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Pawęska JT, Jansen van Vuren P, Msimang V, Lô MM, Thiongane Y, Mulumba-Mfumu LK, Mansoor A, Fafetine JM, Magona JW, Boussini H, Bażanow B, Wilson WC, Pepin M, Unger H, Viljoen G. Large-Scale International Validation of an Indirect ELISA Based on Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein of Rift Valley Fever Virus for the Detection of IgG Antibody in Domestic Ruminants. Viruses 2021; 13:1651. [PMID: 34452515 PMCID: PMC8402881 DOI: 10.3390/v13081651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic performance of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) based on a recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rNP) of the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) was validated for the detection of the IgG antibody in sheep (n = 3367), goat (n = 2632), and cattle (n = 3819) sera. Validation data sets were dichotomized according to the results of a virus neutralization test in sera obtained from RVF-endemic (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Senegal, Uganda, and Yemen) and RVF-free countries (France, Poland, and the USA). Cut-off values were defined using the two-graph receiver operating characteristic analysis. Estimates of the diagnostic specificity of the RVFV rNP I-ELISA in animals from RVF-endemic countries ranged from 98.6% (cattle) to 99.5% (sheep) while in those originating from RVF-free countries, they ranged from 97.7% (sheep) to 98.1% (goats). Estimates of the diagnostic sensitivity in ruminants from RVF-endemic countries ranged from 90.7% (cattle) to 100% (goats). The results of this large-scale international validation study demonstrate the high diagnostic accuracy of the RVFV rNP I-ELISA. Standard incubation and inactivation procedures evaluated did not have an adverse effect on the detectable levels of the anti-RVFV IgG in ruminant sera and thus, together with recombinant antigen-based I-ELISA, provide a simple, safe, and robust diagnostic platform that can be automated and carried out outside expensive bio-containment facilities. These advantages are particularly important for less-resourced countries where there is a need to accelerate and improve RVF surveillance and research on epidemiology as well as to advance disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz T. Pawęska
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa;
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Veerle Msimang
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham 2131, South Africa;
| | - Modu Moustapha Lô
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Route de Front de Terre, Dakar Hann 2057, BP, Senegal; (M.M.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yaya Thiongane
- Laboratoire National de l’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Route de Front de Terre, Dakar Hann 2057, BP, Senegal; (M.M.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Leopold K. Mulumba-Mfumu
- Ministry of Agriculture, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kinshasa 7948, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kinshasa, P.O. Box 127, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Alqadasi Mansoor
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, General Directorate of Animal Health & Veterinary Quarantine, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Sana’a 31220, Yemen;
- Food and Agriculture Organization Office, Sana’a 31220, Yemen
| | - José M. Fafetine
- Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo 1103, Mozambique;
| | - Joseph W. Magona
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Tororo P.O. Box 96, Uganda;
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Gaborone P.O. Box 54, Botswana
| | - Hiver Boussini
- Direction Generale Des Services Veterinaires, Ministère des Ressources Animales, Ouagadougou 09 BP 907, Burkina Faso;
- African Union Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources, Nairobi P.O. Box 30786-00100, Kenya
| | - Barbara Bażanow
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - William C. Wilson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Arthropod Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - Michel Pepin
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, F-69364 Lyon, France;
- VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, F-69364 Lyon, France
| | - Hermann Unger
- Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (H.U.); (G.V.)
| | - Gerrit Viljoen
- Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (H.U.); (G.V.)
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Rissmann M, Kley N, Ulrich R, Stoek F, Balkema-Buschmann A, Eiden M, Groschup MH. Competency of Amphibians and Reptiles and Their Potential Role as Reservoir Hosts for Rift Valley Fever Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111206. [PMID: 33114178 PMCID: PMC7690770 DOI: 10.3390/v12111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne zoonotic pathogen, which is endemic in Africa, causing large epidemics, characterized by severe diseases in ruminants but also in humans. As in vitro and field investigations proposed amphibians and reptiles to potentially play a role in the enzootic amplification of the virus, we experimentally infected African common toads and common agamas with two RVFV strains. Lymph or sera, as well as oral, cutaneous and anal swabs were collected from the challenged animals to investigate seroconversion, viremia and virus shedding. Furthermore, groups of animals were euthanized 3, 10 and 21 days post-infection (dpi) to examine viral loads in different tissues during the infection. Our data show for the first time that toads are refractory to RVFV infection, showing neither seroconversion, viremia, shedding nor tissue manifestation. In contrast, all agamas challenged with the RVFV strain ZH501 carried virus genomes in the spleens at 3 dpi, but the animals displayed neither viremia nor virus shedding. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that amphibians are not susceptible and reptiles are only susceptible to a low extent to RVFV, indicating that both species play, if at all, rather a subordinate role in the RVF virus ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rissmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (N.K.); (F.S.); (A.B.-B.); (M.E.)
| | - Nils Kley
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (N.K.); (F.S.); (A.B.-B.); (M.E.)
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Stoek
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (N.K.); (F.S.); (A.B.-B.); (M.E.)
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (N.K.); (F.S.); (A.B.-B.); (M.E.)
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (N.K.); (F.S.); (A.B.-B.); (M.E.)
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.R.); (N.K.); (F.S.); (A.B.-B.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1163
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Budodo RM, Horumpende PG, Mkumbaye SI, Mmbaga BT, Mwakapuja RS, Chilongola JO. Serological evidence of exposure to Rift Valley, Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses among agropastoral communities in Manyara and Morogoro regions in Tanzania: A community survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008061. [PMID: 32687540 PMCID: PMC7402518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanzania has recently experienced outbreaks of dengue in two coastal regions of Dar es Salaam and Tanga. Chikungunya and Rift Valley Fever outbreaks have also been recorded in the past decade. Little is known on the burden of the arboviral disease causing viruses (Dengue, Rift Valley and Chikungunya) endemically in the inter-epidemic periods. We aimed at determining the prevalence of the dengue, rift valley and chikungunya among humans in two geo ecologically distinct sites. The community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Magugu in Manyara region and Wami-Dakawa in Morogoro region in Tanzania. Venous blood was collected from participants of all age groups, serum prepared from samples and subjected to ELISA tests for RVFV IgG/IgM, DENV IgG/IgM, and CHIKV IgM/IgG. Samples that were positive for IgM ELISA tests were subjected to a quantitative RT PCR for each virus. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic information. Data analysis was performed by using SPSSv22. A total of 191 individuals from both sites participated in the study. Only one individual was CHIKV seropositive in Magugu, but none was seropositive or positive for either RVFV or DENV. Of the 122 individuals from Wami-Dakawa site, 16.39% (n = 20) had recent exposure to RVFV while 9.83% (n = 12) were seropositive for CHIKV. All samples were negative by RVFV and CHIKV qPCR. Neither infection nor exposure to DENV was observed in participants from both sites. Being more than 5 in a household, having no formal education and having recently travelled to an urban area were risk factors associated with RVFV and CHIKV seropositivity. We report a considerable exposure to RVFV and CHIKV among Wami-Dakawa residents during the dry season and an absence of exposure of the viruses among humans in Magugu site. In both sites, neither DENV exposure nor infection was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rule M. Budodo
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Pius G. Horumpende
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Public Health and Research, Lugalo Military College of Medical Sciences (MCMS) and General Military Hospital (GMH), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sixbert I. Mkumbaye
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Directorate of Research and Consultancies, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Jaffu O. Chilongola
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
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Tigoi C, Sang R, Chepkorir E, Orindi B, Arum SO, Mulwa F, Mosomtai G, Limbaso S, Hassan OA, Irura Z, Ahlm C, Evander M. High risk for human exposure to Rift Valley fever virus in communities living along livestock movement routes: A cross-sectional survey in Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007979. [PMID: 32084127 PMCID: PMC7055907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multiple outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) with devastating effects have occurred in East Africa. These outbreaks cause disease in both livestock and humans and affect poor households most severely. Communities living in areas practicing nomadic livestock movement may be at higher risk of infection. This study sought to i) determine the human exposure to Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in populations living within nomadic animal movement routes in Kenya; and ii) identify risk factors for RVFV infection in these communities. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. Samples were collected from the year 2014 to 2015 in a community-based sampling exercise involving healthy individuals aged ≥18 years from Isiolo, Tana River, and Garissa counties. In total, 1210 samples were screened by ELISA for the presence of immunoglobulin IgM and IgG antibodies against RVFV. Positive results were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test. Results Overall, IgM and IgG prevalence for all sites combined was 1.4% (95% CI 0.8–2.3%) and 36.4% (95% CI 33.8–39.2%), respectively. Isiolo County recorded a non-significant higher IgG prevalence of 38.8% than Garissa 35.9% and Tana River 32.2% (Chi square = 2.5, df = 2, p = 0.287). Males were significantly at higher risk of infection by RVFV than females (OR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.17–2.39, p<0.005). Age was significantly associated with RVFV infection (Wald Chi = 94.2, df = 5, p<0.0001). Individuals who had regular contact with cattle (OR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.01–1.89) and donkeys (OR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.14–1.67), or contact with animals through birthing (OR = 1.69, 95%CI 1.14–2.51) were significantly at a greater risk of RVFV infection than those who did not. Conclusion This study demonstrated that although the Isiolo County has been classified as being at medium risk for RVF, virus infection appeared to be as prevalent in humans as in Tana River and Garissa, which have been classified as being at high risk. Populations in these counties live within nomadic livestock movement routes and therefore at risk of being exposed to the RVFV. Interventions to control RVFV infections therefore, should target communities living along livestock movement pathways. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a neglected mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that causes major outbreaks and economic harm to human and ruminants health leading to increased poverty within affected communities. RVF is caused by RVF virus (RVFV) affecting humans and a wide range of ruminants. The virus is transmitted through bites from mosquitoes and exposure to blood, body fluids, or tissues of infected ruminants. It was first isolated in Kenya in 1930 and several outbreaks have been recorded in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. We studied pastoralist communities living along livestock migratory routes. Migratory livestock do move long distances in search of water and pasture and may be at higher risk of exposure to RVFV. We also determined risk factors for RVFV infection by studying age, gender, contact with animals through birthing, and occupation. Prevention and control of RVFV infection can target significant risk factors to prevent spread and re-occurrence of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tigoi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edith Chepkorir
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benedict Orindi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Francis Mulwa
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gladys Mosomtai
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samson Limbaso
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Osama A. Hassan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Zephania Irura
- Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infection and Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Cêtre-Sossah C, Pédarrieu A, Juremalm M, Jansen Van Vuren P, Brun A, Ould EL Mamy AB, Héraud JM, Filippone C, Ravalohery JP, Chaabihi H, Albina E, Dommergues L, Paweska J, Cardinale E. Development and validation of a pen side test for Rift Valley fever. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007700. [PMID: 31509527 PMCID: PMC6738586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is one of the main vector borne zoonotic diseases that affects a wide range of ruminants and human beings in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. A rapid and specific test for RVF diagnosis at the site of a suspected outbreak is crucial for the implementation of control measures. Methodology/Principal findings A first-line lateral flow immunochromatographic strip test (LFT) was developed for the detection of the nucleoprotein (N) of the RVF virus (RVFV). Its diagnostic performance characteristics were evaluated using reference stocks isolates recovered from different hosts and in geographic regions mimicking clinical specimens and from known RVF negative serum samples. A high level of diagnostic accuracy (DSe (35/35), DSp (167/169)) was observed, including the absence of cross-reactivity with viruses belonging to different genera. Conclusion/Significance The fact no specialized reagents and laboratory equipment are needed, make this assay a valuable, first-line diagnostic tool in resource-poor diagnostic territories for on-site RVFV detection, however the staff require training. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral disease that affects a wide range of animals and human beings in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula involving low case fatality rates. A rapid and specific test for RVF diagnosis at the site of a suspected outbreak is crucial for the implementation of control measures. Here, we report the development and the evaluation of the diagnostic performance characteristics of a pen-side test found to be a highly accurate and valuable first-line diagnostic tool for on-site RVF detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte‐Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Petrus Jansen Van Vuren
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham-Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Filippone
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Albina
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | | | - Janusz Paweska
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham-Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eric Cardinale
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte‐Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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van den Bergh C, Venter EH, Swanepoel R, Thompson PN. High seroconversion rate to Rift Valley fever virus in cattle and goats in far northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, in the absence of reported outbreaks. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007296. [PMID: 31050673 PMCID: PMC6519843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease characterized in South Africa by large epidemics amongst ruminant livestock at very long, irregular intervals, mainly in the central interior. However, the presence and patterns of occurrence of the virus in the eastern parts of the country are poorly known. This study aimed to detect the presence of RVF virus (RVFV) in cattle and goats in far northern KwaZulu-Natal province and to estimate the prevalence of antibodies to the virus and the incidence rate of seroconversion. Methodology Cross-sectional studies were performed in communally farmed cattle (n = 423) and goats (n = 104), followed by longitudinal follow-up of seronegative livestock (n = 253) 14 times over 24 months, representing 160.3 animal-years at risk. Exposure to RVFV was assessed using an IgG sandwich ELISA and a serum neutralization test (SNT) and seroconversion was assessed using SNT. Incidence density was estimated and compared using multivariable Poisson models and hazard of seroconversion was estimated over time. Principal findings Initial overall seroprevalence was 34.0% (95%CI: 29.5–38.8%) in cattle and 31.7% (95%CI: 22.9–41.6%) in goats, varying by locality from 18–54%. Seroconversions to RVFV based on SNT were detected throughout the year, with the incidence rate peaking during the high rainfall months of January to March, and differed considerably between years. Overall seroconversion rate in cattle was 0.59 per animal-year (95% CI: 0.46–0.75) and in goats it was 0.41 per animal-year (95% CI: 0.25–0.64), varying significantly over short distances. Conclusions/Significance The high seroprevalence in all age groups and evidence of year-round viral circulation provide evidence for a hyperendemic situation in the study area. This is the first study to directly estimate infection rate of RVFV in livestock in an endemic area in the absence of reported outbreaks and provides the basis for further investigation of factors affecting viral circulation and mechanisms for virus survival during interepidemic periods. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-transmitted viral disease that may cause large epidemics in domestic livestock and in humans. Although currently largely confined to Africa, it is of international concern due to its ability to spread and become established in areas where suitable mosquito vectors occur. Outbreaks occur sporadically, associated with conditions favourable for proliferation of mosquito populations, such as high rainfall and flooding, yet their location and timing remain difficult to predict. In other areas there is evidence that RVF virus is endemic and may circulate without causing outbreaks. However, the location and extent of such areas is poorly known, as is the transmission dynamics of the virus in those areas. In this paper, we report the existence of such an area of endemic RVF virus transmission on the tropical coastal plain of South Africa bordering Mozambique, where we found a high rate of exposure of domestic cattle and goats to the naturally circulating virus over a two-year period, with no outbreaks being reported. Research in such areas will help us to assess the potential for spread of the virus to other areas and also to better understand the behaviour of the virus during periods between epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carien van den Bergh
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Estelle H. Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Swanepoel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Peter N. Thompson
- Epidemiology Section, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Kroeker AL, Smid V, Embury-Hyatt C, Moffat E, Collignon B, Lung O, Lindsay R, Weingartl H. RVFV Infection in Goats by Different Routes of Inoculation. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120709. [PMID: 30545088 PMCID: PMC6316315 DOI: 10.3390/v10120709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arbovirus of the Phenuiviridae family. Infection causes abortions in pregnant animals, high mortality in neonate animals, and mild to severe symptoms in both people and animals. There is currently an ongoing effort to produce safe and efficacious veterinary vaccines against RVFV in livestock to protect against both primary infection in animals and zoonotic infections in people. To test the efficacy of these vaccines, it is essential to have a reliable challenge model in relevant target species, including ruminants. We evaluated two goat breeds (Nubian and LaMancha), three routes of inoculation (intranasal, mosquito-primed subcutaneous, and subcutaneous) using an infectious dose of 107 pfu/mL, a virus strain from the 2006–2007 Kenyan/Sudan outbreak and compared the effect of using virus stocks produced in either mammalian or mosquito cells. Our results demonstrated that the highest and longest viremia titers were achieved in Nubian goats. The Nubian breed was also efficient at producing clinical signs, consistent viremia (peak viremia: 1.2 × 103–1.0 × 105 pfu/mL serum), nasal and oral shedding of viral RNA (1.5 × 101–8 × 106 genome copies/swab), a systemic infection of tissues, and robust antibody responses regardless of the inoculation route. The Nubian goat breed and a needle-free intranasal inoculation technique could both be utilized in future vaccine and challenge studies. These studies are important for preventing the spread and outbreak of zoonotic viruses like RVFV and are supported by the Canadian-led BSL4ZNet network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie Smid
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada.
| | | | - Estella Moffat
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada.
| | - Brad Collignon
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada.
| | - Oliver Lung
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Robbin Lindsay
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada.
- Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Hana Weingartl
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Mbewana S, Meyers AE, Weber B, Mareledwane V, Ferreira ML, Majiwa PAO, Rybicki EP. Expression of Rift Valley fever virus N-protein in Nicotiana benthamiana for use as a diagnostic antigen. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:77. [PMID: 30537953 PMCID: PMC6290525 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), the causative agent of Rift Valley fever, is an enveloped single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus in the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. The virus is spread by infected mosquitoes and affects ruminants and humans, causing abortion storms in pregnant ruminants, high neonatal mortality in animals, and morbidity and occasional fatalities in humans. The disease is endemic in parts of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, but is described as emerging due to the wide range of mosquitoes that could spread the disease into non-endemic regions. There are different tests for determining whether animals are infected with or have been exposed to RVFV. The most common serological test is antibody ELISA, which detects host immunoglobulins M or G produced specifically in response to infection with RVFV. The presence of antibodies to RVFV nucleocapsid protein (N-protein) is among the best indicators of RVFV exposure in animals. This work describes an investigation of the feasibility of producing a recombinant N-protein in Nicotiana benthamiana and using it in an ELISA. RESULTS The human-codon optimised RVFV N-protein was successfully expressed in N. benthamiana via Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration of leaves. The recombinant protein was detected as monomers and dimers with maximum protein yields calculated to be 500-558 mg/kg of fresh plant leaves. The identity of the protein was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) resulting in 87.35% coverage, with 264 unique peptides. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the protein forms ring structures of ~ 10 nm in diameter. Preliminary data revealed that the protein could successfully differentiate between sera of RVFV-infected sheep and from sera of those not infected with the virus. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge this is the first study demonstrating the successful production of RVFV N-protein as a diagnostic reagent by Agrobacterium-mediated transient heterologous expression in N. benthamiana. Preliminary testing of the antigen showed its ability to distinguish RVFV-positive animal sera from RVFV negative animal sera when used in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cost-effective, scalable and simple production method has great potential for use in developing countries where rapid diagnosis of RVFV is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandiswa Mbewana
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, 6503200115084, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | - Ann E. Meyers
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, 6503200115084, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | - Brandon Weber
- Structural Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, P Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7700 South Africa
| | - Vuyokazi Mareledwane
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Southpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Maryke L. Ferreira
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Southpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Phelix A. O. Majiwa
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Southpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, 6503200115084, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
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Balkema-Buschmann A, Rissmann M, Kley N, Ulrich R, Eiden M, Groschup MH. Productive Propagation of Rift Valley Fever Phlebovirus Vaccine Strain MP-12 in Rousettus aegyptiacus Fruit Bats. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120681. [PMID: 30513679 PMCID: PMC6315703 DOI: 10.3390/v10120681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV), the causative agent of an emerging zoonotic disease in Africa and Arabia, can infect a variety of species, predominantly ruminants, camelids, and humans. While clinical symptoms are mostly absent in adult ruminants and camelids, RVFV infection may lead to a serious, sometimes fatal disease in humans. Virus transmissions between individuals and between species mainly occur through mosquito bites, but direct or even indirect contact with infectious materials may also result in infection. Although the main reservoir of the virus is not yet identified, small mammals such as rodents and bats may act as amplifying hosts. We therefore inoculated Rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats that are abundant in northern Africa with the vaccine strain MP-12, in order to elucidate the general competence of this species for virus propagation and transmission. We were able to detect the RVFV genome in the spleen of each of these animals, and re-isolated the virus from the spleen and liver of some animals. Moreover, we were able to identify the Gc RVFV surface antigen in mild subacute multifocal necrotizing hepatic lesions of one bat which was sacrificed 7 days post exposure. These findings demonstrate that Rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats can propagate RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Nils Kley
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- ²Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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de St. Maurice A, Harmon J, Nyakarahuka L, Balinandi S, Tumusiime A, Kyondo J, Mulei S, Namutebi A, Knust B, Shoemaker T, Nichol ST, McElroy AK, Spiropoulou CF. Rift valley fever viral load correlates with the human inflammatory response and coagulation pathway abnormalities in humans with hemorrhagic manifestations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006460. [PMID: 29727450 PMCID: PMC5955566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus is an arbovirus that affects both livestock and humans throughout Africa and in the Middle East. Despite its endemicity throughout Africa, it is a rare event to identify an infected individual during the acute phase of the disease and an even rarer event to collect serial blood samples from the affected patient. Severely affected patients can present with hemorrhagic manifestations of disease. In this study we identified three Ugandan men with RVFV disease that was accompanied by hemorrhagic manifestations. Serial blood samples from these men were analyzed for a series of biomarkers specific for various aspects of human pathophysiology including inflammation, endothelial function and coagulopathy. There were significant differences between biomarker levels in controls and cases both early during the illness and after clearance of viremia. Positive correlation of viral load with markers of inflammation (IP-10, CRP, Eotaxin, MCP-2 and Granzyme B), markers of fibrinolysis (tPA and D-dimer), and markers of endothelial function (sICAM-1) were all noted. However, and perhaps most interesting given the fact that these individuals exhibited hemorrhagic manifestations of disease, was the finding of a negative correlation between viral load and P-selectin, ADAMTS13, and fibrinogen all of which are associated with coagulation pathways occurring on the endothelial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle de St. Maurice
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- University of California Los Angeles, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Sophia Mulei
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Barbara Knust
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Trevor Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Anita K. McElroy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Emory University, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Nyakarahuka L, de St. Maurice A, Purpura L, Ervin E, Balinandi S, Tumusiime A, Kyondo J, Mulei S, Tusiime P, Lutwama J, Klena JD, Brown S, Knust B, Rollin PE, Nichol ST, Shoemaker TR. Prevalence and risk factors of Rift Valley fever in humans and animals from Kabale district in Southwestern Uganda, 2016. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006412. [PMID: 29723189 PMCID: PMC5953497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) found in Africa and the Middle East. Outbreaks can cause extensive morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. Following the diagnosis of two acute human RVF cases in Kabale district, Uganda, we conducted a serosurvey to estimate RVFV seroprevalence in humans and livestock and to identify associated risk factors. Methods Humans and animals at abattoirs and villages in Kabale district were sampled. Persons were interviewed about RVFV exposure risk factors. Human blood was tested for anti-RVFV IgM and IgG, and animal blood for anti-RVFV IgG. Principal findings 655 human and 1051 animal blood samples were collected. Anti-RVFV IgG was detected in 78 (12%) human samples; 3 human samples (0.5%) had detectable IgM only, and 7 (1%) had both IgM and IgG. Of the 10 IgM-positive persons, 2 samples were positive for RVFV by PCR, confirming recent infection. Odds of RVFV seropositivity were greater in participants who were butchers (odds ratio [OR] 5.1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.7–15.1) and those who reported handling raw meat (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.2–9.8). No persons under age 20 were RVFV seropositive. The overall animal seropositivity was 13%, with 27% of cattle, 7% of goats, and 4% of sheep seropositive. In a multivariate logistic regression, cattle species (OR 9.1; 95% CI 4.1–20.5), adult age (OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.6–5.6), and female sex (OR 2.1; 95%CI 1.0–4.3) were significantly associated with animal seropositivity. Individual human seropositivity was significantly associated with animal seropositivity by subcounty after adjusting for sex, age, and occupation (p < 0.05). Conclusions Although no RVF cases had been detected in Uganda from 1968 to March 2016, our study suggests that RVFV has been circulating undetected in both humans and animals living in and around Kabale district. RVFV seropositivity in humans was associated with occupation, suggesting that the primary mode of RVFV transmission to humans in Kabale district could be through contact with animal blood or body fluids. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are known to cause high morbidity and mortality and pose a serious threat to human and animal populations in endemic countries. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever was detected in Kabale district in March, 2016 and identified the first human cases in Uganda since 1968. There was a need to perform a rapid assessment of the burden of Rift valley fever in Kabale district, identify undetected acute cases, identify risk factors associated with human disease, identify areas at high-risk or future infections, and to determine if this was a newly emerging infection or an endemic disease. Our study found the seroprevalence to be as high as 28% in humans and 36% in animals within some subcounties of Kabale district. Human seropositivity correlated with animal seropositivity, suggesting that animal to human transmission may be the predominant mode of virus spread. Our findings also suggest that this virus may have been endemic for many years prior to these human cases being identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Nyakarahuka
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Annabelle de St. Maurice
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- University of California Los Angeles, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lawrence Purpura
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Ervin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Julius Lutwama
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John D. Klena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shelley Brown
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Barbara Knust
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pierre E. Rollin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Trevor R. Shoemaker
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Entebbe, Uganda
- * E-mail:
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12
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Olive MM, Chevalier V, Grosbois V, Tran A, Andriamandimby SF, Durand B, Ravalohery JP, Andriamamonjy S, Rakotomanana F, Rogier C, Heraud JM. Integrated Analysis of Environment, Cattle and Human Serological Data: Risks and Mechanisms of Transmission of Rift Valley Fever in Madagascar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004827. [PMID: 27415438 PMCID: PMC4945045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne disease affecting ruminants and humans. Madagascar was heavily affected by RVF in 2008–2009, with evidence of a large and heterogeneous spread of the disease. The identification of at-risk environments is essential to optimize the available resources by targeting RVF surveillance in Madagascar. Herein, the objectives of our study were: (i) to identify the environmental factors and areas favorable to RVF transmission to both cattle and human and (ii) to identify human behaviors favoring human infections in Malagasy contexts. Methodology/Principal Findings First, we characterized the environments of Malagasy communes using a Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA). Then, we analyzed cattle and human serological data collected at national level using Generalized Linear Mixed Models, with the individual serological status (cattle or human) as the response, and MFA factors, as well as other potential risk factors (cattle density, human behavior) as explanatory variables. Cattle and human seroprevalence rates were positively associated to humid environments (p<0.001). Areas with high cattle density were at risk (p<0.01; OR = 2.6). Furthermore, our analysis showed that frequent contact with raw milk contributed to explain human infection (OR = 1.6). Finally, our study highlighted the eastern-coast, western and north-western parts as high-risk areas for RVF transmission in cattle. Conclusions/Significance Our integrated approach analyzing environmental, cattle and human datasets allow us to bring new insight on RVF transmission patterns in Madagascar. The association between cattle seroprevalence, humid environments and high cattle density suggests that concomitant vectorial and direct transmissions are critical to maintain RVF enzootic transmission. Additionally, in the at-risk humid environment of the western, north-western and the eastern-coast areas, suitable to Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes, vectorial transmission probably occurs in both cattle and human. The relative contribution of vectorial or direct transmissions could be further assessed by mathematic modelling. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a pathogen that causes a vector-borne tropical disease. The disease affects ruminants and humans and severely impacts the health and economy of affected countries. Madagascar was heavily affected by Rift Valley fever (RVF) in 2008–2009, with evidence of a large and heterogeneous spread of the disease. Our study aims at identifying environmental and human-related risk factors for RVFV transmission. First, we characterized Malagasy environments according to their putative influence on RVFV mosquito density and population dynamics. Then we statistically analyzed cattle and human serological data collected at a national level with the individual serological status as response, and Malagasy environments previously characterized by climatic and landscape variables as well as other potential risk factors as explanatory variables. Our results identified humid environments of the western, north-western and eastern parts of the island as risky areas. The identification of at-risk environments is essential to focus veterinary surveillance and control of RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Marie Olive
- CIRAD, Animal and Integrated Risk Management (AGIRs) Unit, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Virology Unit, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- * E-mail:
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- CIRAD, Animal and Integrated Risk Management (AGIRs) Unit, Montpellier, France
| | - Vladimir Grosbois
- CIRAD, Animal and Integrated Risk Management (AGIRs) Unit, Montpellier, France
| | - Annelise Tran
- CIRAD, Animal and Integrated Risk Management (AGIRs) Unit, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Benoit Durand
- Paris-Est University, ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Sindato C, Pfeiffer DU, Karimuribo ED, Mboera LEG, Rweyemamu MM, Paweska JT. A Spatial Analysis of Rift Valley Fever Virus Seropositivity in Domestic Ruminants in Tanzania. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131873. [PMID: 26162089 PMCID: PMC4498811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute arthropod-borne viral zoonotic disease primarily occurring in Africa. Since RVF-like disease was reported in Tanzania in 1930, outbreaks of the disease have been reported mainly from the eastern ecosystem of the Great Rift Valley. This cross-sectional study was carried out to describe the variation in RVF virus (RVFV) seropositivity in domestic ruminants between selected villages in the eastern and western Rift Valley ecosystems in Tanzania, and identify potential risk factors. Three study villages were purposively selected from each of the two Rift Valley ecosystems. Serum samples from randomly selected domestic ruminants (n = 1,435) were tested for the presence of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM), using RVF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Mixed effects logistic regression modelling was used to investigate the association between potential risk factors and RVFV seropositivity. The overall RVFV seroprevalence (n = 1,435) in domestic ruminants was 25.8% and speciesspecific seroprevalence was 29.7%, 27.7% and 22.0% in sheep (n = 148), cattle (n = 756) and goats (n = 531), respectively. The odds of seropositivity were significantly higher in animals sampled from the villages in the eastern than those in the western Rift Valley ecosystem (OR = 1.88, CI: 1.41, 2.51; p<0.001), in animals sampled from villages with soils of good than those with soils of poor water holding capacity (OR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.58, 3.02; p< 0.001), and in animals which had been introduced than in animals born within the herd (OR = 5.08, CI: 2.74, 9.44; p< 0.001). Compared with animals aged 1–2 years, those aged 3 and 4–5 years had 3.40 (CI: 2.49, 4.64; p< 0.001) and 3.31 (CI: 2.27, 4.82, p< 0.001) times the odds of seropositivity. The findings confirm exposure to RVFV in all the study villages, but with a higher prevalence in the study villages from the eastern Rift Valley ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Sindato
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance, Morogoro, Tanzania
- * E-mail:
| | - Dirk U. Pfeiffer
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics & Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Esron D. Karimuribo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | - Mark M. Rweyemamu
- Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Janusz T. Paweska
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Britch SC, Binepal YS, Ruder MG, Kariithi HM, Linthicum KJ, Anyamba A, Small JL, Tucker CJ, Ateya LO, Oriko AA, Gacheru S, Wilson WC. Rift Valley fever risk map model and seroprevalence in selected wild ungulates and camels from Kenya. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66626. [PMID: 23840512 PMCID: PMC3695998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first isolation of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in the 1930s, there have been multiple epizootics and epidemics in animals and humans in sub-Saharan Africa. Prospective climate-based models have recently been developed that flag areas at risk of RVFV transmission in endemic regions based on key environmental indicators that precede Rift Valley fever (RVF) epizootics and epidemics. Although the timing and locations of human case data from the 2006–2007 RVF outbreak in Kenya have been compared to risk zones flagged by the model, seroprevalence of RVF antibodies in wildlife has not yet been analyzed in light of temporal and spatial predictions of RVF activity. Primarily wild ungulate serum samples from periods before, during, and after the 2006–2007 RVF epizootic were analyzed for the presence of RVFV IgM and/or IgG antibody. Results show an increase in RVF seropositivity from samples collected in 2007 (31.8%), compared to antibody prevalence observed from 2000–2006 (3.3%). After the epizootic, average RVF seropositivity diminished to 5% in samples collected from 2008–2009. Overlaying maps of modeled RVF risk assessments with sampling locations indicated positive RVF serology in several species of wild ungulate in or near areas flagged as being at risk for RVF. Our results establish the need to continue and expand sero-surveillance of wildlife species Kenya and elsewhere in the Horn of Africa to further calibrate and improve the RVF risk model, and better understand the dynamics of RVFV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth C. Britch
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Mark G. Ruder
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Henry M. Kariithi
- Biotechnology Center, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kenneth J. Linthicum
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Assaf Anyamba
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Small
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Compton J. Tucker
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leonard O. Ateya
- Biotechnology Center, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abuu A. Oriko
- Biotechnology Center, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - William C. Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Roger M, Girard S, Faharoudine A, Halifa M, Bouloy M, Cetre-Sossah C, Cardinale E. High incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome in children, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 17:1317-8. [PMID: 21762604 PMCID: PMC3381369 DOI: 10.3201/eid1707.102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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16
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Elsheikh AA, Masoud EE, Mostafa MF, Elkhawanky MM. Seroprevalence of 2 zoonotic diseases in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. Rift Valley fever and brucellosis. Saudi Med J 2011; 32:740-741. [PMID: 21748215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abuelyazeed A Elsheikh
- Laboratory Medical Technology, Community College, Najran University, PO Box 1988, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Fafetine JM, Tijhaar E, Paweska JT, Neves LCBG, Hendriks J, Swanepoel R, Coetzer JAW, Egberink HF, Rutten VPMG. Cloning and expression of Rift Valley fever virus nucleocapsid (N) protein and evaluation of a N-protein based indirect ELISA for the detection of specific IgG and IgM antibodies in domestic ruminants. Vet Microbiol 2007; 121:29-38. [PMID: 17187944 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Serodiagnosis of Rift Valley fever (RVF) currently relies on the use of live or inactivated whole virus as antigens. The recombinant nucleocapsid (N) protein of RVF virus was tested for diagnostic applicability in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA), using sera from experimentally infected sheep (n=128), vaccinated sheep (n=240), and field-collected sera from sheep (n=251), goats (n=362) and cattle (n=100). The N-protein based I-ELISA performed at least as good as VN and HI tests. In goat the diagnostic sensitivity (D-Sn) and specificity (D-Sp) of the I-ELISA was 100% when using the anti-species IgG conjugate. Using protein G as a detection system, the D-Sn and D-Sp in goats were 99.4% and 99.5%, in sheep field sera both 100%, in cattle 100% and 98.3%, respectively. The I-ELISA based on recombinant N-protein has the potential to complement the traditional assays for serodiagnosis of RVF. Advantages of the N-protein are its safety, stability and cost-effectiveness in use and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Fafetine
- Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique, C. Postal 257, Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally Umlauf
- Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cyrille F. Djoko
- Walter Reed Johns Hopkins Cameroon Program, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Peter Daszak
- Consortium for Conservation Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Zaki A, Coudrier D, Yousef AI, Fakeeh M, Bouloy M, Billecocq A. Production of monoclonal antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus Application for rapid diagnosis tests (virus detection and ELISA) in human sera. J Virol Methods 2005; 131:34-40. [PMID: 16102851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the production and characterization of RVFV monoclonal antibodies. The characteristics of 32 out of 55 ELISA and/or IFA positive monoclonal antibodies were determined, including the RVFV components against which they are directed. One monoclonal antibody recognized the nucleoprotein, 15 the Gc and 16 the Gn. Among the latter ones, five monoclonal antibodies possess another specificity and recognized both Gn and either the nucleoprotein (four of them) or the NSs protein (one). To validate the use of these monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis tests, a pool of monoclonal antibodies reacting with the structural proteins was prepared and used successfully to detect RVFV from cell culture as well as viral antigen-antibody complex in ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaki
- Virology Laboratory, Dr. Fakeeh Hospital, P.O. Box 2537, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia
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Youssef BZ, Donia HA. The potential role of rattus rattus in enzootic cycle of Rift Valley Fever in Egypt 2-application of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in blood samples of Rattus rattus. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2002; 77:133-41. [PMID: 17219894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A reverse transcriptase -polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to detect Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVF-V) in blood samples of Rattus rattus (R. rattus) collected from 3 different governorates of Egypt, Alexandria, Behira and Minia governorates (one hundred each). Out of 300 blood samples 29(9.67%) were positive for RVF-Virus by RT-PCR with higher percent in Behira governorate rural areas (16%), followed by Minia governorate rural areas (13.85%) while the lowest percent was in Alexandria governorate urban areas (0.00%). The overall percent in rural areas were (13.5%) while it was only (2.0%) in urban areas. Our Study suggests that, this R. rattus play an important role in the maintenance cycle of RVF-V in rural areas of Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahgat Z Youssef
- Microbiological Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Alexandria Branch
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21
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Nabeth P, Kane Y, Abdalahi MO, Diallo M, Ndiaye K, Ba K, Schneegans F, Sall AA, Mathiot C. Rift Valley fever outbreak, Mauritania, 1998: seroepidemiologic, virologic, entomologic, and zoologic investigations. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:1052-4. [PMID: 11747742 PMCID: PMC2631907 DOI: 10.3201/eid0706.010627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A Rift Valley fever outbreak occurred in Mauritania in 1998. Seroepidemiologic and virologic investigation showed active circulation of the Rift Valley fever virus, with 13 strains isolated, and 16% (range 1.5%-38%) immunoglobulin (Ig) M-positivity in sera from 90 humans and 343 animals (sheep, goats, camels, cattle, and donkeys). One human case was fatal.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nabeth
- Ministère de la Santé et des Affaires Sociales, Nouakchott, Mauritania
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Youssef BZ, Donia HA. The potential role of Rattus rattus in enzootic cycle of Rift Valley Fever in Egypt. 1-Detection of RVF antibodies in R. rattus blood samples by both enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and immuno-diffusion technique (ID). J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2001; 76:431-41. [PMID: 17216936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Three hundreds of Rattus rattus (R. rattus) were trapped from 3 different governorates of Egypt (one hundred each), blood samples were withdrawal and subjected for detection of anti-RVF antibodies by both ELISA and ID techniques. The prevalence rate of antibodies by ELISA were 88 (29.33%) positive out of 300 tested blood samples, the highest rate was in Behira governorate 36 (36%) and the lowest one was in Alexandria governorate 22 (22%) while it was 30 (30%) in Minia governorate. But when ID technique was applied, it gave only 18 (6%) positive samples out of 300 tested blood samples with the highest rate in Behira and Minia governorates (8%) and it was only (2%) in Alexandria governorate. Our study suggests that these R. rattus make possible candidate as intermediate host in the maintenance cycle of RVF in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Z Youssef
- Microbiological Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Alexandria branch
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Thonnon J, Picquet M, Thiongane Y, Lo M, Sylla R, Vercruysse J. Rift valley fever surveillance in the lower Senegal river basin: update 10 years after the epidemic. Trop Med Int Health 1999; 4:580-5. [PMID: 10499082 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00437.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
After the Rift valley fever (RVF) epidemic of 1987 in the Senegal River Basin, RVF surveillance based on serosurveys has been conducted for 10 years. Serum samples were obtained from 1336 persons and from sheep and goats in selected areas, and these were tested for IgG/IgM RVF antibodies by ELISA. After a period of regular decrease in RVF prevalence in domestic animals until 1993, an epizootic was observed in all herds in 1994-95 with increases in IgM levels and abortions. During the same period, no human cases or RVF IgM were detected. The RVF IgG prevalence significantly correlated with date of birth: children born after 1987 have a low prevalence (5%) in clear contrast to the older population (25.3%) in Podor district. A retrospective analysis of rainfall and RVF prevalence in small domestic animals over the last 10 years showed that the re-emergence correlated with heavy rainfall. A general analysis of the risk of re-emergence and the efficiency of this RVF surveillance system are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thonnon
- Unit of Arbovirology, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal.
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Samui KL, Inoue S, Mweene AS, Nambota AM, Mlangwa JE, Chilonda P, Onuma M, Morita C. Distribution of Rift Valley fever among cattle in Zambia. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1997; 50:73-7. [PMID: 9559442 DOI: 10.7883/yoken1952.50.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, 1,421 cattle in 32 herds within nine districts, which are important cattle-producing centers in the nine provinces of Zambia, were tested for Rift Valley fever by the indirect immunofluorescence assay. One hundred and forty-seven cattle (10.5%) in 28 herds (88.9%) in the nine districts tested were positive for Rift Valley fever implying a country-wide distribution. In districts associated with flood plains and/or "dambos" (low lying areas of perpetual flooding), high herd and individual positive rates (100% and > 10%, respectively) were found, suggesting a significance of these features in the distribution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Samui
- Department of Disease Control, University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
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Adam F, Jouan A, Philippe B, Riou O, Digoutte JP. [Biological parameters of patients infected by the Rift Valley fever virus in Rosso (Mauritania)]. Presse Med 1992; 21:1731. [PMID: 1480580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Morrill JC, Jennings GB, Johnson AJ, Cosgriff TM, Gibbs PH, Peters CJ. Pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever in rhesus monkeys: role of interferon response. Arch Virol 1990; 110:195-212. [PMID: 1690534 DOI: 10.1007/bf01311288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus monkeys inoculated intravenously with Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus presented clinical disease syndromes similar to human cases of RVF. All 17 infected monkeys had high-titered viremias but disease ranged from clinically inapparent to death. Three (18%) RVF virus-infected monkeys developed signs of hemorrhagic fever characterized by epistaxis, petechial to purpuric cutaneous lesions, anorexia, and vomiting prior to death. The 14 remaining monkeys survived RVF viral infection but, 7 showed clinical signs of illness characterized by diminished food intake, cutaneous petechiae, and occasional vomiting. The other 7 monkeys showed no evidence of clinical disease. All monkeys had detectable serum interferon 24-30 h after infection, but 4 of 7 monkeys that did not develop clinical illness had serum interferon titers within 12 h after infection. In lethally infected macaques, indices of hepatic function and blood coagulation were abnormal within 2 days, implicating early pathogenetic events as critical determinants of survival. Serum transferase values were elevated in proportion to severity of clinical disease and outcome of infection. Both myocardial damage and laboratory evidence consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation were present in fatal infections. All surviving monkeys developed neutralizing antibodies to RVF virus 4-7 days after infection, and this coincided with termination of viremia. Two fatally infected monkeys were viremic until death on days 6 and 8, and the third cleared viremia on day 5 and developed antibody on day 6 but died on day 15. There was a significant correlation between a delayed interferon response and mortality, suggesting that the early appearance of interferon was influential in limiting the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Morrill
- Disease Assessment, Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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Cosgriff TM, Morrill JC, Jennings GB, Hodgson LA, Slayter MV, Gibbs PH, Peters CJ. Hemostatic derangement produced by Rift Valley fever virus in rhesus monkeys. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11 Suppl 4:S807-14. [PMID: 2749112 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/11.supplement_4.s807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an important cause of disease in animals and humans in sub-Saharan Africa. In a small percentage of human cases, the disease is complicated by hemorrhage, which often is associated with a fatal outcome. Inoculation of rhesus monkeys with the Zagazig Hospital strain of RVF virus produced a clinical picture similar to illness in humans. Ten of 17 monkeys developed clinical evidence of hemostatic impairment. When coagulation tests were performed, this group of monkeys had significant abnormalities, including evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation. These abnormalities were much less pronounced in the remaining seven monkeys-whose only sign of illness was transient fever-and, in general, they paralleled the level of viremia and the degree of elevation in levels of serum hepatic enzymes. Autopsy of the three monkeys with severe disease revealed hepatic necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Cosgriff
- Division of Medicine, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland 21701-5011
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Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a major cause of human morbidity and mortality in endemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa and has the potential to cause epidemic disease in receptive areas world-wide. In this study, a RVF viral isolate from the 1977 Egyptian epidemic (ZH-501) inoculated intravenously into rhesus macaques caused a benign viremic infection in most, but resulted in the hemorrhagic fever syndrome in 20 per cent (3 of 15). Serious disease of this type has not previously been observed in nonhuman primates inoculated with RVF virus and may be a consequence of the viral strain used or the route of inoculation. Severe disease was accompanied by extensive liver necrosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. We also attempted to prevent RVF by passive transfer of serum from vaccinated rhesus monkeys (plaque-reduction neutralization test titer 1:2,560). As little as 0.025 ml/kg prevented the development of viremia in naive rhesus monkeys after subcutaneous inoculation of virus. The monkey model should be helpful in understanding the pathogenesis and prevention of human RVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Peters
- Disease Assessment Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
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