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HONG SS, KIM S, SEO MK, HAN MN, KIM J, LEE SM, NA KJ. Genetic trends in parrot Bornavirus: a clinical analysis. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:239-246. [PMID: 38171882 PMCID: PMC10898989 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Parrot Bornavirus (PaBV) has been reported to cause indigestion and other wasting symptoms such as weight loss and lethargy. The pathogenesis of PaBV has yet to be fully elucidated. This study reports PaBV infections in South Korea and suggests a trend in the genetic information gathered from clinical cases. A total of 487 birds with or without clinical symptoms were tested for bornavirus. Twelve of 361 asymptomatic birds tested positive for bornavirus, while 15 of 126 birds with various symptoms tested positive. A segment of approximately 1,540 bps including the N, X, P and M proteins were obtained from 23 of the positive strains and analyzed with other strains found on GenBank that had clinical information. PaBV was type 2 and 4 in South Korea, and certain amino acid sequences showed a difference between symptom presenting animals and asymptomatic animals in the X protein and P protein. When considering that some asymptomatic cases may have been latent infections at the time of examination, it is plausible these trends may grow stronger with time. Majority of PaBV was type 4 in South Korea. If these trends are confirmed, diagnosis of potentially pathogenic PaBVs in a clinical manner will be possible during the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyun S HONG
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National
University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Cheongju Zoo, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sungryong KIM
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National
University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | | | - Mi-Na HAN
- Institute of Chungbuk Provincial Veterinary Service and
Research, Cheongju, South Korea
| | | | - Sang-Myeong LEE
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National
University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong NA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National
University, Cheongju, South Korea
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2
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Allartz P, Hotop SK, Muntau B, Schlaphof A, Thomé-Bolduan C, Gabriel M, Petersen N, Lintzel M, Behrens C, Eggert P, Pörtner K, Steiner J, Brönstrup M, Tappe D. Detection of bornavirus-reactive antibodies and BoDV-1 RNA only in encephalitis patients from virus endemic areas: a comparative serological and molecular sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and disease duration correlation study. Infection 2024; 52:59-71. [PMID: 37253816 PMCID: PMC10228883 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human Borna disease virus (BoDV-1) encephalitis is an emerging disease in Germany. This study investigates the spectrum of human BoDV-1 infection, characterizes anti-BoDV-1-antibodies and kinetics, and compares laboratory test performances. METHODS Three hundred four encephalitis cases, 308 nation-wide neuropsychiatric conditions, 127 well-defined psychiatric cases from Borna disease-endemic areas, and 20 persons with contact to BoDV-1 encephalitis patients or animals were tested for BoDV-1 infections by serology and PCR. RESULTS BoDV-1 infections were only found in encephalitis patients with residence in, or recent travel to, virus-endemic areas. Antibodies were detected as early as 12 days after symptom onset. Serum antibody levels correlated with disease duration. Serology was ordered after 50% of the disease duration had elapsed, reflecting low awareness. BoDV-1-antibodies were of IgG1 subclass, and the epitope on BoDV-1 antigens was determined. Specificity of the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and lineblot (LB) from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as PCR testing from CSF, was 100%. Sensitivity, depending on first or all samples, reached 75-86% in serum and 92-94% in CSF for the IFAT, and 33-57% in serum and 18-24% in CSF for the LB. Sensitivity for PCR in CSF was 25-67%. Positive predictive values were 100% each, while negative predictive values were 99% (IFAT), 91-97% (LB), and 90% (PCR). CONCLUSIONS There is no hint that BoDV-1 causes other diseases than encephalitis in humans. Awareness has to be increased in virus-endemic areas. Tests are robust but lack sensitivity. Detection of IgG1 against specific peptides may facilitate diagnosis. Screening of healthy individuals is likely not beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Allartz
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Muntau
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schlaphof
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Thomé-Bolduan
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gabriel
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Petersen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maren Lintzel
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Behrens
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Eggert
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Pörtner
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
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Aguilera-Sepúlveda P, Llorente F, Rosenstierne MW, Bravo-Barriga D, Frontera E, Fomsgaard A, Fernández-Pinero J, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ. Detection of a new avian bornavirus in barn owl (Tyto alba) by pan-viral microarray. Vet Microbiol 2024; 289:109959. [PMID: 38134487 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A barn owl (Tyto alba) died with neurological signs compatible with a viral infection. After discarding other possible infections caused by circulating viruses in the area, analysis of the central nervous system using a pan-viral microarray revealed hybridization to canary bornavirus 2 (CnBV-2). Subsequent sequence analysis confirmed the presence of a virus sharing more than 83% identity with CnBV-2. Surprisingly, the new sequence corresponds to a new virus, here named Barn owl Bornavirus 1 (BoBV-1), within the Orthobornavirus serini species. Moreover, it is the first member of this species that has been detected in a non-passerine bird, indicating that Orthobornavirus serini species comprises viruses with a wider range of hosts than previously presumed. The use of this microarray has proven to be an excellent tool for viral detection in clinical samples, with capacity to detect new viral variants. This allows the diagnosis of a great range of viruses, which can cause similar disease symptoms and which identification by PCR methods might be tedious, probably unsuccessful and, in the long run, expensive. This platform is highly useful for a fast and precise viral detection, contributing to the improvement of diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Llorente
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Maiken Worsoe Rosenstierne
- QlifeAps, Industriparken 39-41, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark; Virus Research & Development Laboratory Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Salud Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eva Frontera
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Ampuero F, Leacy A, Pham PH, Che S, Tuling J, El-Khoury A, Nagy E, Jardine C, Delnatte P, Lillie B, Susta L. Experimental infection of aquatic bird bornavirus 1 (ABBV-1) in Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109946. [PMID: 38103394 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic bird bornavirus 1 (ABBV-1) has a high prevalence of infection in certain North American populations of Canada geese (Branta canadensis), suggesting a possible role of these birds as an ABBV-1 reservoir. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of Canada geese to become experimentally infected with ABBV-1, develop lesions, and transmit the virus to conspecifics. One-week-old Canada geese (n, 65) were inoculated with ABBV-1 through the intramuscular (IM) or cloacal (CL) routes, with the control group receiving carrier only. An additional 6 geese were added to each group to test horizontal transmission (sentinel birds). Geese were monitored daily, and selected birds were euthanized at 1, 8, and 15-weeks post infection (wpi) to assess virus replication in tissues and lesion development. At 15 wpi, over 70% of IM birds were infected, while the CL route yielded only 1 infected goose. Of the infected IM geese, 26% developed encephalitis and/or myelitis after 8 wpi. No clinical signs were observed, and no sentinel birds became infected in any group. Only 1 oropharyngeal swab (IM group) tested positive for ABBV-1 RNA, while the water from the enclosures was consistently negative for virus RNA. This study documents successful experimental infection of Canada geese with ABBV-1, with findings comparable to what is described in infection trials with other waterfowl species. However, minimal shedding and lack of environmental dispersal indicate that Canada geese have little potential to disseminate the virus among wild waterfowl, and that other species could be better suited to act as chronic ABBV-1 shedders in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phuc H Pham
- University of Guelph, Pathobiology, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Sunoh Che
- University of Guelph, Pathobiology, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jaime Tuling
- University of Guelph, Pathobiology, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | | | - Eva Nagy
- University of Guelph, Pathobiology, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Claire Jardine
- University of Guelph, Pathobiology, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | | | - Brandon Lillie
- University of Guelph, Pathobiology, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Leonardo Susta
- University of Guelph, Pathobiology, Guelph, N1G2W1, Canada.
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Komorizono R, Fujino K, Kessler S, Runge S, Kanda T, Horie M, Makino A, Rubbenstroth D, Tomonaga K. Reverse genetics of parrot bornavirus 4 reveals a unique splicing of the glycoprotein gene that affects viral propagation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0050923. [PMID: 37578232 PMCID: PMC10506466 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00509-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses can utilize host splicing machinery to enable the expression of multiple genes from a limited-sized genome. Orthobornaviruses use alternative splicing to regulate the expression level of viral proteins and achieve efficient viral replication in the nucleus. Although more than 20 orthobornaviruses have been identified belonging to eight different viral species, virus-specific splicing has not been demonstrated. Here, we demonstrate that the glycoprotein (G) transcript of parrot bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4; species Orthobornavirus alphapsittaciforme), a highly virulent virus in psittacines, undergoes mRNA splicing and expresses a soluble isoform termed sGP. Interestingly, the splicing donor for sGP is not conserved in other orthobornaviruses, including those belonging to the same orthobornavirus species, suggesting that this splicing has evolved as a PaBV-4-specific event. We have also shown that exogenous expression of sGP does not affect PaBV-4 replication or de novo virion infectivity. In this study, to investigate the role of sGP in viral replication, we established a reverse genetics system for PaBV-4 by using avian cell lines and generated a recombinant virus lacking the spliced mRNA for sGP. Using the recombinant viruses, we show that the replication of the sGP-deficient virus is significantly slower than that of the wild-type virus and that the exogenous expression of sGP cannot restore its propagation efficiency. These results suggest that autologous or controlled expression of sGP by splicing may be important for PaBV-4 propagation. The reverse genetics system for avian bornaviruses developed here will be a powerful tool for understanding the replication strategies and pathogenesis of avian orthobornaviruses. IMPORTANCE Parrot bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4) is the dominant cause of proventricular dilatation disease, a severe gastrointestinal and central nervous system disease among avian bornaviruses. In this study, we discovered that PaBV-4 expresses a soluble isoform of glycoprotein (G), called sGP, through alternative splicing of the G mRNA, which is unique to this virus. To understand the role of sGP in viral replication, we generated recombinant PaBV-4 lacking the newly identified splicing donor site for sGP using a reverse genetics system and found that its propagation was significantly slower than that of the wild-type virus, suggesting that sGP plays an essential role in PaBV-4 infection. Our results provide important insights not only into the replication strategy but also into the pathogenesis of PaBV-4, which is the most prevalent bornavirus in captive psittacines worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Komorizono
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kan Fujino
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kessler
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Solveig Runge
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Takehiro Kanda
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Makino
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel, Riems, Germany
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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6
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Widerspick L, Steffen JF, Tappe D, Muñoz-Fontela C. Animal Model Alternatives in Filovirus and Bornavirus Research. Viruses 2023; 15:158. [PMID: 36680198 PMCID: PMC9863967 DOI: 10.3390/v15010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Mononegavirales contains a variety of highly pathogenic viruses that may infect humans, including the families Filoviridae, Bornaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabodoviridae. Animal models have historically been important to study virus pathogenicity and to develop medical countermeasures. As these have inherent shortcomings, the rise of microphysiological systems and organoids able to recapitulate hallmarks of the diseases caused by these viruses may have enormous potential to add to or partially replace animal modeling in the future. Indeed, microphysiological systems and organoids are already used in the pharmaceutical R&D pipeline because they are prefigured to overcome the translational gap between model systems and clinical studies. Moreover, they may serve to alleviate ethical concerns related to animal research. In this review, we discuss the value of animal model alternatives in human pathogenic filovirus and bornavirus research. The current animal models and their limitations are presented followed by an overview of existing alternatives, such as organoids and microphysiological systems, which might help answering open research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Widerspick
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Rinder M, Baas N, Hagen E, Drasch K, Korbel R. Canary Bornavirus ( Orthobornavirus serini) Infections Are Associated with Clinical Symptoms in Common Canaries ( Serinus canaria dom.). Viruses 2022; 14:v14102187. [PMID: 36298742 PMCID: PMC9607494 DOI: 10.3390/v14102187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
While parrot bornaviruses are accepted as the cause of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in psittacine birds, the pathogenic role of bornaviruses in common canaries is still unclear. To answer the question of whether canary bornaviruses (species Orthobornavirus serini) are associated with a PDD-like disease in common canaries (Serinus canaria f. dom.), the clinical data of 201 canary bird patients tested for bornaviruses using RT-PCR assays, were analyzed for the presence of PDD-like gastrointestinal or central nervous system signs and for other viruses (mainly circovirus and polyomavirus), yeasts and trichomonads. Canary bornavirus RNA was detected in the clinical samples of 40 out of 201 canaries (19.9%) coming from 28 of 140 flocks (20%). All nucleotide sequences obtained could unequivocally be determined as canary bornavirus 1, 2, or 3 supporting the current taxonomy of the species Orthobornavirus serini. PDD-like signs were found associated with canary bornavirus detection, and to a lesser extent, with circoviruses detection, but not with the detection of polyomaviruses, yeasts or trichomonads. The data indicate that canary bornaviruses contribute to a PDD-like disease in naturally infected canaries, and suggest a promoting effect of circoviruses for the development of PDD-like signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rinder
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Noreen Baas
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hagen
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Drasch
- Institute of Sociology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Korbel
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Ogawa H, Honda T. Viral Sequences Are Repurposed for Controlling Antiviral Responses as Non-Retroviral Endogenous Viral Elements. Acta Med Okayama 2022; 76:503-510. [PMID: 36352796 DOI: 10.18926/amo/64025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes contain numerous copies of endogenous viral elements (EVEs), most of which are considered endogenous retrovirus (ERV) sequences. Over the past decade, non-retroviral endogenous viral elements (nrEVEs) derived from ancient RNA viruses have been discovered. Several functions have been proposed for these elements, including antiviral defense. This review summarizes the current understanding of nrEVEs derived from RNA viruses, particularly endogenous bornavirus-like elements (EBLs) and endogenous filovirus-like elements (EFLs). EBLs are one of the most extensively studied nrEVEs. The EBL derived from bornavirus nucleoprotein (EBLN) is thought to function as a non-coding RNA or protein that regulates host gene expression or inhibits virus propagation. Ebolavirus and marburgvirus, which are filoviruses, induce severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Although the ecology of filoviruses remains unclear, bats are believed to be potential reservoirs. Based on the knowledge from EBLs, it is postulated that EFLs in the bat genome help to maintain the balance between filovirus infection and the bat's defense system, which may partially explain why bats act as potential reservoirs. Further research into the functions of nrEVEs could reveal novel antiviral systems and inspire novel antiviral approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Ogawa
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Abstract
Avian bornaviruses constitute a genetically diverse group of at least 15 viruses belonging to the genus Orthobornavirus within the family Bornaviridae. After the discovery of the first avian bornaviruses in diseased psittacines in 2008, further viruses have been detected in passerines and aquatic birds. Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) possess the highest veterinary relevance amongst the avian bornaviruses as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is a chronic and often fatal disease that may engulf a broad range of clinical presentations, typically including neurologic signs as well as impaired gastrointestinal motility, leading to proventricular dilatation. It occurs worldwide in captive psittacine populations and threatens private bird collections, zoological gardens and rehabilitation projects of endangered species. In contrast, only little is known about the pathogenic roles of passerine and waterbird bornaviruses. This comprehensive review summarizes the current knowledge on avian bornavirus infections, including their taxonomy, pathogenesis of associated diseases, epidemiology, diagnostic strategies and recent developments on prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
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10
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Abstract
We present the complete genome sequences of Caribbean watersnake bornavirus (CWBV) and Mexican black-tailed rattlesnake bornavirus (MRBV), which we identified in archived raw transcriptomic read data of a Caribbean watersnake (Tretanorhinus variabilis) and a Mexican black-tailed rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus nigrescens), respectively. The genomes of CWBV and MRBV have a length of about 8,900 nucleotides and comprise the complete coding regions and the untranslated regions. The overall genomic makeup and predicted gene content is typical for members of the genus Orthobornavirus within the family Bornaviridae. Alternative splicing was detected for the L and M genes. Based on a phylogenetic analysis of all viral proteins, we consider both viruses to be members of a single novel species within the genus Orthobornavirus. Both viruses form a distinct outgroup to all currently known orthobornaviruses. Based on the novel virus genomes, we furthermore identified closely related endogenous bornavirus-like nucleoprotein sequences in transcriptomic data of veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and a common lancehead (Bothrops atrox).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald, Riems, Germany.
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald, Riems, Germany
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Sigrist B, Geers J, Albini S, Rubbenstroth D, Wolfrum N. A New Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Avian Bornaviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071358. [PMID: 34372564 PMCID: PMC8310230 DOI: 10.3390/v13071358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses were first described in 2008 as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in parrots and their relatives (Psittaciformes). To date, 15 genetically highly diverse avian bornaviruses covering at least five viral species have been discovered in different bird orders. Currently, the primary diagnostic tool is the detection of viral RNA by conventional or real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). One of the drawbacks of this is the usage of either specific assays, allowing the detection of one particular virus, or of assays with a broad detection spectrum, which, however, do not allow for the simultaneous specification of the detected virus. To facilitate the simultaneous detection and specification of avian bornaviruses, a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay was developed. Whole-genome sequences of various bornaviruses were aligned. Primers were designed to recognize conserved regions within the overlapping X/P gene and probes were selected to detect virus species-specific regions within the target region. The optimization of the assay resulted in the sensitive and specific detection of bornaviruses of Psittaciformes, Passeriformes, and aquatic birds. Finally, the new rRT-PCR was successfully employed to detect avian bornaviruses in field samples from various avian species. This assay will serve as powerful tool in epidemiological studies and will improve avian bornavirus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Sigrist
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Jessica Geers
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (J.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Sarah Albini
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (J.G.); (D.R.)
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Wolfrum
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.S.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-635-86-36
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12
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Eisermann P, Rubbenstroth D, Cadar D, Thomé-Bolduan C, Eggert P, Schlaphof A, Leypoldt F, Stangel M, Fortwängler T, Hoffmann F, Osterman A, Zange S, Niller HH, Angstwurm K, Pörtner K, Frank C, Wilking H, Beer M, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Tappe D. Active Case Finding of Current Bornavirus Infections in Human Encephalitis Cases of Unknown Etiology, Germany, 2018-2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1371-1379. [PMID: 33900167 PMCID: PMC8084505 DOI: 10.3201/eid2705.204490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bornavirus encephalitis is a severe and often fatal infection caused by variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) and Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1). We conducted a prospective study of bornavirus etiology of encephalitis cases in Germany during 2018-2020 by using a serologic testing scheme applied along proposed graded case definitions for VSBV-1, BoDV-1, and unspecified bornavirus encephalitis. Of 103 encephalitis cases of unknown etiology, 4 bornavirus infections were detected serologically. One chronic case was caused by VSBV-1 after occupational-related contact of a person with exotic squirrels, and 3 acute cases were caused by BoDV-1 in virus-endemic areas. All 4 case-patients died. Bornavirus etiology could be confirmed by molecular methods. Serologic testing for these cases was virus specific, discriminatory, and a practical diagnostic option for living patients if no brain tissue samples are available. This testing should be guided by clinical and epidemiologic suspicions, such as residence in virus-endemic areas and animal exposure.
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Komorizono R, Sassa Y, Horie M, Makino A, Tomonaga K. Evolutionary Selection of the Nuclear Localization Signal in the Viral Nucleoprotein Leads to Host Adaptation of the Genus Orthobornavirus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111291. [PMID: 33187187 PMCID: PMC7698282 DOI: 10.3390/v12111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of the viral life cycle to host cells is necessary for efficient viral infection and replication. This evolutionary process has contributed to the mechanism for determining the host range of viruses. Orthobornaviruses, members of the family Bornaviridae, are non-segmented, negative-strand RNA viruses, and several genotypes have been isolated from different vertebrate species. Previous studies revealed that some genotypes isolated from avian species can replicate in mammalian cell lines, suggesting the zoonotic potential of avian orthobornaviruses. However, the mechanism by which the host specificity of orthobornaviruses is determined has not yet been identified. In this study, we found that the infectivity of orthobornaviruses is not determined at the viral entry step, mediated by the viral glycoprotein and matrix protein. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence in the viral nucleoprotein (N) has evolved under natural selection and determines the host-specific viral polymerase activity. A chimeric mammalian orthobornavirus, which has the NLS sequence of avian orthobornavirus N, exhibited a reduced propagation efficiency in mammalian cells. Our findings indicated that nuclear transport of the viral N is a determinant of the host range of orthobornaviruses, providing insights into the evolution and host adaptation of orthobornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Komorizono
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sassa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akiko Makino
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (R.K.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (K.T.)
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Silva ASG, Raso TF, Costa EA, Gómez SYM, Martins NRDS. Parrot bornavirus in naturally infected Brazilian captive parrots: Challenges in viral spread control. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232342. [PMID: 32579594 PMCID: PMC7313744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittaciform orthobornaviruses are currently considered to be a major threat to the psittacine bird population worldwide. Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) was identified recently in Brazil and, since then, few studies have been conducted to understand the epidemiology of PaBV in captive psittacine birds. In the present study, natural infections by PaBV in South American parrots were investigated in two breeding facilities: commercial (A) and conservationist (B). Thirty-eight psittacine of 21 different species were presented for postmortem examination. Tissue samples were collected and investigated for the presence of PaBV-RNA using RT-PCR. In addition, clinical information about these birds was used when available. PaBV infection was detected in 73.7% of all birds investigated, indicating a wide dissemination of this virus in both facilities. From birds investigated in aviary A, 66.7% showed clinical signs, 100% had typical lesions of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), 100% had mild to severe proventricular dilatation and 88.9% were PaBV-positive. In birds from aviary B, 27.6% showed clinical signs, 65.5% had typical lesions of PDD, 62% had mild to severe proventricular dilatation and 69% were PaBV-positive. Neurological disease was observed more frequently than gastrointestinal disease. Sequencing analysis of the matrix gene fragment revealed the occurrence of genotype 4 (PaBV-4) in both places. About 15.8% of birds in this study are threatened species. We discussed the difficulties and challenges for controlling viral spread in these aviaries and implications for South American psittacine conservation. These results emphasize the urgent need to develop a national regulatory and health standard for breeding psittacine birds in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aila Solimar Gonçalves Silva
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tânia Freitas Raso
- Avian Ecopathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erica Azevedo Costa
- Animal Virology Research Laboratory, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sandra Yuliet Marin Gómez
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Veterinary College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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15
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Tappe D, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Rauch J, Allartz P, Herden C. Immunopathology of Fatal Human Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus 1 Encephalitis, Germany, 2011-2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1058-1065. [PMID: 31107210 PMCID: PMC6537742 DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.181082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) is a zoonotic virus that causes fatal encephalitis in humans who are infected after contact with exotic squirrels. We analyzed the brain lesions and the immune responses in all 4 known human cases that showed panencephalitis. Inflammatory infiltrates in areas positive for VSBV-1 RNA and antigen consisted of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, with perivascular B-cell accumulation. Strong microglial response and bizarre astroglial expansion were present. Areas of malacia contained neutrophils and foamy microglia and macrophages. Immunopathologic examination during infection showed cleavage of caspase 3 in brain cells adjacent to CD8+ cells and widespread p53 expression, hallmarks of apoptosis. Cerebrospinal fluid analyses over time demonstrated increasing protein concentrations and cell counts, paralleled by pathologic lactate elevations in all patients. The most severe cerebrospinal fluid and histologic changes occurred in the patient with the highest viral load, shortest duration of disease, and most medical preconditions.
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16
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Coras R, Korn K, Kuerten S, Huttner HB, Ensser A. Severe bornavirus-encephalitis presenting as Guillain-Barré-syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:1017-1019. [PMID: 30953131 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Korn
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Hyndman TH, Shilton CM, Stenglein MD, Wellehan JFX. Divergent bornaviruses from Australian carpet pythons with neurological disease date the origin of extant Bornaviridae prior to the end-Cretaceous extinction. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006881. [PMID: 29462190 PMCID: PMC5834213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue samples from Australian carpet pythons (Morelia spilota) with neurological disease were screened for viruses using next-generation sequencing. Coding complete genomes of two bornaviruses were identified with the gene order 3'-N-X-P-G-M-L, representing a transposition of the G and M genes compared to other bornaviruses and most mononegaviruses. Use of these viruses to search available vertebrate genomes enabled recognition of further endogenous bornavirus-like elements (EBLs) in diverse placental mammals, including humans. Codivergence patterns and shared integration sites revealed an ancestral laurasiatherian EBLG integration (77 million years ago [MYA]) and a previously identified afrotherian EBLG integration (83 MYA). The novel python bornaviruses clustered more closely with these EBLs than with other exogenous bornaviruses, suggesting that these viruses diverged from previously known bornaviruses prior to the end-Cretaceous (K-Pg) extinction, 66 MYA. It is possible that EBLs protected mammals from ancient bornaviral disease, providing a selective advantage in the recovery from the K-Pg extinction. A degenerate PCR primer set was developed to detect a highly conserved region of the bornaviral polymerase gene. It was used to detect 15 more genetically distinct bornaviruses from Australian pythons that represent a group that is likely to contain a number of novel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H. Hyndman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Catherine M. Shilton
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Mark D. Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James F. X. Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Rubbenstroth D, Schmidt V, Rinder M, Legler M, Twietmeyer S, Schwemmer P, Corman VM. Phylogenetic Analysis Supports Horizontal Transmission as a Driving Force of the Spread of Avian Bornaviruses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160936. [PMID: 27537693 PMCID: PMC4990238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian bornaviruses are a genetically diverse group of viruses initially discovered in 2008. They are known to infect several avian orders. Bornaviruses of parrots and related species (Psittaciformes) are causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease, a chronic and often fatal neurologic disease widely distributed in captive psittacine populations. Although knowledge has considerably increased in the past years, many aspects of the biology of avian bornaviruses are still undiscovered. In particular, the precise way of transmission remains unknown. AIMS AND METHODS In order to collect further information on the epidemiology of bornavirus infections in birds we collected samples from captive and free-ranging aquatic birds (n = 738) and Passeriformes (n = 145) in Germany and tested them for the presence of bornaviruses by PCR assays covering a broad range of known bornaviruses. We detected aquatic bird bornavirus 1 (ABBV-1) in three out of 73 sampled free-ranging mute swans (Cygnus olor) and one out of 282 free-ranging Eurasian oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus). Canary bornavirus 1 (CnBV-1), CnBV-2 and CnBV-3 were detected in four, six and one out of 48 captive common canaries (Serinus canaria forma domestica), respectively. In addition, samples originating from 49 bornavirus-positive captive Psittaciformes were used for determination of parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2) and PaBV-4 sequences. Bornavirus sequences compiled during this study were used for phylogenetic analysis together with all related sequences available in GenBank. RESULTS OF THE STUDY Within ABBV-1, PaBV-2 and PaBV-4, identical or genetically closely related bornavirus sequences were found in parallel in various different avian species, suggesting that inter-species transmission is frequent relative to the overall transmission of these viruses. Our results argue for an important role of horizontal transmission, but do not exclude the additional possibility of vertical transmission. Furthermore we defined clearly separated sequence clusters within several avian bornaviruses, providing a basis for an improved interpretation of transmission events within and between wild bird populations and captive bird collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute for Virology, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Herrmann-Herder Str. 11, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monika Rinder
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University Ludwig Maximilian Munich, Sonnenstr. 18, D-85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Marko Legler
- Clinic for Pets, Reptiles and pet and feral Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sönke Twietmeyer
- Department of Research and Documentation, Eifel National Park, Urftseestraße 34, D-53937, Schleiden-Gemünd, Germany
| | - Phillip Schwemmer
- Research and Technology Centre Büsum, University of Kiel, Hafentörn 1, D-25761, Büsum, Germany
| | - Victor M. Corman
- Institute for Virology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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Kobayashi Y, Horie M, Nakano A, Murata K, Itou T, Suzuki Y. Exaptation of Bornavirus-Like Nucleoprotein Elements in Afrotherians. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005785. [PMID: 27518265 PMCID: PMC4982594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous bornavirus-like nucleoprotein elements (EBLNs), the nucleotide sequence elements derived from the nucleoprotein gene of ancient bornavirus-like viruses, have been identified in many animal genomes. Here we show evidence that EBLNs encode functional proteins in their host. Some afrotherian EBLNs were observed to have been maintained for more than 83.3 million years under negative selection. Splice variants were expressed from the genomic loci of EBLNs in elephant, and some were translated into proteins. The EBLN proteins appeared to be localized to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in African elephant cells, in contrast to the nuclear localization of bornavirus N. These observations suggest that afrotherian EBLNs have acquired a novel function in their host. Interestingly, genomic sequences of the first exon and its flanking regions in these EBLN loci were homologous to those of transmembrane protein 106B (TMEM106B). The upstream region of the first exon in the EBLN loci exhibited a promoter activity, suggesting that the ability of these EBLNs to be transcribed in the host cell was gained through capturing a partial duplicate of TMEM106B. In conclusion, our results strongly support for exaptation of EBLNs to encode host proteins in afrotherians. Endogenous retroviruses are representative of endogenous viral elements (EVEs), which are known to have occasionally served as the source of evolutionary innovations of the host. Endogenous bornavirus-like nucleoprotein element (EBLN) was the first EVE identified in mammalian genomes to have been derived from a non-retroviral RNA virus. Here we show evidence that EBLNs that were integrated into afrotherian genomes more than 83.3 million years ago have gained novel protein functions associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum in afrotherians. In the amino acid sequence of EBLN proteins, negative selection appeared to have operated more strongly on hydrophilic regions than on hydrophobic regions, suggesting that EBLN proteins may interact with other molecules in their host cells. In addition, we clarified the mechanism how EBLNs have acquired an ability to be transcribed in the host cell; they captured a partial duplicate of an intrinsic gene, transmembrane protein 106B, which retained an intrinsic promoter activity. Our findings suggest that not only retroviral EVEs but also non-retroviral EVEs may have contributed to the host evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (YK); (YS)
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ayumi Nakano
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Murata
- Department of Animal Resource Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon Universitym, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Itou
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail: (YK); (YS)
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20
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Abstract
To investigate aquatic bird bornavirus 1 in Europe, we examined 333 brains from hunter-killed geese in Denmark in 2014. Seven samples were positive by reverse transcription PCR and were 98.2%-99.8% identical; they were also 97.4%-98.1% identical to reference strains of aquatic bird bornavirus 1 from geese in North America.
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21
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Cui J, Wang LF. Genomic Mining Reveals Deep Evolutionary Relationships between Bornaviruses and Bats. Viruses 2015; 7:5792-800. [PMID: 26569285 PMCID: PMC4664979 DOI: 10.3390/v7112906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats globally harbor viruses in order Mononegavirales, such as lyssaviruses and henipaviruses; however, little is known about their relationships with bornaviruses. Previous studies showed that viral fossils of bornaviral origin are embedded in the genomes of several mammalian species such as primates, indicative of an ancient origin of exogenous bornaviruses. In this study, we mined the available 10 bat genomes and recreated a clear evolutionary relationship of endogenous bornaviral elements and bats. Comparative genomics showed that endogenization of bornaviral elements frequently occurred in vesper bats, harboring EBLLs (endogenous bornavirus-like L elements) in their genomes. Molecular dating uncovered a continuous bornavirus-bat interaction spanning 70 million years. We conclude that better understanding of modern exogenous bornaviral circulation in bat populations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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23
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Marton S, Bányai K, Gál J, Ihász K, Kugler R, Lengyel G, Jakab F, Bakonyi T, Farkas SL. Coding-complete sequencing classifies parrot bornavirus 5 into a novel virus species. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2763-8. [PMID: 26282234 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we determined the sequence of the coding region of an avian bornavirus detected in a blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna) with pathological/histopathological changes characteristic of proventricular dilatation disease. The genomic organization of the macaw bornavirus is similar to that of other bornaviruses, and its nucleotide sequence is nearly identical to the available partial parrot bornavirus 5 (PaBV-5) sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains formed a monophyletic group distinct from other mammalian and avian bornaviruses and in calculations performed with matrix protein coding sequences, the PaBV-5 and PaBV-6 genotypes formed a common cluster, suggesting that according to the recently accepted classification system for bornaviruses, these two genotypes may belong to a new species, provisionally named Psittaciform 2 bornavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Marton
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1581, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1581, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Gál
- Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, István u. 2, 1078, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Ihász
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1581, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Renáta Kugler
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1581, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Lengyel
- Medical Centre of Hungarian Defense Forces, Force Health Laboratory Institute, Róbert Károly krt. 44, 1134, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bakonyi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Hungária krt. 23-25, 1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia L Farkas
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1581, Budapest, Hungary.
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24
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Abstract
Parrot bornavirus 4 is an etiological agent of proventricular dilatation disease, a fatal neurologic and gastrointestinal disease of psittacines and other birds. We tested the ability of ribavirin, an antiviral nucleoside analog with antiviral activity against a range of RNA and DNA viruses, to inhibit parrot bornavirus 4 replication in duck embryonic fibroblast cells. Two analytical methods that evaluate different products of viral replication, indirect immunocytochemistry for viral specific nucleoprotein and qRT-PCR for viral specific phosphoprotein gene mRNA, were used. Ribavirin at concentrations between 2.5 and 25 μg/mL inhibited parrot bornavirus 4 replication, decreasing viral mRNA and viral protein load, in infected duck embryonic fibroblast cells. The addition of guanosine diminished the antiviral activity of ribavirin suggesting that one possible mechanism of action against parrot bornavirus 4 may likely be through inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibition. This study demonstrates parrot bornavirus 4 susceptibility to ribavirin in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. B. Musser
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - J. Jill Heatley
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Zoological Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anastasia V. Koinis
- Morris Animal Foundation Veterinary Student Scholar, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paulette F. Suchodolski
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paulina Escandon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ian R. Tizard
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Encinas-Nagel N, Enderlein D, Piepenbring A, Herden C, Heffels-Redmann U, Felippe PAN, Arns C, Hafez HM, Lierz M. Avian bornavirus in free-ranging psittacine birds, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:2103-6. [PMID: 25417715 PMCID: PMC4257790 DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.140920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian bornavirus (ABV) has been identified as the cause of proventricular dilatation disease in birds, but the virus is also found in healthy birds. Most studies of ABV have focused on captive birds. We investigated 86 free-ranging psittacine birds in Brazil and found evidence for natural, long-term ABV infection.
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Hoffmann B, Tappe D, Höper D, Herden C, Boldt A, Mawrin C, Niederstraßer O, Müller T, Jenckel M, van der Grinten E, Lutter C, Abendroth B, Teifke JP, Cadar D, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Ulrich RG, Beer M. A Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus Associated with Fatal Human Encephalitis. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:154-62. [PMID: 26154788 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1415627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Between 2011 and 2013, three breeders of variegated squirrels (Sciurus variegatoides) had encephalitis with similar clinical signs and died 2 to 4 months after onset of the clinical symptoms. With the use of a metagenomic approach that incorporated next-generation sequencing and real-time reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), the presence of a previously unknown bornavirus was detected in a contact squirrel and in brain samples from the three patients. Phylogenetic analyses showed that this virus, tentatively named variegated squirrel 1 bornavirus (VSBV-1), forms a lineage separate from that of the known bornavirus species. (Funded by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture [Germany] and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Hoffmann
- From the Institute of Diagnostic Virology (B.H., D.H., M.J., B.A., M.B.), Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management (J.P.T.), and Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (R.G.U.), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg (D.T., D.C., J.S.-C.), German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (D.T., D.C., J.S.-C.), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen (C.H.), Department of Neurology, Bergmannstrost Hospital (A.B., O.N.), and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Halle (Saale) (T.M.), Halle (Saale), Institute of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Magdeburg (C.M.), State Institute for Consumer Protection of Saxony-Anhalt, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Stendal (E.v.d.G.), and Special Service for Veterinarian Affairs and Consumer Protection, Salzlandkreis, Bernburg (Saale) (C.L.) - all in Germany
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27
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Rubbenstroth D, Schmidt V, Rinder M, Legler M, Corman VM, Staeheli P. Discovery of a new avian bornavirus genotype in estrildid finches (Estrildidae) in Germany. Vet Microbiol 2013; 168:318-23. [PMID: 24389254 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses (ABV) are known to be the causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in parrots and their relatives (Psittaciformes). A broad range of ABV genotypes has been detected not only in psittacine birds, but also in other avian species including canary birds (Serinus canaria forma domestica) and Bengalese finches (Lonchura striata f. dom.), which are both members of the order songbirds (Passeriformes). During this study 286 samples collected from captive and wild birds of various passerine species in different parts of Germany were screened for the presence of ABV. Interestingly, only three ABV-positive samples were identified by RT-PCR. They originated from one yellow-winged pytilia (Pytilia hypogrammica) and two black-rumped waxbills (Estrilda troglodytes) from a flock of captive estrildid finches in Saxony. The ABV isolates detected here were only distantly related to ABV isolates found in passerine species in Germany and Japan and form a new genotype tentatively called ABV-EF (for "estrildid finches").
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monika Rinder
- Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University Ludwig Maximilian Munich, Sonnenstraße 18, D-85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Marko Legler
- Clinic for Pets, Reptiles and Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute for Virology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Lierz M, Piepenbring A, Herden C, Oberhäuser K, Heffels-Redmann U, Enderlein D. Vertical transmission of avian bornavirus in psittacines. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:2390-1. [PMID: 22172160 PMCID: PMC3311184 DOI: 10.3201/eid1712.111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Bornaviridae is an enveloped animal virus carrying an 8.9 kb non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genome. The genus bornavirus contains two members infecting vertebrates, Borna disease virus (BDV) and avian bornavirus (ABV), which could preferably infect the nervous systems. BDV causes classical Borna disease, a progressive meningoencephalomyelitis, in horses and sheep, and ABV is known to induce proventricular dilatation disease, a fatal disease characterized by a lymphocytic, plasmacytic inflammation of central and peripheral nervous tissues, in multiple avian species. Recent evidences have demonstrated that bornavirus is unique among RNA viruses as they not only establish a long-lasting, persistent infection in the nucleus, but also integrate their own DNA genome copy into the host chromosome. In this review, I outline the recent knowledge about the unique virological characteristics of bornaviruses, as well as the diseases caused by the infection of BDV and ABV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Tomonaga
- Department of Viral Oncology, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University
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Kobayashi Y, Horie M, Tomonaga K, Suzuki Y. No evidence for natural selection on endogenous borna-like nucleoprotein elements after the divergence of Old World and New World monkeys. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24403. [PMID: 21912690 PMCID: PMC3166317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous Borna-like nucleoprotein (EBLNs) elements were recently discovered as non-retroviral RNA virus elements derived from bornavirus in the genomes of various animals. Most of EBLNs appeared to be defective, but some of primate EBLN-1 to -4, which appeared to be originated from four independent integrations of bornavirus nucleoprotein (N) gene, have retained an open reading frame (ORF) for more than 40 million years. It was therefore possible that primate EBLNs have encoded functional proteins during evolution. To examine this possibility, natural selection operating on all ORFs of primate EBLN-1 to -4 was examined by comparing the rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions. The expected number of premature termination codons in EBLN-1 generated after the divergence of Old World and New World monkeys under the selective neutrality was also examined by the Monte Carlo simulation. As a result, natural selection was not identified for the entire region as well as parts of ORFs in the pairwise analysis of primate EBLN-1 to -4 and for any branch of the phylogenetic trees for EBLN-1 to -4 after the divergence of Old World and New World monkeys. Computer simulation also indicated that the absence of premature termination codon in the present-day EBLN-1 does not necessarily support the maintenance of function after the divergence of Old World and New World monkeys. These results suggest that EBLNs have not generally encoded functional proteins after the divergence of Old World and New World monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (BIKEN), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Raghav R, Taylor M, Delay J, Ojkic D, Pearl DL, Kistler AL, Derisi JL, Ganem D, Smith DA. Avian bornavirus is present in many tissues of psittacine birds with histopathologic evidence of proventricular dilatation disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:495-508. [PMID: 20622218 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a neurologic disease of psittacine birds suspected to be caused by a recently identified Avian bornavirus (ABV). In the current report, data supporting the causal association of ABV with PDD are presented. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with rabbit polyclonal antiserum raised against ABV nucleocapsid protein was used to identify cell and organ distribution of viral antigen. The ABV antigen was most consistently detected in brain, spinal cord, adrenal gland, pancreas, and kidney. Histopathologic evaluation was correlated with ABV-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemical tests in multiple tissues from 16 psittacine birds with and without PDD. Using histopathologic diagnosis as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of IHC for ABV antigens were found to be 100% and 100%, respectively. Many more tissues were positive for ABV RNA by reverse transcription PCR than were positive for pathologic changes or viral antigens by IHC, indicating the presence of subclinical or asymptomatic infection at many sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Raghav
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Belyi VA, Levine AJ, Skalka AM. Unexpected inheritance: multiple integrations of ancient bornavirus and ebolavirus/marburgvirus sequences in vertebrate genomes. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001030. [PMID: 20686665 PMCID: PMC2912400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate genomes contain numerous copies of retroviral sequences, acquired over the course of evolution. Until recently they were thought to be the only type of RNA viruses to be so represented, because integration of a DNA copy of their genome is required for their replication. In this study, an extensive sequence comparison was conducted in which 5,666 viral genes from all known non-retroviral families with single-stranded RNA genomes were matched against the germline genomes of 48 vertebrate species, to determine if such viruses could also contribute to the vertebrate genetic heritage. In 19 of the tested vertebrate species, we discovered as many as 80 high-confidence examples of genomic DNA sequences that appear to be derived, as long ago as 40 million years, from ancestral members of 4 currently circulating virus families with single strand RNA genomes. Surprisingly, almost all of the sequences are related to only two families in the Order Mononegavirales: the Bornaviruses and the Filoviruses, which cause lethal neurological disease and hemorrhagic fevers, respectively. Based on signature landmarks some, and perhaps all, of the endogenous virus-like DNA sequences appear to be LINE element-facilitated integrations derived from viral mRNAs. The integrations represent genes that encode viral nucleocapsid, RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase, matrix and, possibly, glycoproteins. Integrations are generally limited to one or very few copies of a related viral gene per species, suggesting that once the initial germline integration was obtained (or selected), later integrations failed or provided little advantage to the host. The conservation of relatively long open reading frames for several of the endogenous sequences, the virus-like protein regions represented, and a potential correlation between their presence and a species' resistance to the diseases caused by these pathogens, are consistent with the notion that their products provide some important biological advantage to the species. In addition, the viruses could also benefit, as some resistant species (e.g. bats) may serve as natural reservoirs for their persistence and transmission. Given the stringent limitations imposed in this informatics search, the examples described here should be considered a low estimate of the number of such integration events that have persisted over evolutionary time scales. Clearly, the sources of genetic information in vertebrate genomes are much more diverse than previously suspected. Vertebrate genomes contain numerous copies of retroviral sequences, acquired over the course of evolution. Until recently they were thought to be the only type of RNA viruses to be so represented. In this comprehensive study, we compared sequences representing all known non-retroviruses containing single stranded RNA genomes, with the genomes of 48 vertebrate species. We discovered that as long ago as 40 million years, almost half of these species acquired sequences related to the genes of certain of these RNA viruses. Surprisingly, almost all of the nearly 80 integrations identified are related to only two viral families, the Ebola/ Marburgviruses, and Bornaviruses, which are deadly pathogens that cause lethal hemorrhagic fevers and neurological disease, respectively. The conservation and expression of some of these endogenous sequences, and a potential correlation between their presence and a species' resistance to the diseases caused by the related viruses, suggest that they may afford an important selective advantage in these vertebrate populations. The related viruses could also benefit, as some resistant species may provide natural reservoirs for their persistence and transmission. This first comprehensive study of its kind demonstrates that the sources of genetic inheritance in vertebrate genomes are considerably more diverse than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Belyi
- Simons Center for Systems Biology, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Arnold J. Levine
- Simons Center for Systems Biology, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AMS); (AJL)
| | - Anna Marie Skalka
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AMS); (AJL)
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Abstract
Forty million years ago, Bornavirus integrated DNA fragments of itself into the human genome. The modern virus remains strikingly similar to these fragments suggesting that it might preserve the features of the ancestral virus, perhaps even unlocking the secrets of viral origins and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Tomonaga
- Department of Virology at the Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Garry CE, Garry RF. Proteomics computational analyses suggest that the bornavirus glycoprotein is a class III viral fusion protein (gamma penetrene). Virol J 2009; 6:145. [PMID: 19765297 PMCID: PMC2753318 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus (BDV) is the type member of the Bornaviridae, a family of viruses that induce often fatal neurological diseases in horses, sheep and other animals, and have been proposed to have roles in certain psychiatric diseases of humans. The BDV glycoprotein (G) is an extensively glycosylated protein that migrates with an apparent molecular mass of 84,000 to 94,000 kilodaltons (kDa). BDV G is post-translationally cleaved by the cellular subtilisin-like protease furin into two subunits, a 41 kDa amino terminal protein GP1 and a 43 kDa carboxyl terminal protein GP2. RESULTS Class III viral fusion proteins (VFP) encoded by members of the Rhabdoviridae, Herpesviridae and Baculoviridae have an internal fusion domain comprised of beta sheets, other beta sheet domains, an extended alpha helical domain, a membrane proximal stem domain and a carboxyl terminal anchor. Proteomics computational analyses suggest that the structural/functional motifs that characterize class III VFP are located collinearly in BDV G. Structural models were established for BDV G based on the post-fusion structure of a prototypic class III VFP, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G). CONCLUSION These results suggest that G encoded by members of the Bornavirdae are class III VFPs (gamma-penetrenes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Heath Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Heath Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Staeheli
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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