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García García KM, Apolloni A, Giacomini A, Ciss M, Fall M, Marème Gaye A, Arsevska E, Mesdour A, Chevanne E, Rosso F, Cardinale E, Squarzoni Diaw C, Seck I, Lo M, Delabouglise A. Environmental and economic determinants of temporal dynamics of the ruminant movement network of Senegal. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14482. [PMID: 37660087 PMCID: PMC10475130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the drivers of the temporal dynamics of livestock mobility networks is currently limited, despite their significant implications for the surveillance and control of infectious diseases. We analyzed the effect of time-varying environmental and economic variables-biomass production, rainfall, livestock market prices, and religious calendar on long-distance movements of cattle and small ruminant herds in Senegal in the years 2014 and 2019. We used principal component analysis to explore the variation of the hypothesized explanatory variables in space and time and a generalized additive modelling approach to assess the effect of those variables on the likelihood of herd movement between pairs of administrative units. Contrary to environmental variables, the patterns of variation of market prices show significant differences across locations. The explanatory variables at origin had the highest contribution to the model deviance reduction. Biomass production and rainfall were found to affect the likelihood of herd movement for both species on at least 1 year. Market price at origin had a strong and consistent effect on the departure of small ruminant herds. Our study shows the potential benefits of regular monitoring of market prices for future efforts at forecasting livestock movements and associated sanitary risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Apolloni
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Alessandra Giacomini
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Mamadou Ciss
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles/Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | | | | | - Elena Arsevska
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Asma Mesdour
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Chevanne
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Rosso
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Squarzoni Diaw
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Ismaila Seck
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, One Health and Intelligence and Early Warning Office, Rome, Italy
| | - Mbargou Lo
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Alexis Delabouglise
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
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Mananjara DEA, Rakotoarinoro M, Rakotoarison VC, Raliniaina M, Razafindraibe NP, Ravonirina C, Randriamparany T, Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Cardinale E, Lightowlers MW, Donadeu M, Mwape KE. Confirmation by necropsy of a high prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in a rural district of Madagascar. Parasitology 2023; 150:852-857. [PMID: 37496390 PMCID: PMC10478050 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is recognized as an important health issue in the Malagasy population. To date, investigations into prevalence of infection with the causative agent, Taenia solium, in the parasite's natural animal intermediate hosts, have relied on serological methods which have been found to be non-specific. We determined the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis among pigs from a contiguous area of the Betafo and Mandoto administrative districts, Vakinankaratra Region, Madagascar. One hundred and four slaughter-weight pigs were examined by detailed necropsy examination including slicing of the heart, tongue, masseter muscles, diaphragm and carcase musculature. Thirty-seven animals (35.6%) were found infected with T. solium, representing one of the highest rates of infection ever reported, worldwide. These findings highlight the importance of T. solium in Madagascar and support the need for increased efforts to prevent the parasite's transmission to reduce its burden on the health of the Malagasy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Edithe Andria Mananjara
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Mihajamanana Rakotoarinoro
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Valisoa C. Rakotoarison
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Modestine Raliniaina
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | | | - Claudia Ravonirina
- Regional Directorate of Agriculture and Livestock Vakinankaratra, Madagascar
| | - Tantely Randriamparany
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Anosimasina Itaosy, Antananarivo 102, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | - Marshall W. Lightowlers
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Meritxell Donadeu
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
- Initiative for Neglected Animal Diseases (INAND), Constantia Park, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kabemba E. Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
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Gay N, Rabenandrasana MAN, Panandiniaina HP, Rakotoninidrina MF, Ramahatafandry IT, Enouf V, Roger F, Collard JM, Cardinale E, Rieux A, Loire E. One Health compartment analysis of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli reveals multiple transmission events in a rural area of Madagascar. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023:dkad125. [PMID: 37341144 PMCID: PMC10393885 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) is considered a key indicator for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) epidemiological surveillance in animal, human and environment compartments. There is likelihood of ESBL-Ec animal-human transmission but proof of cross-compartment transmission is still unclear. OBJECTIVES To characterize ESBL-Ec genetic similarity in various compartments (humans, animals and environment) from a rural area of Madagascar. METHODS We collected ESBL-Ec isolates prospectively from humans, animals and the environment (water) between April and October 2018. These isolates were subject to WGS and analysed with cutting-edge phylogenomic methods to characterize population genetic structure and infer putative transmission events among compartments. RESULTS Of the 1454 samples collected, 512 tested positive for ESBL-Ec. We successfully sequenced 510 samples, and a phylogenomic tree based on 179 365 SNPs was produced. Phylogenetic distances between and amongst compartments were indistinguishable, and 104 clusters of recent transmission events between compartments were highlighted. Amongst a large diversity of ESBL-Ec genotypes, no lineage host specificity was observed, indicating the regular occurrence of ESBL-Ec transfer among compartments in rural Madagascar. CONCLUSIONS Our findings stress the importance of using a phylogenomic approach on ESBL-Ec samples in various putative compartments to obtain a clear baseline of AMR transmissions in rural settings, where one wants to identify risk factors associated with transmission or to measure the effect of 'One Health' interventions in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noellie Gay
- Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, Nouvelle-Calédonie
- UMR ASTRE, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Vincent Enouf
- Mutualized Platform of Microbiology, Pasteur International Bioresources Network, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - François Roger
- UMR ASTRE, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marc Collard
- Experimental Bacteriology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Eric Cardinale
- UMR ASTRE, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development, Montpellier, France
| | - Adrien Rieux
- UMR PVBMT, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development, Réunion Island
| | - Etienne Loire
- UMR ASTRE, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development, Montpellier, France
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Cêtre-Sossah C, Lebon C, Rabarison P, Cardinale E, Mavingui P, Atyame C. Evidence of Eretmapodites subsimplicipes and Aedes albopictus as competent vectors for Rift Valley fever virus transmission in Mayotte. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106835. [PMID: 36649804 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) recently re-emerged in Mayotte. We described, for the first time, that the mosquito species Eretmapodites subsimplicipes, a highly abundant species in Mayotte, is a competent vector for the transmission of RVF virus using three distinct populations native to Mayotte. We also showed that Aedes albopictus specimens are able to transmit RVF virus (RVFV) as previously observed in mosquito populations of other countries emphasizing the need of the increase vigilance for this highly invasive species of global distribution. Altogether, these results underline the epidemiological importance of both species for RVFV transmission in Mayotte and contribute to better understand the RVF epidemiological cycle and help to implement efficient prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier Cedex, France.
| | - Cyrille Lebon
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Célestine Atyame
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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Tantely ML, Guis H, Randriananjantenaina I, Raharinirina MR, Velonirina HJ, Cardinale E, Raveloarijaona N, Cêtre-Sossah C, Garros C, Girod R. Mosquito species associated with horses in Madagascar: a review of their vector status with regard to the epidemiology of West Nile fever. Med Vet Entomol 2022; 36:1-13. [PMID: 34427959 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In Madagascar, the high West Nile virus (WNV) antibody prevalence reported in horse populations suggests a high level of vector-horse contact. This study aims to characterize the mosquito species usually involved in WNV transmission in horse stables in Madagascar. Five horse stables were investigated in October and November 2016 in five distinct inland areas. Mosquitoes were collected using double net traps baited with human, poultry or horse as well as light traps. Blood meal identification from engorged females was performed using host-specific PCRs. A total of 2898 adult mosquitoes were collected with Culex (Culex) antennatus (Becker) (40.7%), and Cx. (Cux.) quinquefasciatus Say (14.9%), being the most abundant species. The mosquito abundance varied between horse stables (P < 10-7 ) and depending on the bait used in the double net traps (P < 0.003). Among the 190 tested blood meals, 119 consisted of single blood meals with 85 from horse, 17 from human, 16 from chicken, one from cattle and 71 consisted of mixed blood meals. The mosquito species collected during this study exhibited a generalist feeding behaviour allowing them to act as bridge vectors between different vertebrate hosts involved in WNV transmission cycle. Their vector status with regard to West Nile fever epidemiology is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Tantely
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - H Guis
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - I Randriananjantenaina
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - M R Raharinirina
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - H J Velonirina
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - E Cardinale
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - N Raveloarijaona
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Direction of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Department of Veterinary Medecine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - C Cêtre-Sossah
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - C Garros
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - R Girod
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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Miltgen G, Martak D, Valot B, Kamus L, Garrigos T, Verchere G, Gbaguidi-Haore H, Ben Cimon C, Ramiandrisoa M, Picot S, Lignereux A, Masson G, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Belmonte O, Cardinale E, Hocquet D, Mavingui P, Bertrand X. OUP accepted manuscript. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1254-1262. [PMID: 35194647 PMCID: PMC9047676 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) is a major cause of infections worldwide. An understanding of the reservoirs and modes of transmission of these pathogens is essential, to tackle their increasing frequency. Objectives We investigated the contributions of various compartments (humans, animals, environment), to human colonization or infection with ESBL-Ec over a 3 year period, on an island. Methods The study was performed on Reunion Island (Southwest Indian Ocean). We collected ESBL-Ec isolates prospectively from humans, wastewater and livestock between April 2015 and December 2018. Human specimens were recovered from a regional surveillance system representative of the island’s health facilities. These isolates were compared with those from livestock and urban/rural wastewater, by whole-genome sequencing. Results We collected 410 ESBL-Ec isolates: 161 from humans, 161 from wastewater and 88 from animals. Phylogenomic analysis demonstrated high diversity (100 STs), with different STs predominating among isolates from humans (ST131, ST38, ST10) and animals (ST57, ST156). The large majority (90%) of the STs, including ST131, were principally associated with a single compartment. The CTX-M-15, CTX-M-27 and CTX-M-14 enzymes were most common in humans/human wastewater, whereas CTX-M-1 predominated in animals. Isolates of human and animal origin had different plasmids carrying blaCTX-M genes, with the exception of a conserved IncI1-ST3 blaCTX-M-1 plasmid. Conclusions These molecular data suggest that, despite their high level of contamination, animals are not a major source of the ESBL-Ec found in humans living on this densely populated high-income island. Public health policies should therefore focus primarily on human-to-human transmission, to prevent human infections with ESBL-Ec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Miltgen
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Félix Guyon, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
- UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Université de La Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Daniel Martak
- Service d’Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Besançon, France
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Benoit Valot
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Laure Kamus
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Félix Guyon, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Thomas Garrigos
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Félix Guyon, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Guillaume Verchere
- UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Université de La Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Houssein Gbaguidi-Haore
- Service d’Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Besançon, France
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | | | | | - Sandrine Picot
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Groupe Hospitalier Sud Réunion, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Anne Lignereux
- Laboratoire de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Ouest Réunion, Saint-Paul, La Réunion, France
| | - Geoffrey Masson
- Laboratoire de Biologie, Groupe Hospitalier Est Réunion, Saint-Benoit, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Olivier Belmonte
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Félix Guyon, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Centre de Coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) Océan Indien (Réunion-Mayotte), Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Écosystèmes, INRAe 1309, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Hocquet
- Service d’Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Besançon, France
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Université de La Réunion, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Xavier Bertrand
- Service d’Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Besançon, France
- UMR-CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Tennant WSD, Cardinale E, Cêtre-Sossah C, Moutroifi Y, Le Godais G, Colombi D, Spencer SEF, Tildesley MJ, Keeling MJ, Charafouddine O, Colizza V, Edmunds WJ, Métras R. Modelling the persistence and control of Rift Valley fever virus in a spatially heterogeneous landscape. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5593. [PMID: 34552082 PMCID: PMC8458460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence mechanisms of Rift Valley fever (RVF), a zoonotic arboviral haemorrhagic fever, at both local and broader geographical scales have yet to be fully understood and rigorously quantified. We developed a mathematical metapopulation model describing RVF virus transmission in livestock across the four islands of the Comoros archipelago, accounting for island-specific environments and inter-island animal movements. By fitting our model in a Bayesian framework to 2004-2015 surveillance data, we estimated the importance of environmental drivers and animal movements on disease persistence, and tested the impact of different control scenarios on reducing disease burden throughout the archipelago. Here we report that (i) the archipelago network was able to sustain viral transmission in the absence of explicit disease introduction events after early 2007, (ii) repeated outbreaks during 2004-2020 may have gone under-detected by local surveillance, and (iii) co-ordinated within-island control measures are more effective than between-island animal movement restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren S D Tennant
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, F-97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, Université de Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, F-97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, Université de Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Youssouf Moutroifi
- Vice-Présidence en charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, B.P. 41 Mdé, Moroni, Union of the Comoros
| | - Gilles Le Godais
- Direction de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt de Mayotte, Service de l'Alimentation, 97600, Mamoudzou, France
| | - Davide Colombi
- Aizoon Technology Consulting, Str. del Lionetto 6, Torino, Italy
| | - Simon E F Spencer
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4, 7AL, UK
| | - Mike J Tildesley
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matt J Keeling
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Onzade Charafouddine
- Vice-Présidence en charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, B.P. 41 Mdé, Moroni, Union of the Comoros
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1136), 75012, Paris, France
| | - W John Edmunds
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1136), 75012, Paris, France
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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Grimaud Y, Tran A, Benkimoun S, Boucher F, Esnault O, Cêtre-Sossah C, Cardinale E, Garros C, Guis H. Spatio-temporal modelling of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) populations on Reunion Island (Indian Ocean). Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:288. [PMID: 34044880 PMCID: PMC8161615 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reunion Island regularly faces outbreaks of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic diseases, two insect-borne orbiviral diseases of ruminants. Hematophagous midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are the vectors of bluetongue (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHDV) viruses. In a previous study, statistical models based on environmental and meteorological data were developed for the five Culicoides species present in the island to provide a better understanding of their ecology and predict their presence and abundance. The purpose of this study was to couple these statistical models with a Geographic Information System (GIS) to produce dynamic maps of the distribution of Culicoides throughout the island. METHODS Based on meteorological data from ground weather stations and satellite-derived environmental data, the abundance of each of the five Culicoides species was estimated for the 2214 husbandry locations on the island for the period ranging from February 2016 to June 2018. A large-scale Culicoides sampling campaign including 100 farms was carried out in March 2018 to validate the model. RESULTS According to the model predictions, no husbandry location was free of Culicoides throughout the study period. The five Culicoides species were present on average in 57.0% of the husbandry locations for C. bolitinos Meiswinkel, 40.7% for C. enderleini Cornet & Brunhes, 26.5% for C. grahamii Austen, 87.1% for C. imicola Kieffer and 91.8% for C. kibatiensis Goetghebuer. The models also showed high seasonal variations in their distribution. During the validation process, predictions were acceptable for C. bolitinos, C. enderleini and C. kibatiensis, with normalized root mean square errors (NRMSE) of 15.4%, 13.6% and 16.5%, respectively. The NRMSE was 27.4% for C. grahamii. For C. imicola, the NRMSE was acceptable (11.9%) considering all husbandry locations except in two specific areas, the Cirque de Salazie-an inner mountainous part of the island-and the sea edge, where the model overestimated its abundance. CONCLUSIONS Our model provides, for the first time to our knowledge, an operational tool to better understand and predict the distribution of Culicoides in Reunion Island. As it predicts a wide spatial distribution of the five Culicoides species throughout the year and taking into consideration their vector competence, our results suggest that BTV and EHDV can circulate continuously on the island. As further actions, our model could be coupled with an epidemiological model of BTV and EHDV transmission to improve risk assessment of Culicoides-borne diseases on the island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Grimaud
- GDS Réunion, 1 rue du Père Hauck, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion, France
- University of Reunion Island, 15 avenue René Cassin, Sainte-Clotilde, 97715 La Réunion, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Annelise Tran
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- TETIS, University of Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Samuel Benkimoun
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- TETIS, University of Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Floriane Boucher
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Esnault
- GDS Réunion, 1 rue du Père Hauck, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Garros
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte-Clotilde, 97490 La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Guis
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- FOFIFA DRZVP, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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9
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Ethèves MA, Choisis N, Alvarez S, Dalleau F, Hascoat J, Gallard V, Cardinale E. Risk factors for Salmonella enterica subsp . enterica persistence in broiler-chicken flocks on Reunion Island. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06278. [PMID: 33748450 PMCID: PMC7969330 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify the main risk factors for Salmonella spp. persistence in broiler flocks in Reunion Island. Seventy broiler farms were surveyed from March 2016 to June 2018. Samples of fresh droppings were collected using gauze socks, and a questionnaire was completed with the farmers. Persistence was defined as an infection with the same serovar before and after cleaning and disinfection (C/D) of poultry houses. Salmonella spp. was found to persist on 27% of the farms. Cleaning concrete surrounding areas (OR = 0.23) and disinfecting silos (OR = 0.17) reduced the risk of pathogen persistence. An analysis of infections of pests found in the vicinity of the farms confirmed their role in the persistence of Salmonella spp. Fifteen percent of the pests were infected and the presence of mealworms in poultry litter (OR = 6.69) was found to increase the risk of Salmonella spp. persistence. We conclude that improved cleaning-disinfection, sanitary preventive measures and pest control in the poultry sector are needed to avoid the persistence of Salmonella spp. on broiler farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ethèves
- UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Écosystèmes, CIRAD - BIOS, Cyroi Platform 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
| | - N Choisis
- Groupement de défense sanitaire de La Réunion, 1 rue du Père Hauck, PK23, Bâtiment E/F/G, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion, France
| | - S Alvarez
- UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Écosystèmes, CIRAD - BIOS, Cyroi Platform 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
| | - F Dalleau
- Groupement de défense sanitaire de La Réunion, 1 rue du Père Hauck, PK23, Bâtiment E/F/G, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion, France
| | - J Hascoat
- Groupement de défense sanitaire de La Réunion, 1 rue du Père Hauck, PK23, Bâtiment E/F/G, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion, France
| | - V Gallard
- Coopérative des Aviculteurs de La Réunion, AVIPOLE, 14 rue de l'Etang, 97450 Saint-Louis, La Réunion, France
| | - E Cardinale
- UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Écosystèmes, CIRAD - BIOS, Cyroi Platform 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
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10
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Kim Y, Métras R, Dommergues L, Youssouffi C, Combo S, Le Godais G, Pfeiffer DU, Cêtre-Sossah C, Cardinale E, Filleul L, Youssouf H, Subiros M, Fournié G. The role of livestock movements in the spread of Rift Valley fever virus in animals and humans in Mayotte, 2018-19. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009202. [PMID: 33684126 PMCID: PMC7939299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne viral disease of major animal and public health importance. In 2018–19, it caused an epidemic in both livestock and human populations of the island of Mayotte. Using Bayesian modelling approaches, we assessed the spatio-temporal pattern of RVF virus (RVFV) infection in livestock and human populations across the island, and factors shaping it. First, we assessed if (i) livestock movements, (ii) spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, and (iii) livestock density were associated with the temporal sequence of RVFV introduction into Mayotte communes’ livestock populations. Second, we assessed whether the rate of human infection was associated with (a) spatial proximity from and (b) livestock density of communes with infected animals. Our analyses showed that the temporal sequence of RVFV introduction into communes’ livestock populations was associated with livestock movements and spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, with livestock movements being associated with the best model fit. Moreover, the pattern of human cases was associated with their spatial proximity from communes with infected animals, with the risk of human infection sharply increasing if livestock in the same or close communes were infected. This study highlights the importance of understanding livestock movement networks in informing the design of risk-based RVF surveillance programs. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne zoonotic disease, endemic in many sub-Saharan Africa regions with substantial outbreaks. RVF virus (RVFV) is transmitted to animals primarily by the bite of infected mosquitos, whereas direct or indirect contact with infected animals forms the primary route of RVFV transmission to humans. In 2018–19, Mayotte, an archipelago in the Indian Ocean between Madagascar and the coast of Eastern Africa, experienced an RVF epidemic in both livestock and humans. In this study, we investigated factors shaping the spatio-temporal pattern of RVFV infection in livestock and human populations across Mayotte. The diffusion of RVFV through Mayotte’s livestock population was associated with livestock movements and, potentially to a lesser extent, spatial proximity from communes with infected animals. Moreover, the pressure of infection on humans was the highest if nearby livestock were infected. This study highlights the value of accounting for the structure of livestock movement networks in the surveillance of zoonotic diseases at the human-animal interface, and the need for One Health approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younjung Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (UMRS-1136), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Soihibou Combo
- Direction de l’Alimentation, de l’Agriculture et de la Forêt de Mayotte, Mamoudzou, France
| | - Gilles Le Godais
- Direction de l’Alimentation, de l’Agriculture et de la Forêt de Mayotte, Mamoudzou, France
| | - Dirk U. Pfeiffer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- ASTRE, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Guillaume Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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11
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Squarzoni-Diaw C, Arsevska E, Kalthoum S, Hammami P, Cherni J, Daoudi A, Karim Laoufi M, Lezaar Y, Rachid K, Seck I, Ould Elmamy B, Yahya B, Dufour B, Hendrikx P, Cardinale E, Muñoz F, Lancelot R, Coste C. Using a participatory qualitative risk assessment to estimate the risk of introduction and spread of transboundary animal diseases in scarce-data environments: A Spatial Qualitative Risk Analysis applied to foot-and-mouth disease in Tunisia 2014-2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:1966-1978. [PMID: 33174371 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a participative and iterative qualitative risk assessment framework that can be used to evaluate the spatial variation of the risk of infectious animal disease introduction and spread on a national scale. The framework was developed through regional training action workshops and field activities. The active involvement of national animal health services enabled the identification, collection and hierarchization of risk factors. Quantitative data were collected in the field, and expert knowledge was integrated to adjust the available data at regional level. Experts categorized and combined the risk factors into ordinal levels of risk per epidemiological unit to ease implementation of risk-based surveillance in the field. The framework was used to perform a qualitative assessment of the risk of introduction and spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Tunisia as part of a series of workshops held between 2015 and 2018. The experts in attendance combined risk factors such as epidemiological status, transboundary movements, proximity to the borders and accessibility to assess the risk of FMD outbreaks in Tunisia. Out of the 2,075 Tunisian imadas, 23 were at a very high risk of FMD introduction, mainly at the borders; and 59 were at a very high risk of FMD spread. To validate the model, the results were compared to the FMD outbreaks notified by Tunisia during the 2014 FMD epizootic. Using a spatial Poisson model, a significant alignment between the very high and high-risk categories of spread and the occurrence of FMD outbreaks was shown. The relative risk of FMD occurrence was thus 3.2 higher for imadas in the very high and high spread risk categories than for imadas in the low and negligible spread risk categories. Our results show that the qualitative risk assessment framework can be a useful decision support tool for risk-based disease surveillance and control, in particular in scarce-data environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Squarzoni-Diaw
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Arsevska
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sana Kalthoum
- Centre national de veille zoosanitaire (CNVZ), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pachka Hammami
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Jamel Cherni
- Centre national de veille zoosanitaire (CNVZ), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Assia Daoudi
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Alger, Algeria
| | | | - Yassir Lezaar
- Office National, Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires (ONSSA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kechna Rachid
- Office National, Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits Alimentaires (ONSSA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ismaila Seck
- Food and Agricultural organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Accra, Ghana.,Ministère de l'Élevage et des Productions Animales, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Bezeid Ould Elmamy
- Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l'Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania.,Regional Diseases Surveillance System Enhancement (REDISSE) in West Africa, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Barry Yahya
- Office National de Recherche et de Développement de l'Elevage (ONARDEL), Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Barbara Dufour
- USC EPIMAI Unit, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascal Hendrikx
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France.,ENSV-France Vétérinaire International, Lyon 69, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Facundo Muñoz
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Coste
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
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12
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Gay N, Lugagne N, Miltgen G, Belmonte O, Cardinale E. Reunion Island, a sentinel territory for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria surveillance in the South-Western Indian Ocean: a retrospective survey using hospitalized patient screening, 2015-2017. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1488. [PMID: 33004028 PMCID: PMC7528459 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2015, antimicrobial resistance was identified as a public health priority for the South-Western Indian Ocean (SWIO) (i.e. Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte (France), Reunion Island (France), and Seychelles). However, in 2020, colonization rates of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) in human populations on most islands in SWIO were still not known and neither hospital nor community colonization rates had been estimated. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of colonization of six ARB groups in hospitalized patients residing in the SWIO territories. The six groups comprise extended-spectrum betalactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and both ceftazidime and/or imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. (ACB), and ceftazidime and/or imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas spp. (PSA)). Methods Based on comprehensive hospital laboratory ARB screening data, we provide the first estimation of ARB colonization rates in hospitalized patients residing in SWIO (2015–2017). Using ARB colonization rates in Reunion Island (France) as the reference for estimating odds ratio, we identified at risk patients based on their territory of residence. Results The survey pointed to significantly higher overall ARB colonization rates in patients from Comoros, Madagascar, Mayotte, and Seychelles compared to Reunion Island as the reference. Extended-spectrum betalactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae was found to be the most common ARB group colonizing patients from SWIO territories. The highest MRSA colonization rates were observed in patients from Mayotte and Seychelles. Colonization by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) was highest in patients from Mauritius. Conclusion These results identify high ARB colonization rates in hospitalized patients from SWIO territories that require further investigation, particularly CRE in Mauritius and MRSA in Seychelles and Mayotte. This study is the first step toward the implementation of a broader regional ARB surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noellie Gay
- UMR Animal Santé Territoires Risque Environnement (CIRAD, INRAe, Univ Montpellier), Montpellier, France.
| | - Nathalie Lugagne
- Nosocomial infection Unit, Felix-Guyon University hospital, La Reunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Guillaume Miltgen
- Bacteriology laboratory, Felix-Guyon University hospital, La Reunion, Saint-Denis, France.,UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Univ La Réunion), La Reunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Olivier Belmonte
- Bacteriology laboratory, Felix-Guyon University hospital, La Reunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- UMR Animal Santé Territoires Risque Environnement (CIRAD, INRAe, Univ Montpellier), Montpellier, France.,Health Monitoring Unit, Indian Ocean Commission, Port-Louis, Mauritius
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13
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Licciardi S, Loire E, Cardinale E, Gislard M, Dubois E, Cêtre-Sossah C. In vitro shared transcriptomic responses of Aedes aegypti to arboviral infections: example of dengue and Rift Valley fever viruses. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:395. [PMID: 32758286 PMCID: PMC7404916 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arthropod borne virus infections are the cause of severe emerging diseases. Among the diseases due to arboviruses, dengue (DEN) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) are in the top ten in the list of diseases responsible of severe human cases worldwide. Understanding the effects of viral infection on gene expression in competent vectors is a challenge for the development of early diagnostic tools and may enable researchers and policy makers to better anticipate outbreaks in the next future. Methods In this study, alterations in gene expression across the entire Aedes aegypti genome during infection with DENV and RVFV were investigated in vitro at two time points of infection, the early phase (24 h) and the late phase (6 days) of infection using the RNA sequencing approach Results A total of 10 upregulated genes that share a similar expression profile during infection with both viruses at early and late phases of infection were identified. Family B and D clip-domain serine proteases (CLIP) were clearly overrepresented as well as C-type lectins and transferrin. Conclusions Our data highlight the presence of 10 viral genes upregulated in Ae. aegypti during infection. They may also be targeted in the case of the development of broad-spectrum anti-viral diagnostic tools focusing the mosquito vectors rather than the mammalian hosts as they may predict the emergence of outbreaks.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Licciardi
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Loire
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34395, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Gislard
- MGX-Montpellier Genomix, IGF, INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emeric Dubois
- MGX-Montpellier Genomix, IGF, INSERM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France. .,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier, France.
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14
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Ruget AS, Tran A, Waret-Szkuta A, Moutroifi YO, Charafouddine O, Cardinale E, Cêtre-Sossah C, Chevalier V. Spatial Multicriteria Evaluation for Mapping the Risk of Occurrence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Eastern Africa and the Union of the Comoros. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:455. [PMID: 31921913 PMCID: PMC6922030 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), responsible for peste des petits ruminants (PPR), is widely circulating in Africa and Asia. The disease is a huge burden for the economy and development of the affected countries. In Eastern Africa, the disease is considered endemic. Because of the geographic proximity and existing trade between eastern African countries and the Comoros archipelago, the latter is at risk of introduction and spread, and the first PPR outbreaks occurred in the Union of the Comoros in 2012. The objective of this study was to map the areas suitable for PPR occurrence and spread in the Union of the Comoros and four eastern African countries, namely Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. A Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Multicriteria Evaluation (MCE) was developed. Risk factors for PPR occurrence and spread, and their relative importance, were identified using literature review and expert-based knowledge. Corresponding geographic data were collected, standardized, and combined based on a weighted linear combination to obtain PPR suitability maps. The accuracy of the maps was assessed using outbreak data from the EMPRES database and a ROC curve analysis. Our model showed an excellent ability to distinguish between absence and presence of outbreaks in Eastern Africa (AUC = 0.907; 95% CI [0.820-0.994]), and a very good performance in the Union of the Comoros (AUC = 0.889, 95% CI: [0.694-1]). These results highlight the efficiency of the GIS-MCE method, which can be applied at different geographic scales: continental, national and local. The resulting maps provide decision support tools for implementation of disease surveillance and control measures, thus contributing to the PPR eradication goal of OIE and FAO by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Ruget
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Ste-Clotilde, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Annelise Tran
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Ste-Clotilde, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- UMR TETIS, CIRAD, Ste-Clotilde, France
- TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Onzade Charafouddine
- Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Environment, Territorial Development, and Urbanism, Moroni, Comoros
| | - Eric Cardinale
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Ste-Clotilde, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Ste-Clotilde, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Ste-Clotilde, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Grimaud Y, Guis H, Chiroleu F, Boucher F, Tran A, Rakotoarivony I, Duhayon M, Cêtre-Sossah C, Esnault O, Cardinale E, Garros C. Modelling temporal dynamics of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) populations on Reunion Island (Indian Ocean), vectors of viruses of veterinary importance. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:562. [PMID: 31775850 PMCID: PMC6880491 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reunion Island regularly faces outbreaks of epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) and bluetongue (BT), two viral diseases transmitted by haematophagous midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to ruminants. To date, five species of Culicoides are recorded in Reunion Island in which the first two are proven vector species: Culicoides bolitinos, C. imicola, C. enderleini, C. grahamii and C. kibatiensis. Meteorological and environmental factors can severely constrain Culicoides populations and activities and thereby affect dispersion and intensity of transmission of Culicoides-borne viruses. The aim of this study was to describe and predict the temporal dynamics of all Culicoides species present in Reunion Island. METHODS Between 2016 and 2018, 55 biweekly Culicoides catches using Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute traps were set up in 11 sites. A hurdle model (i.e. a presence/absence model combined with an abundance model) was developed for each species in order to determine meteorological and environmental drivers of presence and abundance of Culicoides. RESULTS Abundance displayed very strong heterogeneity between sites. Average Culicoides catch per site per night ranged from 4 to 45,875 individuals. Culicoides imicola was dominant at low altitude and C. kibatiensis at high altitude. A marked seasonality was observed for the three other species with annual variations. Twelve groups of variables were tested. It was found that presence and/or abundance of all five Culicoides species were driven by common parameters: rain, temperature, vegetation index, forested environment and host density. Other parameters such as wind speed and farm building opening size governed abundance level of some species. In addition, Culicoides populations were also affected by meteorological parameters and/or vegetation index with different lags of time, suggesting an impact on immature stages. Taking into account all the parameters for the final hurdle model, the error rate by Normalized Root mean Square Error ranged from 4.4 to 8.5%. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to model Culicoides population dynamics in Reunion Island. In the absence of vaccination and vector control strategies, determining periods of high abundance of Culicoides is a crucial first step towards identifying periods at high risk of transmission for the two economically important viruses they transmit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Grimaud
- GDS Réunion, 1 rue du Père Hauck, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion France
- University of Reunion Island, 15 avenue René Cassin, 97715 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion France
| | - Hélène Guis
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- Epidemiology and clinical research unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- FOFIFA DRZVP, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Floriane Boucher
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Annelise Tran
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion France
- TETIS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ignace Rakotoarivony
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Maxime Duhayon
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Esnault
- GDS Réunion, 1 rue du Père Hauck, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Garros
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion France
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
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Dacheux L, Dommergues L, Chouanibou Y, Doméon L, Schuler C, Bonas S, Luo D, Maufrais C, Cetre‐Sossah C, Cardinale E, Bourhy H, Métras R. Co-circulation and characterization of novel African arboviruses (genus Ephemerovirus) in cattle, Mayotte island, Indian Ocean, 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2601-2604. [PMID: 31390479 PMCID: PMC6899740 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mayotte is an island located in the Mozambique Channel, between Mozambique and Madagascar, in the South Western Indian Ocean region. A severe syndrome of unknown aetiology has been observed seasonally since 2009 in cattle (locally named "cattle flu"), associated with anorexia, nasal discharge, hyperthermia and lameness. We sampled blood from a panel of those severely affected animals at the onset of disease signs and analysed these samples by next-generation sequencing. We first identified the presence of ephemeral bovine fever viruses (BEFV), an arbovirus belonging to the genus Ephemerovirus within the family Rhabdoviridae, thus representing the first published sequences of BEFV viruses of African origin. In addition, we also discovered and genetically characterized a potential new species within the genus Ephemerovirus, called Mavingoni virus (MVGV) from one diseased animal. Finally, both MVGV and BEFV have been identified in cattle from the same herd, evidencing a co-circulation of different ephemeroviruses on the island. The clinical, epidemiological and virological information strongly suggests that these viruses represent the etiological agents of the observed "cattle flu" within this region. This study highlights the importance of the strengthening and harmonizing arboviral surveillance in Mayotte and its neighbouring areas, including Africa mainland, given the importance of the diffusion of infectious diseases (such as BEFV) mediated by animal and human movements in the South Western Indian Ocean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dacheux
- Institut PasteurUnit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and NeuropathologyParisFrance
| | - Laure Dommergues
- GDS Mayotte‐Coopérative Agricole des Eleveurs MahoraisCoconiFrance
| | | | - Lionel Doméon
- Clinique Vétérinaire de Doméon/SchulerMamoudzouFrance
| | | | - Simon Bonas
- Institut PasteurUnit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and NeuropathologyParisFrance
| | - Dongsheng Luo
- Institut PasteurUnit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and NeuropathologyParisFrance
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and BiosafetyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Corinne Maufrais
- Institut PasteurUSR 3756 CNRSBioinformatics and Biostatistics HubParisFrance
| | - Catherine Cetre‐Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRESainte ClotildeFrance
- ASTREUniv Montpellier (I‐MUSE)CIRAD, INRAMontpellierFrance
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRESainte ClotildeFrance
- ASTREUniv Montpellier (I‐MUSE)CIRAD, INRAMontpellierFrance
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut PasteurUnit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and NeuropathologyParisFrance
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- ASTREUniv Montpellier (I‐MUSE)CIRAD, INRAMontpellierFrance
- CIRADUMR ASTREMontpellierFrance
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17
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Cêtre-Sossah C, Pédarrieu A, Juremalm M, Jansen Van Vuren P, Brun A, Ould EL Mamy AB, Héraud JM, Filippone C, Ravalohery JP, Chaabihi H, Albina E, Dommergues L, Paweska J, Cardinale E. Development and validation of a pen side test for Rift Valley fever. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007700. [PMID: 31509527 PMCID: PMC6738586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is one of the main vector borne zoonotic diseases that affects a wide range of ruminants and human beings in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. A rapid and specific test for RVF diagnosis at the site of a suspected outbreak is crucial for the implementation of control measures. Methodology/Principal findings A first-line lateral flow immunochromatographic strip test (LFT) was developed for the detection of the nucleoprotein (N) of the RVF virus (RVFV). Its diagnostic performance characteristics were evaluated using reference stocks isolates recovered from different hosts and in geographic regions mimicking clinical specimens and from known RVF negative serum samples. A high level of diagnostic accuracy (DSe (35/35), DSp (167/169)) was observed, including the absence of cross-reactivity with viruses belonging to different genera. Conclusion/Significance The fact no specialized reagents and laboratory equipment are needed, make this assay a valuable, first-line diagnostic tool in resource-poor diagnostic territories for on-site RVFV detection, however the staff require training. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral disease that affects a wide range of animals and human beings in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula involving low case fatality rates. A rapid and specific test for RVF diagnosis at the site of a suspected outbreak is crucial for the implementation of control measures. Here, we report the development and the evaluation of the diagnostic performance characteristics of a pen-side test found to be a highly accurate and valuable first-line diagnostic tool for on-site RVF detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte‐Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Petrus Jansen Van Vuren
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham-Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Filippone
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Albina
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | | | - Janusz Paweska
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham-Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eric Cardinale
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte‐Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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18
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Rasamoelina Andriamanivo H, Randriamananjara D, Ralalarison RA, Nomenjanahary LA, Razafindraibe NP, Andria-Mananjara ED, Rakotomanana DO, Fenozara PS, Biarmann M, Halm A, Razafimandimby H, Flachet L, Cardinale E. How could an African swine fever outbreak evolve in an enzootic context? The case of Imerintsiatosika, Madagascar in 2015. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221928. [PMID: 31490968 PMCID: PMC6730906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a haemorrhagic contagious pig disease generally causing high mortality. ASF is enzootic in Madagascar with outbreaks reported each year. An ASF outbreak occurred in May 2015 in the municipality of Imerintsiatosika in Madagascar. We investigated the outbreak to describe it and to identify risk factors in order to propose control measures, and to document evidence of an ASF outbreak in an enzootic country. We took biological samples from very sick and dying pigs, sold by the farmer to the butcher, for PCR analysis. An active search for all possible farm-cases was carried out. A definition of suspected farm-case was established and we implemented a descriptive survey and a retrospective cohort study. Laboratory results confirmed ASF virus infection. Suspected farm-cases represented 81 farms out of 922. Out of 3081 pigs of infected farms, 44% (95% CI: 42-46%) were sick, of which 47% were sold or slaughtered. Case fatality was 60% (95% CI: 56-63%) while 21% (95% CI: 19-24%) of the diseased pigs recovered. The outbreak duration was nine months and half of the infected farms' pig population remained after the outbreak. Compared to the exotic breed, local pigs had twice the risk of infection. It is the first detailed report of an ASF outbreak in an enzootic situation. The disease still has a large impact with 50% animals lost. However, the case fatality is lower than expected that suggests the possibility of resistance and subclinical cases. Proximity to road and increased number of farms are risk factors so biosecurity measures are needed. Further studies are needed to understand why pigs of local breed are more affected. Finally, an acceptable alternative to the sale of sick animals should be found as this currently is the breeders' means to reducing economic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nivohanitra Perle Razafindraibe
- Indian Ocean Field Epidemiology Training Programme, SEGA One Health, Network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ébène, Mauritius
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | | | - Ariane Halm
- Epidemic Intelligence Unit, SEGA One Health Network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ébène, Mauritius
| | | | - Loïc Flachet
- Epidemic Intelligence Unit, SEGA One Health Network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ébène, Mauritius
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Epidemic Intelligence Unit, SEGA One Health Network, Indian Ocean Commission, Ébène, Mauritius
- Centre International de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, La Réunion, France
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19
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Boucher F, Moutroifi Y, Peba B, Ali M, Moindjie Y, Ruget AS, Abdouroihamane S, Madi Kassim A, Soulé M, Charafouddine O, Cêtre-Sossah C, Cardinale E. Tick-borne diseases in the Union of the Comoros are a hindrance to livestock development: Circulation and associated risk factors. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101283. [PMID: 31519420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases (TBD) occur in many temperate countries and are economically important in most tropical and subtropical areas, affecting dairy and beef cattle, as well as small ruminants. Four major tick-borne diseases have been detected in eastern and southern Africa: East Coast fever (ECF) caused by Theileria parva, Theiler 1904, anaplasmosis caused by either Anaplasma marginale, Theiler 1910, Anaplasma centrale, Theiler 1911, or Anaplasma ovis, Bevan 1912, babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis, Babes 1988 and Babesia bigemina, Smith & Kilborne 1893, and heartwater caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium Cowdry 1925. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to determine the antibody prevalence of these TBDs and to identify the risk factors for TBD infections in the Union of the Comoros. In 2016 and 2017, 903 individual animal serum samples were collected from 429 separate farms, where the farmers answered individual questionnaires. The antibody prevalence of anaplasmosis, babesiosis (B. bigemina) and heartwater was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and the antibody prevalence of ECF was assessed using an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The relationship between TBD seropositivity and livestock-related variables was assessed by multivariate analyses with standard logistic regression models. The results showed that these four TBDs were present in the Union of the Comoros with a global antibody prevalence of 15% (95% CI [12.7%; 17.3%]) for anaplasmosis, 9.2% (95% CI [6.5%, 11.9%]) for B. bigemina babesiosis, 5.3% (95% CI [3.2%, 7.4%]) for ECF and 4.6% (95% CI [3.2%, 6%]) for heartwater. We compared these findings with the abundance and distribution of several tick species known to be TBD vectors and we found a significant correlation between Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and ECF, and between Amblyomma variegatum and heartwater. We also found that two major variables were significantly correlated with B. bigemina antibody prevalence ("island" and "breeding area"), four variables were significantly correlated with anaplasmosis antibody seroprevalence ("island", "number of cattle per farmer", "number of farmers per village" and "breeding area"), two were significantly correlated with ECF antibody prevalence ("number of farmers in village" and "presence of ticks"), and three were significantly correlated with heartwater ("island", "number of cattle per farmer" and "number of farmers in the village"). Our findings confirmed livestock exposure to the four targeted TBDs of major concern for livestock development. Consequently, raising farmers' awareness and setting up a period of quarantine should be considered a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boucher
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France; Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - Y Moutroifi
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - B Peba
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Private Bag X5, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - M Ali
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - Y Moindjie
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - A-S Ruget
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - S Abdouroihamane
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - A Madi Kassim
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - M Soulé
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - O Charafouddine
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies agricoles et de l'élevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Comoros
| | - C Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - E Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.
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20
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Jaubert J, Naze F, Camuset G, Larrieu S, Pascalis H, Guernier V, Naty N, Bertolotti A, Manaquin R, Mboussou Y, Atiana L, Picot S, Filleul L, Tortosa P, Cardinale E, Gérardin P. Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) Exposure in Humans on Reunion Island. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz227. [PMID: 31281854 PMCID: PMC6602885 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
After the documentation of sporadic cases of Q fever endocarditis, we conducted a serosurvey to assess Coxiella burnetii exposure on Reunion Island. Two hundred forty-one stored frozen human sera were analyzed using an immunofluorescence assay. The weighted seroprevalence of Q fever was of 6.81% (95% confidence interval, 4.02%–9.59%). Despite the absence of infection in youths <20 years of age, exposure was not driven by age or by gender. There was a spatial disparity in exposure across the island, with higher prevalence being reported in regions where ruminant farms are present. The seroprevalence pattern suggests that Q fever is endemic on Reunion Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Jaubert
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie et Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Florence Naze
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie et Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Guillaume Camuset
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Sophie Larrieu
- Cellule d'Intervention Régionale et d'Epidémiologie, Océan Indien, Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Denis, Reunion, France
| | - Hervé Pascalis
- UM 134 PIMIT Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Vanina Guernier
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadège Naty
- INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1410 Epidémiologie Clinique, CHU Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Antoine Bertolotti
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France.,INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1410 Epidémiologie Clinique, CHU Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Rodolphe Manaquin
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Yoan Mboussou
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie et Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Laura Atiana
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie et Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Sandrine Picot
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Virologie et Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de la Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Laurent Filleul
- Cellule d'Intervention Régionale et d'Epidémiologie, Océan Indien, Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, Saint Denis, Reunion, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- UM 134 PIMIT Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- UMR ASTRE, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) CYROI platform, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion, France.,UMR 1309 ASTRE, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Gérardin
- UM 134 PIMIT Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, Reunion, France.,INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1410 Epidémiologie Clinique, CHU Réunion, Saint Pierre, Reunion, France
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21
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Garros C, Labuschagne K, Dommergues L, Ben M, Balenghien T, Muñoz F, Bakhoum MT, Cardinale E, Guis H. Culicoides Latreille in the sun: faunistic inventory of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Mayotte (Comoros Archipelago, Indian Ocean). Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:135. [PMID: 30902107 PMCID: PMC6431056 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The south-west insular territories of the Indian Ocean have recently received attention concerning the diversity of arthropods of medical or veterinary interest. While a recent study highlighted the circulation of Culicoides-borne viruses, namely bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease, with clinical cases in Mayotte (comprising two islands, Petite-Terre and Grand-Terre), Comoros Archipelago, no data have been published concerning the species diversity of Culicoides present on the two islands. RESULTS A total of 194,734 biting midges were collected in 18 sites, covering two collection sessions (April and June) in Mayotte. Our study reports for the first time livestock-associated Culicoides species and recorded at least 17 described Afrotropical species and one undescribed species. The most abundant species during the April collection session were C. trifasciellus (84.1%), C. bolitinos (5.4%), C. enderleini (3.9%), C. leucostictus (3.3%) and C. rhizophorensis (2.1%). All other species including C. imicola represented less than 1% of the total collection. Abundance ranged between 126-78,842 females with a mean and median abundance of 14,338 and 5111 individuals/night/site, respectively. During the June collection, the abundance per night was low, ranging between 6-475 individuals. Despite low abundance, C. trifasciellus and C. bolitinos were still the most abundant species. Culicoides sp. #50 is recorded for the first time outside South Africa. CONCLUSIONS Our study reports for the first time the Culicoides species list for Mayotte, Comoros Archipelago, Indian Ocean. The low abundance and rare occurrence of C. imicola, which is usually considered the most abundant species in the Afrotropical region, is unexpected. The most abundant and frequent species is C. trifasciellus, which is not considered as a vector species so far, but its role needs further investigation. Further work is needed to describe Culicoides sp. #50 and to carry on faunistic investigations on the other islands of the archipelago as well as in neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Garros
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 97490, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France. .,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Montpellier, France.
| | - Karien Labuschagne
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, EPV, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | | | | | - Thomas Balenghien
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Cirad, UMR ASTRE, Rabat, Morocco.,IAV Hassan II, MIMC, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Facundo Muñoz
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Mame Thierno Bakhoum
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 97490, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Guis
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Montpellier, France. .,Cirad, UMR ASTRE, Antananarivo, Madagascar. .,Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar. .,FOFIFA DRZVP, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
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22
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Dommergues L, Viarouge C, Métras R, Youssouffi C, Sailleau C, Zientara S, Cardinale E, Cêtre-Sossah C. Evidence of bluetongue and Epizootic Haemorrhagic disease circulation on the island of Mayotte. Acta Trop 2019; 191:24-28. [PMID: 30590029 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the epidemiological situation in Mayotte regarding two orbiviruses: Bluetongue virus (BTV) and Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease virus (EHDV). In all, 385 individual asymptomatic cattle were blood-sampled (one EDTA and one serum tube per animal) between February and June 2016. Antibody (ELISA) and genome prevalence (PCR) was assessed. Almost all the selected cattle showed antibodies against both BTV and EHDV, at 99.5% (CI95% [98.00, 100]) and 96.9% (CI95% [94.5, 98.3]), respectively. Most of the cattle acquired antibodies in their first years of age. EHDV and BTV genomes were detected in 25.2% (CI95% [21.1, 29.8]) and 18.2% (CI95% [14.6, 22.4]) of samples, respectively. Coinfection with BTV and EHDV was observed in 9.4% of samples (CI95% [6.8, 12.7]). Cattle under three years old were more frequently reported as positive for genome detection by PCR than older cattle. Five serotypes of BTV and one serotype of EHDV were identified from eight samples: BTV-4, BTV-9, BTV-11, BTV-15, BTV-19 and EHDV-6, of which some were reported in neighbouring areas. BTV and EHDV both circulate in Mayotte and in its surrounding territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Dommergues
- GDS Mayotte-Coopérative Agricole des éleveurs Mahorais, Coconi, Mayotte, France.
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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23
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Boucher F, Moutroifi Y, Ali M, Moindjie Y, Soulé M, Charafouddine O, Cêtre-Sossah C, Cardinale E. Impact of East Coast fever on Grande Comore: assessment taking a participatory epidemiology approach. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:99-107. [PMID: 30014196 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF), one of the most serious tick-borne diseases in sub-Saharan and eastern Africa, was introduced to the island of Grande Comore in 2002 through zebu import from Tanzania, resulting in at least a 10% loss of livestock. A participatory epidemiology initiative was launched in 2015 to gain a better understanding of ECF epidemiology. Thirty-six villages were investigated involving 36 focus group sessions and 120 individual questionnaires. Farmers' knowledge of ECF and of priority diseases affecting the country was assessed, and the impacts of ECF and other major diseases were compared by a scoring method. The results showed that 69.4% (95% CI [51.3, 87.5%]) of the farmers had good to very good knowledge of ECF. The most important cattle diseases on Grande Comore were considered to be East Coast fever, heartwater, babesiosis, and cutaneous diseases. About 58% of the farmers (95% CI [49.2, 66.8%]) use curative treatments when cattle were sick. Between January and September 2015, the ECF incidence was estimated at 18.5% (95% CI [15.5, 21.4%]), and 87.5% (95% CI [72.7, 100%]) of the cattle infected by ECF died. The ECF incidence estimated in our study was found to be less when compared to that observed in Tanzania even though the climatic conditions in the Union of the Comoros are suitable for the biological vector of ECF, the tick species Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Access to chemical treatment and its effectiveness against ECF, as well as controlling borders and organizing quarantine, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boucher
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, F-97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies Agricoles et de l'Elevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'Agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Union of the Comoros
| | - Y Moutroifi
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies Agricoles et de l'Elevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'Agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Union of the Comoros
| | - M Ali
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies Agricoles et de l'Elevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'Agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Union of the Comoros
| | - Y Moindjie
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies Agricoles et de l'Elevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'Agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Union of the Comoros
| | - M Soulé
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies Agricoles et de l'Elevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'Agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Union of the Comoros
| | - O Charafouddine
- Direction nationale de l'élevage, Direction nationale des stratégies Agricoles et de l'Elevage, Vice-présidence en charge du ministère de l'Agriculture, de la pêche, de l'environnement de l'aménagement du territoire et de l'urbanisme, Mdé, Bambao, Union of the Comoros
| | - C Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, F-97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - E Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, F-97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France. .,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.
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24
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Gay N, Leclaire A, Laval M, Miltgen G, Jégo M, Stéphane R, Jaubert J, Belmonte O, Cardinale E. Risk Factors of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae Occurrence in Farms in Reunion, Madagascar and Mayotte Islands, 2016-2017. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5010022. [PMID: 29473906 PMCID: PMC5876575 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Western Indian ocean (IO), Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) are a main public health issue. In livestock, ESBL-E burden was unknown. The aim of this study was estimating the prevalence of ESBL-E on commercial farms in Reunion, Mayotte and Madagascar and genes involved. Secondly, risk factors of ESBL-E occurrence in broiler, beef cattle and pig farms were explored. In 2016-2017, commercial farms were sampled using boot swabs and samples stored at 4 °C before microbiological analysis for phenotypical ESBL-E and gene characterization. A dichotomous questionnaire was performed. Prevalences observed in all production types and territories were high, except for beef cattle in Reunion, which differed significantly. The most common ESBL gene was blaCTX-M-1. Generalized linear models explaining ESBL-E occurrence varied between livestock production sectors and allowed identifying main protective (e.g., water quality control and detergent use for cleaning) and risk factors (e.g., recent antibiotic use, other farmers visiting the exploitation, pet presence). This study is the first to explore tools for antibiotic resistance management in IO farms. It provides interesting hypothesis to explore about antibiotic use in IO territories and ESBL-E transmission between pig, beef cattle and humans in Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noellie Gay
- Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Alexandre Leclaire
- Bacteriology laboratory, Félix Guyon Hospital, Saint-Denis, 97400 Reunion, France.
| | - Morgane Laval
- Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Guillaume Miltgen
- Bacteriology laboratory, Félix Guyon Hospital, Saint-Denis, 97400 Reunion, France.
- UMR PIMIT, CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, F-97418 Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Maël Jégo
- Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Ramin Stéphane
- Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Julien Jaubert
- Bacteriology laboratory, Félix Guyon Hospital, Saint-Denis, 97400 Reunion, France.
| | - Olivier Belmonte
- Bacteriology laboratory, Félix Guyon Hospital, Saint-Denis, 97400 Reunion, France.
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems, Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
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25
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Gay N, Belmonte O, Collard JM, Halifa M, Issack MI, Mindjae S, Palmyre P, Ibrahim AA, Rasamoelina H, Flachet L, Filleul L, Cardinale E. Review of Antibiotic Resistance in the Indian Ocean Commission: A Human and Animal Health Issue. Front Public Health 2017; 5:162. [PMID: 28730149 PMCID: PMC5498788 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to human, animal health, and environment worldwide. For human, transmission occurred through a variety of routes both in health-care settings and community. In animals, AMR was reported in livestock, pets, and wildlife; transmission of AMR can be zoonotic with the probably most important route being foodborne transmission. The Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), composed of Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion (France), and Seychelles recognized the surveillance of AMR in both animal and human as a main public health priority for the region. Mayotte, French overseas territory, located in Comoros archipelago, was also included in this review. This review summarized our best epidemiological knowledge regarding AMR in Indian Ocean. We documented the prevalence, and phenotypic and genotypic profiles of prone to resistance Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria both in animals and humans. Our review clearly pointed out extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae as main human and animal health issue in IOC. However, publications on AMR are scarce, particularly in Comoros, Mayotte, and Seychelles. Thus, research and surveillance priorities were recommended (i) estimating the volume of antimicrobial drugs used in livestock and human medicine in the different territories [mainly third generation cephalosporin (3GC)]; (ii) developing a “One Health” surveillance approach with epidemiological indicators as zoonotic foodborne pathogen (i.e., couple Escherichia coli resistance to 3GC/carbapenems); (iii) screening travelers with a history of hospitalization and consumption of antibiotic drug returning from at risk areas (e.g., mcr-1 transmission with China or hajj pilgrims) allowing an early warning detection of the emergence for quick control measures implementation in IOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noellie Gay
- Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems Unit, Department of Animal Health, French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Belmonte
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Félix Guyon Hospital, Saint-Denis, Reunion
| | - Jean-Marc Collard
- Experimental Bacteriology Unit, Pasteur Institute of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Loïc Flachet
- Health Monitoring Unit, Indian Ocean Commission, Port-Louis, Mauritius
| | - Laurent Filleul
- Regional Unit of Indian Ocean, Santé Publique France, Saint-Denis, Reunion
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Animals, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems Unit, Department of Animal Health, French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France.,Health Monitoring Unit, Indian Ocean Commission, Port-Louis, Mauritius
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26
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Cardinale E, Bernard C, Lecollinet S, Rakotoharinome VM, Ravaomanana J, Roger M, Olive MM, Meenowa D, Jaumally MR, Melanie J, Héraud JM, Zientara S, Cêtre-Sossah C. West Nile virus infection in horses, Indian ocean. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 53:45-49. [PMID: 28750867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The circulation of West Nile virus (WNV) in horses was investigated in the Southwest Indian ocean. In 2010, blood samples were collected from a total of 303 horses originating from Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion and the Seychelles and tested for WNV-specific antibodies. An overall seroprevalence of 27.39% was detected in the Indian Ocean with the highest WNV antibody prevalence of 46.22% (95% CI: [37.4-55.2%]) in Madagascar. The age and origin of the horses were found to be associated with the WNV infection risk. This paper presents the first seroprevalence study investigating WN fever in horses in the Southwest Indian Ocean area and indicates a potential risk of infection for humans and animals. In order to gain a better understanding of WN transmission cycles, WNV surveillance needs to be implemented in each of the countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR 117 ASTRE, Cyroi Platform, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 ASTRE, F-34598 Montpellier, France.
| | - C Bernard
- CIRAD, UMR 117 ASTRE, Cyroi Platform, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 ASTRE, F-34598 Montpellier, France
| | - S Lecollinet
- UMR 1161 (ANSES/INRA/ENVA), EU-RL on Equine Diseases, F- 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - V M Rakotoharinome
- Ministère auprès de la Présidence en charge de l'Agriculture, de l'Elevage, Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Ampandrianomby, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - J Ravaomanana
- Centre National de la Recherche Appliquée au Développement Rural (Fofifa), Département de Recherches Zootechniques et Vétérinaires, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - M Roger
- CIRAD, UMR 117 ASTRE, Cyroi Platform, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 ASTRE, F-34598 Montpellier, France
| | - M M Olive
- CIRAD, UMR 117 ASTRE, Cyroi Platform, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 ASTRE, F-34598 Montpellier, France
| | - D Meenowa
- Ministère des Agro-Industries, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - M R Jaumally
- Ministère des Agro-Industries, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - J Melanie
- Ministère de l'Agriculture et des ressources marines, Victoria, Seychelles
| | - J M Héraud
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité de Virologie, BP 1274, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - S Zientara
- UMR 1161 (ANSES/INRA/ENVA), EU-RL on Equine Diseases, F- 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - C Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR 117 ASTRE, Cyroi Platform, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 ASTRE, F-34598 Montpellier, France
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Métras R, Fournié G, Dommergues L, Camacho A, Cavalerie L, Mérot P, Keeling MJ, Cêtre-Sossah C, Cardinale E, Edmunds WJ. Drivers for Rift Valley fever emergence in Mayotte: A Bayesian modelling approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005767. [PMID: 28732006 PMCID: PMC5540619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a major zoonotic and arboviral hemorrhagic fever. The conditions leading to RVF epidemics are still unclear, and the relative role of climatic and anthropogenic factors may vary between ecosystems. Here, we estimate the most likely scenario that led to RVF emergence on the island of Mayotte, following the 2006-2007 African epidemic. We developed the first mathematical model for RVF that accounts for climate, animal imports and livestock susceptibility, which is fitted to a 12-years dataset. RVF emergence was found to be triggered by the import of infectious animals, whilst transmissibility was approximated as a linear or exponential function of vegetation density. Model forecasts indicated a very low probability of virus endemicity in 2017, and therefore of re-emergence in a closed system (i.e. without import of infected animals). However, the very high proportion of naive animals reached in 2016 implies that the island remains vulnerable to the import of infectious animals. We recommend reinforcing surveillance in livestock, should RVF be reported is neighbouring territories. Our model should be tested elsewhere, with ecosystem-specific data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Métras
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Laure Dommergues
- GDS Mayotte-Coopérative Agricole des Eleveurs Mahorais, Coconi, Mayotte, France
| | - Anton Camacho
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Epicentre, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Cavalerie
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) UMR ASTRE, Cyroi platform, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR 1309 ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- Bureau de la Santé Animale, Direction Générale de l’Alimentation, Paris, France
- Université de La Réunion, Saint Denis, France
| | - Philippe Mérot
- Direction de l’Alimentation, de l’Agriculture et de la Forêt de Mayotte, Mamoudzou, France
| | - Matt J. Keeling
- WIDER, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) UMR ASTRE, Cyroi platform, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR 1309 ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) UMR ASTRE, Cyroi platform, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UMR 1309 ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - W. John Edmunds
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Trimoulinard A, Beral M, Henry I, Atiana L, Porphyre V, Tessier C, Leclercq A, Cardinale E. Contamination by Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria spp. of most popular chicken- and pork-sausages sold in Reunion Island. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 250:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Halm A, Seyler T, Mohamed S, Ali Mbaé SB, Randrianarivo-Solofoniaina AE, Ratsitorahina M, Nundlall R, Aboobakar S, Bibi J, Filleul L, Piola P, Razafimandimby H, Rasamoelina H, Valenciano M, Moren A, Cardinale E, Lepec R, Flachet L. Four years into the Indian ocean field epidemiology training programme. Pan Afr Med J 2017; 26:195. [PMID: 28674588 PMCID: PMC5483346 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2017.26.195.10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following the 2005-6 chikungunya outbreak, a project to strengthen regional Public Health preparedness in the Indian Ocean was implemented. It includes the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion (France) and Seychelles. A Field Epidemiology Training Programme (FETP-OI) was started in 2011 to develop a pool of well-trained intervention epidemiologists. METHODS The FETP-OI consists of two years of supervised, learning-by-doing, on-the-job training at national sites involved in disease surveillance and response. It includes work placements at the Madagascar Pasteur Institute and the French regional epidemiology unit in Reunion and up to three training courses per year. Training objectives include epidemiological surveillance, outbreak investigations, research studies, scientific communication and transfer of competencies. RESULTS In four years, two cohorts of in total 15 fellows originating from four countries followed the FETP-OI. They led 42 surveillance projects (71% routine management, 14% evaluations, 12% setup, 3% other) and investigated 36 outbreak alerts, 58% of them in Madagascar; most investigations (72%) concerned foodborne pathogens, plague or malaria. Fellows performed 18 studies (44% descriptive analyses, 22% disease risk factors, and 34% on other subjects), and presented results during regional and international conferences through 26 oral and 15 poster presentations. Four articles were published in regional Public Health bulletins and several scientific manuscripts are in process. CONCLUSION The FETP-OI has created a regional force of intervention consisting of field epidemiologists and trained supervisors using the same technical language and epidemiological methods. The third cohort is now ongoing. Technically and financially sustainable FETP-OI projects help addressing public health priorities of the Indian Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Halm
- Health Surveillance Unit, SEGA One Health Network, Indian Ocean Commission, Mauritius
| | | | - Sainda Mohamed
- Surveillance Unit, World Health Organisation, Union of the Comoros
| | - Saindou Ben Ali Mbaé
- National Epidemiological Surveillance Unit, Ministry of Health, Union of the Comoros
| | | | | | - Ram Nundlall
- Epidemiology Unit, Pasteur Institute, Madagascar
| | | | - Jastin Bibi
- Disease Surveillance and Response Unit, Ministry of Health, Seychelles
| | | | - Patrice Piola
- Communicable Diseases Control Unit, Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, Mauritius
| | | | - Harena Rasamoelina
- Health Surveillance Unit, SEGA One Health Network, Indian Ocean Commission, Mauritius
| | | | | | - Eric Cardinale
- French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), Exotic and Emerging Animal Disease Control Research Unit (CMAEE UMR), Cyroi platform, Reunion, France
| | - Richard Lepec
- Health Surveillance Unit, SEGA One Health Network, Indian Ocean Commission, Mauritius
| | - Loïc Flachet
- Health Surveillance Unit, SEGA One Health Network, Indian Ocean Commission, Mauritius
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Métras R, Dommergues L, Ortiz K, Pannequin M, Schuler C, Roux P, Edmunds JW, Keeling MJ, Cêtre-Sossah C, Cardinale E. Absence of Evidence of Rift Valley Fever Infection in Eulemur fulvus (Brown Lemur) in Mayotte During an Interepidemic Period. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:358-360. [PMID: 28437185 PMCID: PMC5421605 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential role of Eulemur fulvus (brown lemur) in the epidemiology of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Mayotte, during an interepidemic period, was explored. In February and March 2016, 72 animals were blood sampled and tested for RVF. No evidence of RVF genome or antibodies was found in the samples. The role of other wild mammals on the island should, however, be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Métras
- 1 Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London, United Kingdom
| | - Laure Dommergues
- 2 GDS Mayotte-Coopérative Agricole des Eleveurs Mahorais, Coconi, Mayotte, France
| | - Katia Ortiz
- 3 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR 7205, Institut de Systématique , Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, Réserve Zoologique de la Haute-Touche, Obterre, France
| | - Marion Pannequin
- 2 GDS Mayotte-Coopérative Agricole des Eleveurs Mahorais, Coconi, Mayotte, France
| | | | - Patrick Roux
- 3 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle UMR 7205, Institut de Systématique , Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, Réserve Zoologique de la Haute-Touche, Obterre, France
| | - John W Edmunds
- 1 Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt J Keeling
- 5 Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Warwick University , Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- 6 UMR CMAEE, CIRAD, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France .,7 UMR1309 CMAEE, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- 6 UMR CMAEE, CIRAD, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France .,7 UMR1309 CMAEE, INRA, Montpellier, France
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Tantely LM, Cêtre-Sossah C, Rakotondranaivo T, Cardinale E, Boyer S. Population dynamics of mosquito species in a West Nile virus endemic area in Madagascar. Parasite 2017; 24:3. [PMID: 28134093 PMCID: PMC5780677 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal serological surveys suggest that West Nile virus (WNV) circulation is widely distributed in Madagascar. However, there are no reported West Nile fever outbreaks or epizootics in the country and only one fatal human case has been reported to date. Currently there is very limited information on the maintenance and the transmission of WNV in Madagascar and particularly on the mosquito species involved in transmission cycles. In 2014, we initiated a study to investigate mosquito species composition, relative abundance, and trophic behavior in Mitsinjo District close to Lake Kinkony, a WNV endemic area in north-western Madagascar. We collected a total of 2519 adult mosquitoes belonging to 21 different species. The most abundant species was Aedeomyia (Aedeomyia) madagascarica Brunhes, Boussès & da Cunha Ramos, which made up 83% of all the mosquitoes collected. Mosquito abundance was associated with proximity to the lake (Morafeno and Ankelimitondrotra). Additionally, a correlation was observed between the lake-side biotope and the abundance of mosquito vectors in Morafeno. WNV RNA was detected in one pool of Ae. madagascarica and one pool of Anopheles (Cellia) pauliani Grjebine, suggesting that these two species may be involved in the maintenance and/or transmission of WNV in Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Michaël Tantely
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Ambatofotsikely, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR CMAEE, 97491 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France - INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France - Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Tsiriniaina Rakotondranaivo
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Ambatofotsikely, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR CMAEE, 97491 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France - INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France - Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Sébastien Boyer
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Ambatofotsikely, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
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Métras R, Cavalerie L, Dommergues L, Mérot P, Edmunds WJ, Keeling MJ, Cêtre-Sossah C, Cardinale E. The Epidemiology of Rift Valley Fever in Mayotte: Insights and Perspectives from 11 Years of Data. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004783. [PMID: 27331402 PMCID: PMC4917248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic arboviral disease that is a threat to human health, animal health and production, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa. RVF virus dynamics have been poorly studied due to data scarcity. On the island of Mayotte in the Indian Ocean, off the Southeastern African coast, RVF has been present since at least 2004. Several retrospective and prospective serological surveys in livestock have been conducted over eleven years (2004-15). These data are collated and presented here. Temporal patterns of seroprevalence were plotted against time, as well as age-stratified seroprevalence. Results suggest that RVF was already present in 2004-07. An epidemic occurred between 2008 and 2010, with IgG and IgM peak annual prevalences of 36% in 2008-09 (N = 142, n = 51, 95% CI [17-55]) and 41% (N = 96, n = 39, 95% CI [25-56]), respectively. The virus seems to be circulating at a low level since 2011, causing few new infections. In 2015, about 95% of the livestock population was susceptible (IgG annual prevalence was 6% (N = 584, n = 29, 95% CI [3-10])). Monthly rainfall varied a lot (2-540mm), whilst average temperature remained high with little variation (about 25-30°C). This large dataset collected on an insular territory for more than 10 years, suggesting a past epidemic and a current inter-epidemic period, represents a unique opportunity to study RVF dynamics. Further data collection and modelling work may be used to test different scenarios of animal imports and rainfall pattern that could explain the observed epidemiological pattern and estimate the likelihood of a potential re-emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Métras
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Cavalerie
- UMR CMAEE, CIRAD, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- UMR1309 CMAEE, INRA, Montpellier, France
- Bureau de la Santé Animale, Direction Générale de l’Alimentation, Paris, France
- Université de La Réunion, St Denis, France
| | - Laure Dommergues
- GDS Mayotte-Coopérative Agricole des Eleveurs Mahorais, Coconi, Mayotte, France
| | - Philippe Mérot
- Direction de l’Alimentation, de l’Agriculture et de la Forêt de Mayotte, Mamoudzou, France
| | - W. John Edmunds
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt J. Keeling
- WIDER, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Life Sciences, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, Warwick University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- UMR CMAEE, CIRAD, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- UMR1309 CMAEE, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- UMR CMAEE, CIRAD, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- UMR1309 CMAEE, INRA, Montpellier, France
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Tessier C, Parama Atiana L, Lagadec E, Le Minter G, Denis M, Cardinale E. Wild fauna as a carrier of Salmonella in Reunion Island: Impact on pig farms. Acta Trop 2016; 158:6-12. [PMID: 26829358 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is an economic burden to the livestock industry in Reunion Island. In this study, we wanted to improve our understanding of Salmonella epidemiology by studying the wild fauna of Reunion Island. We assessed Salmonella diversity in small non-flying mammals, birds and cockroaches in order to evaluate their potential role in the epidemiology of Salmonella. A total of 268 samples were collected from cockroaches, small mammals and birds. The bacteriological analyses revealed that 11.7% of non-flying mammals and 25% of cockroaches tested were Salmonella infected; two wild bird species were also detected positive. The 128 Salmonella isolates were distributed in fifteen serotypes and the most predominant were S. 4,[5],12:i:- (21.9% of positive samples) followed by S. Enteritidis (15.6%), S. Typhimurium (15.6%), S. Infantis (12.5%) and S. Weltevreden (12.5%). A total of 27 XbaI profiles were identified using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Comparison of these Salmonella strains with our collection of Salmonella isolated from pigs and pig farm environments at the same period revealed 14 strains in common between wild fauna and pigs, especially for cockroaches. Our results suggest that wild fauna of Reunion Island could be infected by strains of Salmonella also isolated from pigs or pig environment. They may play a role in both persistence and spreading of Salmonella and therefore, could be a source of infection in pig farms. Pest control against cockroaches could be a helpful tool in the reduction of Salmonella infection of pigs, limiting contacts between wild fauna and both pigs and pig environment. Special attention should be paid to S. 4,[5],12:i:- since it was predominant in Reunion Island's wild fauna and pigs and was the third most frequently reported serotype in human salmonellosis in Europe.
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Jean Jose Nepomichene TN, Elissa N, Cardinale E, Boyer S. Species Diversity, Abundance, and Host Preferences of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Two Different Ecotypes of Madagascar With Recent RVFV Transmission. J Med Entomol 2015; 52:962-969. [PMID: 26336259 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito diversity and abundance were examined in six Madagascan villages in either arid (Toliary II district) or humid (Mampikony district) ecotypes, each with a history of Rift Valley fever virus transmission. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps without CO2 (LT) placed near ruminant parks and animal-baited net trap (NT) baited with either zebu or sheep/goat were used to sample mosquitoes, on two occasions between March 2011 and October 2011. Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Giles) was the most abundant species, followed by Culex antennatus (Becker) and Anopheles squamosus/cydippis (Theobald/de Meillon). These three species comprised more than half of all mosquitoes collected. The NT captured more mosquitoes in diversity and in abundance than the LT, and also caught more individuals of each species, except for An. squamosus/cydippis. Highest diversity and abundance were observed in the humid and warm district of Mampikony. No host preference was highlighted, except for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus presenting a blood preference for zebu baits. The description of species diversity, abundance, and host preference described herein can inform the development of control measures to reduce the risk of mosquito-borne diseases in Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiery Nirina Jean Jose Nepomichene
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar. Ecole doctorale Sciences de la vie et de l'environnement, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo Madagascar.
| | - Nohal Elissa
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement UMR 15 CMAEE, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France. Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Sebastien Boyer
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
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Porphyre V, Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Rakotoarimanana A, Rasamoelina O, Bernard C, Jambou R, Cardinale E. Spatio-temporal prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Madagascar based on meat inspection. Parasit Vectors 2015. [PMID: 26204952 PMCID: PMC4513394 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium cysticercosis is a parasitic meat-borne disease that is highly prevalent in pigs and humans in Africa, but the burden is vastly underestimated due to the lack of official control along the pork commodity chain, which hampers long-term control policies. Methods The apparent and corrected prevalences of T. solium cysticercosis were investigated in pork carcasses slaughtered and retailed in Antananarivo (Madagascar), thanks to a 12-month monitoring plan in two urban abattoirs. Results Overall apparent prevalence was estimated at 4.6 % [4.2 – 5.0 %]. The corrected overall prevalence defined as the estimated prevalence after accounting for the sensitivity of meat inspection was 21.03 % [19.18- 22.87 %]. Significant differences among geoclimatic regions were observed only for indigenous pigs, with an apparent prevalence estimated at 7.9 % [6.0 – 9.9 %] in the northern and western regions, 7.3 % [6.0 – 8.6 %] in the central region, and 6.2 % [4.7 – 7.8 %] in the southern region. In the central region, where both exotic and indigenous pigs were surveyed, indigenous pigs were 8.5 times [6.7 – 10.7] more likely to be infected than exotic improved pigs. Urban consumers were more likely to encounter cysticercosis in pork in the rainy season, which is a major at risk period, in particular in December. Differences between abattoirs were also identified. Conclusion Our results underline the need for improved surveillance and control programmes to limit T. solium cysticercosis in carcasses by introducing a risk-based meat inspection procedure that accounts for the origin and breed of the pigs, and the season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ony Rasamoelina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Claire Bernard
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France. .,CRVOI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | | | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France. .,CRVOI, Ste Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
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Henry I, Chemaly M, Granier S, Lalande F, Courtillon C, Salvat G, Cardinale E. Epidemiological Analysis of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- Isolates Determined by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis and Antibiotic Susceptibility: Comparison of Isolates from Broiler Chickens, Humans and the Environment in Reunion Island. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2174/1874318801509010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cardinale E, Abat C, Bénédicte C, Vincent P, Michel R, Muriel M. SalmonellaandCampylobacterContamination of Ready-to-Eat Street-Vended Pork Meat Dishes in Antananarivo, Madagascar: A Risk for the Consumers? Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:197-202. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Cardinale
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI (Cyclotron Réunion Océan Indien), La Réunion, France
| | - Cédric Abat
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Porphyre Vincent
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR SELMET (Systèmes d'Elevages Méditerranéens et Tropicaux), Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France
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Andriamandimby SF, Viarouge C, Ravalohery JP, Reynes JM, Sailleau C, Tantely ML, Elissa N, Cardinale E, Sall AA, Zientara S, Heraud JM. Detection in and circulation of Bluetongue virus among domestic ruminants in Madagascar. Vet Microbiol 2015; 176:268-73. [PMID: 25736861 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
So far, no published data was available concerning the circulation of Bluetongue virus (BTV) in Madagascar. During a survey on Rift Valley Fever, we were able to detect a virus belonging to BTV. Therefore, we conducted a study aiming at characterizing molecularly the BTV isolated and assess the importance of circulation of BTV in Madagascar. A total of 4393 sera from ruminants selected randomly by stratification and sampled in 30 districts of Madagascar were tested for BTV. Moreover, 175 cattle were followed during 11 months. Phylogenetic analyses were performed from virus isolated from unfed pools of mosquitoes. Overall, the estimated mean seroprevalence of infection at the national level was 95.9% (95% CI: [95.2-96.5]) in cattle and 83.7% (95% CI: [81.4-85.9]) in small ruminants. Estimation of incidence rate was 54 per 100 cattle-years assuming that the incidence rate is constant all year along. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that BTV detected belong to serotype 2. In conclusion, our results showed that BTV is endemic in Madagascar and highly prevalent among cattle. In our study we did not work on the vector involved in transmission of BTV in cattle. Thus, research should be conducted to better describe epidemiology of BTV in Madagascar including vectors and assess economic impact of the disease associated to BTV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- Anses-Laboratoire Santé Animal-UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | | | - Jean-Marc Reynes
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- Anses-Laboratoire Santé Animal-UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | | | - Nohal Elissa
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Stephan Zientara
- Anses-Laboratoire Santé Animal-UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Heraud
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
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Cêtre-Sossah C, Kwiatek O, Faharoudine A, Soulé M, Moutroifi YO, Vrel MA, Salami H, Rassoul S, Asnaoui M, Moindjie Y, Albina E, Libeau G, Cardinale E. Impact and Epidemiological Investigations into the Incursion and Spread of Peste des Petits Ruminants in the Comoros Archipelago: An Increased Threat to Surrounding Islands. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:452-9. [PMID: 25430822 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Late October 2012, a great number of deaths of unknown origin occurred in goat herds in the suburbs of Ngazidja, located in the Comoros archipelago. Few weeks later, laboratory testing requested by the animal health authorities resulted in the identification of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infection. Notably, the Index case could be attributed to a sick goat imported from Tanzania. Viral isolation was successful from the lungs leading to the whole N nucleoprotein gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strain belongs to the lineage III which includes strains of eastern African origin. In addition, to evaluate the impact of PPR on the Comorian indigenous domesticated ruminant population, a cross-sectional PPR serological survey was conducted between April and July 2013. A low overall PPRV antibody prevalence 2.24% (95% CI [1.38; 3.08]) was detected with a Grande Comore prevalence of 3.34% (IC = [2.09; 4.63]) with a limited spread of the disease mainly due to farm practices such as limited contacts between farm animals and rapid slaughtering of sick animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cêtre-Sossah
- UMR CMAEE, CIRAD, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,UMR 1309 CMAEE, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Plateforme de recherche CYROI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - O Kwiatek
- UMR 1309 CMAEE, INRA, Montpellier, France.,UMR CMAEE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - A Faharoudine
- Vice-President, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Environment, Industry, Energy and Handicraft, Moroni, Republic of Comoros
| | - M Soulé
- Vice-President, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Environment, Industry, Energy and Handicraft, Moroni, Republic of Comoros
| | - Y O Moutroifi
- Vice-President, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Environment, Industry, Energy and Handicraft, Moroni, Republic of Comoros
| | - M A Vrel
- UMR CMAEE, CIRAD, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,UMR 1309 CMAEE, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Plateforme de recherche CYROI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - H Salami
- UMR 1309 CMAEE, INRA, Montpellier, France.,UMR CMAEE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - S Rassoul
- Institut National de la recherche agricole, la pêche et l'environnement, Vice-présidence en charge de la Production, Moroni, Republic of Comoros
| | - M Asnaoui
- Institut National de la recherche agricole, la pêche et l'environnement, Vice-présidence en charge de la Production, Moroni, Republic of Comoros
| | - Y Moindjie
- Vice-President, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Environment, Industry, Energy and Handicraft, Moroni, Republic of Comoros
| | - E Albina
- UMR 1309 CMAEE, INRA, Montpellier, France.,UMR CMAEE, CIRAD, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - G Libeau
- UMR 1309 CMAEE, INRA, Montpellier, France.,UMR CMAEE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - E Cardinale
- UMR CMAEE, CIRAD, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,UMR 1309 CMAEE, INRA, Montpellier, France.,Plateforme de recherche CYROI, Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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Maquart M, Pascalis H, Abdouroihamane S, Roger M, Abdourahime F, Cardinale E, Cêtre-Sossah C. Phylogeographic Reconstructions of a Rift Valley Fever Virus Strain Reveals Transboundary Animal Movements from Eastern Continental Africa to the Union of the Comoros. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e281-5. [PMID: 25213037 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Major explosive outbreaks of Rift Valley fever (RVF), an arthropod borne zoonotic disease, occur in humans and animals with significant mortality and economic impact across continental Africa and the Indian Ocean region (Madagascar, the Comoros archipelago). Recently, sporadic human cases have been reported in Mayotte and Grande Comore, two islands belonging to the Comoros archipelago. To identify the hypothetical source of virus introduction in an inter-epidemic or a post-epidemic period, a longitudinal survey of livestock was set up in Comorian ruminant populations, known to be susceptible hosts. The phylogeographic genomic analysis has shown that RVF virus (RVFV) detected in a zebu collected in Anjouan in August 2011 seems to be related to the last known epidemic of RVF which occurred in East Africa and Madagascar (2007-2009). This result highlights the fact that RVFV is maintained within local livestock populations and transboundary animal movements from eastern continental Africa to Indian Ocean islands likely result in RVFV crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maquart
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France.,CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - H Pascalis
- CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,IRD, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - S Abdouroihamane
- Vice-Présidence en charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, Moroni, Union des Comores
| | - M Roger
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France.,CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - F Abdourahime
- Vice-Présidence en charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, Moroni, Union des Comores
| | - E Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France.,CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - C Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.,INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, Montpellier, France.,CRVOI (Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien), CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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Cardinale E, Esnault O, Beral M, Naze F, Michault A. Emergence of Coxiella burnetii in ruminants on Reunion Island? Prevalence and risk factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3055. [PMID: 25101780 PMCID: PMC4125295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is a widespread zoonosis that is caused by Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii), and ruminants are identified as the main sources of human infections. Some human cases have been described, but very limited information was available about Q fever in ruminants on Reunion Island, a tropical island in the Indian Ocean. A cross-sectional study was undertaken from March 2011 to August 2012 to assess the Q fever prevalence and to identify the major risk factors of C. burnetii infection in ruminants. A total of 516 ruminants (245 cattle, 137 sheep and 134 goats) belonging to 71 farms and localized in different ecosystems of the island were randomly selected. Samples of blood, vaginal mucus and milk were concomitantly collected from females, and a questionnaire was submitted to the farmers. Ticks from positively detected farms were also collected. The overall seropositivity was 11.8% in cattle, 1.4% in sheep and 13.4% in goats. C. burnetii DNA was detected by PCR in 0.81%, 4.4% and 20.1% in cow, sheep and goat vaginal swabs, respectively. C. burnetii shedding in milk was observed in 1% of cows, 0% in sheep and 4.7% in goats. None of the ticks were detected to be positive for C. burnetii. C. burnetii infection increased when the farm was exposed to prevailing winds and when there were no specific precautions for a visitor before entering the farm, and they decreased when a proper quarantine was set up for any introduction of a new ruminant and when the animals returned to the farm at night. MLVA genotyping confirmed the role of these risk factors in infection. Q fever is a disease that could be transmitted from animals (cattle, sheep and goats) to humans and caused by a bacterium called Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii). Some human cases exhibiting characteristic clinical signs of that disease have been detected on Reunion Island, a tropical island in the Indian Ocean, but to date, we did not know if these animals could be seen as potential sources of the disease. Thus, a study was undertaken from March 2011 to August 2012 to detect the presence of that bacterium in these animals and to understand how they could get infected themselves. A total of 516 ruminants (245 cattle, 137 sheep and 134 goats) belonging to 71 farms and localized in different environments of the island were selected. Samples of blood, vaginal mucus and milk were concomitantly collected from females, and a questionnaire was submitted to the farmers. Ticks from positively detected farms were also collected. We observed 11.8% of cattle, 1.4% of sheep and 13.4% of goats had already been in contact with the bacterium. Coxiella burnetii was also directly detected in some vaginal and milk samples. None of the ticks were detected to be positive for C. burnetii. We found that the ruminants could be infected when their farm was exposed to prevailing winds because the bacterium can be transported by the wind, and when there were no specific precautions for visitors before entering the farm, because they could act as mechanical carriers of Coxiella. Conversely, keeping new animals under surveillance for some days to detect any signs of the disease before they enter the farm or keeping the animals in the barn at night limit the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Cardinale
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Olivier Esnault
- Groupement de Défense sanitaire de la Réunion, le Tampon, Réunion, France
| | - Marina Beral
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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Roger M, Beral M, Licciardi S, Soulé M, Faharoudine A, Foray C, Olive MM, Maquart M, Soulaimane A, Madi Kassim A, Cêtre-Sossah C, Cardinale E. Evidence for circulation of the rift valley fever virus among livestock in the union of Comoros. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3045. [PMID: 25078616 PMCID: PMC4117442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne phlebovirus reported to be circulating in most parts of Africa. Since 2009, RVFV has been suspected of continuously circulating in the Union of Comoros. To estimate the incidence of RVFV antibody acquisition in the Comorian ruminant population, 191 young goats and cattle were selected in six distinct zones and sampled periodically from April 2010 to August 2011. We found an estimated incidence of RVFV antibody acquisition of 17.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): [8.9-26.1]) with a significant difference between islands (8.2% in Grande Comore, 72.3% in Moheli and 5.8% in Anjouan). Simultaneously, a longitudinal entomological survey was conducted and ruminant trade-related information was collected. No RVFV RNA was detected out of the 1,568 blood-sucking caught insects, including three potential vectors of RVFV mosquito species. Our trade survey suggests that there is a continuous flow of live animals from eastern Africa to the Union of Comoros and movements of ruminants between the three Comoro islands. Finally, a cross-sectional study was performed in August 2011 at the end of the follow-up. We found an estimated RVFV antibody prevalence of 19.3% (95% CI: [15.6%-23.0%]). Our findings suggest a complex RVFV epidemiological cycle in the Union of Comoros with probable inter-islands differences in RVFV circulation patterns. Moheli, and potentially Anjouan, appear to be acting as endemic reservoir of infection whereas RVFV persistence in Grande Comore could be correlated with trade in live animals with the eastern coast of Africa. More data are needed to estimate the real impact of the disease on human health and on the national economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Roger
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Marina Beral
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Séverine Licciardi
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Miradje Soulé
- Vice-Présidence en Charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, Mdé, Moroni, Union des Comores
| | - Abdourahime Faharoudine
- Vice-Présidence en Charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, Mdé, Moroni, Union des Comores
| | - Coralie Foray
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Marie-Marie Olive
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Unité de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Marianne Maquart
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Abdouroihamane Soulaimane
- Vice-Présidence en Charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, Mdé, Moroni, Union des Comores
| | - Ahmed Madi Kassim
- Vice-Présidence en Charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, Mdé, Moroni, Union des Comores
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR 15 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1309 CMAEE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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Peyraud A, Poumarat F, Tardy F, Manso-Silván L, Hamroev K, Tilloev T, Amirbekov M, Tounkara K, Bodjo C, Wesonga H, Nkando IG, Jenberie S, Yami M, Cardinale E, Meenowa D, Jaumally MR, Yaqub T, Shabbir MZ, Mukhtar N, Halimi M, Ziay GM, Schauwers W, Noori H, Rajabi AM, Ostrowski S, Thiaucourt F. An international collaborative study to determine the prevalence of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia by monoclonal antibody-based cELISA. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:48. [PMID: 24565080 PMCID: PMC3938968 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few serological tests are available for detecting antibodies against Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, the causal agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). The complement fixation test, the test prescribed for international trade purposes, uses a crude antigen that cross-reacts with all the other mycoplasma species of the “mycoides cluster” frequently infecting goat herds. The lack of a more specific test has been a real obstacle to the evaluation of the prevalence and economic impact of CCPP worldwide. A new competitive ELISA kit for CCPP, based on a previous blocking ELISA, was formatted at CIRAD and used to evaluate the prevalence of CCPP in some regions of Kenya, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Tajikistan and Pakistan in an international collaborative study. Results The strict specificity of the test was confirmed in CCPP-free goat herds exposed to other mycoplasma species of the “mycoides cluster”. Prevalence studies were performed across the enzootic range of the disease in Africa and Asia. Seroprevalence was estimated at 14.6% in the Afar region of Ethiopia, whereas all the herds presented for CCPP vaccination in Kenya tested positive (individual seroprevalence varied from 6 to 90% within each herd). In Mauritius, where CCPP emerged in 2009, nine of 62 herds tested positive. In Central Asia, where the disease was confirmed only recently, no positive animals were detected in the Wakhan District of Afghanistan or across the border in neighboring areas of Tajikistan, whereas seroprevalence varied between 2.7% and 44.2% in the other districts investigated and in northern Pakistan. The test was also used to monitor seroconversion in vaccinated animals. Conclusions This newly formatted CCPP cELISA kit has retained the high specificity of the original kit. It can therefore be used to evaluate the prevalence of CCPP in countries or regions without vaccination programs. It could also be used to monitor the efficacy of vaccination campaigns as high-quality vaccines induce high rates of seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - François Thiaucourt
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) UMR CMAEE, Montpellier F-34398, France.
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Cêtre-Sossah C, Roger M, Sailleau C, Rieau L, Zientara S, Bréard E, Viarouge C, Beral M, Esnault O, Cardinale E. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in Reunion Island: evidence for the circulation of a new serotype and associated risk factors. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:383-90. [PMID: 24636165 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) are members of the Orbivirus genus of the Reoviridae family transmitted between ruminants by the bites of Culicoides midges. BTV went undetected in Reunion Island between its first documented emergence in 1979 and two other serious outbreaks with both BTV-3 and EHDV-6 in 2003, and both EHDV-6 and BTV-2 in 2009. In these outbreaks, infected animals developed symptoms including hyperthermia, anorexia, congestion, prostration and nasal discharge. Samples were collected in 2011 to assess the prevalence of BT and EHD in ruminants native to Reunion Island by serological analysis. A cross-sectional study was undertaken on 67 farms, including a total of 276 cattle, 142 sheep and 71 goats. The prevalence rates of BT and EHD were 58% (95% CI [54.03-62.94]) and 38% (95% CI [33.85-42.63], respectively. Two further suspected outbreaks were confirmed to involve EHDV and BTV/EHDV. A new circulating EHDV serotype 1 of unknown origin was isolated. Our results confirm that the prevalence of both BT and EHD is high and that both are likely currently circulating. A high risk of BTV and EHDV infections was associated with the introduction of ruminants from neighbouring farms without quarantine, the presence of organic and other waste on the farm, and treatment against ectoparasites and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Matthieu Roger
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UMR Virologie 1161, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, BP63, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Lorène Rieau
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UMR Virologie 1161, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, BP63, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UMR Virologie 1161, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, BP63, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- ANSES/INRA/ENVA-UMR Virologie 1161, 23 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, BP63, 94703 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Marina Beral
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Olivier Esnault
- GDS, 1 rue du Père Hauck, PK23, Bâtiment E/F/G, 97418 La Plaine des Cafres, La Réunion, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; INRA, UMR 1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les maladies émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), plateforme de recherche CYROI, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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Balenghien T, Cardinale E, Chevalier V, Elissa N, Failloux AB, Jean Jose Nipomichene TN, Nicolas G, Rakotoharinome VM, Roger M, Zumbo B. Towards a better understanding of Rift Valley fever epidemiology in the south-west of the Indian Ocean. Vet Res 2013; 44:78. [PMID: 24016237 PMCID: PMC3848763 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae) is an arbovirus causing intermittent epizootics and sporadic epidemics primarily in East Africa. Infection causes severe and often fatal illness in young sheep, goats and cattle. Domestic animals and humans can be contaminated by close contact with infectious tissues or through mosquito infectious bites. Rift Valley fever virus was historically restricted to sub-Saharan countries. The probability of Rift Valley fever emerging in virgin areas is likely to be increasing. Its geographical range has extended over the past years. As a recent example, autochthonous cases of Rift Valley fever were recorded in 2007-2008 in Mayotte in the Indian Ocean. It has been proposed that a single infected animal that enters a naive country is sufficient to initiate a major outbreak before Rift Valley fever virus would ever be detected. Unless vaccines are available and widely used to limit its expansion, Rift Valley fever will continue to be a critical issue for human and animal health in the region of the Indian Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Cardinale
- CIRAD, UMR Contrôle des maladies, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- Centre de recherche et de veille sur les maladies émergentes de l’Océan Indien (CRVOI), 2 Rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Ste Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- CIRAD-Département “Environnement et Sociétés”, UR AGIRs “Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques”, TA C-22/ E, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Nohal Elissa
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d’Entomologie médicale, Ambatofotsikely BP 1274, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, 25–28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, cedex 15, France
| | | | - Gaelle Nicolas
- CIRAD-Département “Environnement et Sociétés”, UR AGIRs “Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques”, TA C-22/ E, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Vincent Michel Rakotoharinome
- Ministère de l’Agriculture de l’Elevage et de la Pêche, Direction de la santé animale et phytosanitaire, Ambatofotsikely, Madagascar
| | - Matthieu Roger
- CIRAD, UMR Contrôle des maladies, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Betty Zumbo
- Service de lutte anti-vectorielle, Agence de Santé Océan Indien, Délégation de l’île de Mayotte, BP-410 Mamoudzou, France
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46
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Rakotoharinome M, Pognon D, Randriamparany T, Ming JC, Idoumbin JP, Cardinale E, Porphyre V. Prevalence of antimicrobial residues in pork meat in Madagascar. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 46:49-55. [PMID: 23852280 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Residual antimicrobials in food constitute a risk to human health, but poor knowledge is available about the significance of contaminated meat in developing countries. The purpose of the study was to determine the occurrence of antimicrobial drug residues in pork products in Madagascar. The occurrence of antimicrobial drug residues in pork meat were investigated by the Premi® test (DSM(©)) technique. There was a high incidence rate of drug residues, with 360 (37.2 %) meat samples being contaminated. A significant increase was observed between 2010 and 2011, with 32 and 39%, respectively. Pork meat samples are less contaminated by drug residues when animals are slaughtered in urban abattoirs (34.4%) vs in provincial abattoirs (42.2%), suggesting that animals under treatment (or sick) are sold preferentially in local abattoir. Drug residue levels in pork meats purchased in Madagascar appear to be serious public health problem at the moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Rakotoharinome
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock Production, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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47
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Larrieu S, Cardinale E, Ocquidant P, Roger M, Lepec R, Delatte H, Camuset G, Desprès P, Brottet E, Charlin C, Michault A. A fatal neuroinvasive West Nile virus infection in a traveler returning from Madagascar: clinical, epidemiological and veterinary investigations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:211-3. [PMID: 23751400 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. A 58-year-old woman living in Reunion Island and returning from Madagascar was hospitalized for neuroinvasive encephalitis and died 1 month later. West Nile virus (WNV) infection was biologically confirmed by detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) reactive with WNV antigens in both cerebrospinal fluid and serum, and weak neutralizing activity was also detected. A veterinary survey performed in her traveling area showed a seroprevalence of WNV of 28.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 21.1-36.3) in adult poultry, confirming an active circulation of the virus. Development of a severe form could be related to a weak antibody response, because the patient presented low IgM and IgG titers. This case report underlines the constant risk of emergence of West Nile in Indian Ocean territories, including Reunion Island where competent vectors are widely present during the whole year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Larrieu
- Cellule Interrégionale d'Épidémiologie Océan Indien (Cire OI), Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France.
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48
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Cardinale E, Pascalis H, Temmam S, Hervé S, Saulnier A, Turpin M, Barbier N, Hoarau J, Quéguiner S, Gorin S, Foray C, Roger M, Porphyre V, André P, Thomas T, de Lamballerie X, Dellagi K, Simon G. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in pigs, Réunion Island. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1665-8. [PMID: 23017204 PMCID: PMC3471629 DOI: 10.3201/eid1810.120398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus affected humans on Réunion Island. Since then, the virus has sustained circulation among local swine herds, raising concerns about the potential for genetic evolution of the virus and possible retransmission back to humans of variants with increased virulence. Continuous surveillance of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection in pigs is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Cardinale
- Le Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Emergentes dans l’Océan Indien, Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de la Réunion, France.
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49
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Temmam S, Besnard L, Andriamandimby SF, Foray C, Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Héraud JM, Cardinale E, Dellagi K, Pavio N, Pascalis H, Porphyre V. High prevalence of hepatitis E in humans and pigs and evidence of genotype-3 virus in swine, Madagascar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012. [PMID: 23208879 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes an orofecal disease transmitted through poor hygiene environments, contaminated food (mainly pork products), or by contacts with infected animals. Very little data are currently available regarding the disease in the Southwestern Indian Ocean Islands. We report the first sero- and viro-survey for HEV in human and swine in Madagascar. A seroprevalence rate of 14.1% (60 of 427) was measured in slaughterhouse workers. Seroprevalence to HEV in pigs was estimated to 71.2% (178 of 250), strongly suggesting the existence of a zoonotic cycle. Three out of 250 pig livers (1.2%) tested HEV RNA-positive by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analyses based on 1-kb sequences of the ORF 2-3 identified these viruses as HEV genotype 3. Sequences clustered in a distinct Malagasy sub-clade, possibly representative of a new sub-genotype, for which the date of emergence was estimated around 1989. Further studies are needed to confirm other transmission routes of HEV to humans, especially through non-zoonotic cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Temmam
- Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
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50
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Cêtre-Sossah C, Zeller H, Grandadam M, Caro V, Pettinelli F, Bouloy M, Cardinale E, Albina E. Genome analysis of Rift Valley fever virus, Mayotte. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:969-71. [PMID: 22608405 PMCID: PMC3358145 DOI: 10.3201/eid1806.110994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As further confirmation of a first human case of Rift Valley fever in 2007 in Comoros, we isolated Rift Valley fever virus in suspected human cases. These viruses are genetically closely linked to the 2006–2007 isolates from Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France.
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