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Shi N, Qiu X, Cao X, Mai Z, Zhu X, Li N, Zhang H, Zhang J, Li Z, Shaya N, Lu H, Jin N. Molecular and Serological Surveillance of Getah Virus in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, 2017-2020. Virol Sin 2022; 37:229-237. [PMID: 35527224 PMCID: PMC9170979 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Getah virus (GETV), a mosquito-borne RNA virus, is widely distributed in Oceania and Asia. GETV is not the only pathogenic to horses, pigs, cattle, foxes and boars, but it can also cause fever in humans. Since its first reported case in Chinese mainland in 2017, the number of GETV-affected provinces has increased to seventeen till now. Therefore, we performed an epidemiologic investigation of GETV in the Xinjiang region, located in northwestern China, during the period of 2017–2020. ELISA was used to analyze 3299 serum samples collected from thoroughbred horse, local horse, sheep, goat, cattle, and pigs, with thoroughbred horse (74.8%), local horse (67.3%), goat (11.7%), sheep (10.0%), cattle (25.1%) and pigs (51.1%) being positive for anti-GETV antibodies. Interestingly, the neutralizing antibody titer in horses was much higher than in other species. Four samples from horses and pigs were positive for GETV according to RT-PCR. Furthermore, from the serum of a local horse, we isolated GETV which was designated as strain XJ-2019-07, and determined its complete genome sequence. From the phylogenetic relationships, it belongs to the Group III lineage. This is the first evidence of GETV associated to domestic animals in Xinjiang. Overall, GETV is prevalent in Xinjiang and probably has been for several years. Since no vaccine against GETV is available in China, detection and monitoring strategies should be improved in horses and pigs, especially imported and farmed, in order to prevent economic losses. We firstly reported the epidemiology and isolation of GETV infection in livestock in Xinjiang. GETV is prevalent in Xinjiang and probably has been for several years. Since no vaccine against GETV is available in China, detection and monitoring strategies should be improved in horses and pigs, especially imported and farmed, in order to prevent economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xiangshu Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Zhanhai Mai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Wulumuqi, 830052, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Zhuoxin Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Nuerlan Shaya
- Yili Center of Animal Disease Control and Diagnosis, Yili Animal Health Inspection, Yining, 844500, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130000, China.
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Olech M, Kuźmak J. Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Polish Mixed Flocks Supports Evidence of Cross Species Transmission, Dual Infection, a Recombination Event, and Reveals the Existence of New Subtypes within Group A. Viruses 2021; 13:2529. [PMID: 34960798 PMCID: PMC8708130 DOI: 10.3390/v13122529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are a group of highly divergent viruses responsible for global infection in sheep and goats. In a previous study we showed that SRLV strains found in mixed flocks in Poland belonged to subtype A13 and A18, but this study was restricted only to the few flocks from Małopolska region. The present work aimed at extending earlier findings with the analysis of SRLVs in mixed flocks including larger numbers of animals and flocks from different part of Poland. On the basis of gag and env sequences, Polish SRLVs were assigned to the subtypes B2, A5, A12, and A17. Furthermore, the existence of a new subtypes, tentatively designed as A23 and A24, were described for the first time. Subtypes A5 and A17 were only found in goats, subtype A24 has been detected only in sheep while subtypes A12, A23, and B2 have been found in both sheep and goats. Co-infection with strains belonging to different subtypes was evidenced in three sheep and two goats originating from two flocks. Furthermore, three putative recombination events were identified within gag and env SRLVs sequences derived from three sheep. Amino acid (aa) sequences of immunodominant epitopes in CA protein were well conserved while Major Homology Region (MHR) had more alteration showing unique mutations in sequences of subtypes A5 and A17. In contrast, aa sequences of surface glycoprotein exhibited higher variability confirming type-specific variation in the SU5 epitope. The number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) ranged from 3 to 6 in respective sequences and were located in different positions. The analysis of LTR sequences revealed that sequences corresponding to the TATA box, AP-4, AML-vis, and polyadenylation signal (poly A) were quite conserved, while considerable alteration was observed in AP-1 sites. Interestingly, our results revealed that all sequences belonging to subtype A17 had unique substitution T to A in the fifth position of TATA box and did not have a 11 nt deletion in the R region which was noted in other sequences from Poland. These data revealed a complex picture of SRLVs population with ovine and caprine strains belonging to group A and B. We present strong and multiple evidence of dually infected sheep and goats in mixed flocks and present evidence that these viruses can recombine in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
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Kalogianni AI, Stavropoulos I, Chaintoutis SC, Bossis I, Gelasakis AI. Serological, Molecular and Culture-Based Diagnosis of Lentiviral Infections in Small Ruminants. Viruses 2021; 13:1711. [PMID: 34578292 PMCID: PMC8473411 DOI: 10.3390/v13091711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) infections lead to chronic diseases and remarkable economic losses undermining health and welfare of animals and the sustainability of farms. Early and definite diagnosis of SRLVs infections is the cornerstone for any control and eradication efforts; however, a "gold standard" test and/or diagnostic protocols with extensive applicability have yet to be developed. The main challenges preventing the development of a universally accepted diagnostic tool with sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy to be integrated in SRLVs control programs are the genetic variability of SRLVs associated with mutations, recombination, and cross-species transmission and the peculiarities of small ruminants' humoral immune response regarding late seroconversion, as well as intermittent and epitope-specific antibody production. The objectives of this review paper were to summarize the available serological and molecular assays for the diagnosis of SRLVs, to highlight their diagnostic performance emphasizing on advantages and drawbacks of their application, and to discuss current and future perspectives, challenges, limitations and impacts regarding the development of reliable and efficient tools for the diagnosis of SRLVs infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite I. Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stavropoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
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Lelli D, Scanferla V, Moreno A, Sozzi E, Ravaioli V, Renzi M, Tosi G, Dottori M, Lavazza A, Calzolari M. Serological Evidence of Phleboviruses in Domestic Animals on the Pre-Apennine Hills (Northern Italy). Viruses 2021; 13:v13081577. [PMID: 34452442 PMCID: PMC8402779 DOI: 10.3390/v13081577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phleboviruses are arboviruses transmitted by sand flies, mosquitoes and ticks. Some sand fly-borne phleboviruses cause illnesses in humans, such as the summer fevers caused by the Sicilian and Naples viruses or meningitis caused by the Toscana virus. Indeed, traces of several phleboviral infections have been serologically detected in domestic animals, but their potential pathogenic role in vertebrates other than humans is still unclear, as is the role of vertebrates as potential reservoirs of these viruses. In this study, we report the results of a serological survey performed on domestic animals sampled in Northern Italy, against four phleboviruses isolated from sand flies in the same area. The sera of 23 dogs, 165 sheep and 23 goats were tested with a virus neutralization assay for Toscana virus, Fermo virus, Ponticelli I virus and Ponticelli III virus. Neutralizing antibodies against one or more phleboviruses were detected in four out of 23 dogs, 31 out of 165 sheep and 12 out of 23 goats. This study shows preliminary evidence for the distribution pattern of phleboviral infections in different animal species, highlighting the potential infection of the Toscana virus in dogs and the Fermo virus in goats.
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Chen G, He X, Jia H, Fang Y, Wang X, Lou Z, Yang F, Li W, Jing Z. Identification and screening of host proteins interacting with ORFV-ORF047 protein. Virol J 2021; 18:27. [PMID: 33499896 PMCID: PMC7836158 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orf virus (ORFV) is a member of the genus Parapoxvirus and family Poxviridae. The virus has a worldwide distribution and infects sheep, goats, humans, and wild animals. However, due to the complex structure of the poxvirus, the underlying mechanism of the entry and infection by ORFV remains largely unknown. ORFV ORF047 encodes a protein named L1R. Poxviral L1R serves as the receptor-binding protein and blocks virus binding and entry independently of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The study aimed to identify the host interaction partners of ORFV ORF047. METHODS Yeast two-hybrid cDNA library of sheep testicular cells was applied to screen the host targets with ORF047 as the bait. ORF047 was cloned into a pBT3-N vector and expressed in the NMY51 yeast strain. Then, the expression of bait proteins was validated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Sheep SERP1and PABPC4 were identified as host target proteins of ORFV ORF047, and a Co-IP assay further verified their interaction. CONCLUSIONS New host cell proteins SERP1and PABPC4 were found to interact with ORFV ORF047 and might involve viral mRNA translation and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Huaijie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Zhongzi Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Weike Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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László Z, Pankovics P, Reuter G, Cságola A, Bálint Á, Albert M, Boros Á. Multiple Types of Novel Enteric Bopiviruses ( Picornaviridae) with the Possibility of Interspecies Transmission Identified from Cloven-Hoofed Domestic Livestock (Ovine, Caprine and Bovine) in Hungary. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010066. [PMID: 33418939 PMCID: PMC7825084 DOI: 10.3390/v13010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Most picornaviruses of the family Picornaviridae are relatively well known, but there are certain “neglected” genera like Bopivirus, containing a single uncharacterised sequence (bopivirus A1, KM589358) with very limited background information. In this study, three novel picornaviruses provisionally called ovipi-, gopi- and bopivirus/Hun (MW298057-MW298059) from enteric samples of asymptomatic ovine, caprine and bovine respectively, were determined using RT-PCR and dye-terminator sequencing techniques. These monophyletic viruses share the same type II-like IRES, NPGP-type 2A, similar genome layout (4-3-4) and cre-localisations. Culture attempts of the study viruses, using six different cell lines, yielded no evidence of viral growth in vitro. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses show that bopivirus/Hun of bovine belongs to the species Bopivirus A, while the closely related ovine-origin ovipi- and caprine-origin gopivirus could belong to a novel species “Bopivirus B” in the genus Bopivirus. Epidemiological investigation of N = 269 faecal samples of livestock (ovine, caprine, bovine, swine and rabbit) from different farms in Hungary showed that bopiviruses were most prevalent among <12-month-old ovine, caprine and bovine, but undetectable in swine and rabbit. VP1 capsid-based phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of multiple lineages/genotypes, including closely related ovine/caprine strains, suggesting the possibility of ovine–caprine interspecies transmission of certain bopiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán László
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Z.L.); (P.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Péter Pankovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Z.L.); (P.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Gábor Reuter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Z.L.); (P.P.); (G.R.)
| | - Attila Cságola
- Ceva Phylaxia Ltd., H-1107 Budapest, Hungary; (A.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Department of Virology, National Food Chain Safety Office Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Mihály Albert
- Ceva Phylaxia Ltd., H-1107 Budapest, Hungary; (A.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Ákos Boros
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (Z.L.); (P.P.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-72-536-251
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Dziedzinska R, Krzyzankova M, Bena M, Vasickova P. Evidence of Hepatitis E Virus in Goat and Sheep Milk. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121429. [PMID: 33322702 PMCID: PMC7763044 DOI: 10.3390/v12121429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the etiological agent behind hepatitis E infection. Domestic pigs and wild boars are the main animal reservoirs of HEV. Very few papers describe HEV infection in goats and sheep. As the data pertaining to the presence of HEV virus in the milk of small ruminants in Europe are lacking, the aim of this paper was to examine a representative number of milk samples from these animals. The detection of HEV genome (HEV RNA) was performed using reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). HEV RNA was found in 2.8% of the examined samples. Positivity ranged from 101 to 103 genome equivalents/mL (GE/mL) with a median of 9.99 × 102 GE/mL. On the basis of these results, the milk of small ruminants could represent a source of HEV infection to consumers.
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Furtado Araújo J, Andrioli A, Pinheiro RR, Sider LH, de Sousa ALM, de Azevedo DAA, Peixoto RM, Lima AMC, Damasceno EM, Souza SCR, Teixeira MFDS. Vertical transmissibility of small ruminant lentivirus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239916. [PMID: 33206648 PMCID: PMC7673514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate by means of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR), co-cultivation and sequencing, with genetic comparison between strains (mother/newborn), the occurrence of vertical transmission of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) from naturally occurring nannies infected for their offspring. For the detection of SRLV seropositive progenitors, blood was collected from 42 nannies in the final third of gestation in tubes with and without anticoagulant. The diagnostic tests used were Western Blot (WB) and nPCR. During the period of birth, the same blood collection procedure was performed on 73 newborns at zero hours of birth, with the same diagnostic tests. Seventeen blood samples from seven-day-old kids, proven positive for SRLV by nPCR, chosen at random, were subjected to coculture in goat synovial membrane (GSM) cells for 105 days. The pro-viral DNA extracted from the cell supernatant from the coculture was subjected to nPCR. For DNA sequencing from the nPCR products, nine positive samples were chosen at random, four nannies with their respective offspring, also positive. Each sample was performed in triplicate, thus generating 27 nPCR products of which only 19 were suitable for analysis. Among the 42 pregnant goats, in 50% (21/42) pro-viral DNA was detected by nPCR, while in the WB, only 7.14% (3/42) presented antibodies against SRLV. Regarding neonates, of the 73 kids, 34 (46.57%) were positive for the virus, using the nPCR technique, while in the serological test (WB), three positive animals (4.10%) were observed. The coculture of the 17 samples with a positive result in the nPCR was confirmed in viral isolation by amplification of the SRLV pro-viral DNA. When aligned, the pro-viral DNA sequences (nannies and their respective offspring) presented homology in relation to the standard strain CAEV Co. It was concluded that the transmission of SRLV through intrauterine route was potentially the source of infection in the newborn goats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Renato Mesquita Peixoto
- Embrapa Goats and Sheep, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
- Scholarship for Regional Scientific Development of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (DCR-CNPq/FUNCAP), level C, Brasilia, Distrito Federal–DF, Brazil
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Alonso C, Utrilla-Trigo S, Calvo-Pinilla E, Jiménez-Cabello L, Ortego J, Nogales A. Inhibition of Orbivirus Replication by Aurintricarboxylic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197294. [PMID: 33023235 PMCID: PMC7582255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are vector-borne viruses belonging to the Orbivirus genus, which are transmitted between hosts primarily by biting midges of the genus Culicoides. With recent BTV and AHSV outbreaks causing epidemics and important economy losses, there is a pressing need for efficacious drugs to treat and control the spread of these infections. The polyanionic aromatic compound aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) has been shown to have a broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Here, we evaluated ATA as a potential antiviral compound against Orbivirus infections in both mammalian and insect cells. Notably, ATA was able to prevent the replication of BTV and AHSV in both cell types in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In addition, we evaluated the effect of ATA in vivo using a mouse model of infection. ATA did not protect mice against a lethal challenge with BTV or AHSV, most probably due to the in vivo effect of ATA on immune system regulation. Overall, these results demonstrate that ATA has inhibitory activity against Orbivirus replication in vitro, but further in vivo analysis will be required before considering it as a potential therapy for future clinical evaluation.
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Rajko-Nenow P, Christodoulou V, Thurston W, Ropiak HM, Savva S, Brown H, Qureshi M, Alvanitopoulos K, Gubbins S, Flannery J, Batten C. Origin of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 Outbreak in Cyprus, September 2016. Viruses 2020; 12:E96. [PMID: 31947695 PMCID: PMC7019704 DOI: 10.3390/v12010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2016, clinical signs, indicative of bluetongue, were observed in sheep in Cyprus. Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) was detected in sheep, indicating the first incursion of this serotype into Cyprus. Following virus propagation, Nextera XT DNA libraries were sequenced on the MiSeq instrument. Full-genome sequences were obtained for five isolates CYP2016/01-05 and the percent of nucleotide sequence (% nt) identity between them ranged from 99.92% to 99.95%, which corresponded to a few (2-5) amino acid changes. Based on the complete coding sequence, the Israeli ISR2008/13 (98.42-98.45%) was recognised as the closest relative to CYP2016/01-05. However, the phylogenetic reconstruction of CYP2016/01-05 revealed that the possibility of reassortment in several segments: 4, 7, 9 and 10. Based on the available sequencing data, the incursion BTV-8 into Cyprus most likely occurred from the neighbouring countries (e.g., Israel, Lebanon, Syria, or Jordan), where multiple BTV serotypes were co-circulating rather than from Europe (e.g., France) where a single BTV-8 serotype was dominant. Supporting this hypothesis, atmospheric dispersion modelling identified wind-transport events during July-September that could have allowed the introduction of BTV-8 infected midges from Lebanon, Syria or Israel coastlines into the Larnaca region of Cyprus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | | | | | - Honorata M. Ropiak
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Savvas Savva
- Veterinary Services of Cyprus, Nicosia 1417, Cyprus; (V.C.); (S.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Hannah Brown
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Mehnaz Qureshi
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | | | - Simon Gubbins
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | - John Flannery
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Carrie Batten
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK (H.B.); (M.Q.); (S.G.); (J.F.); (C.B.)
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Stenfeldt C, Pacheco JM, Singanallur NB, Vosloo W, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Virulence beneath the fleece; a tale of foot-and-mouth disease virus pathogenesis in sheep. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227061. [PMID: 31891626 PMCID: PMC6938329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is capable of infecting all cloven-hoofed domestic livestock species, including cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep. However, in contrast to cattle and pigs, the pathogenesis of FMDV in small ruminants has been incompletely elucidated. The objective of the current investigation was to characterize tissue- and cellular tropism of early and late stages of FMDV infection in sheep following three different routes of simulated natural virus exposure. Extensive post-mortem harvest of tissue samples at pre-determined time points during early infection (24 and 48 hours post infection) demonstrated that tissues specifically susceptible to primary FMDV infection included the paraepiglottic- and palatine tonsils, as well as the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Additionally, experimental aerosol inoculation of sheep led to substantial virus replication in the lungs at 24-48 hours post-inoculation. During persistent infection (35 days post infection), the paraepiglottic- and palatine tonsils were the only tissues from which infectious FMDV was recovered. This is strikingly different from cattle, in which persistent FMDV infection has consistently been located to the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Analysis of tissue sections by immunomicroscopy revealed a strict epithelial tropism during both early and late phases of infection as FMDV was consistently localized to cytokeratin-expressing epithelial cells. This study expands upon previous knowledge of FMDV pathogenesis in sheep by providing detailed information on the temporo-anatomic distribution of FMDV in ovine tissues. Findings are discussed in relation to similar investigations previously performed in cattle and pigs, highlighting similarities and differences in FMDV pathogenesis across natural host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Juan M. Pacheco
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
| | | | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO-Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, NY, Greenport, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Timurkan MÖ, Alkan F. Identification of rotavirus A strains in small ruminants: first detection of G8P[1] genotypes in sheep in Turkey. Arch Virol 2019; 165:425-431. [PMID: 31828508 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although members of rotavirus group A (RVA) are major enteric pathogens of humans and animals of many species, their impact on the health of small ruminants is not well documented. In this study, we conducted a molecular analysis of VP4, VP7, VP6 and NSP4 genes of RVAs detected using a commercial antigen ELISA in small ruminants with or without diarrhea in Turkey. Of the RVAs detected in sheep, one strain (Kutahya) was characterized as genotype G8P[1]-I2-E2. Two others (Ankara-1 and Ankara-2) were identified as NSP4 E2 and VP6 I2 genotypes, although they were untyped for the VP4 and VP7 genes. The RVAs from two goats were characterized as genotype G6P [1]-I2-E2. This is the first detection of in goats RVA genotypes G6P [1], which had previously only been found in cattle in Turkey, and of RVA in sheep. The study extends our current knowledge about the circulation of two RVA G genotypes, G6 and G8, in goat herds, and the detection of the G8 genotype in sheep in Turkey. This provides further information about the molecular epidemiology of RVAs in different animal species and indicates that additional surveillance programs are needed to determine the epidemiology of RVA in small ruminants and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Özkan Timurkan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Feray Alkan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Creffier C, Oakley A. A case of orf. N Z Med J 2019; 132:93-95. [PMID: 31778378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Oakley
- Dermatology, Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton
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14
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da Costa RA, Cargnelutti JF, Schild CO, Flores EF, Riet-Correa F, Giannitti F. Outbreak of contagious ecthyma caused by Orf virus (Parapoxvirus ovis) in a vaccinated sheep flock in Uruguay. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:565-569. [PMID: 30835059 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) causes contagious ecthyma (CE), a highly transmissible, zoonotic disease of small ruminants. CE most commonly affects lambs and unvaccinated sheep. This work reports epidemiologic, clinicopathologic, and virologic findings in a CE outbreak in a vaccinated sheep flock in Uruguay and failure to detect ORFV in a commercial vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Almeida da Costa
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 50 Km 11, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | | | - Carlos Omar Schild
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 50 Km 11, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 50 Km 11, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 50 Km 11, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay.
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
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15
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Dommergues L, Viarouge C, Métras R, Youssouffi C, Sailleau C, Zientara S, Cardinale E, Cêtre-Sossah C. Evidence of bluetongue and Epizootic Haemorrhagic disease circulation on the island of Mayotte. Acta Trop 2019; 191:24-28. [PMID: 30590029 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the epidemiological situation in Mayotte regarding two orbiviruses: Bluetongue virus (BTV) and Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease virus (EHDV). In all, 385 individual asymptomatic cattle were blood-sampled (one EDTA and one serum tube per animal) between February and June 2016. Antibody (ELISA) and genome prevalence (PCR) was assessed. Almost all the selected cattle showed antibodies against both BTV and EHDV, at 99.5% (CI95% [98.00, 100]) and 96.9% (CI95% [94.5, 98.3]), respectively. Most of the cattle acquired antibodies in their first years of age. EHDV and BTV genomes were detected in 25.2% (CI95% [21.1, 29.8]) and 18.2% (CI95% [14.6, 22.4]) of samples, respectively. Coinfection with BTV and EHDV was observed in 9.4% of samples (CI95% [6.8, 12.7]). Cattle under three years old were more frequently reported as positive for genome detection by PCR than older cattle. Five serotypes of BTV and one serotype of EHDV were identified from eight samples: BTV-4, BTV-9, BTV-11, BTV-15, BTV-19 and EHDV-6, of which some were reported in neighbouring areas. BTV and EHDV both circulate in Mayotte and in its surrounding territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Dommergues
- GDS Mayotte-Coopérative Agricole des éleveurs Mahorais, Coconi, Mayotte, France.
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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Colitti B, Coradduzza E, Puggioni G, Capucchio MT, Reina R, Bertolotti L, Rosati S. A new approach for Small Ruminant Lentivirus full genome characterization revealed the circulation of divergent strains. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212585. [PMID: 30789950 PMCID: PMC6383919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) include at least 4 viral highly divergent genotypes. Genotypes A and B are widely distributed and genotypes C and E have been recognized in restricted geographic areas. New phylogroups have been identified targeting conserved regions. However, this approach suffers from the potential risk to misamplify highly divergent strains. Pathogenic strains are easily adapted to fibroblastic cells, but non-pathogenic strains isolation may require a different approach. We developed a fast and effective method for SRLV full genome characterization after cell culture isolation. Spleen samples were collected during regular slaughter from sheep and goats in northwestern Italy. Spleen-derived macrophage cultures were monitored for reverse transcriptase activity and RNA was extracted from the supernatant of positive cultures. Using Illumina MiSeq platform 22 new full genome sequences were obtained. The success of this approach is based on the following features: spleen is one of the main target for SRLV persistence; red pulp is a reserve of resident macrophages, the main target for SRLV replication in vivo; RTA is a sensitive assay for any replicating retrovirus; de novo sequencing do not require genetic knowledge in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colitti
- University of Turin, Dept. Veterinary Science, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ramsés Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Navarra, Spain
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- University of Turin, Dept. Veterinary Science, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Sergio Rosati
- University of Turin, Dept. Veterinary Science, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
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17
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Carvelli A, Sala M, Autorino GL, Scicluna MT, Iacoponi F, Rombolà P, Scaramozzino P. A cross-sectional serosurvey in a sheep population in central Italy following a bluetongue epidemic. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208074. [PMID: 30625135 PMCID: PMC6326410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a viral disease that affects ruminants and is transmitted by midges of the genus Culicoides spp. The seroprevalence, the clinical form and the occurrence rates significantly differ in relation to several factors such as bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype, host species, breed susceptibility, specific previous exposure, vector ecology, husbandry and health status. Following the 2001-2006 BTV2 and BTV16 epidemics in central Italy, a new epidemic caused by BTV1 occurred in 2013-2015 causing 398 outbreaks in a susceptible population of about 1 million ruminants. The present study assessed the BTV1 seroprevalence in the sheep population of central Italy by conducting two cross-sectional surveys, in the proximity of and within BT outbreak farms. A total of 2,984 sheep from 437 farms were sampled. The animal-level prevalence was 19% (95% CI: 17-21%), the between-herd prevalence was 46% (95% CI: 41-51%) and the within-herd prevalence was 21% (95% CI: 16-26%). Risk factors were investigated by logistic regression models. Living on a farm where an outbreak occurred and the number of outbreaks in proximity of the farm were identified as risk factors, while herd size was identified as a protective factor. This study represents the first BT survey in southern Europe and reports valuable findings on BTV epidemiology. Despite intensive virus circulation, the estimated seroprevalences were low. The assessment of the population immunity level is crucial for defining an efficient vaccination strategy and for predicting the impact of future virus circulation. In view of the low seroprevalence detected albeit an extensive BTV1 circulation, the population immunity was likely to be inadequate in preventing new BTV1 epidemics. Moreover, considering the recurrent introduction of new serotypes from North Africa and the Balkans, the control of multi-serotype BTV infections will continue to present a challenge in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carvelli
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
| | - Marcello Sala
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Autorino
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Scicluna
- Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Iacoponi
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
| | - Pasquale Rombolà
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Scaramozzino
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Roma, Italy
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18
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Ndiaye EH, Diallo D, Fall G, Ba Y, Faye O, Dia I, Diallo M. Arboviruses isolated from the Barkedji mosquito-based surveillance system, 2012-2013. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:642. [PMID: 30541472 PMCID: PMC6292156 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance system was set up at Barkedji, Senegal after the first outbreak of Rift valley fever in West Africa in 1988. This system was recently updated using more sampling methods and collecting in greater number of ponds and villages sites. METHODS For the current study, mosquitoes were sampled biweekly between July and December 2012 and 2013 using CDC+CO2 light traps set at ground and canopy level, mosquito nets baited with goat, sheep, human or chicken, light traps baited with goat, sheep and chicken; bird-baited traps using pigeons or chickens placed either at the ground or canopy level. Collected mosquitoes were identified, pooled and screened for arboviruses. RESULTS A total of 42,969 mosquitoes in 4,429 pools were processed for virus isolation. Ten virus species were identified among 103 virus isolates. West Nile virus (WNV; 31 isolates), Barkedji virus (BARV; 18), Sindbis virus (SINV; 13), Usutu virus (USUV; 12), Acado virus (ACAV; 8), Ndumu virus (NDUV; 9), Sanar virus (SANV; 7), Bagaza virus (BAGV; 3), Rift valley fever virus (RVFV; 1), and Yaounde virus (YAOV; 1) were isolated from 9 ponds (91 strains) and 7 villages (12 strains). Only 3 virus species (WNV, NDU and SINV) were isolated from villages. The largest numbers of isolates were collected in October (29.1% of total isolates) and November (50.5%). Viruses were isolated from 14 mosquito species including Cx. neavei (69.9% of the strains), Cx. antennatus (9.7%), and Ma. uniformis (4.8%). NDUV, ACAV, and SINV are herein reported for the first time in the Barkedji area. Isolation of ACAV and SANV from a pool of male Ma. uniformis and USUV and BARV from a pool of male Cx. neavei, are reported for the first time to our knowledge. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the Barkedji area is characterized by a high diversity of viruses of medical, veterinary and unknown importance. Arboviruses were first detected in July at the beginning of the rainy season and peaked in abundance in October and November. The Barkedji area, an enzootic focus of several potentially emerging arboviruses, should be surveilled annually to be prepared to deal with future disease emergence events.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Hadji Ndiaye
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Gamou Fall
- Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Yamar Ba
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Unité des Arbovirus et Virus de Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220 Dakar, Senegal
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Feknous N, Hanon JB, Tignon M, Khaled H, Bouyoucef A, Cay B. Seroprevalence of border disease virus and other pestiviruses in sheep in Algeria and associated risk factors. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:339. [PMID: 30419908 PMCID: PMC6233519 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Border disease virus (BDV) is a pestivirus responsible for significant economic losses in sheep industry. The present study was conducted between 2015 and 2016 to determine the flock seroprevalence of the disease in Algeria and to identify associated risk factors. 56 flocks from nine departments were visited and 689 blood samples were collected from adult sheep between 6 and 24 months of age (n = 576) and from lambs younger than 6 months (n = 113). All samples were tested by RT-PCR as well as by Ag-ELISA, to detect Persistently Infected (PI) animals. Serum samples from adults were tested by Ab-ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay), to detect specific antibodies against pestivirus and 197 of them were further characterized by VNT (virus neutralization test) for the detection of neutralizing antibodies specific for BDV and for Bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2). RESULTS No PI animals were found among the 689 sheep tested. 144/197 sera were positive in VNT for BDV, and 2 sera were strongly positive BVDV-2. Fifty-five flocks (98%) had at least one seropositive animal and the apparent within-flock seroprevalence was estimated to be 60.17% (95% C.I.: 52.96-66.96). The true seroprevalence based on estimated sensitivity and specificity of the Ab-ELISA was 68.20% (95% C.I.; 60.2-76.3). Several risk factors were identified as linked to BDV such as climate, landscape, flock management and presence of other ruminant species in the farm. CONCLUSION These high seroprevalence rates suggest that BDV is widespread and is probably endemic all over the country. Further studies are needed to detect and isolate the virus strains circulating in the country and understand the distribution and impact of pestiviruses in the Algerian livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naouel Feknous
- LBRA, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Saad Dahlab University, Soumaa Road, BP 270, 09000 Blida, Algeria
| | - Jean-Baptiste Hanon
- Sciensano, Infectious animal diseases directorate, Service of enzootic, vector-borne and bee diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marylène Tignon
- Sciensano, Infectious animal diseases directorate, Service of enzootic, vector-borne and bee diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hamza Khaled
- LBRA, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Saad Dahlab University, Soumaa Road, BP 270, 09000 Blida, Algeria
| | - Abdallah Bouyoucef
- ENSV, National superior veterinary school, Bab ezzouar, El allia Algeria
| | - Brigitte Cay
- Sciensano, Infectious animal diseases directorate, Service of enzootic, vector-borne and bee diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Kasem S, Hussein R, Al-Doweriej A, Qasim I, Abu-Obeida A, Almulhim I, Alfarhan H, Hodhod AA, Abel-Latif M, Hashim O, Al-Mujalli D, Al-Sahaf A. Rabies among animals in Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2018; 12:445-447. [PMID: 31079702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal viral disease that continues to threaten human and animal health in endemic countries. Rabies is endemic in animals in the Arabian Peninsula. Although Saudi Arabia is the largest country on the Peninsula, little has been reported in the country about rabies situation. METHODS A total of 199 animals suspected of rabies from 2010 to 2017, were examined for rabies infection using the Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (DFAT). RESULTS There were 158 (79.4%) positive cases of rabies of the examined animals, Most positive cases were found in Al-Qassim (63), Eastern region (48), Riyadh (25) and Al-Madina (10). Rabies was diagnosed in Procavia capensis and monkeys (Papio hamadryas hamadryas) in Saudi Arabia for the first time. In addition, infected livestock, especially camels, sheep and goat that pose a risk to veterinarians and farmers which increases the risk of potential zoonosis of rabies in Saudi Arabia. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that Rabies in Saudi Arabia remain a public health problem and dogs and camels are the main reservoir and continue to present health risks for both human and animals throughout the country, underscoring the importance of applying rabies control measures to animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Kasem
- Department of Veterinary Health and Monitoring, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia; Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, El-Geish Street, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Raed Hussein
- Department of Veterinary Health and Monitoring, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Al-Doweriej
- Department of Veterinary Health and Monitoring, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Qasim
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Abu-Obeida
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Almulhim
- Ahsaa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Alfarhan
- Ahsaa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Hodhod
- Ahsaa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia; Animal Health Research Institute, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abel-Latif
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia; Department of animal wealth development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Osman Hashim
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dakhil Al-Mujalli
- Ahsaa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Al-Sahaf
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, 65 King Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh, 11195, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Little is known about the occurrence of tick-borne encephalitis in Romania. Sheep are an infection source for humans and are useful sentinels for risk analysis. We demonstrate high antibody prevalence (15.02%) among sheep used as sentinels for this disease in 80% of the tested localities in 5 counties of northwestern Romania.
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Horsington J, Nfon C, Bittner H, Durr PA, Singanallur N, Alexandersen S, Vosloo W. The protective capacity of high payload FMDV A22 IRQ vaccine in sheep against direct-contact challenge with a heterologous, contemporary FMDV A strain from South East Asia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195302. [PMID: 29912868 PMCID: PMC6005461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals, caused by FMD virus (FMDV). An FMD outbreak can cause major production losses and have significant implications for trade. Vaccination can assist in controlling the disease, and emergency vaccination using high antigen payload vaccines (>6 PD50/dose) is considered an important control approach in the event of an outbreak. In recent years there has been a divergence of serotype A viruses in South East Asia (SEA) into several distinct genetic and antigenic clusters. Numerous variants were found to poorly match serotype A vaccines commonly included in international antigen banks. This study examined the ability of single vaccination with high-potency monovalent A22 IRQ vaccine to protect sheep following challenge with the A/VIT/15/2012 strain, just four days following vaccination. The vaccine proved effective at limiting clinical disease but did not prevent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Horsington
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hilary Bittner
- National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter A. Durr
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Soren Alexandersen
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Deakin University Geelong, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Pejaković S, Wiggers L, Coupeau D, Kirschvink N, Mason J, Muylkens B. Test selection for antibody detection according to the seroprevalence level of Schmallenberg virus in sheep. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196532. [PMID: 29702694 PMCID: PMC5922541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV), initially identified in Germany in 2011, spread rapidly throughout Europe causing significant economic losses in ruminant livestock. The ability to correctly detect emerging and re-emerging diseases such as SBV with reliable tests is of high importance. Firstly, we tested diagnostic performance, specificity, and sensitivity of three different assays used in SBV antibody detection using control sheep samples of determined status. After obtaining the results from the control samples, we assessed the potential of the assays to detect previously infected animals in field situations. The samples were investigated using IDEXX Schmallenberg virus Antibody Test Kit, ID Screen Schmallenberg virus Competition Multi-species ELISA and Serum Neutralisation Test (SNT). Analysis of control samples revealed that SNT was the most suitable test, which was therefore used to calculate concordance and test performance for the two other ELISA tests. To evaluate whether different assay performances had an impact under field conditions, sheep samples from two different contexts were tested: the emergence of SBV in Ireland and the re-emergence of SBV in Belgium. Comparing the results obtained from different assays to the non-reference standard assay SNT, we showed considerable differences in estimates of their sensitivity to detect SBV antibodies and to measure seroprevalence of the sheep flocks. Finally, a calculation of the number of randomly selected animals that needs to be screened from a finite flock, showed that SNT and ID.Vet are the most suitable to detect an introduction of the disease in low seroprevalence situations. The IDEXX ELISA test was only able to detect SBV antibodies in a higher seroprevalence context, which is not optimal for monitoring freedom of disease and surveillance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srđan Pejaković
- NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Laëtitia Wiggers
- NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Damien Coupeau
- NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Kirschvink
- NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - James Mason
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Benoît Muylkens
- NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Silveira S, Falkenberg SM, Elderbrook MJ, Sondgeroth KS, Dassanayake RP, Neill JD, Ridpath JF, Canal CW. Serological survey for antibodies against pestiviruses in Wyoming domestic sheep. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:96-99. [PMID: 29778211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pestiviruses including Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1), BVDV-2 and Border disease virus (BDV) have been reported in both sheep and cattle populations, together with the HoBi-like, an emerging group of pestiviruses. Pestivirus control programs in the United States have focused on the control of BVDV-1 and 2. The incidence of pestivirus infection in sheep in the United States and the risk of transmission between cattle and sheep populations are unknown. The aim of this study was to perform serological surveillance for pestivirus exposure in sheep from an important sheep producing state in the Unites States, Wyoming. For this, sera from 500 sheep, collected across the state of Wyoming (US) in 2015-2016, were examined by comparative virus neutralization assay against four species/proposed species of pestiviruses: BVDV-1, BVDV-2, BDV and HoBi-like virus. Rates of exposure varied between geographic regions within the state. The overall pestivirus prevalence of antibodies was 5.6%. Antibodies were most frequently detected against BVDV-1 (4%), and the highest antibody titers were also against BVDV-1. Data from this study highlights understanding of the dynamics of sheep pestivirus exposure, consideration of reference strains used for VN assays, transmission patterns, and potential vaccination history should be taken into account in implementation of control measures against pestiviruses in sheep and for successful BVDV control programs in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Silveira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S M Falkenberg
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center/ARS/USDA, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - M J Elderbrook
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - K S Sondgeroth
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - R P Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center/ARS/USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center/ARS/USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Unit, National Animal Disease Center/ARS/USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - C W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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25
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Olech M, Valas S, Kuźmak J. Epidemiological survey in single-species flocks from Poland reveals expanded genetic and antigenic diversity of small ruminant lentiviruses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193892. [PMID: 29505612 PMCID: PMC5837103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections are widespread in Poland and circulation of subtypes A1, A12, A13, B1 and B2 was detected. The present work aimed at extending previous study based on the analysis of a larger number of animals from single-species flocks. Animals were selected for genetic analysis based on serological reactivity towards a range of recombinant antigens derived from Gag and Env viral proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of subtypes B2 and A12 in both goats and sheep and subtypes A1 and B1 in goats only. In addition, two novel subtypes, A16 and A17, were found in goats. Co-infections with strains belonging to different subtypes within A and B groups were detected in 1 sheep and 4 goats originating from four flocks. Although the reactivity of serum samples towards the recombinant antigens confirmed immunological relatedness between Gag epitopes of different subtypes and the cross-reactive nature of Gag antibodies, eleven serum samples failed to react with antigens representing all subtypes detected up-to-date in Poland, highlighting the limitations of the serological diagnosis. These data showed the complex nature of SRLV subtypes circulating in sheep and goats in Poland and the need for improving SRLV-related diagnostic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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Ayhan N, Sherifi K, Taraku A, Bërxholi K, Charrel RN. High Rates of Neutralizing Antibodies to Toscana and Sandfly Fever Sicilian Viruses in Livestock, Kosovo. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:989-992. [PMID: 28518045 PMCID: PMC5443445 DOI: 10.3201/eid2306.161929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toscana and sandfly fever Sicilian viruses (TOSV and SFSV, respectively), both transmitted by sand flies, are prominent human pathogens in the Old World. Of 1,086 serum samples collected from cattle and sheep during 2013 in various regions of Kosovo (Balkan Peninsula), 4.7% and 53.4% had neutralizing antibodies against TOSV and SFSV, respectively.
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Thuenemann EC, Lomonossoff GP. Delivering Cargo: Plant-Based Production of Bluetongue Virus Core-Like and Virus-Like Particles Containing Fluorescent Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1776:319-334. [PMID: 29869252 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7808-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides a practical guide to the in planta transient production of bluetongue virus-like particles containing a fluorescent cargo protein. Bluetongue virus (BTV) particles are icosahedral, multishelled entities of a relatively large size. Heterologous expression of the four main structural proteins of BTV results in the assembly of empty virus-like particles which resemble the native virus externally, but are devoid of nucleic acid. The space within the particles is sufficient to allow incorporation of relatively large cargo proteins, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), by genetic fusion to the structural protein VP3. The method described utilizes the pEAQ vectors for high-level transient expression of such particles in Nicotiana benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Thuenemann
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - George P Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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28
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Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Campos Z, Soares R, Nogueira RMR, Komar N. Neutralizing antibodies for orthobunyaviruses in Pantanal, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006014. [PMID: 29091706 PMCID: PMC5665413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pantanal is a hotspot for arbovirus studies in South America. Various medically important flaviviruses and alphaviruses have been reported in domestic and wild animals in the region. To expand the knowledge of local arbovirus circulation, a serosurvey for 14 Brazilian orthobunyaviruses was conducted with equines, sheep and free-ranging caimans. Sera were tested for specific viral antibodies using plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Monotypic reactions were detected for Maguari, Xingu, Apeu, Guaroa, Murutucu, Oriboca, Oropouche and Nepuyo viruses. Despite the low titers for most of the orthobunyaviruses tested, the detection of monotypic reactions for eight orthobunyaviruses suggests the Pantanal as a region of great orthobunyavirus diversity. The present data, in conjunction with previous studies that detected a high diversity of other arboviruses, ratify the Pantanal as an important natural reservoir for sylvatic and medically important arboviruses in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Zilca Campos
- Embrapa Pantanal, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, Corumbá, MS, Brasil
| | - Raquel Soares
- Embrapa Pantanal, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, Corumbá, MS, Brasil
| | - Rita Maria Ribeiro Nogueira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Ministério da Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Nicholas Komar
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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29
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Ginzburg VE, Liauchonak I. Human orf: Atypical rash in an urban medical practice. Can Fam Physician 2017; 63:769-771. [PMID: 29025803 PMCID: PMC5638474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Val E Ginzburg
- Medical Director at Markham-Stouffville Urgent Care Centre in Ontario, a staff emergency department physician at Humber Regional Hospital in Toronto, Ont, and Assistant Professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of Toronto.
| | - Iryna Liauchonak
- Instructor at Pharma-Medical Science College of Canada in Toronto
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30
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Drew ML, Weiser GC. Potential disease agents in domestic goats and relevance to bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) management. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173396. [PMID: 28282407 PMCID: PMC5345818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic goats are raised for meat, milk and hair production, in herds for rangeland weed control, and as pack animals. Domestic sheep, goats and wild bighorn sheep are all susceptible to a multifactorial pneumonia. We sampled 43 herd goats from 7 herds and 48 pack goats from 11 herds for viral and bacterial serology, parasitology, and Pasteurellaceae microbiology. The goats in this study were in generally good health, although most goats did harbor various pathogens and parasites including several bacteria, specifically Pasteurellaceae, which have been associated with pneumonia in free-ranging bighorn sheep. It is not known if domestic goats can transmit the Pasteurellaceae or other pathogens found in this study readily to wild bighorn sheep. However, due the possibility of transmission, domestic goats in areas in or near bighorn sheep habitat should be managed to minimize the risk of spreading disease agents to bighorn sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Drew
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Eagle, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Glen C. Weiser
- Caine Veterinary Teaching Center, University of Idaho, Caldwell, Idaho, United States of America
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31
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Luzzago C, Ebranati E, Cabezón O, Fernández-Sirera L, Lavín S, Rosell R, Veo C, Rossi L, Cavallero S, Lanfranchi P, Marco I, Zehender G. Spatial and Temporal Phylogeny of Border Disease Virus in Pyrenean Chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168232. [PMID: 28033381 PMCID: PMC5199066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Border disease virus (BDV) affects a wide range of ruminants worldwide, mainly domestic sheep and goat. Since 2001 several outbreaks of disease associated to BDV infection have been described in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) in Spain, France and Andorra. In order to reconstruct the most probable places of origin and pathways of dispersion of BDV among Pyrenean chamois, a phylogenetic analysis of 95 BDV 5'untranslated sequences has been performed on chamois and domestic ungulates, including novel sequences and retrieved from public databases, using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Discrete and continuous space phylogeography have been applied on chamois sequences dataset, using centroid positions and latitude and longitude coordinates of the animals, respectively. The estimated mean evolutionary rate of BDV sequences was 2.9×10-3 subs/site/year (95% HPD: 1.5-4.6×10-3). All the Pyrenean chamois isolates clustered in a unique highly significant clade, that originated from BDV-4a ovine clade. The introduction from sheep (dated back to the early 90s) generated a founder effect on the chamois population and the most probable place of origin of Pyrenean chamois BDV was estimated at coordinates 42.42 N and 1.9 E. The pathways of virus dispersion showed two main routes: the first started on the early 90s of the past century with a westward direction and the second arise in Central Pyrenees. The virus spread westward for more than 125 km and southward for about 50km and the estimated epidemic diffusion rate was about 13.1 km/year (95% HPD 5.2-21.4 km/year). The strong spatial structure, with strains from a single locality segregating together in homogeneous groups, and the significant pathways of viral dispersion among the areas, allowed to reconstruct both events of infection in a single area and of migrations, occurring between neighboring areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Luzzago
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Coordinata Epidemiologia e Sorveglianza Molecolare delle Infezioni—EpiSoMI, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Erika Ebranati
- Centro di Ricerca Coordinata Epidemiologia e Sorveglianza Molecolare delle Infezioni—EpiSoMI, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L.Sacco”, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Oscar Cabezón
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Sirera
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Lavín
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Rosell
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d’Agricultura, Alimentació i Acció Rural, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Veo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L.Sacco”, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Serena Cavallero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Lanfranchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Ignasi Marco
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Centro di Ricerca Coordinata Epidemiologia e Sorveglianza Molecolare delle Infezioni—EpiSoMI, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L.Sacco”, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
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Nakouné E, Kamgang B, Berthet N, Manirakiza A, Kazanji M. Rift Valley Fever Virus Circulating among Ruminants, Mosquitoes and Humans in the Central African Republic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005082. [PMID: 27760144 PMCID: PMC5070846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes a viral zoonosis, with discontinuous epizootics and sporadic epidemics, essentially in East Africa. Infection with this virus causes severe illness and abortion in sheep, goats, and cattle as well as other domestic animals. Humans can also be exposed through close contact with infectious tissues or by bites from infected mosquitoes, primarily of the Aedes and Culex genuses. Although the cycle of RVFV infection in savannah regions is well documented, its distribution in forest areas in central Africa has been poorly investigated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To evaluate current circulation of RVFV among livestock and humans living in the Central African Republic (CAR), blood samples were collected from sheep, cattle, and goats and from people at risk, such as stock breeders and workers in slaughterhouses and livestock markets. The samples were tested for anti-RVFV immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. We also sequenced the complete genomes of two local strains, one isolated in 1969 from mosquitoes and one isolated in 1985 from humans living in forested areas. The 1271 animals sampled comprised 727 cattle, 325 sheep, and 219 goats at three sites. The overall seroprevalence of anti-RVFV IgM antibodies was 1.9% and that of IgG antibodies was 8.6%. IgM antibodies were found only during the rainy season, but the frequency of IgG antibodies did not differ significantly by season. No evidence of recent RVFV infection was found in 335 people considered at risk; however, 16.7% had evidence of past infection. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the strains isolated in the CAR with those isolated in other African countries showed that they belonged to the East/Central African cluster. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE This study confirms current circulation of RVFV in CAR. Further studies are needed to determine the potential vectors involved and the virus reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Nakouné
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Basile Kamgang
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Department of Zoonosis and Emerging Diseases, Centre International Recherches Médicales de Franceville Gabon, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Alexandre Manirakiza
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Mahapatra M, Sayalel K, Muniraju M, Eblate E, Fyumagwa R, Shilinde L, Mdaki M, Keyyu J, Parida S, Kock R. Spillover of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus from Domestic to Wild Ruminants in the Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:2230-4. [PMID: 26583961 PMCID: PMC4672450 DOI: 10.3201/eid2112.150223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested wildlife inhabiting areas near domestic livestock, pastures, and water sources in the Ngorongoro district in the Serengeti ecosystem of northern Tanzania and found 63% seropositivity for peste des petits ruminants virus. Sequencing of the viral genome from sick sheep in the area confirmed lineage II virus circulation.
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Abstract
Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) is employed widely as an experimental vaccine vector for its lack of replication in mammalian cells and high expression level of foreign/heterologous genes. Recombinant MVAs (rMVAs) are used as platforms for protein production as well as vectors to generate vaccines against a high number of infectious diseases and other pathologies. The portrait of the virus combines desirable elements such as high-level biological safety, the ability to activate appropriate innate immune mediators upon vaccination, and the capacity to deliver substantial amounts of heterologous antigens. Recombinant MVAs encoding proteins of bluetongue virus (BTV), an Orbivirus that infects domestic and wild ruminants transmitted by biting midges of the Culicoides species, are excellent vaccine candidates against this virus. In this chapter we describe the methods for the generation of rMVAs encoding VP2, NS1, and VP7 proteins of bluetongue virus as a model example for orbiviruses. The protocols included cover the cloning of VP2, NS1, and VP7 BTV-4 genes in a transfer plasmid, the construction of recombinant MVAs, the titration of virus working stocks and the protein expression analysis by immunofluorescence and radiolabeling of rMVA infected cells as well as virus purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Marín-López
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Almentaria (INIA), Ctra de Valdeolmos-El Casar s/n, Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Almentaria (INIA), Ctra de Valdeolmos-El Casar s/n, Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain.
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Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Shete AM, Sathe PS, Sarkale PC, Pattnaik B, Sharma G, Upadhyay KJ, Gosavi S, Patil DY, Chaubal GY, Majumdar TD, Katoch VM. Cross-sectional Serosurvey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus IgG in Livestock, India, 2013-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:1837-9. [PMID: 26402332 PMCID: PMC4593432 DOI: 10.3201/eid2110.141961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional serosurvey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) among livestock in 22 states and 1 union territory of India. A total of 5,636 samples from bovines, sheep, and goats were screened for CCHF virus IgG. IgG was detected in 354 samples, indicating that this virus is widespread in this country.
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Settypalli TBK, Lamien CE, Spergser J, Lelenta M, Wade A, Gelaye E, Loitsch A, Minoungou G, Thiaucourt F, Diallo A. One-Step Multiplex RT-qPCR Assay for the Detection of Peste des petits ruminants virus, Capripoxvirus, Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies (ssp.) capripneumoniae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153688. [PMID: 27123588 PMCID: PMC4849753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections, although showing common clinical symptoms like pneumonia, are caused by bacterial, viral or parasitic agents. These are often reported in sheep and goats populations and cause huge economic losses to the animal owners in developing countries. Detection of these diseases is routinely done using ELISA or microbiological methods which are being reinforced or replaced by molecular based detection methods including multiplex assays, where detection of different pathogens is carried out in a single reaction. In the present study, a one-step multiplex RT-qPCR assay was developed for simultaneous detection of Capripoxvirus (CaPV), Peste de petits ruminants virus (PPRV), Pasteurella multocida (PM) and Mycoplasma capricolum ssp. capripneumonia (Mccp) in pathological samples collected from small ruminants with respiratory disease symptoms. The test performed efficiently without any cross-amplification. The multiplex PCR efficiency was 98.31%, 95.48%, 102.77% and 91.46% whereas the singleplex efficiency was 93.43%, 98.82%, 102.55% and 92.0% for CaPV, PPRV, PM and Mccp, respectively. The correlation coefficient was greater than 0.99 for all the targets in both multiplex and singleplex. Based on cycle threshold values, intra and inter assay variability, ranged between the limits of 2%-4%, except for lower concentrations of Mccp. The detection limits at 95% confidence interval (CI) were 12, 163, 13 and 23 copies/reaction for CaPV, PPRV, PM and Mccp, respectively. The multiplex assay was able to detect CaPVs from all genotypes, PPRV from the four lineages, PM and Mccp without amplifying the other subspecies of mycoplasmas. The discriminating power of the assay was proven by accurate detection of the targeted pathogen (s) by screening 58 viral and bacterial isolates representing all four targeted pathogens. Furthermore, by screening 81 pathological samples collected from small ruminants showing respiratory disease symptoms, CaPV was detected in 17 samples, PPRV in 45, and PM in six samples. In addition, three samples showed a co-infection of PPRV and PM. Overall, the one-step multiplex RT-qPCR assay developed will be a valuable tool for rapid detection of individual and co-infections of the targeted pathogens with high specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mamadou Lelenta
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Abel Wade
- Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET), Annex Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Mödling, Austria
| | | | - Francois Thiaucourt
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR CMAEE, Montpellier, France
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory (APHL), Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR CMAEE, Montpellier, France
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Doboro FA, Njiro S, Sibeko-Matjila K, Van Vuuren M. Molecular Analysis of South African Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Strains Based on Selected Glycoprotein and Tegument Genes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147019. [PMID: 27002629 PMCID: PMC4803344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), is the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), a generally fatal disease of cattle and other captive wild ruminants. Information on the OvHV-2 strains circulating in South Africa (SA) and other African countries with regard to genetic structure and diversity, and pattern of distribution is not available. This study aimed to characterize the OvHV-2 strains circulating in SA using selected genes encoding glycoproteins and tegument proteins. To establish the genetic diversity of OvHV-2 strains, four genes, Ov 7, Ov 8 ex2, ORF 27 and ORF 73 were selected for analysis by PCR and DNA sequencing. Nucleotide and amino acid multiple sequence analyses revealed two genotypes for ORF 27 and ORF 73, and three genotypes for Ov 7 and Ov 8 ex2, randomly distributed throughout the regions. Ov 7 and ORF 27 nucleotide sequence analysis revealed variations that distinguished SA genotypes from those of reference OvHV-2 strains. Epitope mapping analysis showed that mutations identified from the investigated genes are not likely to affect the functions of the gene products, particularly those responsible for antibody binding activities associated with B-cell epitopes. Knowledge of the extent of genetic diversity existing among OvHV-2 strains has provided an understanding on the distribution patterns of OvHV-2 strains or genotypes across the regions of South Africa. This can facilitate the management of SA-MCF in SA, in terms of introduction of control measures or safe practices to monitor and control OvHV-2 infection. The products encoded by the Ov 7, Ov 8 ex2 and ORF 27 genes are recommended for evaluation of their coded proteins as possible antigens in the development of an OvHV-2 specific serodiagnostic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulufhelo Amanda Doboro
- Molecular Epidemiology and Diagnostics programme, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen Njiro
- Food, feed & Veterinary Public Health Programme, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kgomotso Sibeko-Matjila
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Moritz Van Vuuren
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
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Thompson J, Ma F, Quinn M, Xiang SH. Genome-Wide Search for Host Association Factors during Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Virus Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150344. [PMID: 26950733 PMCID: PMC4780736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) is an important virus that causes serious diseases in sheep and goats with a prevalence of 36% in the USA. Although OPPV was discovered more than half of a century ago, little is known about the infection and pathogenesis of this virus. In this report, we used RNA-seq technology to conduct a genome-wide probe for cellular factors that are associated with OPPV infection. A total of approximately 22,000 goat host genes were detected of which 657 were found to have been significantly up-regulated and 889 down-regulated at 12 hours post-infection. In addition to previously known restriction factors from other viral infections, a number of factors which may be specific for OPPV infection were uncovered. The data from this RNA-seq study will be helpful in our understanding of OPPV infection, and also for further study in the prevention and intervention of this viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Thompson
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Fangrui Ma
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Meghan Quinn
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schuster I, Mertens M, Mrenoshki S, Staubach C, Mertens C, Brüning F, Wernike K, Hechinger S, Berxholi K, Mitrov D, Groschup MH. Sheep and goats as indicator animals for the circulation of CCHFV in the environment. Exp Appl Acarol 2016; 68:337-346. [PMID: 26704262 PMCID: PMC4720701 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne virus, which causes a serious illness with case-fatality rates of up to 80% in humans. CCHFV is endemic in many countries of Africa, Asia and Southeastern Europe. Next to the countries with endemic areas, the distribution of CCHFV is unknown in Southeastern Europe. As the antibody prevalence in animals is a good indicator for the presence or absence of the virus in a region, seroepidemiological studies can be used for the definition of risk areas for CCHFV. The aim of the present study was to reveal which ruminant species is best suited as indicator for the detection of a CCHFV circulation in an area. Therefore, the prevalence rates in sheep, goats and cattle in different regions of Albania and Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia were investigated. As there are no commercial tests available for the detection of CCHFV-specific antibodies in animals, two commercial tests for testing human sera were adapted for the investigation of sera from sheep and goats, and new in-house ELISAs were developed. The investigation of serum samples with these highly sensitive and specific assays (94-100%) resulted in an overall prevalence rate of 23% for Albania and of 49% for Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Significant lower seroprevalence rates for CCHFV were found in cattle than in small ruminants in given areas. These results indicate that small ruminants are more suitable indicator animals for CCHFV infections and should therefore be tested preferentially, when risk areas are to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isolde Schuster
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Marc Mertens
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Slavcho Mrenoshki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saints Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Christoph Staubach
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Corinna Mertens
- Fachdienst Veterinärwesen und Verbraucherschutz, Landkreis Vorpommern-Rügen, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Franziska Brüning
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Silke Hechinger
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
| | | | - Dine Mitrov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Saints Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany.
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Ng’ang’a CM, Bukachi SA, Bett BK. Lay perceptions of risk factors for Rift Valley fever in a pastoral community in northeastern Kenya. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:32. [PMID: 26762147 PMCID: PMC4712502 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human behavioral factors have been found to be central in the transmission of Rift Valley fever. Consumption of contaminated meat and milk in particular have been identified as one of the key risk factors for the transmission of Rift Valley fever in humans. In pastoral communities, livestock is the main source of livelihood from which many benefits such as food as well as economic and cultural services are derived. Zoonotic diseases therefore have a great impact on pastoral communities livelihoods. However, lay perceptions regarding the transmission of these diseases including Rift Valley fever hampers their effective control. This study investigated the lay perceptions of risks for Rift Valley fever transmission in a pastoral community in northeastern Kenya. METHODS A qualitative study was carried out in Ijara district, Kenya which was one of the hotspots of Rift Valley during the 2006/2007 outbreak. Data were collected using focus group discussions and narratives guided by checklists. Eight focus group discussions consisting of 83 participants and six narratives were conducted. Data was transcribed, coded and analysed according to Emergent themes. RESULTS The participants reported that they had experienced Rift Valley fever in their livestock especially sheep and in humans both in 1997/1998 and 2006/2007. However, they believed that infections in humans occurred as a result of mosquito bites and had little to do with their consumption of meat, milk and blood from infected livestock. The participants in this study indicated that they had heard of the risks of acquiring the disease through consumption of livestock products but their experiences did not tally with the information they had received hence to them, Rift Valley fever was not transmissible through their dietary practices. CONCLUSIONS Though the communities in this region were aware of Rift Valley fever, they did not have elaborate information regarding the disease transmission dynamics to humans. To avoid misconception about transmission of the disease, intervention strategies, require to be accompanied by comprehensive explanations of the dynamics of its transmission. It is necessary to develop appropriate interventions that take into consideration, lay perceptions of risk factors for the disease and communities' livelihood strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Ng’ang’a
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Sedda L, Morley D, Brown HE. Characteristics of Wind-Infective Farms of the 2006 Bluetongue Serotype 8 Epidemic in Northern Europe. Ecohealth 2015; 12:461-467. [PMID: 25552249 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-1008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue is a Culicoides-borne viral disease of livestock. In 2006, northern Europe experienced a major outbreak of this disease with devastating effects on the livestock industry. The outbreak quickly spread over the region, primarily affecting cattle and sheep. A previous analysis of the role of vector flight and wind in the spread of this virus across northern Europe indicated that infection at 1,326 (65%) of the reported infected farms could be traced back to just 599 (29%) farms (wind-infective farms). Rather than focusing on presence or absence of vectors or difference between infected and non-infected farms, we investigate the zoological and environmental characteristics of these 599 wind-infective farms (which can be thought of as super-spreaders) in order to characterize what makes them distinct from non-infective farms. Differences in temperature, precipitation, and the density of sheep at individual farms were identified between these two groups. These environmental and zoological factors are known to affect vector abundance and may have promoted bluetongue virus transmission. Identifying such ecological differences can help in the description and quantification of relative risk in affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Sedda
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - David Morley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Heidi E Brown
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, 1295 N. Martin Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a causative agent of infectious hepatitis in animals and humans both in developing and developed countries. Here, we collected 500 sheep sera and 75 raw sheep liver samples from a slaughterhouse in the southern part of the Xinjiang region, China, along with 26 sera of butchers from the same slaughterhouse. All serum samples were tested for anti-HEV antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Both serum and liver samples were evaluated for the presence of HEV RNA by nested polymerase chain reaction targeting partial nucleotide sequences of open reading frame 2 (ORF2). The results indicate that sheep seroprevalence was 35.20 % (176/500) and that four of the 75 (5.3 %) sheep livers showed detectable amounts of HEV RNA. The seroprevalence of the butchers was 57.7 % (15/26). The four amplicons shared 97.8-100 % nucleotide sequence identity and had pairwise sequence identities of 81.6-85.3 %, 84.2-85.3 %, 82.1-85.3 % and 84.7-97.9 % with the corresponding regions of genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 of HEV, respectively. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on alignments of an amplified 186-bp ORF2 sequence and corresponding reference strains. The analysis showed that the four sheep strains detected in our study formed a lineage within a genotype 4 cluster that contains hb-3, bjsw1, T1, swCH189 and swCH25, all of which belong to genotype 4, subtype 4d. The results indicated a high level of seroconversion in sheep and suggested that sheep liver may be a source of foodborne HEV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China,
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Dincel GC, Kul O. Increased expressions of ADAMTS-13, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and neurofilament correlate with severity of neuropathology in Border disease virus-infected small ruminants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120005. [PMID: 25799514 PMCID: PMC4370801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Border Disease (BD), caused by Pestivirus from the family Flaviviridae, leads to serious reproductive losses and brain anomalies such as hydranencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in aborted fetuses and neonatal lambs. In this report it is aimed to investigate the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease with Thrombospondin type I repeats-13 (ADAMTS-13), and neurofilament (NF) in the brain tissue in small ruminants infected with Border Disease Virus (BDV) and to identify any correlation between hypomyelinogenesis and BD neuropathology. Results of the study revealed that the levels of ADAMTS-13 (p<0.05), nNOS (p<0.05), and NF (p<0.05) were remarkably higher in BDV-infected brain tissue than in the uninfected control. It was suggested that L-arginine-NO synthase pathway is activated after infection by BDV and that the expression of NF and nNOS is associated with the severity of BD. A few studies have focused on ADAMTS-13 expression in the central nervous system, and its function continues to remain unclear. The most prominent finding from our study was that ADAMTS-13, which contain two CUB domains, has two CUB domains and its high expression levels are probably associated with the development of the central nervous system (CNS). The results also clearly indicate that the interaction of ADAMTS-13 and NO may play an important role in the regulation and protection of the CNS microenvironment in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, NF expression might indicate the progress of the disease. To the best of the authors’knowledge, this is the first report on ADAMTS-13 expression in the CNS of BDV-infected small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gungor Cagdas Dincel
- Laboratory and Veterinary Health Program, Siran Mustafa Beyaz Vocational School, University of Gumushane, Gumushane, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Oguz Kul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kirikkale, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Baráková I, Derdáková M, Carpi G, Rosso F, Collini M, Tagliapietra V, Ramponi C, Hauffe HC, Rizzoli A. Genetic and ecologic variability among Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains, northern Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1082-5. [PMID: 24855911 PMCID: PMC4036757 DOI: 10.3201/eid2006.131023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Fajs L, Humolli I, Saksida A, Knap N, Jelovšek M, Korva M, Dedushaj I, Avšič-Županc T. Prevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in healthy population, livestock and ticks in Kosovo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110982. [PMID: 25393542 PMCID: PMC4230912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute, tick borne disease often associated with hemorrhagic presentations and high case fatality rate. Kosovo is a highly endemic area for CCHF, with a significant case fatality rate. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of CCHF in Kosovo. We tested 1105 serum samples from healthy population in both endemic and non-endemic areas in the country. Our results revealed a seroprevalence of 4.0% (range 0-9.3%) which is comparable to the seroprevalence in other countries. We show that seroprevalence is correlated to the disease incidence in each studied municipality. We also tested 401 animal sera (353 cow, 30 sheep, 10 goat and 8 chicken) in four endemic municipalities in Kosovo. We detected specific antibodies in all animals except in chicken. Seroprevalence in cows is comparable to other endemic areas and correlates to the seroprevalence in humans. No CCHF RNA could be detected in 105 tick samples obtained in 2012 and 2013. Sequencing of CCHFV positive ticks from 2001 revealed that the virus is most closely related to viral strains that were detected in CCHF patients from Kosovo. Results suggest that mild CCHF cases are most probably underdiagnosed and consequently that the burden of disease is higher than reported. Our study provides key information for CCHF surveillance and raises awareness for possible imported cases in CCHF non-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Fajs
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Isme Humolli
- National Institute of Public Health in Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Ana Saksida
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Knap
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Jelovšek
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miša Korva
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Isuf Dedushaj
- National Institute of Public Health in Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Tatjana Avšič-Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Faye O, Ba H, Ba Y, Freire CCM, Faye O, Ndiaye O, Elgady IO, Zanotto PMA, Diallo M, Sall AA. Reemergence of Rift Valley fever, Mauritania, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:300-3. [PMID: 24447381 PMCID: PMC3901463 DOI: 10.3201/eid2002.130996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreak in humans and animals occurred in Mauritania in 2010. Thirty cases of RVF in humans and 3 deaths were identified. RVFV isolates were recovered from humans, camels, sheep, goats, and Culex antennatus mosquitoes. Phylogenetic analysis of isolates indicated a virus origin from western Africa.
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Al'khovskiĭ SV, L'vov DK, Shchelkanov MI, Shchetinin AM, Deriabin PG, Gitel'man AK, Aristova VA, Botikov AG. [Genetic characterization of the Wad Medani virus (WMV) (Reoviridae, Orbivirus), isolated from the ticks Hyalomma asiaticum Schulze et Schlottke, 1930 (Ixodidae: Hyalomminae) in Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Armenia and from the ticks H. anatolicum Koch, 1844 in Tajikistan]. Vopr Virusol 2014; 59:25-30. [PMID: 25549464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Near full-genome sequence of the Wad Medani Virus (WMV) (strain LEIV-8066Tur) (Orbivirus, Reoviridae) isolated from the ticks Hyalomma asiaticum Schulze et Schlottke, 1929, collected from sheep in Baharly district in Turkmenistan, was determined using next generation sequencing approach. The similarity of the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (Pol, VP1) amino acid sequence between WMV and the Kemerovo group orbiviruses (KEMV), as well as of the Baku virus (BAKV), was 64%. The similarity of the conserved structural protein VP3 (T2) of WMV with mosquito-borne and tick-borne orbiviruses reaches 46% and 67%, respectively. For the surface proteins VP2, VP5, and VP7 (T13), which have major antigenic determinants of orbiviruses, the similarity of WMV with tickborne orbiviruses (KEMV and BAKV) is 26-30%, 45% and, 57%, respectively (ID GenBank: KJ425426-35).
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Sindato C, Karimuribo ED, Pfeiffer DU, Mboera LEG, Kivaria F, Dautu G, Bernard B, Paweska JT. Spatial and temporal pattern of Rift Valley fever outbreaks in Tanzania; 1930 to 2007. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88897. [PMID: 24586433 PMCID: PMC3934866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever (RVF)-like disease was first reported in Tanzania more than eight decades ago and the last large outbreak of the disease occurred in 2006-07. This study investigates the spatial and temporal pattern of RVF outbreaks in Tanzania over the past 80 years in order to guide prevention and control strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study was carried out based on disease reporting data from Tanzania at district or village level. The data were sourced from the Ministries responsible for livestock and human health, Tanzania Meteorological Agency and research institutions involved in RVF surveillance and diagnosis. The spatial distribution of outbreaks was mapped using ArcGIS 10. The space-time permutation model was applied to identify clusters of cases, and a multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors associated with the occurrence of outbreaks in the district. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS RVF outbreaks were reported between December and June in 1930, 1947, 1957, 1960, 1963, 1968, 1977-79, 1989, 1997-98 and 2006-07 in 39.2% of the districts in Tanzania. There was statistically significant spatio-temporal clustering of outbreaks. RVF occurrence was associated with the eastern Rift Valley ecosystem (OR = 6.14, CI: 1.96, 19.28), total amount of rainfall of >405.4 mm (OR = 12.36, CI: 3.06, 49.88), soil texture (clay [OR = 8.76, CI: 2.52, 30.50], and loam [OR = 8.79, CI: 2.04, 37.82]). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE RVF outbreaks were found to be distributed heterogeneously and transmission dynamics appeared to vary between areas. The sequence of outbreak waves, continuously cover more parts of the country. Whenever infection has been introduced into an area, it is likely to be involved in future outbreaks. The cases were more likely to be reported from the eastern Rift Valley than from the western Rift Valley ecosystem and from areas with clay and loam rather than sandy soil texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Sindato
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Southern Africa Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Esron D. Karimuribo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Southern Africa Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Fredrick Kivaria
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - George Dautu
- Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bett Bernard
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Janusz T. Paweska
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Campos Z, Juliano R, Velez J, Nogueira RMR, Komar N. Serological evidence of widespread circulation of West Nile virus and other flaviviruses in equines of the Pantanal, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2706. [PMID: 24551266 PMCID: PMC3923745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study reported neutralizing antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV) in horses from four ranches of southern Pantanal. To extend that study, a serosurvey for WNV and 11 Brazilian flaviviruses was conducted with 760 equines, 238 sheep and 61 caimans from 17 local cattle ranches. Among the tested equines, 32 were collected from a ranch where a neurologic disorder outbreak had been recently reported. The sera were initially screened by using a blocking ELISA and then titrated by 90% plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT90) for 12 flaviviruses. Employing the criterion of 4-fold greater titer, 78 (10.3%) equines were seropositive for Ilheus virus, 59 (7.8%) for Saint Louis encephalitis virus, 24 (3.2%) for WNV, two (0.3%) for Cacipacore virus and one (0.1%) for Rocio virus. No serological evidence was found linking the neurological disease that affected local equines to WNV. All caimans and sheep were negative by blocking ELISA for flaviviruses. There were no seropositive equines for Bussuquara, Iguape, Yellow fever and all four Dengue virus serotypes. The detection of WNV-seropositive equines in ten ranches and ILHV and SLEV-seropositive equines in fourteen ranches of two different sub-regions of Pantanal is strong evidence of widespread circulation of these flaviviruses in the region. West Nile virus is maintained in cycles between birds and mosquitoes and recently reemerged as a worldwide major public health and veterinarian concern as the cause of human and equine encephalitis outbreaks. Recent studies have reported serological evidence of West Nile virus circulation in Pantanal, west-central region of Brazil. However, considering the co-circulation of various cross-reactive flaviviruses in Brazil and that most of the flaviviruses isolated in Brazil are unknown or understudied in the Pantanal, serological results should be interpreted with caution. Therefore, we conducted a serosurvey for West Nile virus and the 11 Brazilian flaviviruses of potential medical importance, utilizing equines, sheep and caimans as indicators, including 32 equines collected from a ranch where a neurologic disorder had been recently reported among the equines. We found serological evidence of Ilheus, Saint Louis encephalitis, West Nile, Cacipacore and Rocio viruses in Pantanal equines. West Nile virus infection was not associated with the neurological disease of equines. The detection of WNV-seropositive equines in ten ranches and ILHV- and SLEV-seropositive equines in fourteen ranches of two different sub-regions of Pantanal is strong evidence of widespread circulation of these flaviviruses in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Fulbright Visiting Researcher in Doctorate Sandwich Program at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Zilca Campos
- Embrapa Pantanal, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Raquel Juliano
- Embrapa Pantanal, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jason Velez
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rita Maria Ribeiro Nogueira
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Pavilhão Helio e Peggy Pereira, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Komar
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Truong T, Boshra H, Embury-Hyatt C, Nfon C, Gerdts V, Tikoo S, Babiuk LA, Kara P, Chetty T, Mather A, Wallace DB, Babiuk S. Peste des petits ruminants virus tissue tropism and pathogenesis in sheep and goats following experimental infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87145. [PMID: 24498032 PMCID: PMC3907444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease which primarily affects small ruminants, causing significant economic losses for the livestock industry in developing countries. It is endemic in Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and the Indian sub-continent. The primary hosts for peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) are goats and sheep; however recent models studying the pathology, disease progression and viremia of PPRV have focused primarily on goat models. This study evaluates the tissue tropism and pathogenesis of PPR following experimental infection of sheep and goats using a quantitative time-course study. Upon infection with a virulent strain of PPRV, both sheep and goats developed clinical signs and lesions typical of PPR, although sheep displayed milder clinical disease compared to goats. Tissue tropism of PPRV was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Lymph nodes, lymphoid tissue and digestive tract organs were the predominant sites of virus replication. The results presented in this study provide models for the comparative evaluation of PPRV pathogenesis and tissue tropism in both sheep and goats. These models are suitable for the establishment of experimental parameters necessary for the evaluation of vaccines, as well as further studies into PPRV-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thang Truong
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hani Boshra
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Carissa Embury-Hyatt
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Suresh Tikoo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Pravesh Kara
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Thireshni Chetty
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Arshad Mather
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - David B. Wallace
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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