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Kraut-Cohen J, Frenkel O, Covo S, Marcos-Hadad E, Carmeli S, Belausov E, Minz D, Cytryn E. A pipeline for rapidly evaluating activity and inferring mechanisms of action of prospective antifungal compounds. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2804-2816. [PMID: 38323791 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal phytopathogens are a significant threat to crops and food security, and there is a constant need to develop safe and effective compounds that antagonize them. In-planta assays are complex and tedious and are thus not suitable for initial high-throughput screening of new candidate antifungal compounds. We propose an in vitro screening pipeline that integrates five rapid quantitative and qualitative methods to estimate the efficacy and mode of action of prospective antifungal compounds. RESULTS The pipeline was evaluated using five documented antifungal compounds (benomyl, catechol, cycloheximide, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, and phenylacetic acid) that have different modes of action and efficacy, against the model soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis cucumerinum. We initially evaluated the five compounds' ability to inhibit fungal growth and metabolic activity using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled F. oxysporum and PrestoBlue staining, respectively, in multiwell plate assays. We tested the compounds' inhibition of both conidial germination and hyphal elongation. We then employed FUN-1 and SYTO9/propidium iodide staining, coupled to confocal microscopy, to differentiate between fungal growth inhibition and death at the cellular level. Finally, using a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-detection assay, we were able to quantify ROS production in response to compound application. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the proposed pipeline provides a wide array of quantitative and qualitative data on the tested compounds that can help pinpoint promising novel compounds; these can then be evaluated more vigorously using in planta screening assays. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Kraut-Cohen
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Omer Frenkel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shay Covo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Evgeniya Marcos-Hadad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shmuel Carmeli
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Confocal Microscopy Unit, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dror Minz
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eddie Cytryn
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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2
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Ramesh S, Roy U, Roy S, Rudramurthy SM. A promising antifungal lipopeptide from Bacillus subtilis: its characterization and insight into the mode of action. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:161. [PMID: 38252130 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Emerging resistance of fungal pathogens and challenges faced in drug development have prompted renewed investigations into novel antifungal lipopeptides. The antifungal lipopeptide AF3 reported here is a natural lipopeptide isolated and purified from Bacillus subtilis. The AF3 lipopeptide's secondary structure, functional groups, and the presence of amino acid residues typical of lipopeptides were determined by circular dichroism, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The lipopeptide's low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 4-8 mg/L against several fungal strains demonstrate its strong antifungal activity. Biocompatibility assays showed that ~ 80% of mammalian cells remained viable at a 2 × MIC concentration of AF3. The treated Candida albicans cells examined by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy clearly showed ultrastructural alterations such as the loss of the cell shape and cell membrane integrity. The antifungal effect of AF3 resulted in membrane permeabilization facilitating the uptake of the fluorescent dyes-acridine orange (AO)/propidium iodide (PI) and FUN-1. Using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and 4-(2-[6-(dioctylamino)-2-naphthalenyl] ethenyl)-1-(3-sulfopropyl) pyridinium inner salt (di-8-ANEPPS), we observed that the binding of AF3 to the membrane bilayer results in membrane disruption and depolarization. Flow cytometry analyses revealed a direct correlation between lipopeptide activity, membrane permeabilization (~ 75% PI uptake), and reduced cell viability. An increase in 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence demonstrates endogenous reactive oxygen species production. Lipopeptide treatment appears to induce late-stage apoptosis and alterations to nuclear morphology, suggesting that AF3-induced membrane damage may lead to a cellular stress response. Taken together, this study illustrates antifungal lipopeptide's potential as an antifungal drug candidate. KEY POINTS: • The studied lipopeptide variant AF3 displayed potent antifungal activity against C. albicans • Its biological activity was stable to proteolysis • Analytical studies demonstrated that the lipopeptide is essentially membranotropic and able to cause membrane dysfunction, elevated ROS levels, apoptosis, and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Ramesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B Bypass Road, Sancoale, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Utpal Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B Bypass Road, Sancoale, Goa, 403726, India.
| | - Subhasish Roy
- Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B Bypass Road, Sancoale, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
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3
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Arévalo-Jaimes BV, Admella J, Blanco-Cabra N, Torrents E. Culture media influences Candida parapsilosis growth, susceptibility, and virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1323619. [PMID: 38156315 PMCID: PMC10753817 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1323619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Candida parapsilosis, a pathogenic yeast associated with systemic infections, exhibits metabolic adaptability in response to nutrient availability. Methods We investigated the impact of RPMI glucose supplemented (RPMId), TSB, BHI and YPD media on C. parapsilosis growth, morphology, susceptibility (caspofungin and amphotericin B), and in vivo virulence (Galleria mellonella) in planktonic and biofilm states. Results High-glucose media favors growth but hinders metabolic activity and filamentation. Media promoting carbohydrate production reduces biofilm susceptibility. Virulence differences between planktonic cells and biofilm suspensions from the same media shows that biofilm-related factors influence infection outcome depending on nutrient availability. Pseudohyphal growth occurred in biofilms under low oxygen and shear stress, but its presence is not exclusively correlated with virulence. Discussion This study provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay between nutrient availability and C. parapsilosis pathogenicity. It emphasizes the importance of considering pathogen behavior in diverse conditions when designing research protocols and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy V. Arévalo-Jaimes
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group (BIAT), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Admella
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group (BIAT), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Blanco-Cabra
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group (BIAT), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Torrents
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group (BIAT), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Ramesh S, Roy U, Roy S. The elucidation of the multimodal action of the investigational anti- Candida lipopeptide (AF 4) lead from Bacillus subtilis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1248444. [PMID: 38131013 PMCID: PMC10736182 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1248444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Candida species are the main etiological agents for candidiasis, and Candida albicans are the most common infectious species. Candida species' growing resistance to conventional therapies necessitates more research into novel antifungal agents. Antifungal peptides isolated from microorganisms have potential applications as novel therapeutics. AF4 a Bacillus-derived lipopeptide demonstrating broad-spectrum antifungal activity has been investigated for its ability to cause cell death in Candida species via membrane damage and oxidative stress. Methods: Using biophysical techniques, the secondary structure of the AF4 lipopeptide was identified. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy with fluorescent dyes were performed to visualise the effect of the lipopeptide. The membrane disruption and permeabilization were assessed using the 1,6-diphenyl hexatriene (DPH) fluorescence assay and flow cytometric (FC) assessment of propidium iodide (PI) uptake, respectively. The reactive oxygen species levels were estimated using the FC assessment. The induction of apoptosis and DNA damage were studied using Annexin V-FITC/PI and DAPI. Results: Bacillus-derived antifungal variant AF4 was found to have structural features typical of lipopeptides. Microscopy imaging revealed that AF4 damages the surface of treated cells and results in membrane permeabilization, facilitating the uptake of the fluorescent dyes. A loss of membrane integrity was observed in cells treated with AF4 due to a decrease in DPH fluorescence and a dose-dependent increase in PI uptake. Cell damage was also determined from the log reduction of viable cells treated with AF4. AF4 treatment also caused elevated ROS levels, induced phosphatidylserine externalisation, late-stage apoptosis, and alterations to nuclear morphology revealed by DAPI fluorescence. Conclusion: Collectively, the mode of action studies revealed that AF4 acts primarily on the cell membrane of C. albicans and has the potential to act as an antifungal drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Ramesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Utpal Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Subhashis Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
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5
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Rather IA, Wani MY, Kamli MR, Sabir JSM, Hakeem KR, Firoz A, Park YH, Hor YY. Limosilactobacillus fermentum KAU0021 Abrogates Mono- and Polymicrobial Biofilms Formed by Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041079. [PMID: 37111565 PMCID: PMC10145238 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, representing two different kingdoms, are the most frequently isolated pathogens from invasive infections. Their pathogenic attributes, combined with drug resistance, make them a major threat and a challenge to successful treatments, mainly when involved in polymicrobial biofilm-associated infections. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of Lactobacillus metabolite extracts (LMEs) purified from cell-free supernatant of four Lactobacillus strains (KAU007, KAU0010, KAU0021, and Pro-65). Furthermore, LME obtained from the strain KAU0021 (LMEKAU0021), being the most effective, was analyzed for its anti-biofilm property against mono- and polymicrobial biofilms formed by C. albicans and S. aureus. The impact of LMEKAU0021 on membrane integrity in single and mixed culture conditions was also evaluated using propidium iodide. The MIC values recorded for LMEKAU0021 was 406 µg/mL, 203 µg/mL, and 406 µg/mL against planktonic cells of C. albicans SC5314, S. aureus and polymicrobial culture, respectively. The LMEKAU0021 at sub-MIC values potentially abrogates both biofilm formation as well as 24 h mature mono- and polymicrobial biofilms. These results were further validated using different microscopy and viability assays. For insight mechanism, LMEKAU0021 displayed a strong impact on cell membrane integrity of both pathogens in single and mixed conditions. A hemolytic assay using horse blood cells at different concentrations of LMEKAU0021 confirmed the safety of this extract. The results from this study correlate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of lactobacilli against bacterial and fungal pathogens in different conditions. Further in vitro and in vivo studies determining these effects will support the aim of discovering an alternative strategy for combating serious polymicrobial infections caused by C. albicans and S. aureus.
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6
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Brown JL, Short B, Ware A, Sherry L, Kean R, Ramage G. Cell Viability Assays for Candida auris. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2517:129-153. [PMID: 35674950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2417-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell viability assays are useful for assessing the efficacy of antifungal therapeutics and disinfection strategies in vitro. In recent years these assays have been fundamental for the testing of conventional and novel therapies against the nosocomial fungal pathogen Candida auris. Here we provide detailed descriptions of methods for assessing cellular viability of Candida auris in vitro, such as metabolic assays (XTT and resazurin), colony-forming unit counting, live/dead quantitative PCR, and fluorescent staining for microscopic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Brown
- Oral Sciences Research Group, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK. .,Glasgow Biofilm Research Network, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Bryn Short
- Oral Sciences Research Group, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK.,Glasgow Biofilm Research Network, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alicia Ware
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Biological and Biomedical, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Leighann Sherry
- Oral Sciences Research Group, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK.,Glasgow Biofilm Research Network, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ryan Kean
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Biological and Biomedical, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Oral Sciences Research Group, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK. .,Glasgow Biofilm Research Network, Glasgow, UK.
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7
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Guedes JP, Baptista V, Santos-Pereira C, Sousa MJ, Manon S, Chaves SR, Côrte-Real M. Acetic acid triggers cytochrome c release in yeast heterologously expressing human Bax. Apoptosis 2022; 27:368-381. [PMID: 35362903 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the Bcl-2 protein family, including pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL, are critical for mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis regulation. Since yeast lacks obvious orthologs of Bcl-2 family members, heterologous expression of these proteins has been used to investigate their molecular and functional aspects. Active Bax is involved in the formation of mitochondrial outer membrane pores, through which cytochrome c (cyt c) is released, triggering a cascade of downstream apoptotic events. However, when in its inactive form, Bax is largely cytosolic or weakly bound to mitochondria. Given the central role of Bax in apoptosis, studies aiming to understand its regulation are of paramount importance towards its exploitation as a therapeutic target. So far, studies taking advantage of heterologous expression of human Bax in yeast to unveil regulation of Bax activation have relied on the use of artificial mutated or mitochondrial tagged Bax for its activation, rather than the wild type Bax (Bax α). Here, we found that cell death could be triggered in yeast cells heterologoulsy expressing Bax α with concentrations of acetic acid that are not lethal to wild type cells. This was associated with Bax mitochondrial translocation and cyt c release, closely resembling the natural Bax function in the cellular context. This regulated cell death process was reverted by co-expression with Bcl-xL, but not with Bcl-xLΔC, and in the absence of Rim11p, the yeast ortholog of mammalian GSK3β. This novel system mimics human Bax α regulation by GSK3β and can therefore be used as a platform to uncover novel Bax regulators and explore its therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P Guedes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Centro de Investigacíon Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vitória Baptista
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cátia Santos-Pereira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Stéphen Manon
- UMR 5095, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Campus Carreire, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Susana R Chaves
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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8
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Hall AE, Lisci M, Rose MD. Differential Requirement for the Cell Wall Integrity Sensor Wsc1p in Diploids Versus Haploids. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121049. [PMID: 34947031 PMCID: PMC8703914 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary role of the Cell Wall Integrity Pathway (CWI) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is monitoring the state of the cell wall in response to general life cycle stresses (growth and mating) and imposed stresses (temperature changes and chemicals). Of the five mechanosensor proteins monitoring cell wall stress, Wsc1p and Mid2p are the most important. We find that WSC1 has a stringent requirement in zygotes and diploids, unlike haploids, and differing from MID2's role in shmoos. Diploids lacking WSC1 die frequently, independent of mating type. Death is due to loss of cell wall and plasma membrane integrity, which is suppressed by osmotic support. Overexpression of several CWI pathway components suppress wsc1∆ zygotic death, including WSC2, WSC3, and BEM2, as well as the Rho-GAPS, BEM3 and RGD2. Microscopic observations and suppression by BEM2 and BEM3 suggest that wsc1∆ zygotes die during bud emergence. Downstream in the CWI pathway, overexpression of a hyperactive protein kinase C (Pkc1p-R398P) causes growth arrest, and blocks the pheromone response. With moderate levels of Pkc1p-R398P, cells form zygotes and the wsc1∆ defect is suppressed. This work highlights functional differences in the requirement for Wsc1p in diploids Versus haploids and between Mid2p and Wsc1p during mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Hall
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (A.E.H.); (M.L.)
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Miriam Lisci
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (A.E.H.); (M.L.)
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mark D. Rose
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (A.E.H.); (M.L.)
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Correspondence:
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9
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Fabri RL, Freitas JCO, Lemos ASO, Campos LM, Diniz IOM, Pinto NCC, Silva TP, Palazzi C, Marchesini P, Monteiro C, Barbosa AF, Carvalho MG, Chedier LM, Araújo MGF, Apolônio ACM, Rocha VN, Melo RCN, Pinto PF. Spilanthol as a promising antifungal alkylamide for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Med Mycol 2021; 59:1210-1224. [PMID: 34468763 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spilanthol is a bioactive alkylamide from the native Amazon plant species, Acmella oleracea. However, antifungal activities of spilanthol and its application to the therapeutic treatment of candidiasis remain to be explored. This study sought to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of spilanthol previously isolated from A. oleracea (spilanthol(AcO)) against Candida albicans ATCC® 10231™, a multidrug-resistant fungal strain. Microdilution methods were used to determine inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of spilanthol(AcO). In planktonic cultures, the fungal growth kinetics, yeast cell metabolic activity, cell membrane permeability and cell wall integrity were investigated. The effect of spilanthol(AcO) on the proliferation and adhesion of fungal biofilms was evaluated by whole slide imaging and scanning electron microscopy. The biochemical composition of the biofilm matrix was also analyzed. In parallel, spilanthol(AcO) was tested in vivo in an experimental vulvovaginal candidiasis model. Our in vitro analyses in C. albicans planktonic cultures detected a significant inhibitory effect of spilanthol(AcO), which affects both yeast cell membrane and cell wall integrity, interfering with the fungus growth. C. albicans biofilm proliferation and adhesion, as well as, carbohydrates and DNA in biofilm matrix were reduced after spilanthol(AcO) treatment. Moreover, infected rats treated with spilanthol(AcO) showed consistent reduction of both fungal burden and inflammatory processes compared to the untreated animals. Altogether, our findings demonstrated that spilanthol(AcO) is an bioactive compound against planktonic and biofilm forms of a multidrug resistant C. albicans strain. Furthermore, spilanthol(AcO) can be potentially considered for therapeutical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by C. albicans. LAY SUMMARY This study sought to evaluate the antifungal activity of spilanthol against Candida albicans ATCC® 10 231™, a multidrug-resistant fungal strain. Our findings demonstrated that spilanthol(AcO) can be potentially considered for therapeutical treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo L Fabri
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Jhamine C O Freitas
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ari S O Lemos
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Lara M Campos
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Irley O M Diniz
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Nícolas C C Pinto
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Palazzi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Post-graduate Program in Veterinary Science, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 323897-970, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, CEP 374690-000, Goiânia, Go, Brazil
| | - Alan F Barbosa
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso, CEP 378890-000, Sorriso, MG, Brazil
| | - Mário G Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 323897-970, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Chedier
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G F Araújo
- Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, CEP 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina M Apolônio
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Imunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Vinícius N Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Priscila F Pinto
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory and Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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10
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Slow-growing fungi belonging to the unnamed lineage in Chaetothyriomycetidae form hyphal coils in vital ericaceous rhizodermal cells in vitro. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:1026-1035. [PMID: 34776230 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The diversity and functionality of ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) fungi are still being understudied. Members of Chaetothyriomycetidae evolved a specific lifestyle of inhabiting extreme, poor, or toxic environments. Some taxa in this subclass, especially in Chaetothyriales, are also putative ErM taxa, but their mycorrhizal ability is mostly unknown because the members are generally hard to isolate from roots. This study herein focused on eight root isolates and provided their phylogeny and morphology of root colonization. Phylogenetic analysis based on rRNA sequences clarified that the isolated strains were not classified into Chaetothyriales, but in an unnamed lineage in Chaetothyriomycetidae. This lineage also contains rock isolates, bryosymbionts, and a resinicolous species as well as various environmental sequences obtained from soil/root samples. All strains grew extremely slow by mycelia on cornmeal or malt extract agar (2.9-8.5 mm/month) and formed hyphal coils in vital rhizodermal cells of sterile blueberry seedlings in vitro. This study illustrated the presence of a novel putative ErM lineage in Chaetothyriomycetidae.
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Cooper DG, Jiang Y, Skuodas S, Wang L, Fassler JS. Possible Role for Allelic Variation in Yeast MED15 in Ecological Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:741572. [PMID: 34733258 PMCID: PMC8558680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.741572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The propensity for Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast to ferment sugars into ethanol and CO2 has long been useful in the production of a wide range of food and drink. In the production of alcoholic beverages, the yeast strain selected for fermentation is crucial because not all strains are equally proficient in tolerating fermentation stresses. One potential mechanism by which domesticated yeast may have adapted to fermentation stresses is through changes in the expression of stress response genes. MED15 is a general transcriptional regulator and RNA Pol II Mediator complex subunit which modulates the expression of many metabolic and stress response genes. In this study, we explore the role of MED15 in alcoholic fermentation. In addition, we ask whether MED15 alleles from wine, sake or palm wine yeast improve fermentation activity and grape juice fermentation stress responses. And last, we investigate to what extent any differences in activity are due to allelic differences in the lengths of three polyglutamine tracts in MED15. We find that strains lacking MED15 are deficient in fermentation and fermentation stress responses and that MED15 alleles from alcoholic beverage yeast strains can improve both the fermentation capacity and the response to ethanol stresses when transplanted into a standard laboratory strain. Finally, we find that polyglutamine tract length in the Med15 protein is one determinant in the efficiency of the alcoholic fermentation process. These data lead to a working model in which polyglutamine tract length and other types of variability within transcriptional hubs like the Mediator subunit, Med15, may contribute to a reservoir of transcriptional profiles that may provide a fitness benefit in the face of environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Cooper
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Yishuo Jiang
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Sydney Skuodas
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Luying Wang
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jan S Fassler
- Biology Department, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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12
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Dalisay DS, Rogers EW, Molinski TF. Oceanapiside, a Marine Natural Product, Targets the Sphingolipid Pathway of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida glabrata. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030126. [PMID: 33652774 PMCID: PMC7996939 DOI: 10.3390/md19030126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceanapiside (OPS), a marine natural product with a novel bifunctional sphingolipid structure, is fungicidal against fluconazole-resistant Candida glabrata at 10 μg/mL (15.4 μM). The fungicidal effect was observed at 3 to 4 h after exposure to cells. Cytological and morphological studies revealed that OPS affects the budding patterns of treated yeast cells with a significant increase in the number of cells with single small buds. In addition, this budding morphology was found to be sensitive in the presence of OPS. Moreover, the number of cells with single medium-sized buds and cells with single large buds were decreased significantly, indicating that fewer cells were transformed to these budding patterns, suggestive of inhibition of polarized growth. OPS was also observed to disrupt the organized actin assembly in C. glabrata, which correlates with inhibition of budding and polarized growth. It was also demonstrated that phytosphingosine (PHS) reversed the antifungal activity of oceanapiside. We quantified the amount of long chain-bases (LCBs) and phytoceramide from the crude extracts of treated cells using LC-ESI-MS. PHS concentration was elevated in extracts of cells treated with OPS when compared with cells treated with miconazole and amphotericin B. Elevated levels of PHS in OPS-treated cells confirms that OPS affects the pathway at a step downstream of PHS synthesis. These results also demonstrated that OPS has a mechanism of action different to those of miconazole and amphotericin B and interdicts fungal sphingolipid metabolism by specifically inhibiting the step converting PHS to phytoceramide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doralyn S. Dalisay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (D.S.D.); (E.W.R.)
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2) and Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts, Sciences and Education, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines
| | - Evan W. Rogers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (D.S.D.); (E.W.R.)
| | - Tadeusz F. Molinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (D.S.D.); (E.W.R.)
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-534-7115; Fax: +1-858-822-0368
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13
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Čanadi Jurešić G, Ćurko-Cofek B, Barbarić M, Mumiši N, Blagović B, Jamnik P. Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303 to Iron and Lead Toxicity in Overloaded Conditions. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1188-1201. [PMID: 33624192 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an ideal model organism for studying molecular mechanisms of the stress response provoked by metals. In this work, yeast cells response to iron (Fe3+) or lead (Pb2+) exposure was tested and compared. Survival test was used to determine testing doses of metal ions-for Fe3+ it was 4 mM and for Pb2+ 8 mM. These (high, over-loaded) doses provoked comparable values of growth inhibition, but different values in vitality measurement. The percentage of metabolically active cells, determined by fluorescent FUN-1 dye, was lower in Pb2+ than in Fe3+ treated cells. Besides, endogenous antioxidant defence systems in the cells treated with Pb2+ were less efficient compared to Fe3+. At the mitochondrial level, the effects of metal ions were in correlation with the results of cell metabolic activity. The mitochondrial proteome of Pb2+ treated cells showed the domination of protein downregulation. Yeast cells treated either with Fe3+ or Pb2+ shared 19 common significantly changed proteins. The affected proteins were involved in different cellular process and amongst them only five proteins belong to energy and carbohydrate metabolism, and protein biosynthesis. Based on all obtained results, it is possible to conclude that the effects of Fe3+ and Pb2+ on yeast cells show rather specific patterns of toxicity and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Čanadi Jurešić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Martina Barbarić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nermina Mumiši
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Branka Blagović
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Polona Jamnik
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Santos-Pereira C, Andrés MT, Chaves SR, Fierro JF, Gerós H, Manon S, Rodrigues LR, Côrte-Real M. Lactoferrin perturbs lipid rafts and requires integrity of Pma1p-lipid rafts association to exert its antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 171:343-357. [PMID: 33421469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a bioactive milk-derived protein with remarkable wide-spectrum antifungal activity. To deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Lf cytotoxicity, the role of plasma membrane ergosterol- and sphingolipid-rich lipid rafts and their association with the proton pump Pma1p was explored. Pma1p was previously identified as a Lf-binding protein. Results showed that bovine Lf (bLf) perturbs ergosterol-rich lipid rafts organization by inducing intracellular accumulation of ergosterol. Using yeast mutant strains lacking lipid rafts-associated proteins or enzymes involved in the synthesis of ergosterol and sphingolipids, we found that perturbations in the composition of these membrane domains increase resistance to bLf-induced yeast cell death. Also, when Pma1p-lipid rafts association is compromised in the Pma1-10 mutant and in the absence of the Pma1p-binding protein Ast1p, the bLf killing activity is impaired. Altogether, results showed that the perturbation of lipid rafts and the inhibition of both Pma1p and V-ATPase activities mediate the antifungal activity of bLf. Since it is suggested that the combination of conventional antifungals with lipid rafts-disrupting compounds is a powerful antifungal approach, our data will help to pave the way for the use of bLf alone or in combination for the treatment/eradication of clinically and agronomically relevant yeast pathogens/fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Santos-Pereira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - María T Andrés
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, University Clinic of Dentistry (CLUO) and Department of Functional Biology (Microbiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Susana R Chaves
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - José F Fierro
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, University Clinic of Dentistry (CLUO) and Department of Functional Biology (Microbiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Stéphen Manon
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, CNRS et Université de Bordeaux, CS61390, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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15
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Patel M, Srivastava V, Ahmad A. Dodonaea viscosa var angustifolia derived 5,6,8-trihydroxy-7,4' dimethoxy flavone inhibits ergosterol synthesis and the production of hyphae and biofilm in Candida albicans. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 259:112965. [PMID: 32413575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Candida albicans is developing resistance to existing drugs increasing morbidity and mortality, which elevates an immediate need to explore new antifungal agents. Phytochemicals are an excellent source of therapeutic agents. We previously reported the antifungal activity of the crude extract of Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia Jacq. (DVA) from which a beneficial compound flavone: 5,6,8-trihydroxy-7,4' dimethoxy flavone (5,6,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one) abbreviated as TMMC, was extracted. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study evaluated the effect of a TMMC subfraction on biofilms, membrane stability, ergosterol biosynthesis and germ tube (GT) formation in Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts were prepared and fractionated to obtain purified TMMC. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of TMMC were obtained and subinhibitory concentrations were selected for further studies. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was performed to assess the effect of TMMC on membrane permeability and sterol deposition using propidium iodide (PI) and filipin stains, respectively. RESULTS Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of TMMC were 0.39 mg/mL and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. TMMC inhibited biofilm formation and damaged mature biofilms at 0.39 mg/mL and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. CLSM further confirmed the disruption and architectural changes in biofilms following treatment with TMMC. TMMC also inhibited GT formation and ergosterol biosynthesis in a concentration dependent manner, which was further confirmed by varying sterol distribution and membrane disruption in treated and untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS With the multiple targets at different concentrations, TMMC warrants its potential use as antifungal drug against C. albicans. However further studies using animal models and more mechanistic approaches will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudula Patel
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service and Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Vartika Srivastava
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service and Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
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16
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Abrogation of pathogenic attributes in drug resistant Candida auris strains by farnesol. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233102. [PMID: 32392266 PMCID: PMC7213696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris, a decade old Candida species, has been identified globally as a significant nosocomial multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogen responsible for causing invasive outbreaks. Biofilms and overexpression of efflux pumps such as Major Facilitator Superfamily and ATP Binding Cassette are known to cause multidrug resistance in Candida species, including C. auris. Therefore, targeting these factors may prove an effective approach to combat MDR in C. auris. In this study, 25 clinical isolates of C. auris from different hospitals of South Africa were used. All the isolates were found capable enough to form biofilms on 96-well flat bottom microtiter plate that was further confirmed by MTT reduction assay. In addition, these strains have active drug efflux mechanism which was supported by rhodamine-6-G extracellular efflux and intracellular accumulation assays. Antifungal susceptibility profile of all the isolates against commonly used drugs was determined following CLSI recommended guidelines. We further studied the role of farnesol, an endogenous quorum sensing molecule, in modulating development of biofilms and drug efflux in C. auris. The MIC for planktonic cells ranged from 62.5–125 mM, and for sessile cells was 125 mM (4h biofilm) and 500 mM (12h and 24h biofilm). Furthermore, farnesol (125 mM) also suppresses adherence and biofilm formation by C. auris. Farnesol inhibited biofilm formation, blocked efflux pumps and downregulated biofilm- and efflux pump- associated genes. Modulation of C. auris biofilm formation and efflux pump activity by farnesol represent a promising approach for controlling life threatening infections caused by this pathogen.
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17
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de la Torre Noetzel R, Ortega García MV, Miller AZ, Bassy O, Granja C, Cubero B, Jordão L, Martínez Frías J, Rabbow E, Backhaus T, Ott S, García Sancho L, de Vera JPP. Lichen Vitality After a Space Flight on Board the EXPOSE-R2 Facility Outside the International Space Station: Results of the Biology and Mars Experiment. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:583-600. [PMID: 32364796 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As part of the Biology and Mars Experiment (BIOMEX; ILSRA 2009-0834), samples of the lichen Circinaria gyrosa were placed on the exposure platform EXPOSE-R2, on the International Space Station (ISS) and exposed to space and to a Mars-simulated environment for 18 months (2014-2016) to study: (1) resistance to space and Mars-like conditions and (2) biomarkers for use in future space missions (Exo-Mars). When the experiment returned (June 2016), initial analysis showed rapid recovery of photosystem II activity in the samples exposed exclusively to space vacuum and a Mars-like atmosphere. Significantly reduced recovery levels were observed in Sun-exposed samples, and electron and fluorescence microscopy (transmission electron microscope and field emission scanning electron microscope) data indicated that this was attributable to the combined effects of space radiation and space vacuum, as unirradiated samples exhibited less marked morphological changes compared with Sun-exposed samples. Polymerase chain reaction analyses confirmed that there was DNA damage in lichen exposed to harsh space and Mars-like environmental conditions, with ultraviolet radiation combined with space vacuum causing the most damage. These findings contribute to the characterization of space- and Mars-resistant organisms that are relevant to Mars habitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa de la Torre Noetzel
- Departamentos de Observación de la Tierra, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Victoria Ortega García
- Departamentos de Sistemas de Defensa NBQ y Materiales Energéticos, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Zélia Miller
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- HERCULES Laboratory, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Olga Bassy
- ISDEFE (ISDEFE as External Consultant for INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Granja
- Departamentos de Sistemas de Defensa NBQ y Materiales Energéticos, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cubero
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luisa Jordão
- INSA-Instituto Nacional Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Elke Rabbow
- DLR-German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Theresa Backhaus
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf (HHU), Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sieglinde Ott
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf (HHU), Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Paul de Vera
- DLR-German Aerospace Center, Management and Infrastructure, Astrobiology Laboratories, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Brückner S, Schubert R, Kraushaar T, Hartmann R, Hoffmann D, Jelli E, Drescher K, Müller DJ, Oliver Essen L, Mösch HU. Kin discrimination in social yeast is mediated by cell surface receptors of the Flo11 adhesin family. eLife 2020; 9:55587. [PMID: 32286952 PMCID: PMC7156268 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms have evolved specific cell surface molecules that enable discrimination between cells from the same and from a different kind. Here, we investigate the role of Flo11-type cell surface adhesins from social yeasts in kin discrimination. We measure the adhesion forces mediated by Flo11A-type domains using single-cell force spectroscopy, quantify Flo11A-based cell aggregation in populations and determine the Flo11A-dependent segregation of competing yeast strains in biofilms. We find that Flo11A domains from diverse yeast species confer remarkably strong adhesion forces by establishing homotypic interactions between single cells, leading to efficient cell aggregation and biofilm formation in homogenous populations. Heterotypic interactions between Flo11A domains from different yeast species or Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains confer weak adhesive forces and lead to efficient strain segregation in heterogenous populations, indicating that in social yeasts Flo11A-mediated cell adhesion is a major mechanism for kin discrimination at species and sub-species levels. These findings, together with our structure and mutation analysis of selected Flo11A domains, provide a rationale of how cell surface receptors have evolved in microorganisms to mediate kin discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Brückner
- Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rajib Schubert
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timo Kraushaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raimo Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Jelli
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Knut Drescher
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lars Oliver Essen
- Department of Biochemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Mösch
- Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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19
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Justinić I, Katić A, Uršičić D, Ćurko-Cofek B, Blagović B, Čanadi Jurešić G. Combining proteomics and lipid analysis to unravel Confidor stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:346-358. [PMID: 31696623 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a useful model for studying the influence of different stress factors on eukaryotic cells. In this work we used the pesticide imidacloprid, in the Confidor formulation, as the stress factor and analyzed its influence on the metabolic activity, proteome and lipid content and composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. During the cultivation of yeast, the lowest recommended application dose of Confidor (0.025%, v/v) was added to the growth media and its influence on the mitochondria, cytosol with microsomes, and the whole yeast cells was monitored. The results show that under the stress provoked by the toxic effects of Confidor, yeast cells density significantly decreased and the percentage of metabolically disturbed cells significantly increased comparing with untreated control. Also, there was a downregulation of majority of glycolytic, gluconeogenesis, and TCA cycle enzymes (Fba1, Adh1, Hxk2, Tal1, Tdh1,Tdh3, Eno1) thus providing enough acetyl-CoA for the lipid restructuring and accumulation mechanism since we have found the changes in the cell and mitochondrial lipid content and FA composition. This data suggest that lipids could be the molecules that orchestrate the answer of the cells in the stress response to the Confidor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Justinić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ana Katić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Deni Uršičić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Patophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Branka Blagović
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Čanadi Jurešić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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20
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Moon JE, Heo W, Lee SH, Lee SH, Lee HG, Lee JH, Kim YJ. Trehalose Protects the Probiotic Yeast Saccharomyces boulardii against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:54-61. [PMID: 31546305 PMCID: PMC9728326 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1906.06041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii is the only probiotic yeast with US Food and Drug Administration approval. It is routinely used to prevent or treat acute diarrhea and other gastrointestinal disorders, including the antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile infections. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), specifically H2O2 during normal aerobic metabolism, contributes to programmed cell death and represents a risk to the viability of the probiotic microbe. Moreover, a loss of viability reduces the efficacy of the probiotic treatment. Therefore, inhibiting the accumulation of ROS in the oxidant environment could improve the viability of the probiotic yeast and lead to more efficacious treatment. Here, we provide evidence that supplementation with a non-reducing disaccharide, namely trehalose, enhanced the viability of S. boulardii exposed to an oxidative environment by preventing metacaspase YCA1-mediated programmed cell death through inhibition of intracellular ROS production. Our results suggest that supplementation with S. boulardii together with trehalose could increase the viability of the organism, and thus improve its effectiveness as a probiotic and as a treatment for acute diarrhea and other gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Moon
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 3009, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Heo
- Institutes of Natural Sciences, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 3009, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Taegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyup Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 3009, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors J.H.L. Phone: +82-44-860-1764 Fax: +82-44-860-1430 E-mail:
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 3009, Republic of Korea,Y.J.K. Phone: +82-44-860-1435 Fax: +82-44-860-1780 E-mail:
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21
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Ramos-Pérez C, Dominska M, Anaissi-Afonso L, Cazorla-Rivero S, Quevedo O, Lorenzo-Castrillejo I, Petes TD, Machín F. Cytological and genetic consequences for the progeny of a mitotic catastrophe provoked by Topoisomerase II deficiency. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:11686-11721. [PMID: 31812950 PMCID: PMC6932922 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (Top2) removes topological linkages between replicated chromosomes. Top2 inhibition leads to mitotic catastrophe (MC) when cells unsuccessfully try to split their genetic material between the two daughter cells. Herein, we have characterized the fate of these daughter cells in the budding yeast. Clonogenic and microcolony experiments, in combination with vital and apoptotic stains, showed that 75% of daughter cells become senescent in the short term; they are unable to divide but remain alive. Decline in cell vitality then occurred, yet slowly, uncoordinatedly when comparing pairs of daughters, and independently of the cell death mediator Mca1/Yca1. Furthermore, we showed that senescence can be modulated by ploidy, suggesting that gross chromosome imbalances during segregation may account for this phenotype. Indeed, we found that diploid long-term survivors of the MC are prone to genomic imbalances such as trisomies, uniparental disomies and terminal loss of heterozygosity (LOH), the latter affecting the longest chromosome arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ramos-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Present address: BenchSci Analytics Inc., Toronto, Canada
| | - Margaret Dominska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura Anaissi-Afonso
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sara Cazorla-Rivero
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Oliver Quevedo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Present address: Genomic Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabel Lorenzo-Castrillejo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Thomas D Petes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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22
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Dubey A, Lee J, Kwon S, Lee Y, Jeon J. A MYST family histone acetyltransferase, MoSAS3, is required for development and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1491-1505. [PMID: 31364260 PMCID: PMC6804344 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylation has been established as a principal epigenetic regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes. Sas3, a histone acetyltransferase belonging to the largest family of acetyltransferase, MYST, is the catalytic subunit of a conserved histone acetyltransferase complex. To date, the functions of Sas3 and its orthologues have been extensively studied in yeast, humans and flies in relation to global acetylation and transcriptional regulation. However, its precise impact on development and pathogenicity in fungal plant pathogens has yet to be elucidated. Considering the importance of Sas3 in H3K14 acetylation, here we investigate the roles of its orthologue in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae (Pyricularia oryzae). Unlike a previously reported Sas3 deletion in yeast, which led to no remarkable phenotypic changes, we found that MoSAS3 deletion alone had a profound effect on fungal growth and development, including asexual reproduction, germination and appressorium formation in M. oryzae. Such defects in pre-penetration development resulted in complete loss of pathogenicity in the deletion mutant. Furthermore, genetic analysis of MoSAS3 and MoGCN5 encoding a Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase family histone acetyltransferase suggested that two conserved components of histone acetylation are integrated differently into epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in the yeast and a filamentous fungus. RNA-seq analysis of ΔMosas3 showed two general trends: many DNA repair and DNA damage response genes are up-regulated, while carbon and nitrogen metabolism genes are down-regulated in ΔMosas3. Our work demonstrates the importance of MYST family histone acetyltransferase as a developmental regulator and illuminates a degree of functional variation in conserved catalytic subunits among different fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied SciencesYeungnam UniversityGyeongsanGyeongbuk38541Korea
| | - Jongjune Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied SciencesYeungnam UniversityGyeongsanGyeongbuk38541Korea
| | - Seomun Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- Present address:
Heinrich‐Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesDüsseldorf40204Germany
| | - Yong‐Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- Center for Fungal Genetic ResourcesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied SciencesYeungnam UniversityGyeongsanGyeongbuk38541Korea
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Korea
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23
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Metal(loid) oxide (Al 2O 3, Mn 3O 4, SiO 2 and SnO 2) nanoparticles cause cytotoxicity in yeast via intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6257-6269. [PMID: 31152204 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the physicochemical characterization of five (Al2O3, In2O3, Mn3O4, SiO2 and SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) was carried out. In addition, the evaluation of the possible toxic impacts of these NPs and the respective modes of action were performed using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In general, in aqueous suspension, metal(loid) oxide (MOx) NPs displayed an overall negative charge and agglomerated; these NPs were practically insoluble (dissolution < 8%) and did not generate detectable amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under abiotic conditions. Except In2O3 NPs, which did not induce an obvious toxic effect on yeast cells (up to 100 mg/L), the other NPs induced a loss of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. The comparative analysis of the loss of cell viability induced by the NPs with the ions released by NPs (NPs supernatant) suggested that SiO2 toxicity was mainly caused by the NPs themselves, Al2O3 and SnO2 toxic effects could be attributed to both the NPs and the respective released ions and Mn3O4 harmfulness could be mainly due to the released ions. Al2O3, Mn3O4, SiO2 and SnO2 NPs induced the loss of metabolic activity and the generation of intracellular ROS without permeabilization of plasma membrane. The co-incubation of yeast cells with MOx NPs and a free radical scavenger (ascorbic acid) quenched intracellular ROS and significantly restored cell viability and metabolic activity. These results evidenced that the intracellular generation of ROS constituted the main cause of the cytotoxicity exhibited by yeasts treated with the MOx NPs. This study highlights the importance of a ROS-mediated mechanism in the toxicity induced by MOx NPs.
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Chatrath A, Gangwar R, Kumari P, Prasad R. In Vitro Anti-Biofilm Activities of Citral and Thymol Against Candida Tropicalis. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5010013. [PMID: 30717454 PMCID: PMC6462931 DOI: 10.3390/jof5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is an emerging non-albicans Candida species which is pathogenic to the immune-compromised humans, especially in tropical countries, including India. The acquired resistance of Candida species towards antifungal therapies is of major concern. Moreover, limited efficacy and dosage constraint of synthetic drugs have indicated the prerequisite of finding new and natural drugs for treatment. In the present study, we have compared the influence of citral and thymol on C. tropicalis and its biofilm along with expression levels of certain antifungal tolerance genes. The antifungal and anti-biofilm activities of the both were studied using 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide sodium salt (XTT) reduction assay, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Citral and thymol have damaged the cells with distorted surface and less viability. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed augmented expression of the cell membrane biosynthesis genes including ERG11/CYT450 against citral and the cell wall related tolerance genes involving CNB1 against thymol thus, depicting their differential mode of actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Chatrath
- Molecular Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Rashmi Gangwar
- Molecular Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Molecular Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Ramasare Prasad
- Molecular Biology & Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247667 Uttarakhand, India.
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25
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Hall AE, Rose MD. Cell fusion in yeast is negatively regulated by components of the cell wall integrity pathway. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 30:441-452. [PMID: 30586320 PMCID: PMC6594448 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-04-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During mating, Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells must degrade the intervening cell wall to allow fusion of the partners. Because improper timing or location of cell wall degradation would cause lysis, the initiation of cell fusion must be highly regulated. Here, we find that yeast cell fusion is negatively regulated by components of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway. Loss of the cell wall sensor, MID2, specifically causes “mating-induced death” after pheromone exposure. Mating-induced death is suppressed by mutations in cell fusion genes (FUS1, FUS2, RVS161, CDC42), implying that mid2Δ cells die from premature fusion without a partner. Consistent with premature fusion, mid2Δ shmoos had thinner cell walls and lysed at the shmoo tip. Normally, Cdc42p colocalizes with Fus2p to form a focus only when mating cells are in contact (prezygotes) and colocalization is required for cell fusion. However, Cdc42p was aberrantly colocalized with Fus2p to form a focus in mid2Δ shmoos. A hyperactive allele of the CWI kinase Pkc1p (PKC1*) caused decreased cell fusion and Cdc42p localization in prezygotes. In shmoos, PKC1* increased Cdc42p localization; however, it was not colocalized with Fus2p or associated with cell death. We conclude that Mid2p and Pkc1p negatively regulate cell fusion via Cdc42p and Fus2p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Hall
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Mark D Rose
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544.,Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
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26
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Zimmermann A, Hofer S, Pendl T, Kainz K, Madeo F, Carmona-Gutierrez D. Yeast as a tool to identify anti-aging compounds. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4919731. [PMID: 29905792 PMCID: PMC6001894 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for interventions against aging and age-related diseases, biological screening platforms are indispensable tools to identify anti-aging compounds among large substance libraries. The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has emerged as a powerful chemical and genetic screening platform, as it combines a rapid workflow with experimental amenability and the availability of a wide range of genetic mutant libraries. Given the amount of conserved genes and aging mechanisms between yeast and human, testing candidate anti-aging substances in yeast gene-deletion or overexpression collections, or de novo derived mutants, has proven highly successful in finding potential molecular targets. Yeast-based studies, for example, have led to the discovery of the polyphenol resveratrol and the natural polyamine spermidine as potential anti-aging agents. Here, we present strategies for pharmacological anti-aging screens in yeast, discuss common pitfalls and summarize studies that have used yeast for drug discovery and target identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
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27
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Farías-Álvarez L, Gschaedler-Mathis A, Sánchez-Ortiz A, Femat R, Cervantes-Martínez J, Arellano-Plaza M, Zamora-Pedraza C, Amillastre E, Ghommidh C, Herrera-López E. Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous physiological stages determination using combined measurements from dielectric and Raman spectroscopies, a cell counter system and fluorescence flow cytometry. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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28
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Trunk K, Peltier J, Liu YC, Dill BD, Walker L, Gow NAR, Stark MJR, Quinn J, Strahl H, Trost M, Coulthurst SJ. The type VI secretion system deploys antifungal effectors against microbial competitors. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:920-931. [PMID: 30038307 PMCID: PMC6071859 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between bacterial and fungal cells shape many polymicrobial communities. Bacteria elaborate diverse strategies to interact and compete with other organisms, including the deployment of protein secretion systems. The type VI secretion system (T6SS) delivers toxic effector proteins into host eukaryotic cells and competitor bacterial cells, but, surprisingly, T6SS-delivered effectors targeting fungal cells have not been reported. Here we show that the 'antibacterial' T6SS of Serratia marcescens can act against fungal cells, including pathogenic Candida species, and identify the previously undescribed effector proteins responsible. These antifungal effectors, Tfe1 and Tfe2, have distinct impacts on the target cell, but both can ultimately cause fungal cell death. 'In competition' proteomics analysis revealed that T6SS-mediated delivery of Tfe2 disrupts nutrient uptake and amino acid metabolism in fungal cells, and leads to the induction of autophagy. Intoxication by Tfe1, in contrast, causes a loss of plasma membrane potential. Our findings extend the repertoire of the T6SS and suggest that antifungal T6SSs represent widespread and important determinants of the outcome of bacterial-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Trunk
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Julien Peltier
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Yi-Chia Liu
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Brian D Dill
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Louise Walker
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Neil A R Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Michael J R Stark
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Janet Quinn
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Henrik Strahl
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Matthias Trost
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Sarah J Coulthurst
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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29
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Lee S, Bae S. Evaluating the newly developed dye, DyeTox13 Green C-2 Azide, and comparing it with existing EMA and PMA for the differentiation of viable and nonviable bacteria. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 148:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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RNA Aptamers Rescue Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Yeast Model of Huntington's Disease. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:45-56. [PMID: 30195782 PMCID: PMC6023792 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is associated with the misfolding and aggregation of mutant huntingtin harboring an elongated polyglutamine stretch at its N terminus. A distinguishing pathological hallmark of HD is mitochondrial dysfunction. Any strategy that can restore the integrity of the mitochondrial environment should have beneficial consequences for the disease. Specific RNA aptamers were selected that were able to inhibit aggregation of elongated polyglutamine stretch containing mutant huntingtin fragment (103Q-htt). They were successful in reducing the calcium overload, which leads to mitochondrial membrane depolarization in case of HD. In one case, the level of Ca2+ was restored to the level of cells not expressing 103Q-htt, suggesting complete recovery. The presence of aptamers was able to increase mitochondrial mass in cells expressing 103Q-htt, along with rescuing loss of mitochondrial genome. The oxidative damage to the proteome was prevented, which led to increased viability of cells, as monitored by flow cytometry. Thus, the presence of aptamers was able to inhibit aggregation of mutant huntingtin fragment and restore mitochondrial dysfunction in the HD cell model, confirming the advantage of the strategy in a disease-relevant parameter.
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31
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Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles disturb physiology and induce cell death in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2827-2838. [PMID: 29423633 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of nanoparticles (NPs) has spurred concerns about their toxic effects. This work aimed to assess the potential hazards of nickel oxide (NiO) NPs using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a cell model. Yeast cells exposed for 6 h to 100 mg/L NiO NPs presented reduced metabolic activity (esterase activity and FUN-1 dye processing) and enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species. NiO NPs induced the loss of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Study of the dissolution of NiO NPs in aqueous media, together with the toxicological data, suggests that the nickel released by the NPs cannot explain all the toxic effects observed in S. cerevisiae caused by the NPs. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that NiO NPs were adsorbed onto cell surface but did not enter into yeast cells. Isogenic mutants (cwp1∆ and cwp2∆) with increased cell wall porosity did not display enhanced susceptibility to NiO NPs compared to the wild type strain. Our results suggest that NiO NPs exert their toxic effect by an indirect mechanism. This work contributes to knowledge of the potential hazards of NiO NPs and to the elucidation of their mechanisms of toxic action.
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32
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Van Zandycke SM, Simal O, Gualdoni S, Smart KA. Determination of Yeast Viability Using Fluorophores. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-61-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie M. Van Zandycke
- SMART Brewing Services, Oxford Brookes Enterprises, School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - Olivier Simal
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - Sara Gualdoni
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - Katherine A. Smart
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
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33
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Xu K, Gao L, Hassan JU, Zhao Z, Li C, Huo YX, Liu G. Improving the thermo-tolerance of yeast base on the antioxidant defense system. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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34
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Oliveira E, Bértolo E, Núñez C, Pilla V, Santos HM, Fernández‐Lodeiro J, Fernández‐Lodeiro A, Djafari J, Capelo JL, Lodeiro C. Green and Red Fluorescent Dyes for Translational Applications in Imaging and Sensing Analytes: A Dual-Color Flag. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:9-52. [PMID: 29318095 PMCID: PMC5754553 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Red and green are two of the most-preferred colors from the entire chromatic spectrum, and red and green dyes are widely used in biochemistry, immunohistochemistry, immune-staining, and nanochemistry applications. Selective dyes with green and red excitable chromophores can be used in biological environments, such as tissues and cells, and can be irradiated with visible light without cell damage. This critical review, covering a period of five years, provides an overview of the most-relevant results on the use of red and green fluorescent dyes in the fields of bio-, chemo- and nanoscience. The review focuses on fluorescent dyes containing chromophores such as fluorescein, rhodamine, cyanine, boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY), 7-nitobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-4-yl, naphthalimide, acridine orange, perylene diimides, coumarins, rosamine, Nile red, naphthalene diimide, distyrylpyridinium, benzophosphole P-oxide, benzoresorufins, and tetrapyrrolic macrocycles. Metal complexes and nanomaterials with these dyes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Oliveira
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Emilia Bértolo
- Biomolecular Research GroupSchool of Human and Life SciencesCanterbury Christ Church UniversityCanterburyCT1 1QUUK
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Research UnitHospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS)27003LugoSpain
| | - Viviane Pilla
- Instituto de FísicaUniversidade Federal de Uberlândia-UFUAv. João Naves de Ávila 2121Uberlândia, MG38400-902Brazil
| | - Hugo M. Santos
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Javier Fernández‐Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Adrian Fernández‐Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Jamila Djafari
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - José Luis Capelo
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE GroupUCIBIO-LAQV-REQUIMTEDepartamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa2829-516LisboaPortugal
- Proteomass Scientific SocietyRua dos Inventores, Madan Park2829-516CaparicaPortugal
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Ku TSN, Bernardo S, Walraven CJ, Lee SA. Candidiasis and the impact of flow cytometry on antifungal drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:1127-1137. [PMID: 28876963 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1377179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Invasive candidiasis continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality as well as substantial health care costs nationally and globally. One of the contributing factors is the development of resistance to antifungal agents that are already in clinical use. Moreover, there are known treatment limitations with all of the available antifungal agents. Since traditional techniques in novel drug discovery are time consuming, high-throughput screening using flow cytometry presents as a potential tool to identify new antifungal agents that would be useful in the management of these patients. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the use of automated high-throughput screening assays based upon flow cytometry to identify potential antifungals from a library comprised of a large number of bioactive compounds. They also review studies that employed the use of this research methodology that has identified compounds with antifungal activity. Expert opinion: High-throughput screening using flow cytometry has substantially decreased the processing time necessary for screening thousands of compounds, and has helped enhance our understanding of fungal pathogenesis. Indeed, the authors see this technology as a powerful tool to help scientists identify new antifungal agents that can be added to the clinician's arsenal in their fight against invasive candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun Sheng N Ku
- a Section of Infectious Diseases , New Mexico VA Health Care System , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b Division of Infectious Diseases , University of New Mexico Health Science Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Stella Bernardo
- a Section of Infectious Diseases , New Mexico VA Health Care System , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b Division of Infectious Diseases , University of New Mexico Health Science Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Carla J Walraven
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Services , University of New Mexico Hospital , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Samuel A Lee
- a Section of Infectious Diseases , New Mexico VA Health Care System , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b Division of Infectious Diseases , University of New Mexico Health Science Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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Yeast caspase-dependent apoptosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 induced by antifungal and potential antitumor agent clotrimazole. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:97-106. [PMID: 28819786 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clotrimazole is an antifungal medication commonly used in the treatment of fungal infections. There is also promising research on using clotrimazole against other diseases such as malaria, beriberi, tineapedis and cancer. It was aimed to investigate the apoptotic phenotype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced by clotrimazole. The exposure of S. cerevisiae to 10 µM clotrimazole for 3, 6 and 9 h caused to decrease in cell viability by 24.82 ± 0.81, 56.00 ± 1.54 and 77.59 ± 0.53%, respectively. It was shown by Annexin V-PI assay that 110 µM clotrimazole treatment caused to death by 35.5 ± 2.48% apoptotic and only 13.1 ± 0.08% necrotic pathway within 30 min. The occurrence of DNA strand breaks and condensation could be visualised by the TUNEL and DAPI stainings, respectively. Yeast caspase activity was induced 12.34 ± 0.71-fold after 110 µM clotrimazole treatment for 30 min compared to the control. The dependency of clotrimazole-induced apoptosis to caspase was also shown using Δyca1 mutant.
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37
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Suga M, Kunimoto A, Shinohara H. Non-invasive, electro-orientation-based viability assay using optically transparent electrodes for individual fission yeast cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 97:53-58. [PMID: 28554046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A non-invasive assay of cylindrical yeast cell viability based on electro-orientation (EO) in an alternating electric field was developed, in which cell viability can be determined by each cell's EO direction without the need for reagents. A cell suspension of a few microliters was sandwiched between a pair of optically transparent indium-tin-oxide (ITO) plate electrodes. Observation under a light microscope enabled easy identification of EO based on cell shape, e.g., cells were standing upright and appeared perfectly circular when oriented parallel to the electric field direction (standing position), and they were lying flat and had an elongated shape when oriented perpendicular to the field (lain-down position). The alternative EO positions of living or dead cells were dependent on the applied frequency: opposite EO positions were obtained by applying an AC voltage of 1.5V at 10MHz; at which point, only living cells rapidly attained a standing position, whereas dead cells were lain-down within 10s. All the cell's EO positions agreed well with a viability assay by florescence staining. Therefore, at the single-cell level and fluorescently label-free, it was possible to simply and accurately determine whether individual cells were alive or dead based on their shape.
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38
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Fernández-Miranda E, Majada J, Casares A. Efficacy of propidium iodide and FUN-1 stains for assessing viability in basidiospores of Rhizopogon roseolus. Mycologia 2017; 109:350-358. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2017.1323465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fernández-Miranda
- Area of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology of Organism and Systems, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan Majada
- Forest and Wood Technology Research Centre (CETEMAS), Sustainable Forest Management Area, Pumarabule, 33936, Asturias, Spain
| | - Abelardo Casares
- Area of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology of Organism and Systems, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Chen SCA, Patel S, Meyer W, Chapman B, Yu H, Byth K, Middleton PG, Nevalainen H, Sorrell TC. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Inhibits the Growth of Scedosporium and Lomentospora In Vitro. Mycopathologia 2017; 183:251-261. [PMID: 28512704 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In vitro bacterial-fungal interaction studies in cystic fibrosis (CF) have mainly focused on interactions between bacteria and Candida. Here we investigated the effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the growth of Scedosporium/Lomentospora spp. Standard suspensions of P. aeruginosa (16 non-mucoid and nine mucoid isolates) were dropped onto paper disks, placed on lawns of Lomentospora prolificans (formerly Scedosporium prolificans) strain WM 14.140 or Scedosporium aurantiacum strain WM 11.78 on solid agar. The median inhibitory activity (mIz) was calculated for each fungal-bacterial combination. As a group, mIz values for non-mucoid phenotype P. aeruginosa strains were significantly lower than those for mucoid strains (P < 0.001); 14/16 (87.5%) non-mucoid strains had mIz <1.0 against both fungi versus just 3/9 mucoid strains (33.4%) (P = 0.01). One non-mucoid (PA14) and one mucoid (CIDMLS-PA-28) P. aeruginosa strain effecting inhibition were selected for further studies. Inhibition of both L. prolificans and S. aurantiacum by these strains was confirmed using the XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide) reduction assay. Following incubation with XTT, inhibition of fungal growth was determined as the ratio of absorbance in liquid culture with Pseudomonas to that in control fungal cultures. An absorbance ratio of <1.0 consistent with bacterial inhibition of fungal growth was observed for all four P. aeruginosa-fungal combinations (P < 0.05). Fluorescence microscopy, subsequent to co-culture of either fungal isolate with P. aeruginosa strain PA14 or CIDMLS-PA-28 revealed poorly formed hyphae, compared with control fungal cultures. P. aeruginosa inhibits growth of L. prolificans and S. aurantiacum in vitro, with non-mucoid strains more commonly having an inhibitory effect. As P. aeruginosa undergoes phenotype transitions from non-mucoid to the mucoid form with progression of CF lung disease, this balance may influence the appearance of Scedosporium fungi in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon C-A Chen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, 3rd Level, ICPMR Building, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia. .,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
| | - Shilpa Patel
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Belinda Chapman
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, 3rd Level, ICPMR Building, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Hong Yu
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, 3rd Level, ICPMR Building, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Karen Byth
- Research and Education Network, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter G Middleton
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Ludwig Engel Centre for Respiratory Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Tania C Sorrell
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, 3rd Level, ICPMR Building, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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40
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de la Torre R, Miller AZ, Cubero B, Martín-Cerezo ML, Raguse M, Meeßen J. The Effect of High-Dose Ionizing Radiation on the Astrobiological Model Lichen Circinaria gyrosa. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:145-153. [PMID: 28206822 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The lichen Circinaria gyrosa is an astrobiological model defined by its high capacity of resistance to space conditions and to a simulated martian environment. Therefore, it became part of the currently operated BIOMEX experiment on board the International Space Station and the recent STARLIFE campaign to study the effects of four types of space-relevant ionizing radiation. The samples were irradiated with helium and iron ions at doses up to 2 kGy, with X-rays at doses up to 5 kGy and with γ rays at doses from 6 to 113 kGy. Results on C. gyrosa's resistance to simulated space ionizing radiation and its post-irradiation viability were obtained by (i) chlorophyll a fluorescence of photosystem II (PSII), (ii) epifluorescence microscopy, (iii) confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and (iv) field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Results of photosynthetic activity and epifluorescence show no significant changes up to a dose of 1 kGy (helium ions), 2 kGy (iron ions), 5 kGy (X-rays)-the maximum doses applied for those radiation qualities-as well as a dose of 6 kGy of γ irradiation, which was the lowest dose applied for this low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. Significant damage in a dose-related manner was observed only at much higher doses of γ irradiation (up to 113 kGy). These data corroborate the findings of the parallel STARLIFE studies on the effects of ionizing radiation on the lichen Circinaria gyrosa, its isolated photobiont, and the lichen Xanthoria elegans. Key Words: Simulated space ionizing radiation-Gamma rays-Extremotolerance-Lichens-Circinaria gyrosa-Photosynthetic activity. Astrobiology 17, 145-153.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa de la Torre
- 1 Departamento de Observación de la Tierra, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Zélia Miller
- 2 Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla-CSIC , Sevilla, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cubero
- 2 Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla-CSIC , Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Luisa Martín-Cerezo
- 1 Departamento de Observación de la Tierra, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Raguse
- 3 Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Joachim Meeßen
- 4 Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine-University (HHU) , Düsseldorf, Germany
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41
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Meeßen J, Backhaus T, Brandt A, Raguse M, Böttger U, de Vera JP, de la Torre R. The Effect of High-Dose Ionizing Radiation on the Isolated Photobiont of the Astrobiological Model Lichen Circinaria gyrosa. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:154-162. [PMID: 28206823 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lichen symbioses between fungi and algae represent successful life strategies to colonize the most extreme terrestrial habitats. Consequently, space exposure and simulation experiments have demonstrated lichens' high capacity for survival, and thus, they have become models in astrobiological research with which to discern the limits and limitations of terrestrial life. In a series of ground-based irradiation experiments, the STARLIFE campaign investigated the resistance of astrobiological model organisms to galactic cosmic radiation, which is one of the lethal stressors of extraterrestrial environments. Since previous studies have identified that the alga is the more sensitive lichen symbiont, we chose the isolated photobiont Trebouxia sp. of the astrobiological model Circinaria gyrosa as a subject in the campaign. Therein, γ radiation was used to exemplify the deleterious effects of low linear energy transfer (LET) ionizing radiation at extremely high doses up to 113 kGy in the context of astrobiology. The effects were analyzed by chlorophyll a fluorescence of photosystem II (PSII), cultivation assays, live/dead staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and Raman laser spectroscopy (RLS). The results demonstrate dose-dependent impairment of photosynthesis, the cessation of cell proliferation, cellular damage, a decrease in metabolic activity, and degradation of photosynthetic pigments. While previous investigations on other extraterrestrial stressors have demonstrated a high potential of resistance, results of this study reveal the limits of photobiont resistance to ionizing radiation and characterize γ radiation-induced damages. This study also supports parallel STARLIFE studies on the lichens Circinaria gyrosa and Xanthoria elegans, both of which harbor a Trebouxia sp. photobiont. Key Words: Astrobiology-Gamma rays-Extremotolerance-Ionizing radiation-Lichens-Photobiont. Astrobiology 17, 154-162.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Meeßen
- 1 Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine-University (HHU) , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Theresa Backhaus
- 1 Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine-University (HHU) , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Annette Brandt
- 1 Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Heine-University (HHU) , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marina Raguse
- 2 Space Microbiology Research Group, Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Ute Böttger
- 3 Institute of Optical Sensor Systems , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre de Vera
- 4 Institute of Planetary Research , German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosa de la Torre
- 5 Departamento de Observación de la Tierra, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA) , Madrid, Spain
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42
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Lewis Ivey ML, Miller SA. Use of the vital stain FUN-1 indicates viability ofPhytophthora capsicipropagules and can be used to predict maximum zoospore production. Mycologia 2017; 106:362-7. [DOI: 10.3852/106.2.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally A. Miller
- Ohio State University-Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio 44691
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43
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Acrolein-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cell Death Exhibiting Features of Apoptosis in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Deficient in SOD1. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 71:1525-36. [PMID: 25395196 PMCID: PMC4449388 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a useful eukaryotic model to study the toxicity of acrolein, an important environmental toxin and endogenous product of lipid peroxidation. The study was aimed at elucidation of the cytotoxic effect of acrolein on the yeast deficient in SOD1, Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase which is hypersensitive to aldehydes. Acrolein generated within the cell from its precursor allyl alcohol caused growth arrest and cell death of the yeast cells. The growth inhibition involved an increase in production of reactive oxygen species and high level of protein carbonylation. DNA condensation and fragmentation, exposition of phosphatidylserine at the cell surface as well as decreased dynamic of actin microfilaments and mitochondria disintegration point to the induction of apoptotic-type cell death besides necrotic cell death.
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Abstract
Electron microscopy of biological cells in liquid provides unique nanoscale information. A highly attractive idea is the capability to also study physiological processes of live cells with electron microscopy. However, this idea seems unrealistic because the minimal needed electron dose to obtain contrast is already many orders of magnitude above the lethal dose known to cause reproductive-cell death. We show here that claims of electron microscopy of viable cells in recent reports are based on a questionable interpretation of the used fluorescence live/dead assay. A practical alternative to study biological processes is correlative light and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana B Peckys
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University , D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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45
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Grunewaldt-Stöcker G, von Alten H. Is the root-colonizing endophyte Acremonium strictum an ericoid mycorrhizal fungus? MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:429-40. [PMID: 26846148 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In previous investigations, we found that Acremonium strictum (strain DSM 100709) developed intracellular structures with similarity to mycelia of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizodermal cells of flax plants and in hair roots of Rhododendron plantlets. A. strictum had also been isolated from roots of ericaceous salal plants and was described as an unusual ericoid mycorrhizal fungus (ERMF). As its mycorrhizal traits were doubted, we revised the hypothesis of a mycorrhizal nature of A. strictum. A successful synthesis of mycorrhiza in hair roots of inoculated ericaceous plants was a first step of evidence, followed by fluorescence microscopy with FUN(®)1 cell stain to observe the vitality of the host cells at the early infection stage. In inoculation trials with in vitro-raised mycorrhiza-free Rhododendron plants in axenic liquid culture and in greenhouse substrate culture, A. strictum was never observed in living hair root cells. As compared to the ERMF Oidiodendron maius and Rhizoscyphus ericae that invaded metabolically active host cells and established a symbiotic unit, A. strictum was only found in cells that were dead or in the process of dying and in the apoplast. In conclusion, A. strictum does not behave like a common ERMF-if it is one at all. A comparison of A. strictum isolates from ericaceous and non-ericaceous hosts could reveal further identity details to generalize or specify our findings on the symbiotic nature of A. strictum. At least, the staining method enables to discern between true mycorrhizal and other root endophytes-a tool for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Grunewaldt-Stöcker
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Section Phytomedicine, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Henning von Alten
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Section Phytomedicine, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
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46
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Martínez JL, Meza E, Petranovic D, Nielsen J. The impact of respiration and oxidative stress response on recombinant α-amylase production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng Commun 2016; 3:205-210. [PMID: 29468124 PMCID: PMC5779723 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying protein production is important for fundamental research on cell biology and applied research for biotechnology. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an attractive workhorse for production of recombinant proteins as it does not secrete many endogenous proteins and it is therefore easy to purify a secreted product. However, recombinant production at high rates represents a significant metabolic burden for the yeast cells, which results in oxidative stress and ultimately affects the protein production capacity. Here we describe a method to reduce the overall oxidative stress by overexpressing the endogenous HAP1 gene in a S. cerevisiae strain overproducing recombinant α-amylase. We demonstrate how Hap1p can activate a set of oxidative stress response genes and meanwhile contribute to increase the metabolic rate of the yeast strains, therefore mitigating the negative effect of the ROS accumulation associated to protein folding and hence increasing the production capacity during batch fermentations. Recombinant protein production is a multi-billion dollar market. Heterologous production by yeast generates oxidative stress regardless the target. HAP1 overexpression mitigates oxidative stress while enhancing metabolic capacity. Overexpression of HAP1 allows higher volumetric productivity of recombinant proteins. Strains overexpressing HAP1 may grow in chemostats operated at higher dilution rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Martínez
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eugenio Meza
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dina Petranovic
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
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Mesquita VA, Machado MD, Silva CF, Soares EV. Influence of the metabolic state on the tolerance of Pichia kudriavzevii to heavy metals. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:1244-1251. [PMID: 27283353 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201600232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to examine the influence of the metabolic state of the yeast Pichia kudriavzevii on the susceptibility to a metals mixture (5 mg L-1 Cd, 10 mg L-1 Pb, and 5 mg L-1 Zn). Cells exposed to the metals mixture in the presence of 25 mmol L-1 glucose displayed a higher loss of membrane integrity and proliferation capacity, compared to cells incubated in the absence of glucose. The analysis of the effect of individual metals revealed that glucose increased the toxic effect of Cd marginally, and of Pb significantly. The increased susceptibility to heavy metals due to glucose was attenuated in the simultaneous presence of a mitochondrial respiration inhibitor such as sodium azide (NaN3 ). ATP-depleted yeast cells, resulting from treatment with the non-metabolizable glucose analogue 2-deoxy-d-glucose, showed an increased susceptibility to heavy metals mixture. Pre-incubation of yeast cells with 1 or 1.5 mmol L-1 Ca2+ reduced significantly (P < 0.05) the loss of membrane integrity induced by the metals mixture. These findings contribute to the understanding of metals mechanisms of toxicity in the non-conventional yeast P. kudriavzevii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Mesquita
- Bioengineering Laboratory-CIETI, Department of Chemical Engineering, ISEP-School of Engineering of Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, 4200-072, Portugal.,Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Manuela D Machado
- Bioengineering Laboratory-CIETI, Department of Chemical Engineering, ISEP-School of Engineering of Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, 4200-072, Portugal.,CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Cristina F Silva
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo V Soares
- Bioengineering Laboratory-CIETI, Department of Chemical Engineering, ISEP-School of Engineering of Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, 4200-072, Portugal.,CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
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48
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Identification of genes differentially expressed during the interaction between the plant symbiont Suillus luteus and two plant pathogenic allopatric Heterobasidion species. Mycol Prog 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-015-1130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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Meeßen J, Wuthenow P, Schille P, Rabbow E, de Vera JPP, Ott S. Resistance of the Lichen Buellia frigida to Simulated Space Conditions during the Preflight Tests for BIOMEX--Viability Assay and Morphological Stability. ASTROBIOLOGY 2015; 15:601-615. [PMID: 26218403 PMCID: PMC4554929 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Samples of the extremotolerant Antarctic endemite lichen Buellia frigida are currently exposed to low-Earth orbit-space and simulated Mars conditions at the Biology and Mars Experiment (BIOMEX), which is part of the ESA mission EXPOSE-R2 on the International Space Station and was launched on 23 July 2014. In preparation for the mission, several preflight tests (Experimental and Scientific Verification Tests, EVT and SVT) assessed the sample preparation and hardware integration procedures as well as the resistance of the candidate organism toward the abiotic stressors experienced under space and Mars conditions. Therefore, we quantified the post-exposure viability with a live/dead staining technique utilizing FUN-1 and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). In addition, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate putative patterns of morphological-anatomical damage that lichens may suffer under the extreme exposure conditions. The present results demonstrate that Buellia frigida is capable of surviving the conditions tested in EVT and SVT. The mycobiont showed lower average impairment of its viability than the photobiont (viability rates of >83% and >69%, respectively), and the lichen thallus suffered no significant damage in terms of thalline integrity and symbiotic contact. These results will become essential to substantiate and validate the results prospectively obtained from the returning space mission. Moreover, they will help assess the limits and limitations of terrestrial organisms under space and Mars conditions as well as characterize the adaptive traits that confer lichen extremotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Meeßen
- 1 Institut für Botanik, Heinrich-Heine Universität (HHU) , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - P Wuthenow
- 1 Institut für Botanik, Heinrich-Heine Universität (HHU) , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - P Schille
- 1 Institut für Botanik, Heinrich-Heine Universität (HHU) , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - E Rabbow
- 2 Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) , Köln, Germany
| | - J-P P de Vera
- 3 Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) , Berlin, Germany
| | - S Ott
- 1 Institut für Botanik, Heinrich-Heine Universität (HHU) , Düsseldorf, Germany
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Mesquita VA, Machado MD, Silva CF, Soares EV. Impact of multi-metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) exposure on the physiology of the yeast Pichia kudriavzevii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11127-11136. [PMID: 25794581 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination of the environment is frequently associated to the presence of two or more metals. This work aimed to study the impact of a mixture of metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) on the physiology of the non-conventional yeast Pichia kudriavzevii. The incubation of yeast cells with 5 mg/l Cd, 10 mg/l Pb and 5 mg/l Zn, for 6 h, induced a loss of metabolic activity (assessed by FUN-1 staining) and proliferation capacity (evaluated by a clonogenic assay), with a small loss of membrane integrity (measured by trypan blue exclusion assay). The staining of yeast cells with calcofluor white revealed that no modification of chitin deposition pattern occurred during the exposure to metal mixture. Extending for 24 h, the exposure of yeast cells to metal mixture provoked a loss of membrane integrity, which was accompanied by the leakage of intracellular components. A marked loss of the metabolic activity and the loss of proliferation capacity were also observed. The analysis of the impact of a single metal has shown that, under the conditions studied, Pb was the metal responsible for the toxic effect observed in the metal mixture. Intracellular accumulation of Pb seems to be correlated with the metals' toxic effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Mesquita
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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