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Rahman MM, Azad MOK, Uddain J, Adnan M, Ali MC, Al-Mujahidy SKMJ, Roni MZK, Rahman MS, Islam MJ, Rahman MH, Choi KY, Naznin MT. Microbial Quality Assessment and Efficacy of Low-Cost Disinfectants on Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Collected from Urban Areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Foods 2021; 10:1325. [PMID: 34207589 PMCID: PMC8227336 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the total viable bacteria (TVBC); total coliform (TCC); fecal coliform (TFC); pathogenic Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and total fungi (TF); and the effect of different low-cost disinfectants (sterile water, salt water, blanched, and vinegar) in decontamination of 12 types of fruit and 10 types of vegetables. In fruit samples, the lowest TVBC was enumerated at 3.18 ± 0.27 log CFU/g in Indian gooseberry and the highest at 6.47 ± 0.68 log CFU/g in guava. Staphylococci (2.04 ± 0.53-5.10 ± 0.02 log CFU/g), Pseudomonas (1.88 ± 0.03-5.38 ± 0.08 log CFU/g), and total fungi (2.60 ± 0.18-7.50 ± 0.15 log CFU/g) were found in all fruit samples; however, no Salmonella was detected in fruit samples. Similarly, the lowest TVBC recorded 5.67± 0.49 log CFU/g in cucumber and the highest 7.37 ± 0.06 log CFU/g in yard long bean. The Staphylococci (3.48 ± 0.13-4.81 ± 0.16 log CFU/g), Pseudomonas (3.57± 0.21- 4.75 ± 0.23 log CFU/g), TCC (1.85 ± 1.11-56.50 ± 37.14 MPN/g), TFC (1.76 ± 0.87- 3.78 ± 3.76 MPN/g), and TF (3.79 ± 0.18-4.40 ± 0.38 log CFU/g) were recorded in all vegetables samples, but no Salmonella was detected in yard long bean, pointed gourd, carrot, tomato, cucumber, or brinjal. However, vinegar showed the highest microbial load reduction of selected fruit and vegetables among the different treatments. With vinegar treatment, the highest reduction of TVBC (1.61-log) and TF (2.54-log) was observed for fruits, and TVBC (2.31-log) and TF (2.41-log) for vegetables. All the disinfectant treatments resulted in significant (p < 0.01) bacterial load reduction compared to control for the studied fruits and vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mafizur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.C.A.); (S.M.J.A.-M.)
| | - Md. Obyedul Kalam Azad
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.O.K.A.); (M.A.); (M.J.I.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Jasim Uddain
- Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Adnan
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.O.K.A.); (M.A.); (M.J.I.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Md. Chayan Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.C.A.); (S.M.J.A.-M.)
| | - SK. Md. Jakaria Al-Mujahidy
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh; (M.M.R.); (M.C.A.); (S.M.J.A.-M.)
| | - Md. Zohurul Kadir Roni
- Tropical Agriculture Research Front, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1091-1 Maezato-Kawarabaru, Ishigaki, Okinawa 907-0002, Japan;
| | - Mohammed Saifur Rahman
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Alnarp, Sweden;
| | - Md. Jahirul Islam
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.O.K.A.); (M.A.); (M.J.I.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Md. Hafizur Rahman
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.O.K.A.); (M.A.); (M.J.I.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Ki Young Choi
- Department of Controlled Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Most Tahera Naznin
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Alnarp, Sweden;
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Haelewaters D, Urbina H, Brown S, Newerth-Henson S, Aime MC. Isolation and Molecular Characterization of the Romaine Lettuce Phylloplane Mycobiome. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:277. [PMID: 33917072 PMCID: PMC8067711 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is an important staple of American agriculture. Unlike many vegetables, romaine lettuce is typically consumed raw. Phylloplane microbes occur naturally on plant leaves; consumption of uncooked leaves includes consumption of phylloplane microbes. Despite this fact, the microbes that naturally occur on produce such as romaine lettuce are for the most part uncharacterized. In this study, we conducted culture-based studies of the fungal romaine lettuce phylloplane community from organic and conventionally grown samples. In addition to an enumeration of all such microbes, we define and provide a discussion of the genera that form the "core" romaine lettuce mycobiome, which represent 85.5% of all obtained isolates: Alternaria, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Filobasidium, Naganishia, Papiliotrema, Rhodotorula, Sampaiozyma, Sporobolomyces, Symmetrospora and Vishniacozyma. We highlight the need for additional mycological expertise in that 23% of species in these core genera appear to be new to science and resolve some taxonomic issues we encountered during our work with new combinations for Aureobasidiumbupleuri and Curvibasidium nothofagi. Finally, our work lays the ground for future studies that seek to understand the effect these communities may have on preventing or facilitating establishment of exogenous microbes, such as food spoilage microbes and plant or human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Haelewaters
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (H.U.); (S.B.); (S.N.-H.)
| | - Hector Urbina
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (H.U.); (S.B.); (S.N.-H.)
- Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Samuel Brown
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (H.U.); (S.B.); (S.N.-H.)
| | - Shannon Newerth-Henson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (H.U.); (S.B.); (S.N.-H.)
| | - M. Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (H.U.); (S.B.); (S.N.-H.)
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Abdel-Azeem AM, Abu-Elsaoud AM, Abo Nahas HH, Abdel-Azeem MA, Balbool BA, Mousa MK, Ali NH, Darwish AMG. Biodiversity and Industrial Applications of Genus Chaetomium. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Scott JB, Gent DH, Pearce TL, Pethybridge SJ, Pilkington SJ, Hay FS. Mycoflora Associated With Pyrethrum Seed and the Integration of Seed Steam Treatment Into Foliar Disease Management Strategies. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:1874-1884. [PMID: 30677321 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-17-0309-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A complex of foliar diseases can affect pyrethrum in Australia, but those of greatest importance are ray blight, caused by Stagonosporopsis tanaceti, and tan spot, caused primarily by Didymella tanaceti. Isolation of fungi from pyrethrum seed lots produced over 15 years resulted in recovery of six known pathogens: S. tanaceti, D. tanaceti, Alternaria tenuissima, Colletotrichum tanaceti, Stemphylium botryosum, and Botrytis cinerea. The incidence of S. tanaceti and D. tanaceti isolated from seed varied between 0.9 and 19.5% (mean = 7.7%) and 0 and 24.1% (mean = 5.3%) among years, respectively. Commercial heat treatment of pyrethrum seed via steaming reduced the incidence of D. tanaceti from 10.9 to 0.06% and the incidence of S. tanaceti from 24.6% to nondetectable levels (<0.18%). In a second experiment, both species were reduced to nondetectable levels (<0.20%) from their initial incidences of 22.4 and 2.4%, respectively. In a field study in 2013, colonization of pyrethrum foliage by S. tanaceti was reduced from 21.1 to 14.3% in early winter when heat-treated seed was planted. However, isolation frequency of D. tanaceti was not affected significantly by seed treatment in this year. In a related experiment in 2015, the isolation frequency of D. tanaceti in plots planted from heat-treated seed depended on both prior application of an industry-standard fungicide program and proximity to another pyrethrum field in autumn. The fungus was recovered at a similar frequency in fungicide-treated and nontreated plots located near other pyrethrum fields (13.8 versus 16.3%, respectively), whereas recovery of the pathogen was reduced by fungicide applications in geographically remote pyrethrum fields (6.7 versus 1.4%, respectively). However, these differences in isolation frequency of D. tanaceti in autumn did not obviate the need for later fungicide applications to suppress foliar disease intensity in spring or flower yield in summer, independent of the proximity to other pyrethrum fields. This study suggests that steam treatment of seed can delay development of the foliar disease complex on pyrethrum, although an extremely low level of remaining infected seed or exogenous sources of inoculum necessitates the use of foliar fungicide applications in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Scott
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tasmania 7320, Australia
| | - David H Gent
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Services (USDA-ARS), Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, and Oregon State University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Tamieka L Pearce
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tasmania 7320, Australia
| | - Sarah J Pethybridge
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - Stacey J Pilkington
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tasmania 7320, Australia
| | - Frank S Hay
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
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Parsa S, García-Lemos AM, Castillo K, Ortiz V, López-Lavalle LAB, Braun J, Vega FE. Fungal endophytes in germinated seeds of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:783-90. [PMID: 27109374 PMCID: PMC4857701 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a survey of fungal endophytes in 582 germinated seeds belonging to 11 Colombian cultivars of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The survey yielded 394 endophytic isolates belonging to 42 taxa, as identified by sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Aureobasidium pullulans was the dominant endophyte, isolated from 46.7 % of the samples. Also common were Fusarium oxysporum, Xylaria sp., and Cladosporium cladosporioides, but found in only 13.4 %, 11.7 %, and 7.6 % of seedlings, respectively. Endophytic colonization differed significantly among common bean cultivars and seedling parts, with the highest colonization occurring in the first true leaves of the seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Parsa
- Life Sciences Innovation Center, University of California, Davis - Chile, Andrés Bello 2299 No. 1102, Providencia, Santiago, Chile; Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia
| | - Adriana M García-Lemos
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia
| | - Katherine Castillo
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia
| | - Viviana Ortiz
- Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Apartado Aéreo 6713, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Jerome Braun
- Statistical Consultant, 3034 Boulder Place, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Fernando E Vega
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Building 001, BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Annuality of Central European deciduous tree leaves delimits community development of epifoliar pigmented fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Potential inclusion of the microorganism Aureobasidium pullulans strains DSM 14940 and DSM 14941 in Annex IV of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Prokhorov VP, Linnik MA. Morphological, cultural, and biodestructive peculiarities of Chaetomium species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3103/s0096392511030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Francis GA, Thomas C, O'beirne D. The microbiological safety of minimally processed vegetables. Int J Food Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2621.1999.00253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A. Francis
- Food Science Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Christopher Thomas
- Food Science Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - David O'beirne
- Food Science Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Bisht V, Singh BP, Arora N, Sridhara S, Gaur SN. Allergens of Epicoccum nigrum grown in different media for quality source material. Allergy 2000; 55:274-80. [PMID: 10753019 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Epicoccum nigrum (EN) extract used in allergy disorders exhibits batch-to-batch variations in protein composition and allergenic potency. In this study, the allergens of EN grown in different media were investigated. METHODS EN was grown in five different nutrient media as stationary cultures at 25 degrees C for 5-23 days. The growth pattern was characterized by measuring dry weight, protein and carbohydrate content. The antigenic and allergenic content of EN extract was evaluated with EN-positive patients' sera and antibodies raised in rabbit. RESULTS The growth of EN in Czapeck Dox medium yielded insufficient material, while Sabouraud's broth with yeast extract (SBY) gave maximum spore-mycelial mass and protein content. Potato dextrose broth (PDB) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) showed higher dry weight and protein in 7-9-day cultures. SDS-PAGE resolved 26, 22, and 21 protein bands in EN extracts from cultures of day-13 SBY, day-7 PDB, and day-9 PDA, respectively. IgE/IgG immunoblots showed more allergenic (25)/antigenic (25) bands in EN cultured in SBY than in the others. Specific IgE ELISA and intradermal tests showed EN extract from day-13 culture in SBY to be the most potent. CONCLUSIONS The day-13 culture of EN in SBY was the most potent and may be selected for preparing EN extracts for diagnosis of allergy and future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bisht
- Centre for Biochemical Technology, Delhi University Campus, India
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Ozay G, Aran N, Pala M. Influence of harvesting and drying techniques on microflora and mycotoxin contamination of figs. DIE NAHRUNG 1995; 39:156-65. [PMID: 7783781 DOI: 10.1002/food.19950390209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mould growth and mycotoxin (aflatoxins and ochratoxin A) formation were examined in the 1993 dried figs crop. The relationships between mould/mycotoxin contamination and orchard conditions, different harvesting techniques, harvesting time and intactness of fruits were investigated. The fruits were examined during drying and effects of different pretreatments, sun drying and solar drying on the mould and mycotoxin contamination in figs were also studied. Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) were not present in the firm or shrivelled ripe figs. Among the samples examined during drying, only one of the 32 samples was found to be aflatoxin positive. Ochratoxin A was not detected in any of the samples analysed. The moisture content, aw and pH values of full ripe and shrivelled fruits were suitable for mould growth and mycotoxin formation while these parameters in pretreated and dried fruits were found to be too low to allow such outcome. It was observed that harvesting the fruit by hand-treating with different solutions and application of solar drying were effective in reducing contamination level.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ozay
- TUBITAK, Marmara Research Centre, Food and Refrigeration Technology Department, Gebze-Kocaeli, Turkey
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