required for L-Lactate Utilization in Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:2239-2247. [PMID: 25917905 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00017-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED NAD-independent L-lactate dehydrogenases (l-iLDHs) play important roles in L-lactate utilization of different organisms. All of the previously reported L-iLDHs were flavoproteins that catalyze the oxidation of L-lactate by the flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-dependent mechanism. Based on comparative genomic analysis, a gene cluster with three genes (lldA, lldB, and lldC) encoding a novel type of L-iLDH was identified in Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501. When the gene cluster was expressed in Escherichia coli, distinctive L-iLDH activity was detected. The expressed L-iLDH was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE and successive matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis of the purified L-iLDH indicated that it is a complex of LldA, LldB, and LldC (encoded by lldA, lldB, and lldC, respectively). Purified L-iLDH (LldABC) is a dimer of three subunits (LldA, LldB, and LldC), and the ratio between LldA, LldB, and LldC is 1:1:1. Different from the FMN-containing L-iLDH, absorption spectra and elemental analysis suggested that LldABC might use the iron-sulfur cluster for the L-lactate oxidation. LldABC has narrow substrate specificity, and only L-lactate and DL-2-hydrobutyrate were rapidly oxidized. Mg(2+) could activate L-iLDH activity effectively (6.6-fold). Steady-state kinetics indicated a ping-pong mechanism of LldABC for the L-lactate oxidation. Based on the gene knockout results, LldABC was confirmed to be required for the L-lactate metabolism of P. stutzeri A1501. LldABC is the first purified and characterized L-iLDH with different subunits that uses the iron-sulfur cluster as the cofactor. IMPORTANCE Providing new insights into the diversity of microbial lactate utilization could assist in the production of valuable chemicals and understanding microbial pathogenesis. An NAD-independent L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-iLDH) encoded by the gene cluster lldABC is indispensable for the L-lactate metabolism in Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501. This novel type of enzyme was purified and characterized in this study. Different from the well-characterized FMN-containing L-iLDH in other microbes, LldABC in P. stutzeri A1501 is a dimer of three subunits (LldA, LldB, and LldC) and uses the iron-sulfur cluster as a cofactor.
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Jiang T, Meng J, Sheng B, Yang C, Gao C, Xu P, Ma C. A novel biocatalyst for efficient production of 2-oxo-carboxylates using glycerol as the cost-effective carbon source. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:186. [PMID: 26609321 PMCID: PMC4659176 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The surplus of glycerol has increased remarkably as a main byproduct during the biofuel's production. Exploiting an alternative route for glycerol utilization is significantly important for sustainability of biofuels. RESULTS A novel biocatalyst that could be prepared from glycerol for producing 2-oxo-carboxylates was developed. First, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 was reconstructed by deleting lldR to develop a mutant expressing the NAD-independent lactate dehydrogenases (iLDHs) constitutively. Then, the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) was heterologously expressed to further improve the biotransformation activity. The reconstructed strain, P. putida KT2440 (ΔlldR)/pBSPPcGm-vgb, exhibited high activities of iLDHs when cultured with glycerol as the carbon source. This cost-effective biocatalyst could efficiently produce pyruvate and 2-oxobutyrate from dl-lactate and dl-2-hydroxybutyrate with high molar conversion rates of 91.9 and 99.8 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The process would not only be a promising alternative for the production of 2-oxo-carboxylates, but also be an example for preparation of efficient biocatalysts for the value-added utilization of glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Wang
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Binbin Sheng
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Yang
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- />State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100 People’s Republic of China
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Wang Y, Lv M, Zhang Y, Xiao X, Jiang T, Zhang W, Hu C, Gao C, Ma C, Xu P. Reconstruction of lactate utilization system in Pseudomonas putida KT2440: a novel biocatalyst for l-2-hydroxy-carboxylate production. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6939. [PMID: 25373400 PMCID: PMC4221787 DOI: 10.1038/srep06939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important method for building blocks synthesis, whole cell biocatalysis is hindered by some shortcomings such as unpredictability of reactions, utilization of opportunistic pathogen, and side reactions. Due to its biological and extensively studied genetic background, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is viewed as a promising host for construction of efficient biocatalysts. After analysis and reconstruction of the lactate utilization system in the P. putida strain, a novel biocatalyst that only exhibited NAD-independent D-lactate dehydrogenase activity was prepared and used in L-2-hydroxy-carboxylates production. Since the side reaction catalyzed by the NAD-independent L-lactate dehydrogenase was eliminated in whole cells of recombinant P. putida KT2440, two important L-2-hydroxy-carboxylates (L-lactate and L-2-hydroxybutyrate) were produced in high yield and high optical purity by kinetic resolution of racemic 2-hydroxy carboxylic acids. The results highlight the promise in biocatalysis by the biotechnologically important organism P. putida KT2440 through genomic analysis and recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xieyue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China [2] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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12
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Liu P, Zhang H, Lv M, Hu M, Li Z, Gao C, Xu P, Ma C. Enzymatic production of 5-aminovalerate from L-lysine using L-lysine monooxygenase and 5-aminovaleramide amidohydrolase. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5657. [PMID: 25012259 PMCID: PMC4093655 DOI: 10.1038/srep05657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aminovalerate is a potential C5 platform chemical for synthesis of valerolactam, 5-hydroxyvalerate, glutarate, and 1,5-pentanediol. It is a metabolite of l-lysine catabolism through the aminovalerate pathway in Pseudomonas putida. l-Lysine monooxygenase (DavB) and 5-aminovaleramide amidohydrolase (DavA) play key roles in the biotransformation of l-lysine into 5-aminovalerate. Here, DavB and DavA of P. putida KT2440 were expressed, purified, and coupled for the production of 5-aminovalerate from l-lysine. Under optimal conditions, 20.8 g/L 5-aminovalerate was produced from 30 g/L l-lysine in 12 h. Because l-lysine is an industrial fermentation product, the two-enzyme coupled system presents a promising alternative for the production of 5-aminovalerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mandong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China [2]
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Jiang T, Gao C, Ma C, Xu P. Microbial lactate utilization: enzymes, pathogenesis, and regulation. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:589-99. [PMID: 24950803 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lactate utilization endows microbes with the ability to use lactate as a carbon source. Lactate oxidizing enzymes play key roles in the lactate utilization pathway. Various types of these enzymes have been characterized, but novel ones remain to be identified. Lactate determination techniques and biocatalysts have been developed based on these enzymes. Lactate utilization has also been found to induce pathogenicity of several microbes, and the mechanisms have been investigated. More recently, studies on the structure and organization of operons of lactate utilization have been carried out. This review focuses on the recent progress and future perspectives in understanding microbial lactate utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
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Draft Genome Sequence of the Gluconobacter oxydans Strain DSM 2003, an Important Biocatalyst for Industrial Use. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/2/e00417-14. [PMID: 24786959 PMCID: PMC4007994 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00417-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gluconobacter oxydans strain DSM 2003 can efficiently produce some industrially important building blocks, such as (R)-lactic acid and (R)-2-hydroxybutyric acid. Here, we present a 2.94-Mb assembly of its genome sequence, which might provide further insights into the molecular mechanism of its biocatalysis in order to further improve its biotechnological applications.
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Genome Sequence of the Nonpathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain ATCC 15442. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/2/e00421-14. [PMID: 24786961 PMCID: PMC4007996 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00421-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 is an environmental strain of the Pseudomonas genus. Here, we present a 6.77-Mb assembly of its genome sequence. Besides giving insights into characteristics associated with the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa, such as virulence, drug resistance, and biofilm formation, the genome sequence may provide some information related to biotechnological utilization of the strain.
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Wang X, Lv M, Zhang L, Li K, Gao C, Ma C, Xu P. Efficient bioconversion of 2,3-butanediol into acetoin using Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2003. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:155. [PMID: 24176113 PMCID: PMC4177140 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,3-Butanediol is a platform and fuel biochemical that can be efficiently produced from biomass. However, a value-added process for this chemical has not yet been developed. To expand the utilization of 2,3-butanediol produced from biomass, an improved derivative process of 2,3-butanediol is desirable. RESULTS In this study, a Gluconobacter oxydans strain DSM 2003 was found to have the ability to transform 2,3-butanediol into acetoin, a high value feedstock that can be widely used in dairy and cosmetic products, and chemical synthesis. All three stereoisomers, meso-2,3-butanediol, (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol, and (2S,3S)-2,3-butanediol, could be transformed into acetoin by the strain. After optimization of the bioconversion conditions, the optimum growth temperature for acetoin production by strain DSM 2003 was found to be 30°C and the medium pH was 6.0. With an initial 2,3-butanediol concentration of 40 g/L, acetoin at a high concentration of 89.2 g/L was obtained from 2,3-butanediol by fed-batch bioconversion with a high productivity (1.24 g/L · h) and high yield (0.912 mol/mol). CONCLUSIONS G. oxydans DSM 2003 is the first strain that can be used in the direct production of acetoin from 2,3-butanediol. The product concentration and yield of the novel process are both new records for acetoin production. The results demonstrate that the method developed in this study could provide a promising process for efficient acetoin production and industrially produced 2,3-butanediol utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People’s Republic of China
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Gao C, Zhang L, Xie Y, Hu C, Zhang Y, Li L, Wang Y, Ma C, Xu P. Production of (3S)-acetoin from diacetyl by using stereoselective NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase and glucose dehydrogenase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 137:111-5. [PMID: 23587814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Production of (3S)-acetoin ((3S)-AC), an important platform chemical, is desirable but difficult to perform. An NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase (Gox0644) from Gluconobacter oxydans DSM 2003 was confirmed to have a good ability to reduce diacetyl (DA) to produce (3S)-AC. In this work, the NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase was expressed and purified. Glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis 168 was coupled with the NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase to produce (3S)-AC from DA. Under the optimal conditions, 12.2 g l(-1) (3S)-AC was produced from 14.3 g l(-1) DA in 75 min. Because DA can be biotechnological produced, the two-enzymes coupling system might be a promising alternative for the (3S)-AC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
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Gao C, Wang X, Ma C, Xu P. Production of hydroxypyruvate from glycerate by a novel biotechnological route. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 131:552-554. [PMID: 23415941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, bio-oxidation of glycerate was introduced for the green production of hydroxypyruvate. Whole cells of Pseudomonas sp. XP-LM were confirmed to have a good ability to produce hydroxypyruvate from glycerate. Under the optimal conditions, Hydroxypyruvate of 98.6 mM was produced from glycerate of 200 mM. Glycerate is now potentially producible from glycerol, a by-product during biodiesel fuel production, through a biotechnological process. Thus, the bioconversion system introduced in this work provided not only a green hydroxypyruvate production process but also a potential pathway of surplus glycerol utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa XMG, isolated from soil, utilizes lactate. Here we present a 6.45-Mb assembly of its genome sequence. Besides the lactate utilization mechanism of the strain, the genome sequence may also provide other useful information related to P. aeruginosa, such as identifying genes involved in virulence, drug resistance, and aromatic catabolism.
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Biocatalytic production of chiral 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids and 2-oxocarboxylic acids. N Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.08.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gao C, Qiu J, Ma C, Xu P. Efficient production of pyruvate from DL-lactate by the lactate-utilizing strain Pseudomonas stutzeri SDM. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40755. [PMID: 22792404 PMCID: PMC3392241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The platform chemical lactate is currently produced mainly through the fermentation of sugars presented in biomass. Besides the synthesis of biodegradable polylactate, lactate is also viewed as a feedstock for the green chemistry of the future. Pyruvate, another important platform chemical, can be produced from lactate through biocatalysis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS It was established that whole cells of Pseudomonas stutzeri SDM catalyze lactate oxidation with lactate-induced NAD-independent lactate dehydrogenases (iLDHs) through the inherent electron transfer chain. Unlike the lactate oxidation processes observed in previous reports, the mechanism underlying lactate oxidation described in the present study excluded the costliness of the cofactor regeneration step and production of the byproduct hydrogen peroxide. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Biocatalysis conditions were optimized by using the cheap dl-lactate as the substrate and whole cells of the lactate-utilizing P. stutzeri SDM as catalyst. Under optimal conditions, the biocatalytic process produced pyruvate at a high concentration (48.4 g l(-1)) and a high yield (98%). The bioconversion system provides a promising alternative for the green production of pyruvate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang W, Gao C, Che B, Ma C, Zheng Z, Qin T, Xu P. Efficient bioconversion of l-threonine to 2-oxobutyrate using whole cells of Pseudomonas stutzeri SDM. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 110:719-22. [PMID: 22342587 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
2-Oxobutyrate (2-OBA) is an important intermediate with many applications in the drug and chemical industries. l-Threonine, an industrial fermentation product, could be used as a suitable starting material for the 2-OBA production. In this study, whole cells of Pseudomonas stutzeri SDM were confirmed to possess a good ability to convert l-threonine into 2-OBA. The bioconversion conditions were optimized for the 2-OBA production from l-threonine. Using 9.2g dry cell weight l(-1) of whole cells of strain SDM as biocatalyst, the biocatalytic process produced 2-OBA at a high concentration (25.6gl(-1)) with a high molar conversion rate (99.6%) at 6h from 30g1(-1) of l-threonine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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Genome sequence of Pseudomonas stutzeri SDM-LAC, a typical strain for studying the molecular mechanism of lactate utilization. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:894-5. [PMID: 22275095 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06478-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas stutzeri SDM-LAC is an efficient lactate utilizer with various applications in biocatalysis. Here we present a 4.2-Mb assembly of its genome. The annotated four adjacent genes form a lactate utilization operon, which could provide further insights into the molecular mechanism of lactate utilization.
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Gao C, Zhang W, Ma C, Liu P, Xu P. Kinetic resolution of 2-hydroxybutanoate racemic mixtures by NAD-independent L-lactate dehydrogenase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:4595-4599. [PMID: 21295977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Optically active D-2-hydroxybutanoate is an important building block intermediate for medicines and biodegradable poly(2-hydroxybutanoate). Kinetic resolution of racemic 2-hydroxybutanoate may be a green and desirable alternative for D-2-hydroxybutanoate production. In this work, D-2-hydroxybutanoate at a high concentration (0.197 M) and a high enantiomeric excess (99.1%) was produced by an NAD-independent L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-iLDH) containing biocatalyst. 2-Oxobutanoate, another important intermediate, was co-produced at a high concentration (0.193 M). Using a simple ion exchange process with the macroporous anion exchange resin D301, D-2-hydroxybutanoate was separated from the biotransformation system with a high recovery of 84.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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