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Qiu Q, Li H, Sun X, Zhang L, Tian K, Chang M, Li S, Zhou D, Huo H. Study on the estradiol degradation gene expression and resistance mechanism of Rhodococcus R-001 under low-temperature stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142146. [PMID: 38677604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Estradiol (E2), an endocrine disruptor, acts by mimicking or interfering with the normal physiological functions of natural hormones within organisms, leading to issues such as endocrine system disruption. Notably, seasonal fluctuations in environmental temperature may influence the degradation speed of estradiol (E2) in the natural environment, intensifying its potential health and ecological risks. Therefore, this study aims to explore how bacteria can degrade E2 under low-temperature conditions, unveiling their resistance mechanisms, with the goal of developing new strategies to mitigate the threat of E2 to health and ecological safety. In this paper, we found that Rhodococcus equi DSSKP-R-001 (R-001) can efficiently degrade E2 at 30 °C and 10 °C. Six genes in R-001 were shown to be involved in E2 degradation by heterologous expression at 30 °C. Among them, 17β-HSD, KstD2, and KstD3, were also involved in E2 degradation at 10 °C; KstD was not previously known to degrade E2. RNA-seq was used to characterize differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to explore the stress response of R-001 to low-temperature environments to elucidate the strain's adaptation mechanism. At the low temperature, R-001 cells changed from a round spherical shape to a long rod or irregular shape with elevated unsaturated fatty acids and were consistent with the corresponding genetic changes. Many differentially expressed genes linked to the cold stress response were observed. R-001 was found to upregulate genes encoding cold shock proteins, fatty acid metabolism proteins, the ABC transport system, DNA damage repair, energy metabolism and transcriptional regulators. In this study, we demonstrated six E2 degradation genes in R-001 and found for the first time that E2 degradation genes have different expression characteristics at 30 °C and 10 °C. Linking R-001 to cold acclimation provides new insights and a mechanistic basis for the simultaneous degradation of E2 under cold stress in Rhodococcus adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Qiu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Han Li
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Xuejian Sun
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Lili Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Kejian Tian
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Menghan Chang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Shuaiguo Li
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Dandan Zhou
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China; Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Hongliang Huo
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, No. 2555 Jingyue Avenue, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China; Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
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Role of carnitine in adaptation of Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043 and its mutants to osmotic and temperature stress in defined medium. Extremophiles 2022; 26:28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-022-01276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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In Situ Genomics and Transcriptomics of SAR202 Subclusters Revealed Subtle Distinct Activities in Deep-Sea Water. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081629. [PMID: 36014047 PMCID: PMC9416657 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep-sea water columns are enriched with SAR202 that may conduct detrital matter degradation. There are several subclusters in SAR202, but their subtle differences in geochemical cycles are largely unknown, particularly for their in situ activities in the marine deep zone. Deep-sea DNA/RNA samples obtained from 12 continuous time periods over two days by in situ nucleic acid collection apparatus were used to re-evaluate the ecological functions of each SAR202 subcluster at a depth of ~1000 m in the South China Sea (SCS). Phylogenomics of 32 new SAR202 genomes from the SCS and western Pacific revealed their distribution in five subclusters. Metatranscriptomics analysis showed that the subclusters II and III were the dominant SAR202 groups with higher transcriptional activities in the SCS deep-sea zone than other subclusters. The analyses of functional gene expression further indicated that SAR202 subclusters II and III might be involved in different metabolic pathways in the deep-sea environment. The SAR202 subcluster III might take part in the degradation of deep-sea aromatic compounds. Time-course metagenomics and metatranscriptomics data did not show metabolic correlation of subclusters II and III over two days, suggesting diversified ecological functions of SAR202 subclusters under different organic inputs from the overlying water column. Collectively, our results indicate that the SAR202 subclusters play different roles in organic degradation and have probably undergone subtle and gradual adaptive evolution in the dynamic environment of the deep ocean.
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Role of N, N-Dimethylglycine and Its Catabolism to Sarcosine in Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01186-20. [PMID: 32631860 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01186-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043 can grow on N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) as the sole C, N, and energy source and utilize sarcosine as the sole N source under aerobic conditions. However, little is known about the genes and enzymes involved in the conversion of DMG to sarcosine in this strain. In the present study, gene disruption and complementation assays indicated that the csal_0990, csal_0991, csal_0992, and csal_0993 genes are responsible for DMG degradation to sarcosine. The csal_0990 gene heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli was proven to encode an unusual DMG dehydrogenase (DMGDH). The enzyme, existing as a monomer of 79 kDa with a noncovalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide, utilized both DMG and sarcosine as substrates and exhibited dual coenzyme specificity, preferring NAD+ to NADP+ The optimum pH and temperature of enzyme activity were determined to be 7.0 and 60°C, respectively. Kinetic parameters of the enzyme toward its substrates were determined accordingly. Under high-salinity conditions, the presence of DMG inhibited growth of the wild type and induced the production and accumulation of trehalose and glucosylglycerate intracellularly. Moreover, exogenous addition of DMG significantly improved the growth rates of the four DMG- mutants (Δcsal_0990, Δcsal_0991, Δcsal_0992, and Δcsal_0993) incubated at 37°C in S-M63 synthetic medium with sarcosine as the sole N source. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) experiments revealed that not only ectoine, glutamate, and N-acetyl-2,4-diaminobutyrate but also glycine betaine (GB), DMG, sarcosine, trehalose, and glucosylglycerate are accumulated intracellularly in the four mutants.IMPORTANCE Although N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) dehydrogenase (DMGDH) activity was detected in cell extracts of microorganisms, the genes encoding microbial DMGDHs have not been determined until now. In addition, to our knowledge, the physiological role of DMG in moderate halophiles has never been investigated. In this study, we identified the genes involved in DMG degradation to sarcosine, characterized an unusual DMGDH, and investigated the role of DMG in Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043 and its mutants. Our results suggested that the conversion of DMG to sarcosine is accompanied by intramolecular delivery of electrons in DMGDH and intermolecular electron transfer between DMGDH and other electron acceptors. Moreover, an unidentified methyltransferase catalyzing the production of glycine betaine (GB) from DMG but sharing no homology with the reported sarcosine DMG methyltransferases was predicted to be present in the cells. The results of this study expand our understanding of the physiological role of DMG and its catabolism to sarcosine in C. salexigens.
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Khalil M, Lerat S, Beaudoin N, Beaulieu C. The Plant Pathogenic Bacterium Streptomyces scabies Degrades the Aromatic Components of Potato Periderm via the β-Ketoadipate Pathway. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2795. [PMID: 31866970 PMCID: PMC6904314 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer potato periderm layer consists of dead suberized cells. Suberin, a protective biopolymer, is made of a polyaliphatic portion covalently linked to polyaromatic moieties. Evidence accumulates that Streptomyces scabies, the main causal agent of potato common scab, can degrade the suberin aliphatic part but its ability to degrade the aromatic portion has not been documented. This polyaromatic portion is mainly composed of cinnamic acids. In this study, two cinnamates (trans-ferulic or p-coumaric acids) were added to the culture medium of S. scabies strains EF-35 and 87.22. HPLC quantification revealed that both strains efficiently utilized these compounds. A proteomic study coupled with gene expression analysis led to the identification of putative catabolic pathways for cinnamates. Catabolism of both compounds appeared to occur via the β-ketoadipate pathway. Gene SCAB_15301, encoding for a putative vanillate monooxygenase, was partly deleted from S. scabies strain 87.22 genome. The mutant retained its ability to catabolize trans-ferulic acid into vanillate but lost its ability to further degrade the latter compound. When the wild-type mutant and complemented strains were grown in the presence of suberin-enriched potato periderm, accumulation of vanillic acid was observed only in the mutant culture medium. This work presents evidence that S. scabies can degrade not only the aliphatic part of suberin but also the constituents of suberin aromatic portion. This may provide ecological and pathological advantages to S. scabies as a saprophyte and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Khalil
- Département de Biologie, Centre SÈVE, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sylvain Lerat
- Département de Biologie, Centre SÈVE, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Beaudoin
- Département de Biologie, Centre SÈVE, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Carole Beaulieu
- Département de Biologie, Centre SÈVE, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Metabolomics Studies To Decipher Stress Responses in Mycobacterium smegmatis Point to a Putative Pathway of Methylated Amine Biosynthesis. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00707-18. [PMID: 31138627 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00707-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium smegmatis, the saprophytic soil mycobacterium, is routinely used as a surrogate system to study the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis It has also been reported as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised hosts. In addition, it can exist in several ecological setups, thereby suggesting its capacity to adapt to a variety of environmental cues. In this study, we employed untargeted proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)-based metabolomics to identify metabolites and metabolic pathways critical for early adaptive responses to acidic stress, oxidative stress, and nutrient starvation in Mycobacterium smegmatis We identified 31, 20, and 46 metabolites that showed significant changes in levels in response to acidic, oxidative, and nutrient starvation stresses, respectively. Pathway analyses showed significant perturbations in purine-pyrimidine, amino-acid, nicotinate-nicotinamide, and energy metabolism pathways. Besides these, differential levels of intermediary metabolites involved in α-glucan biosynthesis pathway were observed. We also detected high levels of organic osmolytes, methylamine, and betaine during nutrient starvation and oxidative stress. Further, tracing the differential levels of these osmolytes through computational search tools, gene expression studies (using reverse transcription-PCR [RT-PCR]), and enzyme assays, we detected the presence of a putative pathway of biosynthesis of betaine, methylamine, and dimethylamine previously unreported in Mycobacterium smegmatis IMPORTANCE Alterations in metabolite levels provide fast and direct means to regulate enzymatic reactions and, therefore, metabolic pathways. This study documents, for the first time, the metabolic changes that occur in Mycobacterium smegmatis as a response to three stresses, namely, acidic stress, oxidative stress, and nutrient starvation. These stresses are also faced by intracellular mycobacteria during infection and therefore may be extended to frame therapeutic interventions for pathogenic mycobacteria. In addition to the purine-pyrimidine, amino acid, nicotinate-nicotinamide, and energy metabolism pathways that were found to be affected in response to different stresses, a novel putative methylamine biosynthesis pathway was identified to be present in Mycobacterium smegmatis.
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Virtanen JP, Keto-Timonen R, Jaakkola K, Salin N, Korkeala H. Changes in Transcriptome of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IP32953 Grown at 3 and 28°C Detected by RNA Sequencing Shed Light on Cold Adaptation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:416. [PMID: 30538955 PMCID: PMC6277586 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a bacterium that not only survives, but also thrives, proliferates, and remains infective at cold-storage temperatures, making it an adept foodborne pathogen. We analyzed the differences in gene expression between Y. pseudotuberculosis IP32953 grown at 3 and 28°C to investigate which genes were significantly more expressed at low temperature at different phases of growth. We isolated and sequenced the RNA from six distinct corresponding growth points at both temperatures to also outline the expression patterns of the differentially expressed genes. Genes involved in motility, chemotaxis, phosphotransferase systems (PTS), and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters of different nutrients such as fructose and mannose showed higher levels of transcripts at 3°C. At the beginning of growth, especially genes involved in securing nutrients, glycolysis, transcription, and translation were upregulated at 3°C. To thrive as well as it does at low temperature, Y. pseudotuberculosis seems to require certain cold shock proteins, especially those encoded by yptb3585, yptb3586, yptb2414, yptb2950, and yptb1423, and transcription factors, like Rho, IF-1, and RbfA, to maintain its protein synthesis. We also found that genes encoding RNA-helicases CsdA (yptb0468), RhlE (yptb1214), and DbpA (yptb1652), which unwind frozen secondary structures of nucleic acids with cold shock proteins, were significantly more expressed at 3°C, indicating that these RNA-helicases are important or even necessary during cold. Genes involved in excreting poisonous spermidine and acquiring compatible solute glycine betaine, by either uptake or biosynthesis, showed higher levels of transcripts at low temperatures. This is the first finding of a strong connection between the aforementioned genes and the cold adaptation of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Understanding the mechanisms behind the cold adaptation of Y. pseudotuberculosis is crucial for controlling its growth during cold storage of food, and will also shed light on microbial cold adaptation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussa-Pekka Virtanen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Keto-Timonen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Jaakkola
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Salin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Schwendner P, Bohmeier M, Rettberg P, Beblo-Vranesevic K, Gaboyer F, Moissl-Eichinger C, Perras AK, Vannier P, Marteinsson VT, Garcia-Descalzo L, Gómez F, Malki M, Amils R, Westall F, Riedo A, Monaghan EP, Ehrenfreund P, Cabezas P, Walter N, Cockell C. Beyond Chloride Brines: Variable Metabolomic Responses in the Anaerobic Organism Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to NaCl and MgSO 4 at Identical Water Activity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:335. [PMID: 29535699 PMCID: PMC5835128 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth in sodium chloride (NaCl) is known to induce stress in non-halophilic microorganisms leading to effects on the microbial metabolism and cell structure. Microorganisms have evolved a number of adaptations, both structural and metabolic, to counteract osmotic stress. These strategies are well-understood for organisms in NaCl-rich brines such as the accumulation of certain organic solutes (known as either compatible solutes or osmolytes). Less well studied are responses to ionic environments such as sulfate-rich brines which are prevalent on Earth but can also be found on Mars. In this paper, we investigated the global metabolic response of the anaerobic bacterium Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to osmotic salt stress induced by either magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) or NaCl at the same water activity (0.975). Using a non-targeted mass spectrometry approach, the intensity of hundreds of metabolites was measured. The compatible solutes L-asparagine and sucrose were found to be increased in both MgSO4 and NaCl compared to the control sample, suggesting a similar osmotic response to different ionic environments. We were able to demonstrate that Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 accumulated a range of other compatible solutes. However, we also found the global metabolic responses, especially with regard to amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, to be salt-specific, thus, suggesting ion-specific regulation of specific metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Schwendner
- School of Physics and Astronomy, UK Center for Astrobiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Bohmeier
- Radiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Rettberg
- Radiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic
- Radiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frédéric Gaboyer
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans, France
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandra K. Perras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Microbiology and Archaea, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Viggó T. Marteinsson
- MATIS - Prokaria, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Felipe Gómez
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial - Centro de Astrobiología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Moustafa Malki
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Amils
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frances Westall
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans, France
| | - Andreas Riedo
- Leiden Observatory, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Pascale Ehrenfreund
- Leiden Observatory, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
- Space Policy Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Patricia Cabezas
- Space Policy Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- European Science Foundation, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Walter
- Space Policy Institute, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- European Science Foundation, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles Cockell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, UK Center for Astrobiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Beblo-Vranesevic K, Bohmeier M, Perras AK, Schwendner P, Rabbow E, Moissl-Eichinger C, Cockell CS, Pukall R, Vannier P, Marteinsson VT, Monaghan EP, Ehrenfreund P, Garcia-Descalzo L, Gómez F, Malki M, Amils R, Gaboyer F, Westall F, Cabezas P, Walter N, Rettberg P. The responses of an anaerobic microorganism, Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to individual and combined simulated Martian stresses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185178. [PMID: 29069099 PMCID: PMC5656303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The limits of life of aerobic microorganisms are well understood, but the responses of anaerobic microorganisms to individual and combined extreme stressors are less well known. Motivated by an interest in understanding the survivability of anaerobic microorganisms under Martian conditions, we investigated the responses of a new isolate, Yersinia intermedia MASE-LG-1 to individual and combined stresses associated with the Martian surface. This organism belongs to an adaptable and persistent genus of anaerobic microorganisms found in many environments worldwide. The effects of desiccation, low pressure, ionizing radiation, varying temperature, osmotic pressure, and oxidizing chemical compounds were investigated. The strain showed a high tolerance to desiccation, with a decline of survivability by four orders of magnitude during a storage time of 85 days. Exposure to X-rays resulted in dose-dependent inactivation for exposure up to 600 Gy while applied doses above 750 Gy led to complete inactivation. The effects of the combination of desiccation and irradiation were additive and the survivability was influenced by the order in which they were imposed. Ionizing irradiation and subsequent desiccation was more deleterious than vice versa. By contrast, the presence of perchlorates was not found to significantly affect the survival of the Yersinia strain after ionizing radiation. These data show that the organism has the capacity to survive and grow in physical and chemical stresses, imposed individually or in combination that are associated with Martian environment. Eventually it lost its viability showing that many of the most adaptable anaerobic organisms on Earth would be killed on Mars today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Bohmeier
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra K. Perras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Microbiology and Archaea, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Schwendner
- School of Physics and Astronomy, UK Center for Astrobiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elke Rabbow
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Charles S. Cockell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, UK Center for Astrobiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rüdiger Pukall
- German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Leibniz Institute DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Viggo T. Marteinsson
- MATIS—Prokaria, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Pascale Ehrenfreund
- Leiden Observatory, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, Netherland
- Space Policy Institute, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Laura Garcia-Descalzo
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial—Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CAB), Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Gómez
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial—Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CAB), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Frédéric Gaboyer
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Orléans, France
| | - Frances Westall
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Orléans, France
| | | | | | - Petra Rettberg
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
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Meadows JA, Wargo MJ. Carnitine in bacterial physiology and metabolism. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2015; 161:1161-74. [PMID: 25787873 PMCID: PMC4635513 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine is a quaternary amine compound found at high concentration in animal tissues, particularly muscle, and is most well studied for its contribution to fatty acid transport into mitochondria. In bacteria, carnitine is an important osmoprotectant, and can also enhance thermotolerance, cryotolerance and barotolerance. Carnitine can be transported into the cell or acquired from metabolic precursors, where it can serve directly as a compatible solute for stress protection or be metabolized through one of a few distinct pathways as a nutrient source. In this review, we summarize what is known about carnitine physiology and metabolism in bacteria. In particular, recent advances in the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways as well as the use of carnitine as an electron acceptor have addressed some long-standing questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Meadows
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Matthew J. Wargo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 95 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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Bashir A, Hoffmann T, Smits SHJ, Bremer E. Dimethylglycine provides salt and temperature stress protection to Bacillus subtilis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:2773-85. [PMID: 24561588 PMCID: PMC3993278 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00078-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine betaine is a potent osmotic and thermal stress protectant of many microorganisms. Its synthesis from glycine results in the formation of the intermediates monomethylglycine (sarcosine) and dimethylglycine (DMG), and these compounds are also produced when it is catabolized. Bacillus subtilis does not produce sarcosine or DMG, and it cannot metabolize these compounds. Here we have studied the potential of sarcosine and DMG to protect B. subtilis against osmotic, heat, and cold stress. Sarcosine, a compatible solute that possesses considerable protein-stabilizing properties, did not serve as a stress protectant of B. subtilis. DMG, on the other hand, proved to be only moderately effective as an osmotic stress protectant, but it exhibited good heat stress-relieving and excellent cold stress-relieving properties. DMG is imported into B. subtilis cells primarily under osmotic and temperature stress conditions via OpuA, a member of the ABC family of transporters. Ligand-binding studies with the extracellular solute receptor (OpuAC) of the OpuA system showed that OpuAC possesses a moderate affinity for DMG, with a Kd value of approximate 172 μM; its Kd for glycine betaine is about 26 μM. Docking studies using the crystal structures of the OpuAC protein with the sulfur analog of DMG, dimethylsulfonioacetate, as a template suggest a model of how the DMG molecule can be stably accommodated within the aromatic cage of the OpuAC ligand-binding pocket. Collectively, our data show that the ability to acquire DMG from exogenous sources under stressful environmental conditions helps the B. subtilis cell to cope with growth-restricting osmotic and temperature challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Bashir
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Al-Azhar University—Gaza, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Gaza
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Emeritus Group of R. K. Thauer, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tamara Hoffmann
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sander H. J. Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Erhard Bremer
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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McMeekin T, Hill C, Wagner M, Dahl A, Ross T. Ecophysiology of food-borne pathogens: Essential knowledge to improve food safety. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 139 Suppl 1:S64-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Palonen E, Lindström M, Korkeala H. Adaptation of enteropathogenic Yersinia to low growth temperature. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010; 36:54-67. [PMID: 20088683 DOI: 10.3109/10408410903382581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are important foodborne pathogens that cause infections through contaminated refrigerated food. Their cold tolerance mechanisms are therefore of special interest. Adaptation to cold involves changes in protein synthesis and in cell membranes to overcome diminished transcriptional and translational efficiency and reduced fluidity of cell membranes. Studies of low temperature adaptation mechanisms have mainly been performed on mesophilic bacteria, while most modern food hygiene risks are caused by psychrotrophs. Understanding low temperature adaptation of psychrotrophs would help to control these pathogens. This review demonstrates that more studies on cold tolerance mechanisms of psychrotrophs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveliina Palonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Kinsella K, Prendergast D, McCann M, Blair I, McDowell D, Sheridan J. The survival ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium DT104 and total viable counts on beef surfaces at different relative humidities and temperatures. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:171-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Role of proP and proU in betaine uptake by Yersinia enterocolitica under cold and osmotic stress conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 75:1471-7. [PMID: 19114512 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01644-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a food-borne pathogen with the ability to grow at cold temperatures and tolerate high osmolarity. The bacterium tolerates osmotic stress by intracellular accumulation of osmolytes, such as betaine. The proP gene and proU operon of Y. enterocolitica were sequenced, and single (ProP(-) ProU(+) and ProP(+) ProU(-)) and double (ProP(-) ProU(-)) mutants were generated. Upon exposure to osmotic or chill stress, the single and double mutants demonstrated a reduction in betaine uptake compared to that in the wild type, suggesting that proP and proU play a role in betaine uptake during osmotic and chill stress responses of Y. enterocolitica.
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Saum R, Mingote A, Santos H, Müller V. Genetic analysis of the role of the ABC transporter Ota and Otb in glycine betaine transport in Methanosarcina mazei Gö1. Arch Microbiol 2008; 191:291-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-008-0449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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17
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Wesselinova D, Orozova P, Necheva V, Tambueva E, Penkov V. Biological peculiarities of someYersinia species: strain-dependent virulence and strain-dependent stress proteins. ANN MICROBIOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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18
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ELLENBERG LESLEY, HOOVER DALLASG. INJURY AND SURVIVAL OF AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA 7965 AND YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA 9610 FROM HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE. J Food Saf 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1999.tb00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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