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Takahashi H, Horio K, Kato S, Kobori T, Watanabe K, Aki T, Nakashimada Y, Okamura Y. Direct detection of mRNA expression in microbial cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization using RNase H-assisted rolling circle amplification. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9588. [PMID: 32541674 PMCID: PMC7295810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Meta-analyses using next generation sequencing is a powerful strategy for studying microbiota; however, it cannot clarify the role of individual microbes within microbiota. To know which cell expresses what gene is important for elucidation of the individual cell’s function in microbiota. In this report, we developed novel fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedure using RNase-H-assisted rolling circle amplification to visualize mRNA of interest in microbial cells without reverse transcription. Our results show that this method is applicable to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive microbes without any noise from DNA, and it is possible to visualize the target mRNA expression directly at the single-cell level. Therefore, our procedure, when combined with data of meta-analyses, can help to understand the role of individual microbes in the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8530, Japan.
| | - Kyohei Horio
- Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530, Japan
| | - Setsu Kato
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8530, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530, Japan
| | - Toshiro Kobori
- Division of Food Biotechnology, Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Kenshi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8530, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530, Japan
| | - Tsunehiro Aki
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8530, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakashimada
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8530, Japan.,Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Okamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8530, Japan. .,Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8530, Japan.
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Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Herzog S, Nowotny N. Meta-analysis of putative human bornavirus sequences fails to provide evidence implicating Borna disease virus in mental illness. Rev Med Virol 2007; 17:181-203. [PMID: 17342788 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
All Borna disease virus (BDV) sequences derived from human specimens published till date were thoroughly analysed and compared to sequences of BDV laboratory strains and to BDV sequences from animals which succumbed to classical Borna disease (BD). Despite high sequence conservation of the BDV genome, animal-derived BDV sequences clustered according to their geographic origin. However, in marked contrast, human-derived BDV sequences did not cluster according to their geographic origin but showed high sequence identities to BDV laboratory strains and animal-derived BDVs handled in the laboratories reporting the human strains. Japanese, US, Australian and French human-derived BDV sequences proved to be identical or very similar to animal-derived BDV sequences from Germany, although the human specimens were collected hundreds to thousands of miles away from the central European BD endemic regions. These findings suggest that previous studies linking BDV to human neuropsychiatric disease may have been compromised by inadvertent sample contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dürrwald
- Impfstoffwerk Dessau-Tornau GmbH (IDT), Rodleben, Germany
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Abstract
The biology of Borna disease virus (BDV) strongly supports the likelihood of human infection with BDV or a variant of BDV. Thus far, the evidence supporting BDV infection in humans has initiated much controversy among basic and clinical scientists; only time and additional research will support or refute the hypothesis of human BDV infection. Until an assay of acceptable specificity and sensitivity has been developed, validated, and used to document human BDV infection, scientists cannot reasonably begin to associate BDV infection with specific disease syndromes. Clinical studies seeking causal associations between BDV infection and specific diseases must ensure the proper identification of the BDV infection status of patients and control subjects by using a validated, highly sensitive, and highly specific assay (or series of assays). For clinical studies, a highly sensitive "screening" test followed by a highly specific confirmatory test will be of significant benefit. Although it is possible to formulate hypotheses about the clinical outcomes of human BDV infection based on animal model work, to date no human disease has been causally linked to human BDV infection. Scientists all over the world are actively pursuing these issues, and with continuing advances in clinical and basic BDV research, the answers cannot be far away.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Carbone
- FDA/CBER, HFM 460, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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