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Nancy Hilda J, Das S. Neutrophil CD64, TLR2 and TLR4 expression increases but phagocytic potential decreases during tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:135-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains modify granular enzyme secretion and apoptosis of human neutrophils. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:325-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hilda JN, Das SD. TLR stimulation of human neutrophils lead to increased release of MCP-1, MIP-1α, IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF during tuberculosis. Hum Immunol 2015; 77:63-67. [PMID: 26472013 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils inform and shape immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential part in the perception of microbes and shape the complex host responses that occur during infection. The TLRs present on neutrophils play an indispensable role in neutrophil mediated pathogen recognition and elimination. This study was done to identify the role of significant TLRs in immune responses leading to differences in cytokine/chemokine release following stimulation. We evaluated the concentrations of various significant cytokines (IL-1β, TNF, MIP-1α, MCP-1 and IL-8) secreted by neutrophils from healthy donors and pulmonary tuberculosis patients following TLR ligand stimulation. TLR stimulation increased the release of such cytokines in both the groups. Thus it is noted that TLR stimulation of neutrophils definitely lead to increased cytokine response. Also, the release of all the studied cytokines are found to be greatly increased in patient neutrophils, affirming that neutrophils undergo secretory level modifications during tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nancy Hilda
- Dept of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetput, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Sulochana D Das
- Dept of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetput, Chennai 600031, India.
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Hilda JN, Narasimhan M, Das SD. Neutrophils from pulmonary tuberculosis patients show augmented levels of chemokines MIP-1α, IL-8 and MCP-1 which further increase upon in vitro infection with mycobacterial strains. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:914-22. [PMID: 24994463 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils being innate cells initiate the immune defence against mycobacteria by sending signals to other immune cells. Chemokines being the vital link in signaling processes, it is of interest to study their secretion by neutrophils as a response to tuberculosis infection. The levels of various chemokines (MIP-1α, MCP-1, IL-8 and IP-10) and chemokine receptors (CXCR1, CXCR2 and CCR1) in neutrophils from healthy individuals and pulmonary tuberculosis patients were studied following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains (clinical--S7 and S10 and laboratory--H37Rv). The release of MIP-1α, IL-8 and MCP-1 is found to be greatly increased in patient neutrophils. Mycobacterial strains differentially influenced neutrophils affecting the release of chemokines to different extent. H37Rv significantly increased the release of MIP-1α and IL-8 in both normals and tuberculosis patients, while S10 up regulated only the release of MIP-1α in patients. Thus, during tuberculosis, neutrophils undergo functional alteration to combat infection. While H37Rv is greatly recognized by neutrophils and triggers the release of chemokines, clinical strains by some means try to suppress immune activation of neutrophils in their favor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nancy Hilda
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetput, Chennai 600031, India
| | | | - Sulochana D Das
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetput, Chennai 600031, India.
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Rajavelu P, Das SD. A Correlation between Phagocytosis and Apoptosis in THP-1 Cells Infected with Prevalent Strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:201-10. [PMID: 17310088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The innate ability of infected macrophages to undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) and curtail the infection is crucial for the host defense. Although phagocytosis and intracellular killing mechanisms leading to apoptosis in macrophages are highly effective in eliminating the infecting tuberculous bacilli, some Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) strains have evolved strategies to inhibit this microbicidal function and make use of macrophage for its successful and prolonged survival. Two clinical strains of Mtb (S7 and S10) found to be prevalent and primitive, based on molecular epidemiological studies, were used to study the magnitude in induction of apoptosis in THP-1 cells at various time points of infection and to correlate it with phagocytosis. The percentage of phagocytosis did not show any strain-specific association with differentiated THP-1 cells. But in the phagocytic index, the clinical strains showed a low dose of infection in the 1-10 bacilli category thereby exerting less burden on the cells. The induction of apoptosis was strain dependent. The THP-1 cells infected with H37Ra and S10 showed an increase in apoptosis at all time points while the S7 strain induced minimum apoptosis. A negative correlation between apoptosis and phagocytic index was observed in the 1-10 category and a positive correlation in the > 20 category of the phagocytic index. This novel observation indicates that the magnitude of THP-1 cell apoptosis is a function of the number of internalized mycobacteria. These results indicated a differential mode of infection by clinical strains and their adaptation to different survival strategies that may lead to immune suppression and pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rajavelu
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre, Chennai-31, India
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Kumar G, Shankar H, Chahar M, Sharma P, Yadav VS, Chauhan DS, Katoch VM, Joshi B. Whole cell & culture filtrate proteins from prevalent genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis provoke better antibody & T cell response than laboratory strain H 37 Rv. Indian J Med Res 2012; 135:745-55. [PMID: 22771608 PMCID: PMC3401709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES The immune responses to different antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 Rv vary from patient to patient with tuberculosis (TB). Therefore, significant difference might be documented between the H 37 Rv with long histories of passages and recent clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis. In the present study, immune response of TB patients and healthy controls against 39 clinical M. tuberculosis isolates was correlated with laboratory strain H 37 Rv. METHODS The antibody response was studied coating whole cell extracts and culture filtrate proteins of M. tuberculosis isolates and laboratory strain H 37Rv by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lymphoproliferation was studied by incorporation of tritiated thymidine and cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-4) by using commercially available kits. RESULTS Sero-reactivity to whole cell extract (WCE) of 11 clinical isolates was higher with pooled serum and individual's serum from tuberculosis patients showed significant reactivity (P<0.05) to ten of these isolates using ELISA. Of the WCE of 39 clinical isolates, 10 were found to be potent inducer of lymphoproliferation as well as cytokine secretion (P<0.05) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from PPD+ healthy controls. Six culture filtrate proteins (CFPs) from these selected clinical isolates were also better inducers of antibody and T-cell response. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Overall, our results revealed that the clinical isolates belonging to prevalent genotypes; CAS1_Del (ST-26), East African-Indian (ST-11) and Beijing family (ST-1) induced better antibody and T cell responses compared to H 37 Rv laboratory strain. Further studies need to be done to purify and identify the dominant protein (s) using whole cell extract and culture filtrates from these immunologically relevant clinical M. tuberculosis isolates, which will be worthwhile to find out pathogenic factors, potential diagnostic markers and protective molecules for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavish Kumar
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Hari Shankar
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Mamta Chahar
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Pragya Sharma
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Virendra Singh Yadav
- Department of Bio-statistics & Epidemiology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Devendra Singh Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India
| | - Vishwa Mohan Katoch
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India,Reprint requests: Dr. Beenu Joshi, Scientist E, Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Taj Ganj, Agra 282 001, India e-mail:
| | - Beenu Joshi
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Agra, India,Reprint requests: Dr. Beenu Joshi, Scientist E, Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Taj Ganj, Agra 282 001, India e-mail:
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Rajavelu P, Das SD. Kinetics of chemokine secretion in human macrophages infected with various strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2010; 28:201-6. [PMID: 20644306 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.66470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It has been shown that chemokine secretion upon infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is influenced by the virulence of the strain, and it is suggested that virulence-associated differences in chemokine secretion contribute to the failure in containing the infection due to poor granuloma formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we used prevalent M tuberculosis clinical strains (S7 and S10) to study the chemokine secretion profile in infected THP-1 cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and compared this with the chemokine secretion induced by laboratory strains. RESULTS This study showed that comparatively lower levels of IP-10 were induced by clinical strains than by laboratory strains in both differentiated THP-1 and MDMs. The secretion of MIP-1alpha was also depressed but only in the THP-1 cells infected with clinical strains. This depressed chemokine secretion may hinder the movement of Th-1 cells from the periphery into the infection foci to control the infection. Correlation between IP-10 and IL-12p40 showed a negative relationship in control MDMs, while there was a positive correlation in all the infected strains, indicating their cooperative role in attracting and activating Th1 cells for a protective immune response at the site. This relationship was strain dependent, with avirulent H37Ra showing higher correlation, followed by the clinical strains and the virulent H37Rv. A positive correlation of IP-10 with IFN-gamma (S7 and H37Ra) and with IL-10 (H37Ra and H37Rv) suggested a definitive interplay of these molecules in infection. CONCLUSIONS The chemokines secretion by infected THP-1 cells and MDMs was strain dependant and the lower induction by the clinical strains may indicate that the clinical strains maintain a quiescent nature to mislead the host immune system for their benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rajavelu
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre ICMR, Chennai 600031, India
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Patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis display impaired Th1 responses and enhanced regulatory T-cell levels in response to an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis M and Ra strains. Infect Immun 2009; 77:5025-34. [PMID: 19720756 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00224-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Argentina, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) outbreaks emerged among hospitalized patients with AIDS in the early 1990s and thereafter disseminated to the immunocompetent community. Epidemiological, bacteriological, and genotyping data allowed the identification of certain MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis outbreak strains, such as the so-called strain M of the Haarlem lineage and strain Ra of the Latin America and Mediterranean lineage. In the current study, we evaluated the immune responses induced by strains M and Ra in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with active MDR-TB or fully drug-susceptible tuberculosis (S-TB) and in purified protein derivative-positive healthy controls (group N). Our results demonstrated that strain M was a weaker gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) inducer than H37Rv for group N. Strain M induced the highest interleukin-4 expression in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from MDR- and S-TB patients, along with the lowest cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity in patients and controls. Hence, impairment of CTL activity is a hallmark of strain M and could be an evasion mechanism employed by this strain to avoid the killing of macrophages by M-specific CTL effectors. In addition, MDR-TB patients had an increased proportion of circulating regulatory T cells (Treg cells), and these cells were further expanded upon in vitro M. tuberculosis stimulation. Experimental Treg cell depletion increased IFN-gamma expression and CTL activity in TB patients, with M- and Ra-induced CTL responses remaining low in MDR-TB patients. Altogether, these results suggest that immunity to MDR strains might depend upon a balance between the individual host response and the ability of different M. tuberculosis genotypes to drive Th1 or Th2 profiles.
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Rajashree P, Das SD. Infection with prevalent clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to differential maturation of monocyte derived dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2008; 117:174-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Liu K, Ba X, Yu J, Li J, Wei Q, Han G, Li G, Cui Y. The Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Induces Strong Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Mice. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 288:65-71. [PMID: 16691317 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) catalyzes guanosine or adenosine mononucleotide-dependent reversible conversion of oxaloacetate (OAA) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Mycobacterium (M) tuberculosis possesses a putative GTP-dependent PEPCK. To analyze the immune responses caused by PEPCK, the effects of PEPCK on the induction of CD4(+) T cells and cytokines such as IFN-gamma, IL-12 and TNF-alpha were evaluated in mice. It was found that the number of CD4(+) T cells was increased in the PEPCK immunized mice although the change of the number of CD8(+) T cells was not significant. The cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-12 and TNF-alpha were increased significantly in the mice immunized with PEPCK than those of incomplete adjuvant. These characteristics were further demonstrated in the mice infected by pckA mutated BCG strain. The results indicate that PEPCK can effectively induce cell-mediated immune response by increasing activity of cytokines and PEPCK may be a promising new subunit vaccine candidate for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Liu
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining Taibai Zhong Road #11, Shandong, 272033, China.
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Rajavelu P, Das SD. Th2-type immune response observed in healthy individuals to sonicate antigen prepared from the most prevalentMycobacterium tuberculosisstrain with single copy of IS6110. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 45:95-102. [PMID: 15985228 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Different Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains operate different immune evasion strategies for their survival in the host. This mainly depends on the virulence of the strain and the host immune responses. The most virulent strains are actively involved in the transmission, widely spread in the community and induce differential immune responses. We evaluated the immune response of a sonicate antigen prepared from one predominant strain (S7) from M. tuberculosis harbouring a single copy of IS6110. Significant lymphoproliferative response against purified protein derivative from tubercle bacillus (PPD) and H37Rv antigens was observed in PPD positive normal individuals and tuberculosis patients. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) levels against these antigens were significantly increased in normal individuals but not in tuberculosis patients. The antigen S7 showed marginal T-cell proliferation but did not induce IFN-gamma secretion in both groups. Conversely, it induced significantly high levels of cytokine interleukin 4 (IL-4) in normal individuals. The macrophage cytokines, IL-12 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), did not show S7 antigen specific stimulation. The intracellular cytokine further confirmed an increase in IL-4(+)/CD4+ T-cells and a decrease in IFN-gamma(+)/CD4+ T-cells upon stimulation. The antibody response showed an increase in IgG and IgA levels against this antigen in normal individuals. These observations suggest that antigen S7 modulates the immune response towards T helper cell type 2 by suppressing T helper cell type 1 protective immune response in PPD positive normal individuals. We speculate that some components of this sonicate antigen are associated with immunosuppressive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rajavelu
- Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Mayor V.R. Ramanathan Road, Chetput, Chennai 600 031, Tamil Nadu, India
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