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Hayashi N, Arai R, Minato T, Fujita Y. Factorial Analysis of Variance of the Inhibiting Effects of Iso-Alpha Acids, Alpha Acids, and Sulfur Dioxide on the Growth of Beer-Spoilage Bacteria in Beer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03610470.2022.2093091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hayashi
- Food Safety and Quality Assurance Center, Quality Assurance Department, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Arai
- Food Safety and Quality Assurance Center, Quality Assurance Department, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshiko Minato
- Food Safety and Quality Assurance Center, Quality Assurance Department, Kirin Holdings Company, Ltd, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujita
- Institute for Future Beverages, Kirin Holdings Company, Limited, Yokohama, Japan
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Rodríguez-Saavedra M, González de Llano D, Beltran G, Torija MJ, Moreno-Arribas MV. Pectinatus spp. - Unpleasant and recurrent brewing spoilage bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 336:108900. [PMID: 33129006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, beer has been recognised as a beverage with high microbiological stability because of the hostile growth environment posed by beer and increasing attention being paid to brewery hygiene. However, the microbiological risk has increased in recent years because of technological advances toward reducing oxygen in beers, besides the increase in novel beer styles production, such as non-pasteurised, flash pasteurised, cold sterilised, mid-strength, and alcoholic-free beer, that are more prone to spoilage bacteria. Moreover, using innovative beer ingredients like fruits and vegetables is an added cause of microbial spoilage. To maintain quality and good brand image, beer spoilage microorganisms are a critical concern for breweries worldwide. Pectinatus and Megasphaera are Gram-negative bacteria mostly found in improper brewing environments, leading to consumer complaints and financial losses. Because of the lack of compiled scientific knowledge on Pectinatus spoilage ability, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the occurrence, survival mechanisms, and the factors affecting beer spoilage Pectinatus species in the brewing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magaly Rodríguez-Saavedra
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 29049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores González de Llano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 29049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Beltran
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Torija
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - M Victoria Moreno-Arribas
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 29049 Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Kramer T, Kelleher P, van der Meer J, O'Sullivan T, Geertman JMA, Duncan SH, Flint HJ, Louis P. Comparative genetic and physiological characterisation of Pectinatus species reveals shared tolerance to beer-associated stressors but halotolerance specific to pickle-associated strains. Food Microbiol 2020; 90:103462. [PMID: 32336380 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Obligate anaerobic bacteria from the genus Pectinatus have been known to cause beer spoilage for over 40 years. Whole genome sequencing was performed on eleven beer spoilage strains (nine Pectinatus frisingensis, one Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and one Pectinatus haikarae isolate), as well as two pickle spoilage species (Pectinatus brassicae MB591 and Pectinatus sottacetonis MB620) and the tolerance of all species to a range of environmental conditions was tested. Exploration of metabolic pathways for carbohydrates, amino acids and vitamins showed little difference between beer spoilage- and pickle spoilage-associated strains. However, genes for certain carbohydrate- and sulphur-containing amino acid-associated enzymes were only present in the beer spoilage group and genes for specific transporters and regulatory genes were uniquely found in the pickle spoilage group. Transporters for compatible solutes, only present in pickle-associated strains, likely explain their experimentally observed higher halotolerance compared to the beer spoilers. Genes involved in biofilm formation and ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters potentially capable of exporting hop-derived antimicrobial compounds were found in all strains. All species grew in the presence of alcohol up to 5% alcohol by volume (ABV) and hops extract up to 80 ppm of iso-α-acids. Therefore, the species isolated from pickle processes may pose novel hazards in brewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Kramer
- University of Aberdeen, The Rowett Institute, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Kelleher
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Food Science & Technology Building, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | | | - Tadhg O'Sullivan
- Heineken Supply Chain B.V., Burgemeester Smeetsweg 1, 2382 PH, Zoeterwoude, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Maarten A Geertman
- Heineken Supply Chain B.V., Burgemeester Smeetsweg 1, 2382 PH, Zoeterwoude, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvia H Duncan
- University of Aberdeen, The Rowett Institute, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Harry J Flint
- University of Aberdeen, The Rowett Institute, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Louis
- University of Aberdeen, The Rowett Institute, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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4
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Lee SY. SMMP—A Medium for Selective Isolation ofMegasphaeraandPectinatusfrom the Brewery. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-52-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Y. Lee
- Research and Development Department, BC-600, Coors Brewing Company, Golden, CO 80401
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5
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Haikara A. Detection ofPectinatusContaminants in Beer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-43-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Auli Haikara
- VTT, Biotechnical Laboratory, SF-02150 Espoo 15, Finland
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6
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Motoyama Y, Ogata T, Sakai K. Characterization ofPectinatus CerevisiiphilusandP. Frisingensisby Ribotyping. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-56-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Motoyama
- Brewing Research & Development Laboratory, Asahi Breweries Ltd., 1-21, Midori, 1-Chome, Moriya-machi, Kitasoma-gun, lbaraki, 302-0106 Japan
| | - Tomoo Ogata
- Brewing Research & Development Laboratory, Asahi Breweries Ltd., 1-21, Midori, 1-Chome, Moriya-machi, Kitasoma-gun, lbaraki, 302-0106 Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sakai
- Brewing Research & Development Laboratory, Asahi Breweries Ltd., 1-21, Midori, 1-Chome, Moriya-machi, Kitasoma-gun, lbaraki, 302-0106 Japan
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7
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Gares SL, Whiting MS, Ingledew WM, Ziola B. Detection and Identification ofPectinatus CerevisiiphilusUsing Surface-Reactive Monoclonal Antibodies in a Membrane Filter-Based Fluoroimmunoassay. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-51-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl L. Gares
- Department of Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - Michael S. Whiting
- Department of Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - W. M. Ingledew
- Applied Microbiology and Food Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - Barry Ziola
- Department of Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W0
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8
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Chelack BJ, Ingledew WM. Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacteria in Brewing—A Review. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-45-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Chelack
- Department of Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W0
| | - W. M. Ingledew
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 0W0
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9
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Ziola B. Monoclonal Antibodies Binding to Lipopolysaccharide from the Beer-Spoilage Bacterium Megasphaera Cerevisiae Exhibit Panreactivity with the Strictly Anaerobic Gram-Negative Brewing-Related Bacteria. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2016-4895-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Ziola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Room 2841 Royal University Hospital, 103 Hospital Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
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10
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Microbiology of brewing - Strictly anaerobic bacteria Megasphaera, Pectinatus, Zymophilus and Selenomonas and methods for their detection. KVASNY PRUMYSL 2014. [DOI: 10.18832/kp2014028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Suihko ML, Haikara A. Characterization of Pectinatus and Megasphaera Strains by Automated Ribotyping. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2001.tb00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Suzuki K. 125th Anniversary Review: Microbiological Instability of Beer Caused by Spoilage Bacteria. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2011.tb00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Vaughan A, O'Sullivan T, Sinderen D. Enhancing the Microbiological Stability of Malt and Beer - A Review. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2005.tb00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Matoulková D, Kosař K, Sigler K. Rapid, Simple, and Specific Cultivation-Based Method for Detection of Pectinatusspp. in Brewery Samples. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2011-1214-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Matoulková
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Department of Microbiology, Lípová 15, 120 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kosař
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Department of Microbiology, Lípová 15, 120 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Kalmokoff ML, Austin JW, Cyr TD, Hefford MA, Teather RM, Selinger LB. Physical and genetic characterization of an outer-membrane protein (OmpM1) containing an N-terminal S-layer-like homology domain from the phylogenetically Gram-positive gut anaerobe Mitsuokella multacida. Anaerobe 2009; 15:74-81. [PMID: 19344649 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thin sectioning and freeze-fracture-etch of the ovine ruminal isolate Mitsuokella multacida strain 46/5(2) revealed a Gram-negative envelope ultra-structure consisting of a peptidoglycan wall overlaid by an outer membrane. Sodium-dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (SDS-PAGE) analysis of whole cells, cell envelopes and Triton X-100 extracted envelopes in combination with thin-section and N-terminal sequence analyses demonstrated that the outer membrane contained two major proteins (45 and 43 kDa) sharing identical N-termini (A-A-N-P-F-S-D-V-P-A-D-H-W-A-Y-D). A gene encoding a protein with a predicted N-terminus identical to those of the 43 and 45 kDa outer-membrane proteins was cloned. The 1290 bp open reading frame encoded a 430 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 47,492 Da. Cleavage of a predicted 23 amino acid leader sequence would yield a protein with a molecular mass of 45,232 Da. Mass spectroscopic analysis confirmed that the cloned gene (ompM1) encoded the 45 kDa outer-membrane protein. The N-terminus of the mature OmpM1 protein (residues 24-70) shared homology with surface-layer homology (SLH) domains found in a wide variety of regularly structured surface-layers (S-layers). However, the outer-membrane locale, resistance to denaturation by SDS and high temperatures and the finding that the C-terminal residue was a phenylalanine suggested that ompM1 encoded a porin. Threading analysis in combination with the identification of membrane spanning domains indicated that the C-terminal region of OmpM1 (residues 250-430) likely forms a 16-strand beta-barrel and appears to be related to the unusual N-terminal SLH-domain-containing beta-barrel-porins previously described in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC6301.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kalmokoff
- Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, NS, Canada
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Juvonen R, Suihko ML. Megasphaera paucivorans sp. nov., Megasphaera sueciensis sp. nov. and Pectinatus haikarae sp. nov., isolated from brewery samples, and emended description of the genus Pectinatus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2006; 56:695-702. [PMID: 16585679 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven unidentified strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacteria from spoiled beer or the brewery environment were characterized. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, all strains were affiliated to the Sporomusa sub-branch of the class ‘Clostridia’. Three of the strains were non-motile cocci, on average 1·5×1·2 μm or 1·2×1·0 μm, occurring mainly singly or in pairs. They shared nearly identical (>99 %) 16S rRNA gene sequences, being most closely related to the species of the Megasphaera–Anaeroglobus group (⩽93·9 % similarity). According to DNA–DNA hybridization results, the coccoid strains represented two genospecies, neither of which was related to any of the recognized Megasphaera species. Several phenotypic characteristics and/or DNA G+C content also differentiated the strains from each other and from their closest relatives. The other four novel strains were motile, slightly curved to helical rods, 0·6−0·8×3−50 μm or more in size. They shared identical 16S rRNA gene sequences and ribofragment patterns. The highest 16S rRNA gene similarity was found between these isolates and Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus ATCC 29359T (95·6 %) and Pectinatus frisingensis ATCC 33332T (93·6 %). The novel strains also differed from recognized Pectinatus species in their sugar utilization, proteolytic activity, catalase activity, antibiotic resistance and temperature tolerance. The results suggest that the bacteria belong to three novel species, for which the names Megasphaera paucivorans sp. nov. (type strain VTT E-032341T=DSM 16981T), Megasphaera sueciensis sp. nov. (type strain VTT E-97791T=DSM 17042T) and Pectinatus haikarae sp. nov. (type strain VTT E-88329T=DSM 16980T) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Juvonen
- VTT Biotechnology, PO Box 1500, Espoo, FI-02044 VTT, Finland
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18
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Chaban B, Deneer H, Dowgiert T, Hymers J, Ziola B. The flagellin gene and protein from the brewing spoilage bacteria Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and Pectinatus frisingensis. Can J Microbiol 2005; 51:863-74. [PMID: 16333346 DOI: 10.1139/w05-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Flagellin genes from the anaerobic Gram-negative beer-spoilage bacteria Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and Pectinatus frisingensis were sequenced and the flagellin proteins initially characterized. Protein microsequencing led to the design of two degenerate PCR primers that allowed the P. cerevisiiphilus flagellin gene to be partially sequenced. A combination of PCR and Bubble PCR was then used to sequence the flagellin genes of three isolates from each species. Cloning and gene expression, followed by immunoblotting, confirmed the gene identities as flagellin. Analysis of the gene sequences revealed proteins similar to other bacterial flagellins, including lengths of 446 or 448 amino acids, putative sigma 28 promoters, and a termination loop. Antibody binding studies with isolated flagella correlated with gene sequence comparisons, with both indicating that the P. cerevisiiphilus isolates studied are very similar but that the P. frisingensis isolates show greater variation. Purified flagellins were found to be glycosylated, probably through an O linkage. Phylogenetic analysis revealed greater diversity within the flagellin sequences than within the 16S rRNA genes. Despite the Gram-negative morphology of Pectinatus, this genus proved most closely related to Gram-positive Firmicutes.Key words: beer spoilage, Firmicutes, flagellin, glycosylation, Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus, Pectinatus frisingensis, phylogenetics, taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Chaban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Helander IM, Haikara A, Sadovskaya I, Vinogradov E, Salkinoja-Salonen MS. Lipopolysaccharides of anaerobic beer spoilage bacteria of the genusPectinatus– lipopolysaccharides of a Gram-positive genus. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2004; 28:543-52. [PMID: 15539073 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Revised: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Pectinatus emerged during the seventies as contaminants and spoilage organisms in packaged beer. This genus comprises two species, Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and Pectinatus frisingensis; both are strict anaerobes. On the basis of genomic properties the genus is placed among low GC Gram-positive bacteria (phylum Firmicutes, class Clostridia, order Clostridiales, family Acidaminococcaceae). Despite this assignment, Pectinatus bacteria possess an outer membrane and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) typical of Gram-negative bacteria. The present review compiles the structural and compositional studies performed on Pectinatus LPS. These lipopolysaccharides exhibit extensive heterogeneity, i.e. several macromolecularly and structurally distinct LPS molecules are produced by each strain. Whereas heterogeneity is a common property in lipopolysaccharides, Pectinatus LPS have been shown to contain exceptional carbohydrate structures, consisting of a fairly conserved core region that carries a large non-repetitive saccharide that probably replaces the O-specific chain. Such structures represent a novel architectural principle of the LPS molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka M Helander
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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20
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Abstract
For brewing industry, beer spoilage bacteria have been problematic for centuries. They include some lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus lindneri and Pediococcus damnosus, and some Gram-negative bacteria such as Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus, Pectinatus frisingensis and Megasphaera cerevisiae. They can spoil beer by turbidity, acidity and the production of unfavorable smell such as diacetyl or hydrogen sulfide. For the microbiological control, many advanced biotechnological techniques such as immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been applied in place of the conventional and time-consuming method of incubation on culture media. Subsequently, a method is needed to determine whether the detected bacterium is capable of growing in beer or not. In lactic acid bacteria, hop resistance is crucial for their ability to grow in beer. Hop compounds, mainly iso-alpha-acids in beer, have antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. They act as ionophores which dissipate the pH gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane and reduce the proton motive force (pmf). Consequently, the pmf-dependent nutrient uptake is hampered, resulting in cell death. The hop-resistance mechanisms in lactic acid bacteria have been investigated. HorA was found to excrete hop compounds in an ATP-dependent manner from the cell membrane to outer medium. Additionally, increased proton pumping by the membrane bound H(+)-ATPase contributes to hop resistance. To energize such ATP-dependent transporters hop-resistant cells contain larger ATP pools than hop-sensitive cells. Furthermore, a pmf-dependent hop transporter was recently presented. Understanding the hop-resistance mechanisms has enabled the development of rapid methods to discriminate beer spoilage strains from nonspoilers. The horA-PCR method has been applied for bacterial control in breweries. Also, a discrimination method was developed based on ATP pool measurement in lactobacillus cells. However, some potential hop-resistant strains cannot grow in beer unless they have first been exposed to subinhibitory concentration of hop compounds. The beer spoilage ability of Pectinatus spp. and M. cerevisiae has been poorly studied. Since all the strains have been reported to be capable of beer spoiling, species identification is sufficient for the breweries. However, with the current trend of beer flavor (lower alcohol and bitterness), there is the potential risk that not yet reported bacteria will contribute to beer spoilage. Investigation of the beer spoilage ability of especially Gram-negative bacteria may be useful to reduce this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Sakamoto
- Fundamental Research Laboratory, Asahi Breweries, Ltd. 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan.
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Ziola B, Gares SL, Lorrain B, Gee L, Ingledew WM, Lee SY. Epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies specific for the directly cross-linked mesodiaminopimelic acid peptidoglycan found in the anaerobic beer spoilage bacterium Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus. Can J Microbiol 1999; 45:779-85. [PMID: 10526402 DOI: 10.1139/w99-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were isolated based on reactivity with disrupted Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus cells. All of the Mabs reacted with cells from which the outer membrane had been stripped by incubation with sodium dodecyl sulphate, suggesting the peptidoglycan (PG) layer was involved in binding. Mab reactivity with purified PG confirmed this. Epitope mapping revealed the Mabs in total recognize four binding sites on the PG. Mabs specific for each of the four sites also bound strongly to disrupted Pectinatus frisingensis, Selenomonas lacticifix, Zymophilus paucivorans, and Zymophilus raffinosivorans cells, but weakly to disrupted Megasphaera cerevisiae cells. No antibody reactivity was seen with disrupted cells of 11 other species of Gram-negative bacteria. These results confirm that a common PG structure is used by several species of anaerobic Gram-negative beer spoilage bacteria. These results also indicate that PG-specific Mabs can be used to rapidly detect a range of anaerobic Gram-negative beer spoilage bacteria, provided the bacterial outer membrane is first removed to allow antibody binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ziola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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22
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Effect ofPectinatus cerevisiiphilusonSaccharomyces cerevisiaeconcerning its growth and alcohol production in wort medium. Food Microbiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.1996.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tholozan JL, Membré JM, Grivet JP. Physiology and development of Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and Pectinatus frisingensis, two strict anaerobic beer spoilage bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 1997; 35:29-39. [PMID: 9081223 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(96)01206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The genus Pectinatus was isolated recently and the deposited strains were classified as beer spoilage bacteria producing propionate as a major fermentation product. A recent investigation of this genus demonstrated the existence of two species: Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus, the type strain and Pectinatus frisingensis, a new species with a different pattern of growth substrates. Different culture media tested for both species demonstrated a higher specific growth rate for P. cerevisiiphilus. However, final biomass production was in every case around 20% higher in P. frisingensis. A 400% decrease of final biomass production was measured when the species were cultivated on poor culture medium; this decrease was found to be broadly proportional to amounts of acetate excreted in the medium. Both species produced CO2 from glucose; however, no significant modifications of biomass and volatile fatty acid production were demonstrated when varying head space composition with regard to CO2 levels. Growth experiments on glucose with increasing amounts of ethanol added in the culture, revealed a higher sensitivity of P. cerevisiiphilus to ethanol inhibition. Ethanol concentrations over 1.7 M resulted in a complete inhibition of growth for both Pectinatus species. Combined effects of culture medium pH, lactate, and glucose concentrations, demonstrated the prevailing role of glucose in the development of the bacteria. However, these three parameters had a different influence on growth characteristics of both Pectinatus species. P cerevisiiphilus grew very poorly with a glucose concentration of 5 mM for pH values below 4.1. This species had optimal pH for growth between 6 and 6.2 and it excreted increasing amounts of acetate with increase of pH, glucose or lactate in the culture medium. P. frisingensis showed a wide range of pH allowing a good growth. For glucose concentrations below 20 mM, highest final biomass productions were measured in the culture for pH values around 4.9; this also corresponded to a minimum in acetate excretion. The above results pointed at P. frisingensis as the prevailing species of Pectinatus in beer spoilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Tholozan
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et de Technologie Alimentaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Tholozan JL, Membre JM, Kubaczka M. Effects of culture conditions on Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and Pectinatus frisingensis metabolism: a physiological and statistical approach. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1996; 80:418-24. [PMID: 8849643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The genus Pectinatus has been often reported in beer spoilage with off-flavours. The bacteria are strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative rods. Propionate and acetate are the main fermentation products from glucose in the two species belonging to the genus, P. cerevisiiphilus and P. frisingensis. Amino acids routinely present at a high level in beer were not growth substrates for both species, and a significant accumulation of succinate was observed with lactate as growth substrate. Both Pectinatus ssp. showed almost identical fermentation balances on glucose. Growth kinetics of both glucose-grown species were unchanged under a N2, H2 or 20% CO2-containing atmosphere. Combinations of culture medium pH values from pH 3 x 9 to pH 7 x 2, of glucose levels between 5 and 55 mmol l-1, and of lactate concentrations varied from 4 to 40 mmol l-1 demonstrated that biomass and volatile fatty acids production were proportional to glucose concentration for both Pectinatus species. A significant increase of volatile fatty acid production was measured for both species at the lowest pH values with a lactate or a glucose concentration increase. The maximum biomass production was observed at pH 6 x 2 for P. cerevisiiphilus, and between pH 4 x 5 and pH 4 x 9 for P. frisingensis. Glucose and lactate or pH value were dependent with regard to propionate and acetate production in P. frisingensis. On the other hand, the variations of these three parameters were independent with regard to biomass production for both strains, and to volatile fatty acids production for P. cerevisiiphilus. Addition of ethanol to glucose-grown cultures completely inhibited growth at 1 x 3 mol l-1 ethanol for P. cerevisiiphilus, and at 1 x 8 mol l-1 for P. frisingensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Tholozan
- Laboratoire de Genie des Procedes et de Technologie Alimentaire, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Helander IM, Kilpeläinen I, Vaara M, Moran AP, Lindner B, Seydel U. Chemical structure of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides of the genus Pectinatus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 224:63-70. [PMID: 8076652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structure of the lipid A components of smooth-type lipopolysaccharides isolated from the type strains of strictly anaerobic beer-spoilage bacteria Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and Pectinatus frisingensis were analyzed. The hydrophilic backbone of lipid A was shown, by controlled degradation of lipopolysaccharide combined with chemical assays and 31P-NMR spectroscopy, to consist of the common beta 1-6-linked disaccharide of pyranosidic 2-deoxy-glucosamine (GlcN), phosphorylated at the glycosidic position and at position 4'. In de-O-acylated lipopolysaccharide, the latter phosphate was shown to be quantitatively substituted with 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose, whereas the glycosidically linked phosphate was present as a monoester. Laser-desorption mass spectrometry of free dephosphorylated lipid A revealed that the distal (non-reducing) GlcN was substituted at positions 2' and 3' with (R)-3-(undecanoyloxy)tridecanoic acid, whereas the reducing GlcN carried two unsubstituted (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoic acids at positions 2 and 3. The lipid A of both Pectinatus species were thus of the asymmetric hexaacyl type. The linkage of lipid A to polysaccharide in the lipopolysaccharide was relatively resistant to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, enabling the preparation of a dephosphorylated and deacylated saccharide backbone. Methylation analysis of the backbone revealed that position 6' of the distal GlcN of lipid A was the attachment site of the polysaccharide. Despite the quantitative substitution of the lipid A 4'-phosphate by 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose, which theoretically should render the bacteria resistant to polymyxin, P. cerevisiiphilus was shown to be susceptible to this antibiotic. P. cerevisiiphilus was, however, also susceptibile to vancomycin and bacitracin, indicating that the outer membrane of this bacterium does not act as an effective permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Helander
- Department of Bacterial Vaccine Research and Molecular Biology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Helander IM, Hurme R, Haikara A, Moran AP. Separation and characterization of two chemically distinct lipopolysaccharides in two Pectinatus species. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:3348-54. [PMID: 1577699 PMCID: PMC206004 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.10.3348-3354.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the type strains of the anaerobic beer spoilage bacteria Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and P. frisingensis were extracted with the 5:5:8 volume ratio modification of the phenolchloroform-petroleum ether method (H. Brade and C. Galanos, Eur. J. Biochem. 122:233-237, 1982). Sequential precipitations of LPS with water and acetone from the phenol phase yielded LPS which differed in that water-precipitable material (LPS-H2O; 0.1 to 0.4% of the dry weight of the cells) was rough-type LPS, whereas acetone-precipitable material (LPS-Ac; 4.6 to 5.8% of the dry weight) contained both rough-type LPS and high-molecular-weight material resembling smooth LPS. The LPS were chemically characterized, and they contained D-glucosamine, 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose, 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid, D-fucose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-mannose, and phosphate. D-Fucose was present mostly in LPS-Ac, suggesting that it is a constituent of the O antigen. The major fatty acids were ester- and amide-linked (R)-3-hydroxytridecanoic and ester-linked undecanoic acids, with minor amounts of ester-linked tridecanoic and (R)-3-hydroxyundecanoic acids. The chemical compositions of LPS-H2O and LPS-Ac suggested that they differ not only in their smooth or rough nature but also in the structure of their core regions. This may explain their different precipitabilities from the extraction mixture. The extraction method was also shown to be applicable to the isolation of smooth-type LPS from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Extraction of two Typhimurium strains carrying chemically different O antigens resulted in high yields (8% of the dry weight) of LPS. Strain SH2183, which contains the relatively hydrophobic O-4,5,12 antigen yielded almost exclusively LPS-Ac, whereas the LPS of strain SH5770, which has a hydrophilic O-6,7 antigen, was exclusively LPS-H2O. No fractionation to smooth and rough LPS occurred with the Typhimurium strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Helander
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Hakalehto E, Finne J. Identification by immunoblot analysis of major antigenic determinants of the anaerobic beer spoilage bacterium genusPectinatus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Helander I, Saukkonen K, Hakalehto E, Vaara M. Biological activities of lipopolysaccharides fromPectinatus cerevisiophilus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Haikara A. Immunological Characterization of
Pectinatus cerevisiophilus
Strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 46:1054-8. [PMID: 16346412 PMCID: PMC239518 DOI: 10.1128/aem.46.5.1054-1058.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven
Pectinatus cerevisiophilus
strains of brewery origin were classified serologically by gel diffusion precipitin tests, immunoelectrophoresis, and the fluorescent antibody staining technique. The
Pectinatus
strains could be assigned immunologically to three different groups. Groups I and III were found to be very closely related, and only some of the antisera used showed differences. The antisera against the strains belonging to group II contained a common group antigen. A strong precipitation band found near the antigen was shown to represent the interaction of the lipopolysaccharide antibody and the respective antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haikara
- Biotechnical Laboratory, Technical Research Centre of Finland, SF-02150 Espoo 15, Finland
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Helander I, Hakalehto E, Ahvenainen J, Haikara A. Characterization of lipopolysaccharides ofPectinatus cerevisiophilus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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