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Böhmer MM, Haring VC, Schmidt B, Saller FS, Coyer L, Chitimia-Dobler L, Dobler G, Tappe D, Bonakdar A, Ebinger A, Knoll G, Eidenschink L, Rohrhofer A, Niller HH, Katz K, Starcky P, Beer M, Ulrich RG, Rubbenstroth D, Bauswein M. One Health in action: Investigation of the first detected local cluster of fatal borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) encephalitis, Germany 2022. J Clin Virol 2024; 171:105658. [PMID: 38447459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) causes fatal encephalitis in humans and animals. Subsequent to the detection of two paediatric cases in a Bavarian municipality in Germany within three years, we conducted an interdisciplinary One Health investigation. We aimed to explore seroprevalence in a local human population with a risk for BoDV-1 exposure as well as viral presence in environmental samples from local sites and BoDV-1 prevalence within the local small mammal population and its natural reservoir, the bicoloured white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon). METHODS The municipality's adult residents participated in an anonymised sero-epidemiological study. Potential risk factors and clinical symptoms were assessed by an electronic questionnaire. Small mammals, environmental samples and ticks from the municipality were tested for BoDV-1-RNA. Shrew-derived BoDV-1-sequences together with sequences of the two human cases were phylogenetically analysed. RESULTS In total, 679 citizens participated (response: 41 %), of whom 38 % reported shrews in their living environment and 19 % direct shrew contact. No anti-BoDV-1 antibodies were detected in human samples. BoDV-1-RNA was also undetectable in 38 environmental samples and 336 ticks. Of 220 collected shrews, twelve of 40 C. leucodon (30%) tested BoDV-1-RNA-positive. BoDV-1-sequences from the previously diagnosed two paediatric patients belonged to two different subclades, that were also present in shrews from the municipality. INTERPRETATION Our data support the interpretation that human BoDV-1 infections are rare even in endemic areas and primarily manifest as severe encephalitis. Sequence analysis linked both previous paediatric human infections to the local shrew population, but indicated independent infection sources. FUNDING The project was partly financed by funds of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant numbers: 01KI2005A, 01KI2005C, 01KI1722A, 01KI1722C, 01KI2002 to MaBe, DR, RGU, DT, BS) as well as by the ReForM-A programme of the University Hospital Regensburg (to MaBa) and by funds of the Bavarian State Ministry of Health, Care and Prevention, project "Zoonotic Bornavirus Focal Point Bavaria - ZooBoFo" (to MaBa, MaBe, BS, MMB, DR, PS, RGU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle M Böhmer
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany; Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Bornavirus-Focal Point Bavaria, Germany.
| | - Viola C Haring
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Bornavirus-Focal Point Bavaria, Germany; Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Liza Coyer
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany; ECDC Fellowship Programme, Field Epidemiology Path (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; Consiliary Laboratory for Bornaviruses, Germany
| | - Andrea Bonakdar
- Local Health Authority, county Mühldorf am Inn, Mühldorf am Inn, Germany
| | - Arnt Ebinger
- University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gertrud Knoll
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Eidenschink
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anette Rohrhofer
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Katz
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany
| | - Philip Starcky
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany; Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Markus Bauswein
- Bornavirus-Focal Point Bavaria, Germany; Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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Bayas A, Menacher M, Lapa C, Tappe D, Maurer C, Liesche-Starnecker F, Schneider H, Naumann M. 18fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT as possible early diagnostic tool preceding MRI changes in Borna disease virus 1 encephalitis. Lancet 2024; 403:665-666. [PMID: 38368015 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Bayas
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Martina Menacher
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Maurer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | | | - Hauke Schneider
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Markus Naumann
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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Allartz P, Hotop SK, Muntau B, Schlaphof A, Thomé-Bolduan C, Gabriel M, Petersen N, Lintzel M, Behrens C, Eggert P, Pörtner K, Steiner J, Brönstrup M, Tappe D. Detection of bornavirus-reactive antibodies and BoDV-1 RNA only in encephalitis patients from virus endemic areas: a comparative serological and molecular sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and disease duration correlation study. Infection 2024; 52:59-71. [PMID: 37253816 PMCID: PMC10228883 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) encephalitis is an emerging disease in Germany. This study investigates the spectrum of human BoDV-1 infection, characterizes anti-BoDV-1-antibodies and kinetics, and compares laboratory test performances. METHODS Three hundred four encephalitis cases, 308 nation-wide neuropsychiatric conditions, 127 well-defined psychiatric cases from Borna disease-endemic areas, and 20 persons with contact to BoDV-1 encephalitis patients or animals were tested for BoDV-1 infections by serology and PCR. RESULTS BoDV-1 infections were only found in encephalitis patients with residence in, or recent travel to, virus-endemic areas. Antibodies were detected as early as 12 days after symptom onset. Serum antibody levels correlated with disease duration. Serology was ordered after 50% of the disease duration had elapsed, reflecting low awareness. BoDV-1-antibodies were of IgG1 subclass, and the epitope on BoDV-1 antigens was determined. Specificity of the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and lineblot (LB) from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as PCR testing from CSF, was 100%. Sensitivity, depending on first or all samples, reached 75-86% in serum and 92-94% in CSF for the IFAT, and 33-57% in serum and 18-24% in CSF for the LB. Sensitivity for PCR in CSF was 25-67%. Positive predictive values were 100% each, while negative predictive values were 99% (IFAT), 91-97% (LB), and 90% (PCR). CONCLUSIONS There is no hint that BoDV-1 causes other diseases than encephalitis in humans. Awareness has to be increased in virus-endemic areas. Tests are robust but lack sensitivity. Detection of IgG1 against specific peptides may facilitate diagnosis. Screening of healthy individuals is likely not beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Allartz
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Muntau
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schlaphof
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Thomé-Bolduan
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gabriel
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Petersen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maren Lintzel
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Behrens
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Eggert
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Pörtner
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
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4
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Teng D, Ueda K, Honda T. HAND2 suppresses favipiravir efficacy in treatment of Borna disease virus infection. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105812. [PMID: 38262560 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) is a bornavirus prototype that infects the central nervous system of various animal species and can cause fatal encephalitis in various animals including humans. Among the reported anti-BoDV-1 treatments, favipiravir (T-705) is one of the best candidates since it has been shown to be effective in reducing various bornavirus titers in cell culture. However, T-705 effectiveness on BoDV-1 is cell type-dependent, and the molecular mechanisms that explain this cell type-dependent difference remain unknown. In this study, we noticed a fact that T-705 efficiently suppressed BoDV-1 in infected 293T cells, but not in infected SH-SY5Y cells, and sought to identify protein(s) responsible for this cell-type-dependent difference in T-705 efficacy. By comparing the transcriptomes of BoDV-1-infected 293T and SH-SY5Y cells, we identified heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2 (HAND2) as a candidate involved in T-705 interference. HAND2 overexpression partly attenuated the inhibitory effect of T-705, whereas HAND2 knockdown enhanced this effect. We also demonstrated an interaction between T-705 and HAND2. Furthermore, T-705 impaired HAND2-mediated host gene expression. Because HAND2 is an essential transcriptional regulator of embryogenesis, T-705 may exhibit its adverse effects such as teratogenicity and embryotoxicity through the impairment of HAND2 function. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying T-705 interference in some cell types and inspires the development of improved T-705 derivatives for the treatment of RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Teng
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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5
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Bauswein M, Knoll G, Schmidt B, Gessner A, Hemmer B, Flaskamp M. No evidence of an association of multiple sclerosis (MS) with Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) infections in patients within an endemic region: a retrospective pilot study. Infection 2024; 52:243-247. [PMID: 37814203 PMCID: PMC10810949 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) causes rare human infections within endemic regions in southern and eastern Germany. The infections reported to date have been linked to severe courses of encephalitis with high mortality and mostly irreversible symptoms. Whether BoDV-1 could act as a trigger for other neurological conditions, is, however, incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS In this study, we addressed the question of whether the presentation of a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or of multiple sclerosis (MS) might be associated with a milder course of BoDV-1 infections. Serum samples of 100 patients with CIS or MS diagnosed at a tertiary neurological care center within an endemic region in southern Germany and of 50 control patients suffering from headache were retrospectively tested for BoDV-1 infections. RESULTS In none of the tested sera, confirmed positive results of anti-BoDV-1-IgG antibodies were retrieved. Our results support the conclusion that human BoDV-1 infections primarily lead to severe encephalitis with high mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bauswein
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Gertrud Knoll
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Flaskamp
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
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Fürstenau J, Richter MT, Erickson NA, Große R, Müller KE, Nobach D, Herden C, Rubbenstroth D, Mundhenk L. Borna disease virus 1 infection in alpacas: Comparison of pathological lesions and viral distribution to other dead-end hosts. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:62-73. [PMID: 37431864 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231185107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Borna disease is a progressive meningoencephalitis caused by spillover of the Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) to horses and sheep and has gained attention due to its zoonotic potential. New World camelids are also highly susceptible to the disease; however, a comprehensive description of the pathological lesions and viral distribution is lacking for these hosts. Here, the authors describe the distribution and severity of inflammatory lesions in alpacas (n = 6) naturally affected by this disease in comparison to horses (n = 8) as known spillover hosts. In addition, the tissue and cellular distribution of the BoDV-1 was determined via immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. A predominant lymphocytic meningoencephalitis was diagnosed in all animals with differences regarding the severity of lesions. Alpacas and horses with a shorter disease duration showed more prominent lesions in the cerebrum and at the transition of the nervous to the glandular part of the pituitary gland, as compared to animals with longer disease progression. In both species, viral antigen was almost exclusively restricted to cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems, with the notable exception of virus-infected glandular cells of the Pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. Alpacas likely represent dead-end hosts similar to horses and other spillover hosts of BoDV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy A Erickson
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Grosse L, Lieftüchter V, Vollmuth Y, Hoffmann F, Olivieri M, Reiter K, Tacke M, Heinen F, Borggraefe I, Osterman A, Forstner M, Hübner J, von Both U, Birzele L, Rohlfs M, Schomburg A, Böhmer MM, Ruf V, Cadar D, Muntau B, Pörtner K, Tappe D. First detected geographical cluster of BoDV-1 encephalitis from same small village in two children: therapeutic considerations and epidemiological implications. Infection 2023; 51:1383-1398. [PMID: 36821024 PMCID: PMC9947883 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-01998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) is an emerging zoonotic virus causing severe and mostly fatal encephalitis in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS A local cluster of fatal BoDV-1 encephalitis cases was detected in the same village three years apart affecting two children. While the first case was diagnosed late in the course of disease, a very early diagnosis and treatment attempt facilitated by heightened awareness was achieved in the second case. Therapy started as early as day 12 of disease. Antiviral therapy encompassed favipiravir and ribavirin, and, after bioinformatic modelling, also remdesivir. As the disease is immunopathogenetically mediated, an intensified anti-inflammatory therapy was administered. Following initial impressive clinical improvement, the course was also fatal, although clearly prolonged. Viral RNA was detected by qPCR in tear fluid and saliva, constituting a possible transmission risk for health care professionals. Highest viral loads were found post mortem in the olfactory nerve and the limbic system, possibly reflecting the portal of entry for BoDV-1. Whole exome sequencing in both patients yielded no hint for underlying immunodeficiency. Full virus genomes belonging to the same cluster were obtained in both cases by next-generation sequencing. Sequences were not identical, indicating viral diversity in natural reservoirs. Specific transmission events or a common source of infection were not found by structured interviews. Patients lived 750m apart from each other and on the fringe of the settlement, a recently shown relevant risk factor. CONCLUSION Our report highlights the urgent necessity of effective treatment strategies, heightened awareness and early diagnosis. Gaps of knowledge regarding risk factors, transmission events, and tailored prevention methods become apparent. Whether this case cluster reflects endemicity or a geographical hot spot needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Grosse
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Victoria Lieftüchter
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany.
- Center for Children with Medical Complexity - iSPZ Hauner, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Yannik Vollmuth
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Hoffmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Olivieri
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Reiter
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Tacke
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Heinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
- Center for Children with Medical Complexity - iSPZ Hauner, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Borggraefe
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
- Center for Children with Medical Complexity - iSPZ Hauner, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Osterman
- Max-Von-Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Forstner
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Hübner
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich von Both
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Birzele
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Meino Rohlfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80377, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Schomburg
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, LMU Biomedical Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Merle M Böhmer
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto-Von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dániel Cadar
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Muntau
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Pörtner
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
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Whitehead JD, Grimes JM, Keown JR. Structural and biophysical characterization of the Borna disease virus 1 phosphoprotein. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2023; 79:51-60. [PMID: 36862093 PMCID: PMC9979977 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x23000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bornaviruses are RNA viruses with a mammalian, reptilian, and avian host range. The viruses infect neuronal cells and in rare cases cause a lethal encephalitis. The family Bornaviridae are part of the Mononegavirales order of viruses, which contain a nonsegmented viral genome. Mononegavirales encode a viral phosphoprotein (P) that binds both the viral polymerase (L) and the viral nucleoprotein (N). The P protein acts as a molecular chaperone and is required for the formation of a functional replication/transcription complex. In this study, the structure of the oligomerization domain of the phosphoprotein determined by X-ray crystallography is reported. The structural results are complemented with biophysical characterization using circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry and small-angle X-ray scattering. The data reveal the phosphoprotein to assemble into a stable tetramer, with the regions outside the oligomerization domain remaining highly flexible. A helix-breaking motif is observed between the α-helices at the midpoint of the oligomerization domain that appears to be conserved across the Bornaviridae. These data provide information on an important component of the bornavirus replication complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D. Whitehead
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy R. Keown
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Eidenschink L, Knoll G, Tappe D, Offner R, Drasch T, Ehrl Y, Banas B, Banas MC, Niller HH, Gessner A, Köstler J, Lampl BMJ, Pregler M, Völkl M, Kunkel J, Neumann B, Angstwurm K, Schmidt B, Bauswein M. IFN-γ-Based ELISpot as a New Tool to Detect Human Infections with Borna Disease Virus 1 (BoDV-1): A Pilot Study. Viruses 2023; 15:194. [PMID: 36680234 PMCID: PMC9864614 DOI: 10.3390/v15010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 40 human infections with the zoonotic Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) have been reported to German health authorities from endemic regions in southern and eastern Germany. Diagnosis of a confirmed case is based on the detection of BoDV-1 RNA or BoDV-1 antigen. In parallel, serological assays such as ELISA, immunoblots, and indirect immunofluorescence are in use to detect the seroconversion of Borna virus-reactive IgG in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As immunopathogenesis in BoDV-1 encephalitis appears to be driven by T cells, we addressed the question of whether an IFN-γ-based ELISpot may further corroborate the diagnosis. For three of seven BoDV-1-infected patients, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with sufficient quantity and viability were retrieved. For all three patients, counts in the range from 12 to 20 spot forming units (SFU) per 250,000 cells were detected upon the stimulation of PBMC with a peptide pool covering the nucleocapsid protein of BoDV-1. Additionally, individual patients had elevated SFU upon stimulation with a peptide pool covering X or phosphoprotein. Healthy blood donors (n = 30) and transplant recipients (n = 27) were used as a control and validation cohort, respectively. In this pilot study, the BoDV-1 ELISpot detected cellular immune responses in human patients with BoDV-1 infection. Its role as a helpful diagnostic tool needs further investigation in patients with BoDV-1 encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Eidenschink
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gertrud Knoll
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Offner
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Drasch
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Ehrl
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Banas
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Miriam C Banas
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Josef Köstler
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt M J Lampl
- Regensburg Department of Public Health, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Pregler
- Regensburg Department of Public Health, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Völkl
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kunkel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Donau-Isar-Klinikum Deggendorf, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Bauswein
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Bauswein M, Eidenschink L, Knoll G, Neumann B, Angstwurm K, Zoubaa S, Riemenschneider MJ, Lampl BMJ, Pregler M, Niller HH, Jantsch J, Gessner A, Eberhardt Y, Huppertz G, Schramm T, Kühn S, Koller M, Drasch T, Ehrl Y, Banas B, Offner R, Schmidt B, Banas MC. Human Infections with Borna Disease Virus 1 (BoDV-1) Primarily Lead to Severe Encephalitis: Further Evidence from the Seroepidemiological BoSOT Study in an Endemic Region in Southern Germany. Viruses 2023; 15:188. [PMID: 36680228 PMCID: PMC9867173 DOI: 10.3390/v15010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 40 human cases of severe encephalitis caused by Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) have been reported to German health authorities. In an endemic region in southern Germany, we conducted the seroepidemiological BoSOT study ("BoDV-1 after solid-organ transplantation") to assess whether there are undetected oligo- or asymptomatic courses of infection. A total of 216 healthy blood donors and 280 outpatients after solid organ transplantation were screened by a recombinant BoDV-1 ELISA followed by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (iIFA) as confirmatory test. For comparison, 288 serum and 258 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples with a request for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) diagnostics were analyzed for BoDV-1 infections. ELISA screening reactivity rates ranged from 3.5% to 18.6% depending on the cohort and the used ELISA antigen, but only one sample of a patient from the cohort with requested TBE diagnostics was confirmed to be positive for anti-BoDV-1-IgG by iIFA. In addition, the corresponding CSF sample of this patient with a three-week history of severe neurological disease tested positive for BoDV-1 RNA. Due to the iIFA results, all other results were interpreted as false-reactive in the ELISA screening. By linear serological epitope mapping, cross-reactions with human and bacterial proteins were identified as possible underlying mechanism for the false-reactive ELISA screening results. In conclusion, no oligo- or asymptomatic infections were detected in the studied cohorts. Serological tests based on a single recombinant BoDV-1 antigen should be interpreted with caution, and an iIFA should always be performed in addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bauswein
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Eidenschink
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gertrud Knoll
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Donau-Isar-Klinikum Deggendorf, 94469 Deggendorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Bezirksklinikum, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Saida Zoubaa
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Benedikt M J Lampl
- Regensburg Department of Public Health, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Pregler
- Regensburg Department of Public Health, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Eberhardt
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gunnar Huppertz
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Schramm
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kühn
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Koller
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Drasch
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Ehrl
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Banas
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Offner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Miriam C. Banas
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Kanda T, Tomonaga K. Reverse Genetics and Artificial Replication Systems of Borna Disease Virus 1. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102236. [PMID: 36298790 PMCID: PMC9612284 DOI: 10.3390/v14102236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a neurotropic RNA virus belonging to the family Bornaviridae within the order Mononegavirales. Whereas BoDV-1 causes neurological and behavioral disorders, called Borna disease (BD), in a wide range of mammals, its virulence in humans has been debated for several decades. However, a series of case reports in recent years have established the nature of BoDV-1 as a zoonotic pathogen that causes fatal encephalitis in humans. Although many virological properties of BoDV-1 have been revealed to date, the mechanism by which it causes fatal encephalitis in humans remains unclear. In addition, there are no effective vaccines or antiviral drugs that can be used in clinical practice. A reverse genetics approach to generating replication-competent recombinant viruses from full-length cDNA clones is a powerful tool that can be used to not only understand viral properties but also to develop vaccines and antiviral drugs. The rescue of recombinant BoDV-1 (rBoDV-1) was first reported in 2005. However, due to the slow nature of the replication of this virus, the rescue of high-titer rBoDV-1 required several months, limiting the use of this system. This review summarizes the history of the reverse genetics and artificial replication systems for orthobornaviruses and explores the recent progress in efforts to rescue rBoDV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Kanda
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Nobach D, Herden C. No evidence for European bats serving as reservoir for Borna disease virus 1 or other known mammalian orthobornaviruses. Virol J 2020; 17:11. [PMID: 32000801 PMCID: PMC6993374 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-1289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in nature and originate from wildlife reservoirs. Borna disease, caused by Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1), is an infectious disease affecting mammals, but recently it has also been shown to cause fatal encephalitis in humans. The endemic character of Borna disease points towards a nature-bound reservoir, with only one shrew species identified as reservoir host to date. Bats have been identified as reservoirs of a variety of zoonotic infectious agents. Endogenous borna-like elements in the genome of certain bat species additionally point towards co-evolution of bats with bornaviruses and therefore raise the question whether bats could serve as a potential reservoir of orthobornaviruses. METHODS Frozen brain samples (n = 257) of bats of seven different genera from Germany were investigated by orthobornaviral RT-PCR. Additionally, tissue slides of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material of a subset of these bats (n = 140) were investigated for orthobornaviral phosphoprotein by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The brain samples were tested by RT-PCR without any evidence of orthobornavirus specific amplicons. Immunohistochemistry revealed a faint immunoreaction in 3/140 bats but with an untypical staining pattern for viral antigen. CONCLUSIONS RT-PCR-screening showed no evidence for orthobornaviral RNA in the investigated bats. However, immunohistochemistry results should be investigated further to elucidate whether the reaction might be associated with expressed endogenous bornaviral elements or other so far unknown bornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nobach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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13
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Korn K, Coras R, Bobinger T, Herzog SM, Lücking H, Stöhr R, Huttner HB, Hartmann A, Ensser A. Fatal Encephalitis Associated with Borna Disease Virus 1. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1375-1377. [PMID: 30281979 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc1800724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Korn
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Coras
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bobinger
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Hannes Lücking
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Stöhr
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin Ensser
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Schlottau K, Forth L, Angstwurm K, Höper D, Zecher D, Liesche F, Hoffmann B, Kegel V, Seehofer D, Platen S, Salzberger B, Liebert UG, Niller HH, Schmidt B, Matiasek K, Riemenschneider MJ, Brochhausen C, Banas B, Renders L, Moog P, Wunderlich S, Seifert CL, Barreiros A, Rahmel A, Weiss J, Tappe D, Herden C, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Schwemmle M, Rubbenstroth D, Schlegel J, Pietsch C, Hoffmann D, Jantsch J, Beer M. Fatal Encephalitic Borna Disease Virus 1 in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1377-1379. [PMID: 30281984 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc1803115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kore Schlottau
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Leonie Forth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Barreiros
- DSO German Organ Transplantation Foundation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Axel Rahmel
- DSO German Organ Transplantation Foundation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jutta Weiss
- DSO German Organ Transplantation Foundation, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
- Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Donata Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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15
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Bourg M, Herzog S, Encarnação JA, Nobach D, Lange-Herbst H, Eickmann M, Herden C. Bicolored white-toothed shrews as reservoir for borna disease virus, Bavaria, Germany. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:2064-6. [PMID: 24274262 PMCID: PMC3840852 DOI: 10.3201/eid1912.131076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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16
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Zhang L, Wang X, Zhan Q, Wang Z, Xu M, Zhu D, He F, Liu X, Huang R, Li D, Lei Y, Xie P. Evidence for natural Borna disease virus infection in healthy domestic animals in three areas of western China. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1941-9. [PMID: 24573218 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a non-cytolytic, neurotropic RNA virus that can infect many vertebrate species, including humans. To date, BDV infection has been reported in a range of animal species across a broad global geographic distribution. However, a systematic epidemiological survey of BDV infection in domesticated animals in China has yet to be performed. In current study, BDV RNA and antibodies in 2353 blood samples from apparently healthy animals of eight species (horse, donkey, dog, pig, rabbit, cattle, goat, sheep) from three areas in western China (Xinjiang province, Chongqing municipality, and Ningxia province) were assayed using reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) and ELISA assay. Brain tissue samples from a portion of the BDV RNA- and/or antibody-positive animals were subjected to RT-qPCR and western blotting. As a result, varying prevalence of BDV antibodies and/or RNA was demonstrated in various animal species from three areas, ranging from 4.4 % to 20.0 %. Detection of BDV RNA and/or antibodies in Chongqing pigs (9.2 %) provided the first known evidence of BDV infection in this species. Not all brain tissue samples from animals whose blood was BDV RNA and/or antibody positive contained BDV RNA and protein. This study provides evidence that BDV infection among healthy domestic animal species is more widespread in western China than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
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Kramer K, Schaudien D, Eisel ULM, Herzog S, Richt JA, Baumgärtner W, Herden C. TNF-overexpression in Borna disease virus-infected mouse brains triggers inflammatory reaction and epileptic seizures. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41476. [PMID: 22848506 PMCID: PMC3405098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory state of the brain increases the risk for seizure development. Neonatal Borna disease virus (BDV)-infection of mice with neuronal overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) was used to investigate the complex relationship between enhanced cytokine levels, neurotropic virus infection and reaction pattern of brain cells focusing on its role for seizure induction. Viral antigen and glial markers were visualized by immunohistochemistry. Different levels of TNF in the CNS were provided by the use of heterozygous and homozygous TNF overexpressing mice. Transgenic TNF, total TNF (native and transgenic), TNF-receptor (TNFR1, TNFR2), IL-1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) mRNA values were measured by real time RT-PCR. BDV-infection of TNF-transgenic mice resulted in non-purulent meningoencephalitis accompanied by epileptic seizures with a higher frequency in homozygous animals. This correlated with lower weight gain, stronger degree and progression of encephalitis and early, strong microglia activation in the TNF-transgenic mice, most obviously in homozygous animals. Activation of astroglia could be more intense and associated with an unusual hypertrophy in the transgenic mice. BDV-antigen distribution and infectivity in the CNS was comparable in TNF-transgenic and wild-type animals. Transgenic TNF mRNA-expression was restricted to forebrain regions as the transgene construct comprised the promoter of NMDA-receptor subunit2B and induced up-regulation of native TNF mRNA. Total TNF mRNA levels did not increase significantly after BDV-infection in the brain of transgenic mice but TNFR1, TNFR2 and IL-1 mRNA values, mainly in the TNF overexpressing brain areas. NR2B mRNA levels were not influenced by transgene expression or BDV-infection. Neuronal TNF-overexpression combined with BDV-infection leads to cytokine up-regulation, CNS inflammation and glial cell activation and confirmed the presensitizing effect of elevated cytokine levels for the development of spontaneous epileptic seizures when exposed to additional infectious noxi.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Borna Disease/genetics
- Borna Disease/metabolism
- Borna Disease/pathology
- Borna disease virus/genetics
- Borna disease virus/metabolism
- Epilepsy/genetics
- Epilepsy/metabolism
- Epilepsy/pathology
- Epilepsy/virology
- Interleukin-18 Receptor alpha Subunit/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-18 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- Neuroglia/pathology
- Neuroglia/virology
- Prosencephalon/metabolism
- Prosencephalon/pathology
- Prosencephalon/virology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/biosynthesis
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kramer
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich L. M. Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | | | - Christiane Herden
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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18
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Liu J, Liu Y, Wang ZH, Xie P. [Construction of phylogenetic tree and sequence analysis on BDV p24 gene in both livestock and host in Ningxia]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2010; 31:194-198. [PMID: 21215083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain detailed insights into the Borna disease virus infection and its genetic characteristics and phylogeny in Ningxia, China. METHODS BDV p24 segment were detected by fluorescence quantitative nested RT-PCR from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 119 patients with viral encephalitis, 205 cattle, 978 sheep, 46 patients with cerebrovascular diseases and 13 patients with multiple sclerosis. Data from phylogenetic analysis on BDV p24 positive samples together with those from the positive gene sequences of animals and patients in the previous studies in Ningxia, were compared to the 29 sequences provided by the GenBank from 7 animals in 5 countries. Both the sequence homologous similarity of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences were analyzed and gene phylogenetic tree was reconstructed. RESULTS Data from 23 collections of positive test samples, together with the ones from early detection of gene sequence analysis, showed that the homologous similarity sequences of both nucleotide and amino acid was between 95.3% and 100.0% and highly homophylic with HE80 that detected from ill horses in Germany. One part of nucleotide sequences formed the 'Ningxia independent branch' while the other one belonged to the 'Germany-Ningxia-Japan mixed branch'. There was a high identity within the branch. CONCLUSION A Ningxia independent BDV strain from geographical origin might exist while the epidemic strains were imported with multiple sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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19
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Ma Y, Wang ZH, Kong FY, Zhang Y. [Research on the association between Borna disease virus infection and the viral encephalitis]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2009; 30:1284-1287. [PMID: 20193316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the infection of Borna disease virus (BDV) in unidentified viral encephalitis patients in Ningxia in order to explore if the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence in BDV p24 were homophylic with the overseas standard strain. We also intended to investigate the correlation between BDV infection and the unidentified viral encephalitis patients from Ningxia to lay an experimental basis for etiological diagnosis, prevention and treatment on certain human neuropsychiatric disorders. METHODS BDV p24 gene fragment was detected by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with fluorescence quantitative PCR (FQ-nRT-PCR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Samples were from 59 unidentified viral encephalitis patients and 60 normal controls. For those positive products, gene sequence and amino acid sequence were then analyzed by BLAST and DNAsist 5.0. RESULTS The positive rate of the BDV p24 gene fragment in PBMCs from the unidentified viral encephalitis (10.17%) was significantly higher than from the controls (0%) (P < 0.05). Data from the gene sequence on those positive products showed BDV p24 fragment in the patients with unidentified viral encephalitis from Ningxia was homophylic with strain H3915 detected from ill horses (97.67%), as well as with the strain H1766 (96.51%) and strain V (95.35%). However, their amino acid sequences remained the same. CONCLUSION BDV infection might probably have existed in the unidentified viral encephalitis patients of Ningxia. The gene sequence seemed to be homophylic with that of standard strain H1766 and strain V, especially with strain H3915.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Affiliated Shi Zui Shan No.1 Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Shizuishan 753200, China
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Watanabe Y, Ohtaki N, Hayashi Y, Ikuta K, Tomonaga K. Autogenous translational regulation of the Borna disease virus negative control factor X from polycistronic mRNA using host RNA helicases. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000654. [PMID: 19893625 PMCID: PMC2766071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus that employs several unique strategies for gene expression. The shortest transcript of BDV, X/P mRNA, encodes at least three open reading frames (ORFs): upstream ORF (uORF), X, and P in the 5′ to 3′ direction. The X is a negative regulator of viral polymerase activity, while the P phosphoprotein is a necessary cofactor of the polymerase complex, suggesting that the translation of X is controlled rigorously, depending on viral replication. However, the translation mechanism used by the X/P polycistronic mRNA has not been determined in detail. Here we demonstrate that the X/P mRNA autogenously regulates the translation of X via interaction with host factors. Transient transfection of cDNA clones corresponding to the X/P mRNA revealed that the X ORF is translated predominantly by uORF-termination-coupled reinitiation, the efficiency of which is upregulated by expression of P. We found that P may enhance ribosomal reinitiation at the X ORF by inhibition of the interaction of the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX21 with the 5′ untranslated region of X/P mRNA, via interference with its phosphorylation. Our results not only demonstrate a unique translational control of viral regulatory protein, but also elucidate a previously unknown mechanism of regulation of polycistronic mRNA translation using RNA helicases. All viruses rely on host cell factors to complete their life cycles. Therefore, the replication strategies of viruses may provide not only the understanding of virus pathogenesis but also useful models to disentangle the complex machinery of host cells. Translation regulation of viral mRNA is a good example of this. Borna disease virus (BDV) is a highly neurotropic RNA virus which is characterized by persistent infection. BDV expresses mRNAs as polycistronic coding transcripts. Among them, the 0.8 kb X/P mRNA encodes at least three open reading frames (ORFs), upstream ORF, X, and P. Although BDV X and P have opposing effects in terms of viral polymerase activity, the translational regulation of X/P polycistronic mRNA has not been elucidated. In this study, we show an ingenious strategy of translational control of viral regulatory protein using host factors. We demonstrate that host RNA helicases, mainly DDX21, can affect ribosomal reinitiation of X via interaction with the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of X/P mRNA and that the downstream P protein autogenously controls the translation of X by interfering with the binding of DDX21 to the 5′ UTR. Our findings uncover not only a unique translational control of viral regulatory protein but also a previously unknown mechanism of translational regulation of polycistronic mRNA using RNA helicases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ohtaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ikuta
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Section of Viral Infections, Thailand–Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections (RCC-ERI), Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Zhan QL, Zhang YY, Xu MM, Hu YB, Wu XL, Yu JP, Chen X, Zhu D, Yang DY, Xie P. [Epidemiological investigation on natural infection of different canine breeds with Borna disease virus in Ili, China]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2009; 30:993-997. [PMID: 20193374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiological pattern of Borna disease virus (BDV) among different canine breeds in Ili, China, and to analyze its potential phylogeny. METHODS BDV p24 RNA fragments were detected from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of canine by modified nested RT-PCR (nRT-PCR). Possible false positives were excluded by determination of both BDV p40 RNA fragments and PMD19 plasmid standards. Analysis were performed on genetic sequence, homologous comparison, amino acid sequence and phylogeny after p24 positive products were validated. RESULTS BDV p24 RNA fragments were found only in Kazakh Tobet (a shepherd dog) in 8 breeds of 150 cases and their overall positive rate was 11.0% (10/91). Compared with the strain of He/80 from horse and that of S6 from sheep in Germany, the homologous similarities of Kazakh Tobet was 99.2% and 95.7%, and that of amino acid as 100% and 89.3%, respectively. The kinship of Kazakh Tobet was close to He/80 and next to S6. CONCLUSION There was potential natural BDV infection in Kazakh Tobet in Ili, and its endemic strain was concerned with He/80 infecting Ili horse and S6 of German Merino sheep introduced into the region from Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-ling Zhan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Garry CE, Garry RF. Proteomics computational analyses suggest that the bornavirus glycoprotein is a class III viral fusion protein (gamma penetrene). Virol J 2009; 6:145. [PMID: 19765297 PMCID: PMC2753318 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus (BDV) is the type member of the Bornaviridae, a family of viruses that induce often fatal neurological diseases in horses, sheep and other animals, and have been proposed to have roles in certain psychiatric diseases of humans. The BDV glycoprotein (G) is an extensively glycosylated protein that migrates with an apparent molecular mass of 84,000 to 94,000 kilodaltons (kDa). BDV G is post-translationally cleaved by the cellular subtilisin-like protease furin into two subunits, a 41 kDa amino terminal protein GP1 and a 43 kDa carboxyl terminal protein GP2. RESULTS Class III viral fusion proteins (VFP) encoded by members of the Rhabdoviridae, Herpesviridae and Baculoviridae have an internal fusion domain comprised of beta sheets, other beta sheet domains, an extended alpha helical domain, a membrane proximal stem domain and a carboxyl terminal anchor. Proteomics computational analyses suggest that the structural/functional motifs that characterize class III VFP are located collinearly in BDV G. Structural models were established for BDV G based on the post-fusion structure of a prototypic class III VFP, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G). CONCLUSION These results suggest that G encoded by members of the Bornavirdae are class III VFPs (gamma-penetrenes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Heath Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Heath Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Wang CM, Xu P, Ge JJ, Guo ZY. [Study on molecular epidemiology of Borna disease virus in Zunyi regions of Guizhou province]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2008; 29:1213-1216. [PMID: 19173966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to study the epidemiology of Borna disease virus (BDV) in Zunyi region and its surrounding regions in Guizhou province. METHODS p24 fragment of BDV fragments in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 43 patients with viral encephalitis (VE), 9 cases with multiple sclerosis (MS), 7 cases with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), 5 cases with Parkinson disease (PD), 98 healthy donors and 300 goats were examined by quantitative fluorescence nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Gene sequence and amino acid sequence were analyzed for positive products. RESULTS The positive rate of BDV p24 fragment in PBMC from VE (13.95%) and MS (22.22%) were significantly higher than in healthy donors (0%, P < 0.05). The positive rate of BDV p24 fragment in PBMC from goats was 0.67%, without statistical difference when compared with healthy donors (P > 0.05). Guillain-Barre syndrome and Parkinson disease (PD) were tested negative. The sequence of the BDV p24 fragment from the patients with VE was in conformity with that of the MS. Results presented that 3 situs consistency silent mutation when compared with strain V and its homogeneity was 96.51%. 2 situs consistency silent mutation compared with BDV/MDCK and its homogeneity was 97.67%. 2 situs consistency silent mutation when compared with C6BV and its homogeneity was 97.67%. Sequences of the BDV p24 fragment from the goats presented 3 situs consistency silent mutation when compared with strain V and its homogeneity was 96.51%. 3 situs consistency silent mutation when compared with BDV/MDCK and its homogeneity was 96.51%. 3 situs consistency silent mutation when compared with C6BV and its homogeneity was 96.51%. However, there were no changes of encoding amino acids in all BDV p24 fragments from neuropsychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that the BDV infection was presented in patients with VE, MS and goats from Zunyi region and its surrounding regions of Guizhou province. BDV might play a potential role in the development of VE, MS as well as having correlations with animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-ming Wang
- Department of Neruology, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563003, China
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Zhu D, Zeng ZL, Peng D, Chen X, Zhao LB, Zhang YY, Xu MM, Zhan QL, Yu JP, Xie P. [Epidemiological investigation on natural infection to Borna disease virus (BDV) among horses in Yili, Xinjiang]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2008; 29:1106-1109. [PMID: 19173935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiological pattern of Borna disease virus (BDV) infection in horses and to analyze the phylogenetic tree of derived BDV in Yili, Xinjiang. METHODS We established a modified nested RT-PCR (nRT-PCR) to detect BDV p24 segment in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and brain tissues of 120 horses in Yili, Xinjiang. Positive products were analyzed by sequencing and homology analysis. RESULTS The positive rate of BDV infection was 2.5% in both PMBCs and brain tissues at the same time. The gene sequence revealed in positive PCR samples was more than 93%, identical to that of BDV derived from horses in other countries. We also noticed a high degree of identity (> 98%) to standard strain He/80 in gene sequence of positive PCR samples. CONCLUSION Our study found the presence of BDV natural infection in horses in Yili. The endemic BDV had a high degree of identity to standard strain He/80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhu
- Chongqing University of Medical Science, Chongqing 400016, China
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Ackermann A, Kugel D, Schneider U, Staeheli P. Enhanced polymerase activity confers replication competence of Borna disease virus in mice. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:3130-3132. [PMID: 17947539 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that mouse adaptation of cDNA-derived Borna disease virus (BDV) strain He/80(FR) was associated exclusively with mutations in the viral polymerase complex. Interestingly, independent mouse adaptation of non-recombinant He/80 was correlated with different alterations in the polymerase and mutations in the viral glycoprotein. We used reverse genetics to demonstrate that changes in the polymerase which improve enzymatic activity represent the decisive host range mutations. The glycoprotein mutations did not confer replication competence in mice, although they slightly improved viral performance if combined with polymerase mutations. Our findings suggest that the viral polymerase restricts the host range of BDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ackermann
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Kugel
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Urs Schneider
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
Persistence of RNA viruses is frequently associated with non-uniform terminal nucleotide deletions at both ends of the viral genome, which are believed to restrict viral replication and transcription during persistent infection. Borna disease virus (BDV), a negative strand RNA virus with no recognizable acute phase, quickly establishes persistence. We recently demonstrated that the vast majority of BDV genomes and antigenomes possess uniformly trimmed 5′ termini, even if the virus is recovered from complementary DNA encoding a hypothetical full-length viral genome. Here we discuss different mechanisms which might lead to the selective 5′-terminal trimming of the BDV genome and subsequent retrieval of the lost genetic information. We further discuss possible benefits of genome trimming in the light of recent findings that terminal RNA structures are recognized by intracellular sensors which trigger innate immunity. We hypothesize that 5′-terminal genome trimming might represent a smart strategy of BDV to evade the antiviral host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schneider
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Herzog S, Nowotny N. Meta-analysis of putative human bornavirus sequences fails to provide evidence implicating Borna disease virus in mental illness. Rev Med Virol 2007; 17:181-203. [PMID: 17342788 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
All Borna disease virus (BDV) sequences derived from human specimens published till date were thoroughly analysed and compared to sequences of BDV laboratory strains and to BDV sequences from animals which succumbed to classical Borna disease (BD). Despite high sequence conservation of the BDV genome, animal-derived BDV sequences clustered according to their geographic origin. However, in marked contrast, human-derived BDV sequences did not cluster according to their geographic origin but showed high sequence identities to BDV laboratory strains and animal-derived BDVs handled in the laboratories reporting the human strains. Japanese, US, Australian and French human-derived BDV sequences proved to be identical or very similar to animal-derived BDV sequences from Germany, although the human specimens were collected hundreds to thousands of miles away from the central European BD endemic regions. These findings suggest that previous studies linking BDV to human neuropsychiatric disease may have been compromised by inadvertent sample contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dürrwald
- Impfstoffwerk Dessau-Tornau GmbH (IDT), Rodleben, Germany
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Wensman JJ, Thorén P, Hakhverdyan M, Belák S, Berg M. Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for improved detection of Borna disease virus. J Virol Methods 2007; 143:1-10. [PMID: 17376545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a non-segmented, negative-stranded RNA virus, which infects cells of the central nervous system (CNS) in many different species. BDV is the causative agent of the neurological disorders in horses and sheep termed classical Borna disease (BD), as well as staggering disease in cats. At present, the diagnosis staggering disease or feline BD is made by histopathology or immunohistochemistry of the CNS. In order to obtain a better clinical diagnostic tool, a duplex real-time RT-PCR assay (rRT-PCR) was developed. TaqMan probes and primers specific for the BDV P and BDV L genes were designed by aligning the sequences of known BDV strains. After optimisation, the sensitivity and specificity of the rRT-PCR were established. The detection limit was set to 10-100 viral genomic copies per reaction and the assay detects the BDV strains V and He/80, as well as the most divergent BDV strain known so far, No/98. Furthermore, the system detected feline BDV variants in five naturally infected cats and a feline isolate used in experimental infection of cats. This rRT-PCR assay will be a powerful tool in further studies of BDV, including epidemiological screening and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Johansson Wensman
- Joint Research and Development Division in Virology of National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ackermann A, Staeheli P, Schneider U. Adaptation of Borna disease virus to new host species attributed to altered regulation of viral polymerase activity. J Virol 2007; 81:7933-40. [PMID: 17522214 PMCID: PMC1951315 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00334-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) can persistently infect the central nervous system of a broad range of mammalian species. Mice are resistant to infections with primary BDV isolates, but certain laboratory strains can be adapted to replicate in mice. We determined the molecular basis of adaptation by studying mutations acquired by a cDNA-derived BDV strain during one brain passage in rats and three passages in mice. The adapted virus propagated efficiently in mouse brains and induced neurological disease. Its genome contained seven point mutations, three of which caused amino acid changes in the L polymerase (L1116R and N1398D) and in the polymerase cofactor P (R66K). Recombinant BDV carrying these mutations either alone or in combination all showed enhanced multiplication speed in Vero cells, indicating improved intrinsic viral polymerase activity rather than adaptation to a mouse-specific factor. Mutations R66K and L1116R, but not N1398D, conferred replication competence of recombinant BDV in mice if introduced individually. Virus propagation in mouse brains was substantially enhanced if both L mutations were present simultaneously, but infection remained mostly nonsymptomatic. Only if all three amino acid substitutions were combined did BDV replicate vigorously and induce early disease in mice. Interestingly, the virulence-enhancing effect of the R66K mutation in P could be attributed to reduced negative regulation of polymerase activity by the viral X protein. Our data demonstrate that BDV replication competence in mice is mediated by the polymerase complex rather than the viral envelope and suggest that altered regulation of viral gene expression can favor adaptation to new host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ackermann
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
An expression cassette for green fluorescent protein was successfully inserted at a site near the 5' end of the genome of Borna disease virus (BDV). When introduced into a mutant virus with highly active polymerase, the foreign gene was strongly expressed in neurons of infected rats. Since BDV can establish long-term persistence in the central nervous system of rodents, it may be used to engineer efficient vectors for specific delivery of foreign genes into highly differentiated neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Schneider
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Poenisch M, Wille S, Ackermann A, Staeheli P, Schneider U. The X protein of borna disease virus serves essential functions in the viral multiplication cycle. J Virol 2007; 81:7297-9. [PMID: 17428855 PMCID: PMC1933315 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02468-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The X gene of Borna disease virus (BDV) encodes a nonstructural 10-kDa protein that can interact with viral polymerase cofactor P, thus regulating polymerase activity. It remained unknown whether X is essential for virus multiplication. All our attempts to generate mutant BDV with a nonfunctional X gene proved unsuccessful. However, a mutant virus with an inactive X gene was able to replicate in Vero cells if an artificial gene cassette encoding X was inserted at a site near the 5' end of the viral genome. These results indicate that X performs essential viral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Poenisch
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Perez M, Clemente R, Robison CS, Jeetendra E, Jayakar HR, Whitt MA, de la Torre JC. Generation and characterization of a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the glycoprotein of Borna disease virus. J Virol 2007; 81:5527-36. [PMID: 17376911 PMCID: PMC1900261 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02586-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is an enveloped virus with a nonsegmented negative-strand RNA genome whose organization is characteristic of mononegavirales. However, based on its unique genetics and biological features, BDV is considered to be the prototypic member of a new virus family, Bornaviridae, within the order Mononegavirales. BDV cell entry occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis, a process initiated by the recognition of an as yet unidentified receptor at the cell surface by the BDV surface glycoprotein (G). The paucity of cell-free virus associated with BDV infection has hindered studies aimed at the elucidation of cellular receptors and detailed mechanisms involved in BDV cell entry. To overcome this problem, we generated and characterized a replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing BDV G (rVSVDeltaG*/BDVG). Cells infected with rVSVDeltaG*/BDVG produced high titers (10(7) PFU/ml) of cell-free virus progeny, but this virus exhibited a highly attenuated phenotype both in cell culture and in vivo. Attenuation of rVSVDeltaG*/BDVG was associated with a delayed kinetics of viral RNA replication and altered genome/N mRNA ratios compared to results for rVSVDeltaG*/VSVG. Likewise, incorporation of BDV G into virions appeared to be restricted despite its high levels of expression and efficient processing in rVSVDeltaG*/BDVG-infected cells. Notably, rVSVDeltaG*/BDVG recreated the cell tropism and entry pathway of bona fide BDV. Our results indicate that rVSVDeltaG*/BDVG represents a unique tool for the investigation of BDV G-mediated cell entry, as well as the roles of BDV G in host immune responses and pathogenesis associated with BDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Perez
- Department of Molecular Integrative Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, IMM6, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Schmid S, Mayer D, Schneider U, Schwemmle M. Functional characterization of the major and minor phosphorylation sites of the P protein of Borna disease virus. J Virol 2007; 81:5497-507. [PMID: 17376920 PMCID: PMC1900310 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02233-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphoprotein P of Borna disease virus (BDV) is an essential cofactor of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. It is preferentially phosphorylated at serine residues 26 and 28 by protein kinase C epsilon (PKCepsilon) and, to a lesser extent, at serine residues 70 and 86 by casein kinase II (CKII). To determine whether P phosphorylation is required for viral polymerase activity, we generated P mutants lacking either the PKCepsilon or the CKII phosphate acceptor sites by replacing the corresponding serine residues with alanine (A). Alternatively, these sites were replaced by aspartic acid (D) to mimic phosphorylation. Functional characterization of the various mutants in the BDV minireplicon assay revealed that D substitutions at the CKII sites inhibited the polymerase-supporting activity of P, while A substitutions maintained wild-type activity. Likewise, D substitutions at the PKC sites did not impair the cofactor function of BDV-P, whereas A substitutions at these sites led to increased activity. Interestingly, recombinant viruses could be rescued only when P mutants with modified PKCepsilon sites were used but not when both CKII sites were altered. PKCepsilon mutant viruses showed a reduced capacity to spread in cell culture, while viral RNA and protein expression levels in persistently infected cells were almost normal. Further mutational analyses revealed that substitutions at individual CKII sites were, with the exception of a substitution of A for S86, detrimental for viral rescue. These data demonstrate that, in contrast to other viral P proteins, the cofactor activity of BDV-P is negatively regulated by phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schmid
- Department of Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Hermann Herder Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Schindler A, Vögtlin A, Hilbe M, Puorger M, Zlinszky K, Ackermann M, Ehrensperger F. Reverse transcription real-time PCR assays for detection and quantification of Borna disease virus in diseased hosts. Mol Cell Probes 2007; 21:47-55. [PMID: 17014984 PMCID: PMC7127217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease is a severe, immunopathological disorder of the central nervous system caused by the infection with the Borna disease virus (BDV). The detection of BDV in diseased animals, mainly sheep and horses, is achieved by histological, immunohistochemical and serological approaches and/or PCR-based technologies. In the present study, reverse transcription, real-time PCR assays were established for the detection of BDV in the brain tissue from sheep and horses, using loci for the p40 (nucleoprotein) and the p24 (phosphoprotein) genes. The PCRs were equally specific and sensitive, detecting 10 target molecules per reaction and one BDV-infected cell among 10(6) non-infected cells. In tissues from BDV-diseased sheep and horses, the p24 target was detected at higher abundance than for p40. Therefore, the p24 test is suggested to be of higher value in the diagnostic laboratory. However, both assays should be useful for addressing questions in pathogenesis and for detecting BDV reservoirs in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Schindler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A. Vögtlin
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. Puorger
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K. Zlinszky
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F. Ehrensperger
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Watanabe Y, Ibrahim MS, Hagiwara K, Okamoto M, Kamitani W, Yanai H, Ohtaki N, Hayashi Y, Taniyama H, Ikuta K, Tomonaga K. Characterization of a Borna disease virus field isolate which shows efficient viral propagation and transmissibility. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:417-27. [PMID: 17306587 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the biological characteristics of field isolates of Borna disease virus (BDV), as well as to understand BDV infections outside endemic countries, we isolated the virus from brain samples of a heifer with Borna disease in Japan. We demonstrate that the brain lysate contained replication products of BDV and induced viral propagation in rat glioma cells, suggesting that a replication-competent BDV existed in the bovine brain. This field strain of BDV, named Bo/04w, showed efficient viral release and transmissibility and also displayed a distinct pattern of expression of viral phosphoprotein (P) during infection, as compared with laboratory-adapted BDV strains. Interestingly, we found the level of P to be significantly low in cells infected with Bo/04w, and the transcription of this isolate to be more efficient than that of laboratory strain of BDV. These results indicated that the field isolate may regulate the expression of P at an optimal level in infected cells. We also confirmed that Bo/04w maintains biological significance in neonatal gerbil brain. Sequencing revealed that despite the biological differences, the field isolate is closely related genetically to the laboratory strains of BDV. We discuss here the sequence similarities between BDV isolates from endemic and nonendemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Chase G, Mayer D, Hildebrand A, Frank R, Hayashi Y, Tomonaga K, Schwemmle M. Borna disease virus matrix protein is an integral component of the viral ribonucleoprotein complex that does not interfere with polymerase activity. J Virol 2006; 81:743-9. [PMID: 17079312 PMCID: PMC1797437 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01351-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that the matrix protein M of Borna disease virus (BDV) copurifies with the affinity-purified nucleoprotein (N) from BDV-infected cells, suggesting that M is an integral component of the viral ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP). However, further studies were hampered by the lack of appropriate tools. Here we generated an M-specific rabbit polyclonal antiserum to investigate the intracellular distribution of M as well as its colocalization with other viral proteins in BDV-infected cells. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that M is located both in the cytoplasm and in nuclear punctate structures typical for BDV infection. Colocalization studies indicated an association of M with nucleocapsid proteins in these nuclear punctate structures. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that M also colocalizes with the viral genome, implying that M associates directly with viral RNPs. Biochemical studies demonstrated that M binds specifically to the phosphoprotein P but not to N. Binding of M to P involves the N terminus of P and is independent of the ability of P to oligomerize. Surprisingly, despite P-M complex formation, BDV polymerase activity was not inhibited but rather slightly elevated by M, as revealed in a minireplicon assay. Thus, unlike M proteins of other negative-strand RNA viruses, BDV-M seems to be an integral component of the RNPs without interfering with the viral polymerase activity. We propose that this unique feature of BDV-M is a prerequisite for the establishment of BDV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is an enveloped virus that has a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genome with the characteristic organization of the mononegaviruses. However, based on its unique genetic and biological features, BDV is considered to be the prototypic member of a new mononegavirus family, the Bornaviridae. BDV causes central nervous system (CNS) disease in a wide variety of mammals. This article discusses the recently developed reverse-genetics systems for BDV, and the implications for the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying BDV-host interactions, including the basis of BDV persistence in the CNS and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C de la Torre
- Molecular Integrative Neuroscience Department IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Martin A, Staeheli P, Schneider U. RNA polymerase II-controlled expression of antigenomic RNA enhances the rescue efficacies of two different members of the Mononegavirales independently of the site of viral genome replication. J Virol 2006; 80:5708-15. [PMID: 16731909 PMCID: PMC1472609 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02389-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo generation of negative-strand RNA viruses depends on the efficient expression of antigenomic RNA (cRNA) from cDNA. To improve the rescue system of Borna disease virus (BDV), a member of the Mononegavirales with a nuclear replication phase, we evaluated different RNA polymerase (Pol) promoters for viral cRNA expression. Human and mouse Pol I promoters did not increase the recovery rate of infectious BDV from cDNA compared to the originally employed T7 RNA polymerase system. In contrast, expression of viral cRNA under the control of an RNA Pol II promoter increased the rescue efficacy by nearly 20-fold. Similarly, rescue of measles virus (MV), a member of the Mononegavirales with a cytoplasmic replication phase, was strongly improved by Pol II-controlled expression of viral cRNA. Analysis of transcription levels derived from different promoters suggested that the rescue-enhancing function of the Pol II promoter was due mainly to enhanced cRNA synthesis from the plasmid. Remarkably, correct 5'-terminal processing of Pol II-transcribed cRNA by a hammerhead ribozyme was not necessary for efficient rescue of BDV or MV. The correct 5' termini were reconstituted during replication of the artificially prolonged cRNA, indicating that the BDV and MV replicase complexes are able to recognize internal viral replication signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Martin
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann Herder Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Wolff T, Heins G, Pauli G, Burger R, Kurth R. Failure to detect Borna disease virus antigen and RNA in human blood. J Clin Virol 2006; 36:309-11. [PMID: 16822717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus (BDV) is the etiological agent of a rare progressive meningoencephalitis that affects mostly horses and sheep. There is an unresolved debate whether also humans are susceptible to infection with BDV and if so, whether this might be associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. One recent key publication employing an ELISA-based sandwich assay reported prevalences of BDV-specific circulating immune complexes in human blood as high as 30% in the normal population and up to 100% in psychiatric patients [Bode L, Reckwald P, Severus WE, Stoyloff R, Ferszt R, Dietrich DE, et al. Borna disease virus-specific circulating immune complexes, antigenemia, and free antibodies--the key marker triplet determining infection and prevailing in severe mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2001;6(4):481-91]. However, this report did not examine for the physical presence of BDV antigens in human blood, and therefore, these seemingly high prevalences may not reflect Borna virus-specific signals. OBJECTIVES We attempted to correlate string plasma signals in the particular sandwich ELISA system with the presence of BDV antigens. STUDY DESIGN Four preselected plasma samples with high reactivity in the described assay were analysed by immunoaffinity purification and highly sensitive real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Neither method did provide any evidence for the presence of viral proteins or nucleic acids. CONCLUSIONS Our findings argue against the concept that the described sandwich ELISA reliably detects BDV-specific antigens in human blood, therefore do not support the hypothesis that BDV is a pathogen of humans.
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Wang ZH, Xie P, Han YX, Zhan J. [Study on molecular epidemiology of Borna disease virus in Ningxia and vicinal regions]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2006; 27:479-82. [PMID: 17152506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to investigate the epidemics of borna disease virus (BDV) in Ningxia and its vicinal regions. METHODS p24 fragment of BDV from: (1) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells (CSFMC) from 52 patients with viral encephalitis (VE) and 32 healthy donors, (2) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 53 patients with depressive disorder (DD) and from 360 sheep, were examined by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(PCR) with fluorescence quantitative PCR. Gene sequence and amino acid sequence were analysed for positive product and the molecular epidemiologic characteristics by drawing phylogenetic trees. RESULTS The positive rate of BDV p24 in CSFMC from VE (11.54%) and in PBMC from DD 11.32% was significantly higher than that in healthy donors (0%) (P < 0.05). The phylogenetic trees indicating the genetic relationship of the p24 fragment of BDV in both sheep and VE, DD in China and was similar to the nucleotide sequence of H1766 strain in Germany. CONCLUSION Data indicated that the BDV infection was possibly existing in VE, DD patients and health sheep in Ningxia and its vicinal regions with confined locality which called for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-hai Wang
- Department of Multiple Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningxia Medical College, Yinchuan 750004, China
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Porombka D, Herzog S, Baumgärtner W, Herden C. Preservation of RNA and destruction of infectivity in microdissected brain tissues of Lewis rats infected with the Borna disease virus. J Virol Methods 2006; 135:247-53. [PMID: 16707170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Laser microdissection combined with real-time RT-PCR presents an advanced tool to quantify particular RNA species in defined tissue areas. Dealing with infectious tissue samples increases the need to overcome the risk of infectivity and contamination during laser microdissection. Here, an useful method to control infectivity of frozen brain sections infected with the Borna disease virus (BDV), an enveloped RNA virus, is described. Various pre-treatments were applied prior to laser microdissection and subsequent real-time RT-PCR. Brain sections were incubated with Vennotrade mark Vet 1 super 1% or 70% ethanol for 30, 60 and 90min, followed by quantification of infectious virus and RNA recovery using laser microdissection. Total RNA specific for the BDV nucleoprotein (BDV-N) and the cellular genes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), succinate-ubiquinone reductase (SDHA) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase-1 (HPRT) was measured by real-time RT-PCR and compared to BDV-infected control samples. After 30 min incubation with both disinfectants, no infectious virus was isolated, while sufficient cDNA copy numbers were amplified. As tissue morphology was best preserved after ethanol treatment, 30min incubation with 70% ethanol was selected as the method of choice to prevent infectivity of BDV. This procedure represents a suitable pre-treatment option to ensure adequate safety of virus infected central nervous system tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Porombka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Hofer MJ, Schindler AR, Ehrensperger F, Staeheli P, Pagenstecher A. Absence of Borna disease virus in the CNS of epilepsy patients. J Clin Virol 2006; 36:84-5. [PMID: 16497548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yanai H, Hayashi Y, Watanabe Y, Ohtaki N, Kobayashi T, Nozaki Y, Ikuta K, Tomonaga K. Development of a novel Borna disease virus reverse genetics system using RNA polymerase II promoter and SV40 nuclear import signal. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1522-9. [PMID: 16697679 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 01/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a noncytolytic, neurotropic RNA virus that replicates and transcribes in the nucleus of infected cells. Therefore, efficient synthesis of BDV RNA in the nucleus is critical for the development of a reverse genetics system for this virus. Here, we report the development of such a system using the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) promoter. The BDV minigenome cDNA was flanked by hammerhead ribozyme and hepatitis delta ribozyme sequences and inserted downstream of the Pol II promoter. To improve the efficacy of minigenome expression, we estimated the effects of several signal sequences within the minigenome constructs. We found that insertion of the SV40 nuclear import sequence into the Pol II constructs significantly enhances the replication of the minigenome even in cells lacking the SV40 large T antigen. This novel system is theoretically applicable to any mammalian cell line and would be valuable for analyzing host- or cell-type-dependent differences in BDV replication and production. We could demonstrate here the cell-type-dependent inhibitory effect of the viral protein X on BDV polymerase activity. This system may be useful for various research fields not only of BDV but also of other negative-sense RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
Lewis rats neonatally infected with Borna disease virus have a behavioral syndrome characterized by hyperactivity, movement disorders, and abnormal social interactions. Virus is widely distributed in brain; however, neuropathology is focused in dentate gyrus, cerebellum, and neocortex where granule cells, Purkinje cells and pyramidal cells are lost through apoptosis. Although a transient immune response is present, its distribution does not correlate with sites of damage. Neuropathology is instead colocalized with microglial proliferation and expression of MHC class I and class II, ICAM, CD4 and CD8 molecules. Targeted pathogenesis in this system appears to be linked to microglial activation and susceptibility of specific neuronal populations to apoptosis rather than viral tropism or virus-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Weissenböck
- Emerging Diseases Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, California
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mady Hornig
- Emerging Diseases Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - William F. Hickey
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Emerging Diseases Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, California
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Flower R, Kamhieh S. Letter to the Editor refuting "Epidemiological pattern of classical Borna disease and regional genetic clustering of Borna disease viruses point towards the existence of to-date unknown endemic reservoir host populations" by Ralf Dürrwald, Jolanta Kolodziejek, Aemero Muluneh, Sibylle Herzog and Norbert Nowotny, Microbes and Infection 8 (2006) 917-929. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1419-20; author reply 1421-2. [PMID: 16616572 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yanai H, Kobayashi T, Hayashi Y, Watanabe Y, Ohtaki N, Zhang G, de la Torre JC, Ikuta K, Tomonaga K. A methionine-rich domain mediates CRM1-dependent nuclear export activity of Borna disease virus phosphoprotein. J Virol 2006; 80:1121-9. [PMID: 16414989 PMCID: PMC1346931 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.3.1121-1129.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA virus that replicates and transcribes in the nucleus of infected cells. Recently, we have demonstrated that BDV phosphoprotein (P) can modulate its subcellular localization through binding to the protein X, which is encoded in the overlapping open reading frame (T. Kobayashi et al., J. Virol. 77:8099-8107, 2003). This observation suggested a unique strategy of intracellular trafficking of a viral protein that is essential for the formation of a functional BDV ribonucleoprotein (RNP). However, neither the mechanism nor the consequences of the cytoplasmic retention or nuclear export of BDV X-P complex have been elucidated. In this study, we show that BDV P contains a bona fide nuclear export signal (NES) and can actively shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. A transient transfection analysis of cDNA clones that mimic the BDV bicistronic X/P mRNA revealed that the methionine-rich (MetR) domain of P is responsible for the X-dependent cytoplasmic localization of the protein complex. Mutational and functional analysis revealed that the methionine residues within the MetR domain are critical for the activity of the NES of P. Furthermore, leptomycin B or small interfering RNA for inhibition of CRM1 strongly suggested that a CRM1-dependent pathway mediates nuclear export of P. Fluorescence loss in photobleaching analysis confirmed the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of P. Moreover, we revealed that the nuclear export of P is not involved in the inhibition of the polymerase activity by X in the BDV minireplicon system. Our results may provide a unique strategy for the nucleocytoplasmic transport of viral RNP, which could be critical for the formation of not only infectious virions in the cytoplasm but also a persistent viral state in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Yanai
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Muluneh A, Herzog S, Nowotny N. Epidemiological pattern of classical Borna disease and regional genetic clustering of Borna disease viruses point towards the existence of to-date unknown endemic reservoir host populations. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:917-29. [PMID: 16469519 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Classical Borna disease (cBD), a non-purulent encephalitis of solipeds and sheep, is endemic in certain areas of central Europe. The etiologic agent is Borna disease virus (BDV), thus far the only member of the family Bornaviridae. Based on epidemiological patterns of cBD and recent phylogenetic findings this review hypothesizes the possible existence of yet unknown BDV reservoir host populations, and analyzes critically BDVs from outside endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dürrwald
- Impfstoffwerk Dessau-Tornau GmbH (IDT), Streetzer Weg 15a, D-06862 Rodleben, Germany
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Miranda HC, Nunes SOV, Calvo ES, Suzart S, Itano EN, Watanabe MAE. Detection of Borna disease virus p24 RNA in peripheral blood cells from Brazilian mood and psychotic disorder patients. J Affect Disord 2006; 90:43-7. [PMID: 16324750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Revised: 10/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus (BDV) is a virus that naturally infects a broad range of warm-blooded animals. BDV is an enveloped virus, non-segmented, negative-stranded RNA genome and has an organization characteristic of a member of Bornaviridae in the order of Mononegavirale. In the present work we investigated the presence of BDV p24 RNA in peripheral blood cells from 30 psychiatric patients (19 with mood disorder and 11 with psychotic disorder) and 30 healthy volunteers as the control group. METHODS All subjects were interviewed by structured diagnostic criteria categorized according to the DSM-IV, Axis I (SCID-V). The presence of BDV p24 RNA was investigated by nested reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) using specific primers to p24 from BDV. The specificity of the detection was analyzed by the sequencing of PCR products. RESULTS The mean duration of illness in mood and psychotic patients with p24 RNA of BDV was 25 (+/-12.3) years and the median age was 43.77 (+/-15.2) years. There were no significant differences in gender and age among patients and control group, neither duration of illness among patients with mood and psychotic disorders in the presence or absence of p24 RNA of BDV. We found a frequency of 33.33% (10/30) of BDV-RNA on patient's group and 13.33% (4/30) on control group. The given sequences revealed identity with GenBank database sequence for BDV. CONCLUSION The detection of a higher level of BDV-RNA in the peripheral blood cells of patients than on control group should help our understanding of the pathogenesis in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Cristina Miranda
- Department of Pathological Sciences-Immunology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Kamhieh S, Hodgson J, Bode L, Ludwig H, Ward C, Flower RLP. No evidence of endemic Borna disease virus infection in Australian horses in contrast with endemic infection in other continents. Arch Virol 2005; 151:709-19. [PMID: 16328145 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Borna disease virus (BDV) is a unique RNA virus that is a cause of neurological disease in horses, sheep and cats. The finding that BDV also infects humans has raised concern related to the impact of infection with this virus. The extent to which BDV may be endemic in geographical regions outside Europe is of interest in management of international movement of animals including horses. Sera from Australian horses (N = 553) sampled in Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), were analysed for BDV antigen, circulating immune complexes (CICs), and antibodies by monoclonal antibody-based ELISAs. One-tenth of the samples were investigated by further antibody tests, namely immunofluorescence (IFA) and a peptide ELISA, as well as for BDV RNA. The study revealed a very low frequency of serological markers that may be associated with exposure to BDV in Australian horses from NSW with a few sera (0.7%) displaying low range positive results in the CIC assay, and no detectable BDV RNA. This pattern is inconsistent with endemic BDV infection and strongly contrasts with the pattern of endemic infection, particularly in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kamhieh
- Northern Blood Research Centre, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
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