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Rodríguez-Agurto A, Bravo M, Magán-Fernandez A, López-Toruño A, Muñoz R, Ferrer J, Mesa F. Randomized clinical trial on the clinical effects of a toothpaste containing extra virgin olive oil, xylitol, and betaine in gingivitis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6294. [PMID: 37072503 PMCID: PMC10113385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects on gingival bleeding, dental biofilm, and salivary flow and pH in patients with gingivitis of using toothpaste with extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), xylitol, and betaine in comparison to a placebo or commercial toothpaste. This controlled, double blinded, and multicenter randomized clinical trial included patients with gingivitis randomly assigned to one of three groups: test group (EVOO, xylitol, and betaine toothpaste), control group 1 (placebo toothpaste), or control group 2 (commercial toothpaste). Percentage supragingival biofilm and gingival bleeding were evaluated at baseline (T0), 2 months (T2), and 4 months (T4), measuring non-stimulated salivary flow and salivary pH. Comparisons were performed between and within groups. The final study sample comprised 20 in the test group, 21 in control group 1, and 20 in control group 2. In comparison to control group 1, the test group showed significantly greater decreases in gingival bleeding between T4 and T0 (p = 0.02) and in biofilm between T2 and T0 (p = 0.02) and between T4 and T0 (p = 0.01). In the test group, salivary flow significantly increased between T2 and T0 (p = 0.01), while pH alkalization was significantly greater between T4 and T0 versus control group 2 (p = 0.01) and close-to-significantly greater versus control group 1 (p = 0.06). The toothpaste with EVOO, xylitol, and betaine obtained the best outcomes in patients with gingivitis, who showed reductions in gingival bleeding and supragingival biofilm and an increase in pH at 4 months in comparison to a commercial toothpaste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Bravo
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Magán-Fernandez
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Ana López-Toruño
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Muñoz
- Odontólogo, Centro de Salud de Loja, Unidad de Salud Bucodental Distrito Metropolitano, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Joaquín Ferrer
- Odontólogo, Centro de Salud de Huétor-Tajar, Unidad de Salud Bucodental Distrito Metropolitano, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Mesa
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Wu YF, Salamanca E, Chen IW, Su JN, Chen YC, Wang SY, Sun YS, Teng NC, Chang WJ. Xylitol-Containing Chewing Gum Reduces Cariogenic and Periodontopathic Bacteria in Dental Plaque—Microbiome Investigation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:882636. [PMID: 35634392 PMCID: PMC9131035 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.882636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundDental caries and periodontal disease remain the most prevalent oral health problems in the world. Chewing xylitol gum may help reduce the risk of caries and periodontitis for dental health benefits. However, little evidence has shown healthy food estimation by sequencing 16S rDNA in oral microbial communities. This study investigated the clinical effect of xylitol chewing gum on dental plaque accumulation and microbiota composition using the PacBio full-length sequencing platform in 24 young adults (N = 24). The participants were randomly assigned to xylitol chewing gum and control (no chewing gum) groups. Participants in the chewing gum group chewed ten pieces of gum (a total of 6.2 g xylitol/day). Dental plaque from all teeth was collected for weighing, measuring the pH value, and analysis of microbial communities at the beginning (baseline, M0) and end of the 2-week (effect, M1) study period.ResultsThe results suggested a 20% reduction in dental plaque accumulation (p < 0.05) among participants chewing xylitol gum for 2 weeks, and the relative abundance of Firmicutes (a type of pathogenic bacteria associated with caries) decreased by 10.26% (p < 0.05) and that of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria (two types of pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis) decreased by 6.32% (p < 0.001) and 1.66% (p < 0.05), respectively. Moreover, the relative abundance of Fusobacteria was increased by 9.24% (p < 0.001), which has been proven to have a higher proportion in dental plaque of healthy adults. However, the dental plaque pH value stayed in a healthy range for the two groups.ConclusionIn conclusion, chewing xylitol gum would benefit cariogenic and periodontal bacterial reduction in the oral cavity, which could help to prevent the diseases related to these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Wu
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eisner Salamanca
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Ning Su
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Che Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin Yu Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Sui Sun
- School of Dental Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chia Teng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation and Center of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Nai-Chia Teng,
| | - Wei-Jen Chang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Dental Department, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Wei-Jen Chang,
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Zhao R, Xie Y, Yang B, Wang C, Huang Q, Han Y, Yang L, Yan S, Wang X, Fu C, Wu D, Wu X. Identification of metabolic biomarkers to predict treatment outcome and disease progression in multiple myeloma. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:3935-3946. [PMID: 33294278 PMCID: PMC7716146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between metabolites and multiple myeloma (MM) is becoming a research focus in the field. In this study, we performed metabolic profiling of multiple myeloma and identified potential metabolites associated with clinical characteristics, therapeutic efficacy, and prognosis of the disease. Fifty-five patients with newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma and thirty-seven healthy controls from August 2016 to October 2017 were randomly collected. The serum metabolic profiling was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique and underwent statistical analysis. Twenty-seven metabolites were found to be significantly different between healthy controls and multiple myeloma patients. Eleven metabolites were significantly elevated, while sixteen metabolites were decreased in the multiple myeloma population. Metabolic changes were also observed in patients with renal impairment and bone destruction. Levels of urea were significantly decreased after treatment while levels of hypotaurine showed significant increase in the good-effect group (P<0.05), but not in the no-good-effect group (P>0.05). In multivariate statistical analyses, high cysteine and high hypotaurine are independent risk factors for poor treatment outcome. After adjustment for critical clinical characteristics, patients with high levels of glycolic acid and xylitol were found to be less likely to experience disease progression. Multiple myeloma demonstrates different metabolic characteristics compared with the healthy population. Among multiple myeloma patients, renal impairment and bone destruction showed additional metabolic characteristics. Cysteine and hypotaurine have value in predicting the treatment outcome, while glycolic acid and xylitol may be important prognostic factors for multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Yiyu Xie
- Yale New Haven Health/Bridgeport HospitalBridgeport, USA
| | - Bingyu Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Chang Wang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSuzhou, China
| | - Qianlei Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Yue Han
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Shuang Yan
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York UniversityToronto, Canada
| | - Chengcheng Fu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Depei Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojin Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
- Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
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Health benefits of xylitol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7225-7237. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Osmunda japonica Extract Suppresses Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines by Downregulating NF-κB Activation in Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Infected with Oral Pathogenic Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072453. [PMID: 32244806 PMCID: PMC7177349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are caused by bacterial infection and may progress to chronic dental disease; severe inflammation may result in bone loss. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent bacterial infection or control inflammation. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) are responsible for the maintenance of tissue integrity and immune and inflammatory events in periodontal diseases. The formation of bacterial complexes by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis is crucial in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. F. nucleatum is a facultative anaerobic species, considered to be a key mediator of dental plaque maturation and aggregation of other oral bacteria. P. gingivalis is an obligate anaerobic species that induces gingival inflammation by secreting virulence factors. In this study, we investigated whether Osmunda japonica extract exerted anti-inflammatory effects in primary PDLFs stimulated by oral pathogens. PDLFs were stimulated with F. nucleatum or P. gingivalis. We showed that pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-8) expression was induced by LPS or bacterial infection but decreased by treatment with O. japonica extract following bacterial infection. We found that the activation of NF-κB, a transcription factor for pro-inflammatory cytokines, was modulated by O. japonica extract. Thus, O. japonica extract has immunomodulatory activity that can be harnessed to control inflammation.
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Szél E, Danis J, Sőrés E, Tóth D, Korponyai C, Degovics D, Prorok J, Acsai K, Dikstein S, Kemény L, Erős G. Protective effects of glycerol and xylitol in keratinocytes exposed to hyperosmotic stress. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019; 12:323-331. [PMID: 31190939 PMCID: PMC6514140 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s197946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Our goal was to study whether glycerol and xylitol provide protection against osmotic stress in keratinocytes. Methods: The experiments were performed on HaCaT keratinocytes. Hyperosmotic stress was induced by the addition of sorbitol (450, 500 and 600 mOsm). Both polyols were applied at two different concentrations (glycerol: 0.027% and 0.27%, xylitol: 0.045% and 0.45%). Cellular viability and cytotoxicity were assessed, intracellular Ca2+ concentration was measured, and the RNA expression of inflammatory cytokines was determined by means of PCR. Differences among groups were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak post-hoc test. When the normality test failed, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks, followed by Dunn's method for pairwise multiple comparison was performed. Results: The higher concentrations of the polyols were effective. Glycerol ameliorated the cellular viability while xylitol prevented the rapid Ca2+ signal. Both polyols suppressed the expression of IL-1α but only glycerol decreased the expression of IL-1β and NFAT5. Conclusions: Glycerol and xylitol protect keratinocytes against osmotic stress. Despite their similar chemical structure, the effect of these polyols displayed differences. Hence, joint application of glycerol and xylitol may be a useful therapeutic approach for different skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Szél
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Danis
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Evelin Sőrés
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dániel Tóth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Korponyai
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Döníz Degovics
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Prorok
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Károly Acsai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Lajos Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Erős
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Litsea japonica Leaf Extract Suppresses Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Stimulated with Oral Pathogenic Bacteria or Interleukin-1β. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092494. [PMID: 30142971 PMCID: PMC6163774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease, a chronic disease caused by bacterial infection, eventually progresses to severe inflammation and bone loss. Regulating excessive inflammation of inflamed periodontal tissues is critical in treating periodontal diseases. The periodontal ligament (PDL) is primarily a connective tissue attachment between the root and alveolar bone. PDL fibroblasts (PDLFs) produce pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial infection, which could further adversely affect the tissue and cause bone loss. In this study, we determined the ability of Litsea japonica leaf extract (LJLE) to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production in PDLFs in response to various stimulants. First, we found that LJLE treatment reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6 and interleukin-8) mRNA and protein expression in PDLFs without cytotoxicity. Next, we observed the anti-inflammatory effect of LJLE in PDLFs after infection with various oral bacteria, including Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. These anti-inflammatory effects of LJLE were dose-dependent, and the extract was effective following both pretreatment and posttreatment. Moreover, we found that LJLE suppressed the effect of interleukin-1 beta-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in PDLFs. Taken together, these results indicate that LJLE has anti-inflammatory activity that could be exploited to prevent and treat human periodontitis by controlling inflammation.
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Park MH, Park E, Kim HJ, Na HS, Chung J. Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced miR-132 regulates TNFα expression in THP-1 derived macrophages. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:761. [PMID: 27386246 PMCID: PMC4912528 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease induced by periodontopathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the level of translation. MiRNAs have been reported to be involved in inflammatory processes. In this study, we examined the effects of P. gingivalis-induced inflammatory miRNAs expression on TNFα production in THP-1 derived macrophages. Results Porphyromonas gingivalis induced the expression of miR-132. P. gingivalis-induced miR-132 expression was significantly inhibited by TLR2/4 knock-down and NF-κB inhibitor. Additionally, miR-132 antagomir strongly repressed production of TNFα. The expression of NFE2L2 and NFAT5, the putative target genes of miR-132 involved in regulation of TNFα, decreased in response to P. gingivalis. Furthermore, miR-132 antagomir rescued P. gingivalis-induced suppression of NFE2L2 and NFAT5. Conclusions These results suggest that the induction of miR-132 by P. gingivalis can modulate the pathogenesis of periodontitis induced via regulatory expression of TNFα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870 South Korea
| | - Eunjoo Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870 South Korea
| | - Hyung-Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, 626-870 South Korea
| | - Hee Sam Na
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870 South Korea
| | - Jin Chung
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 626-870 South Korea
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Matsubara VH, Bandara HMHN, Ishikawa KH, Mayer MPA, Samaranayake LP. The role of probiotic bacteria in managing periodontal disease: a systematic review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 14:643-55. [PMID: 27224284 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2016.1194198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The frequent recolonization of treated sites by periodontopathogens and the emergence of antibiotic resistance have led to a call for new therapeutic approaches for managing periodontal diseases. As probiotics are considered a new tool for combating infectious diseases, we systematically reviewed the evidences for their effectiveness in the management of periodontitis. AREAS COVERED An electronic search was performed in the MEDLINE, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library databases up to March 2016 using the terms 'periodontitis', 'chronic periodontitis', 'probiotic(s)', 'prebiotic(s)', 'symbiotic(s)', 'Bifidobacterium and 'Lactobacillus'. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the present study. Analysis of 12 RCTs revealed that in general, oral administration of probiotics improved the recognized clinical signs of chronic and aggressive periodontitis such as probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and attachment loss, with a concomitant reduction in the levels of major periodontal pathogens. Continuous probiotic administration, laced mainly with Lactobacillus species, was necessary to maintain these benefits. Expert commentary: Oral administration of probiotics is a safe and effective adjunct to conventional mechanical treatment (scaling) in the management of periodontitis, specially the chronic disease entity. Their adjunctive use is likely to improve disease indices and reduce the need for antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Haruo Matsubara
- a School of Dentistry , The University of Queensland, (UQ Oral Health Centre) , Brisbane , Australia.,b Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.,c School of Dentistry , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - H M H N Bandara
- a School of Dentistry , The University of Queensland, (UQ Oral Health Centre) , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Karin Hitomi Ishikawa
- b Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- b Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Kim S, Park MH, Song YR, Na HS, Chung J. Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans-Induced AIM2 Inflammasome Activation Is Suppressed by Xylitol in Differentiated THP-1 Macrophages. J Periodontol 2016; 87:e116-26. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.150477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Pezzotti G, Bock RM, McEntire BJ, Jones E, Boffelli M, Zhu W, Baggio G, Boschetto F, Puppulin L, Adachi T, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N, Marunaka Y, Bal BS. Silicon Nitride Bioceramics Induce Chemically Driven Lysis in Porphyromonas gingivalis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3024-35. [PMID: 26948186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Organisms of Gram-negative phylum bacteroidetes, Porphyromonas gingivalis, underwent lysis on polished surfaces of silicon nitride (Si3N4) bioceramics. The antibacterial activity of Si3N4 was mainly the result of chemically driven principles. The lytic activity, although not osmotic in nature, was related to the peculiar pH-dependent surface chemistry of Si3N4. A buffering effect via the formation of ammonium ions (NH4(+)) (and their modifications) was experimentally observed by pH microscopy. Lysis was confirmed by conventional fluorescence spectroscopy, and the bacteria's metabolism was traced with the aid of in situ Raman microprobe spectroscopy. This latter technique revealed the formation of peroxynitrite within the bacterium itself. Degradation of the bacteria's nucleic acid, drastic reduction in phenilalanine, and reduction of lipid concentration were observed due to short-term exposure (6 days) to Si3N4. Altering the surface chemistry of Si3N4 by either chemical etching or thermal oxidation influenced peroxynitrite formation and affected bacteria metabolism in different ways. Exploiting the peculiar surface chemistry of Si3N4 bioceramics could be helpful in counteracting Porphyromonas gingivalis in an alkaline pH environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8126 Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryan M Bock
- Amedica Corporation, 1885 West 2100 South, Salt Lake City, Utah 84119, United States
| | - Bryan J McEntire
- Amedica Corporation, 1885 West 2100 South, Salt Lake City, Utah 84119, United States
| | - Erin Jones
- Amedica Corporation, 1885 West 2100 South, Salt Lake City, Utah 84119, United States
| | - Marco Boffelli
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8126 Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Department of Medical Engineering for Treatment of Bone and Joint Disorders, Osaka University , 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0854, Japan
| | - Greta Baggio
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8126 Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Francesco Boschetto
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, 606-8126 Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Leonardo Puppulin
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiro Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine , Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - B Sonny Bal
- Amedica Corporation, 1885 West 2100 South, Salt Lake City, Utah 84119, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri 65212, United States
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Park E, Park MH, Na HS, Chung J. Xylitol induces cell death in lung cancer A549 cells by autophagy. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:983-90. [PMID: 25650339 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Xylitol is a widely used anti-caries agent that has anti-inflammatory effects. We have evaluated the potential of xylitol in cancer treatment. It's effects on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity were measured by MTT assay and LDH assay. Cell morphology and autophagy were examined by immunostaining and immunoblotting. Xylitol inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in these cancer cells: A549, Caki, NCI-H23, HCT-15, HL-60, K562, and SK MEL-2. The IC50 of xylitol in human gingival fibroblast cells was higher than in cancer cells, indicating that it is more specific for cancer cells. Moreover, xylitol induced autophagy in A549 cells that was inhibited by 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor. These results indicate that xylitol has potential in therapy against lung cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing autophagy of A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjoo Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, 626-870, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
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Tokuda M, Fujisawa M, Miyashita K, Kawakami Y, Morimoto-Yamashita Y, Torii M. Involvement of TRPV1 and AQP2 in hypertonic stress by xylitol in odontoblast cells. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:44-9. [PMID: 25372661 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2014.984804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the responses of mouse odontoblast-lineage cell line (OLC) cultures to xylitol-induced hypertonic stress. METHODOLOGY OLCs were treated with xylitol, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, arabinose and lyxose. Cell viability was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium assay. The expression of transient receptor potential vanilloids (TRPV) 1, 3 and 4 was detected using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. The expression of aquaporin (AQP) 2 was detected using immunofluorescence and Western blotting analysis. The expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) under xylitol-induced hypertonic stress was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) for AQP-2 was used to inhibition assay. RESULTS Xylitol-induced hypertonic stress did not decrease OLC viability, unlike the other sugars tested. OLCs expressed TRPV1, 3 and 4 as well as AQP2. Xylitol inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-6 expression after 3 h of hypertonic stress. TRPV1 mRNA expression was upregulated by xylitol. Costimulation with HgCl2 (AQP inhibitor) and Ruthenium red (TRPV1 inhibitor) decreased cell viability with xylitol stimulation. OLCs treated with siRNA against TRPV1 exhibited decreased cell viability with xylitol stimulation. CONCLUSION OLCs have high-cell viability under xylitol-induced hypertonic stress, which may be associated with TRPV1 and AQP2 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tokuda
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Kagoshima , Japan
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Park E, Na HS, Kim SM, Wallet S, Cha S, Chung J. Xylitol, an anticaries agent, exhibits potent inhibition of inflammatory responses in human THP-1-derived macrophages infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2014; 85:e212-23. [PMID: 24592909 PMCID: PMC4775082 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.130455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylitol is a well-known anticaries agent and has been used for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of xylitol are evaluated for possible use in the prevention and treatment of periodontal infections. METHODS Cytokine expression was stimulated in THP-1 (human monocyte cell line)-derived macrophages by live Porphyromonas gingivalis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a commercial multiplex assay kit were used to determine the effects of xylitol on live P. gingivalis-induced production of cytokine. The effects of xylitol on phagocytosis and the production of nitric oxide were determined using phagocytosis assay, viable cell count, and Griess reagent. The effects of xylitol on P. gingivalis adhesion were determined by immunostaining, and costimulatory molecule expression was examined by flow cytometry. RESULTS Live P. gingivalis infection increased the production of representative proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, in a multiplicity of infection- and time-dependent manner. Live P. gingivalis also enhanced the release of cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-12 p40, eotaxin, interferon γ-induced protein 10, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1. The pretreatment of xylitol significantly inhibited the P. gingivalis-induced cytokines production and nitric oxide production. In addition, xylitol inhibited the attachment of live P. gingivalis on THP-1-derived macrophages. Furthermore, xylitol exerted antiphagocytic activity against both Escherichia coli and P. gingivalis. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that xylitol acts as an anti-inflammatory agent in THP-1-derived macrophages infected with live P. gingivalis, which supports its use in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjoo Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Hee Sam Na
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Sheon Min Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Shannon Wallet
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida
| | - Jin Chung
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
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Fangkrathok N, Junlatat J, Umehara K, Noguchi H, Sripanidkulchai B. Cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of polyhydroxyoctane isolated from Lentinus polychrous mycelia. J Nat Med 2013; 68:302-9. [PMID: 23949212 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-013-0797-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A polyhydroxyoctane, 6-methylheptane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaol (MHP), was first isolated from mycelia of the Thai edible mushroom Lentinus polychrous. MHP was evaluated for its cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects in vitro. MHP was slightly cytotoxic to murine splenocytes but not to RAW264.7 cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. MHP decreased nitric oxide and intracellular O2 (-) production from lipopolysaccharide- and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-activated RAW264.7 cells at levels of 78.98 ± 4.72 and 78.48 ± 2.41 % of controls, respectively. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-1 and COX-2, were significantly suppressed by MHP. In addition, MHP significantly increased the proliferation of phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen-induced splenocytes. These results indicate that MHP is able to modulate inflammatory responses and the proliferation of both T- and B-lymphocyte cells, suggesting that MHP may be a good natural immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niramai Fangkrathok
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Burapha University Sakaeo Campus, Sakaeo, 27160, Thailand
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Yi EY, Kim YJ. Xylitol inhibits in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis by suppressing the NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:315-20. [PMID: 23615861 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important process involved in tumor growth and metastasis. Many studies have investigated the use of natural compounds such as angiogenic inhibitors. Xylitol is a 5-carbon sugar alcohol and is an artificial sweetener that has been used in chewing gums to prevent tooth decay. Xylitol has been also known to inhibit inflammatory cytokine expression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Since angiogenesis and inflammation share a common signaling pathway, we investigated the role of xylitol in angiogenesis. Xylitol inhibited the migration, invasion and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Xylitol also inhibited in vivo angiogenesis in a mouse Matrigel plug assay. Furthermore, mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGFR-II (KDR), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), bFGFR-II, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 of HUVECs decreased following treatment with xylitol. These anti-angiogenic effects of xylitol are exerted through inhibition of NF-κB and Akt activation. Taken together, these results suggest that xylitol acts as a beneficial angiogenesis inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Yeun Yi
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Brocker C, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. The role of hyperosmotic stress in inflammation and disease. Biomol Concepts 2012; 3:345-364. [PMID: 22977648 PMCID: PMC3438915 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2012-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stress is an often overlooked process that potentially contributes to a number of human diseases. Whereas renal hyperosmolarity is a well-studied phenomenon, recent research provides evidence that many non-renal tissues routinely experience hyperosmotic stress that may contribute significantly to disease initiation and progression. Moreover, a growing body of evidence implicates hyperosmotic stress as a potent inflammatory stimulus by triggering proinflammatory cytokine release and inflammation. Under physiological conditions, the urine concentrating mechanism within the inner medullary region of the mammalian kidney exposes cells to high extracellular osmolarity. As such, renal cells have developed many adaptive strategies to compensate for increased osmolarity. Hyperosmotic stress is linked to many maladies, including acute and chronic, as well as local and systemic, inflammatory disorders. Hyperosmolarity triggers cell shrinkage, oxidative stress, protein carbonylation, mitochondrial depolarization, DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest, thus rendering cells susceptible to apoptosis. However, many adaptive mechanisms exist to counter the deleterious effects of hyperosmotic stress, including cytoskeletal rearrangement and up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, transporters, and heat shock proteins. Osmolyte synthesis is also up-regulated and many of these compounds have been shown to reduce inflammation. The cytoprotective mechanisms and associated regulatory pathways that accompany the renal response to hyperosmolarity are found in many non-renal tissues, suggesting cells are commonly confronted with hyperosmotic conditions. Osmoadaptation allows cells to survive and function under potentially cytotoxic conditions. This review covers the pathological consequences of hyperosmotic stress in relation to disease and emphasizes the importance of considering hyperosmolarity in inflammation and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Brocker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David C. Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Suzuki N, Tanabe K, Takeshita T, Yoneda M, Iwamoto T, Oshiro S, Yamashita Y, Hirofuji T. Effects of oil drops containingLactobacillus salivariusWB21 on periodontal health and oral microbiota producing volatile sulfur compounds. J Breath Res 2012; 6:017106. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/6/1/017106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Nonnutritive, low caloric substitutes for food sugars: clinical implications for addressing the incidence of dental caries and overweight/obesity. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:625701. [PMID: 22505906 PMCID: PMC3296175 DOI: 10.1155/2012/625701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Caries and obesity are two common conditions affecting children in the United States and other developed countries. Caries in the teeth of susceptible children have often been associated with frequent ingestion of fermentable sugars such as sucrose, fructose, glucose, and maltose. Increased calorie intake associated with sugars and carbohydrates, especially when associated with physical inactivity, has been implicated in childhood obesity. Fortunately, nonnutritive artificial alternatives and non-/low-caloric natural sugars have been developed as alternatives to fermentable sugars and have shown promise in partially addressing these health issues. Diet counseling is an important adjunct to oral health instruction. Although there are only five artificial sweeteners that have been approved as food additives by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there are additional five non-/low caloric sweeteners that have FDA GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) designation. Given the health impact of sugars and other carbohydrates, dental professionals should be aware of the nonnutritive non-/low caloric sweeteners available on the market and both their benefits and potential risks. Dental health professionals should also be proactive in helping identify patients at risk for obesity and provide counseling and referral when appropriate.
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Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 via PI3K/Akt and Nrf-2 signaling pathways mediates the anti-inflammatory activity of Schisandrin in Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS-stimulated macrophages. Immunol Lett 2011; 139:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mäkinen KK. Sugar alcohol sweeteners as alternatives to sugar with special consideration of xylitol. Med Princ Pract 2011; 20:303-20. [PMID: 21576989 DOI: 10.1159/000324534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental caries is a diet-associated disease which continues to be a serious health problem in most industrialized and developing countries. Strategies to maximize caries prevention should automatically consider the use of sugar substitutes. It is important that public health authorities are made cognizant of the availability of new polyol-type sugar substitutes. REVIEW SUMMARY Clinical studies have shown that xylitol, a natural, physiologic sugar alcohol of the pentitol type, can be used as a safe and effective caries-limiting sweetener. Habitual use of xylitol-containing food and oral hygiene adjuvants has been shown to reduce the growth of dental plaque, to interfere with the growth of caries-associated bacteria, to decrease the incidence of dental caries, and to be associated with remineralization of caries lesions. Numerous public regulatory bodies have endorsed the use of xylitol as a caries-limiting agent. Other sugar alcohols that have been successfully used as sugar substitutes include D-glucitol (sorbitol), which, however, owing to its hexitol nature, normally has no strong effect on the mass and adhesiveness of bacterial plaque and on the growth of mutans streptococci. A tetritol-type alditol, erythritol, has shown potential as a non-cariogenic sugar substitute. Combinations of xylitol and erythritol may reduce the incidence of caries more effectively than either alditol alone. CONCLUSIONS Partial sugar substitution with polyols is an important dietary tool in the prevention of dental caries that should be used to enhance existing fluoride-based caries prevention programmes. The most effective method of conveying this information to the public is through a proper health claim for these alditols in food labelling. The present review summarizes clinical and biochemical aspects of the above three dietary polyols and emphasizes the role of sugar substitution as a potential health-promoting strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauko K Mäkinen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, Turku, Finland.
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Mäkinen KK. Sugar alcohols, caries incidence, and remineralization of caries lesions: a literature review. Int J Dent 2010; 2010:981072. [PMID: 20339492 PMCID: PMC2836749 DOI: 10.1155/2010/981072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Remineralization of minor enamel defects is a normal physiological process that is well known to clinicians and researchers in dentistry and oral biology. This process can be facilitated by various dietary and oral hygiene procedures and may also concern dentin caries lesions. Dental caries is reversible if detected and treated sufficiently early. Habitual use of xylitol, a sugar alcohol of the pentitol type, can be associated with significant reduction in caries incidence and with tooth remineralization. Other dietary polyols that can remarkably lower the incidence of caries include erythritol which is a tetritol-type alditol. Based on known molecular parameters of simple dietary alditols, it is conceivable to predict that their efficacy in caries prevention will follow the homologous series, that is, that the number of OH-groups present in the alditol molecule will determine the efficacy as follows: erythritol >/= xylitol > sorbitol. The possible difference between erythritol and xylitol must be confirmed in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauko K. Mäkinen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Taya K, Hirose K, Hamada S. Trehalose inhibits inflammatory cytokine production by protecting IκB-α reduction in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:749-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ferreira AS, de Souza MA, Barbosa NR, da Silva SS. Leishmania amazonensis: Xylitol as inhibitor of macrophage infection and stimulator of macrophage nitric oxide production. Exp Parasitol 2008; 119:74-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Muià C, Mazzon E, Maiere D, Zito D, Di Paola R, Domenico S, Crisafulli C, Britti D, Cuzzocrea S. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate reduced experimental periodontitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 539:205-10. [PMID: 16696968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a transcription factor which plays a pivotal role in the induction of genes involved in physiological processes as well as in the response to injury and inflammation. Dithiocarbamates are antioxidants which are potent inhibitors of NF-kappaB. We postulated that pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) would attenuate inflammation. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of PDTC, in a rat model of periodontitis. Periodontitis was induced in rats by placing around the lower left first molar a 2/0 braided silk. At day eight the gingivomucosal tissue encircling the mandibular first molar was removed for biochemical and histological analysis. At day eight ligations significantly induced an increase neutrophil infiltration as well as the gingivomucosal tissue expression of TNF-alpha and iNOS as well as nitrotyrosine formation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. Ligation significantly increased Evans blue extravasation in gingivomucosal tissue and alveolar bone destruction. Intraperitonial injection of PDTC (10 mg/kg daily for eight days) significantly reduced all of the parameters of inflammation as described above. These data demonstrate that PDTC exerts an anti-inflammatory role during experimental periodontitis and is able to ameliorate the tissue damage associated with ligature-induced periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Muià
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario, 98123 Messina, Italy
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Bretz WA, Rosa OPS, Silva SMB, Corby PMA, Lima OC, Milanda M, Hujoel P, Loesche WJ. On the Acquisition of Periodontopathic Bacteria by Children from Mothers: A Randomized Double-Masked Placebo-Controlled Trial in Bauru, Brazil. SUOMEN HAMMASLAAKARILEHTI = FINLANDS TANDLAKARTIDNING 2006; 13:18-24. [PMID: 22267892 PMCID: PMC3261633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to determine the effects of mechanical and chemical modalities treatments on periodontal clinical and microbiological parameters of mothers; and 2) to determine the subsequent colonization of periodontal pathogens in tongue samples from their infants. DESIGN: A total of 168 mothers met inclusion criteria to participate in a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial. Of those, 121 mothers (and their infants) of 158 seen at baseline provided complete data during study protocols from when their infants were 3 months old until the infants were about 2 years old. Treatments consisted of a combination of xylitol chewing gum, fluoride and chlorhexidine varnishes. The control/placebo group received sorbitol chewing gum and placebo varnishes. The effect of these treatments on periodontal clinical and microbiological parameters of mothers and on microbiological parameters of their infants was assessed by generalized estimating equation models. RESULTS: Microbiological outcomes using the BANA Test were lower for the majority of the visits in the test group when compared to the control/placebo group. These differences, however, were not statistically significant. Similarly, mean PBS results were lower for all follow-up visits for test-group mothers when compared to the control/placebo group's mothers, but of no statistical significance. Colonization of the tongue in infants by periodontal pathogens as measured by the BANA Test showed no distinct patterns concerning the stability of colonization of periodontal pathogens throughout the study period, albeit slightly superior for the test group. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that a combined chemical modalities treatment consisting of xylitol chewing gum, fluoride varnish and chlorhexidine varnish was moderately superior to control/placebo treatments on periodontal clinical and microbiological parameters of mothers throughout the study period, but of no statistical significance. Similar results were found for the infants in the test group when compared to infants of the control/placebo groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Bretz
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
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