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Ojo OA, Onyia CU, Lawal BO, Awolola NA. Neurocysticercosis in a Nigerian woman -missed diagnosis of a neglected disease and surgical management. World Neurosurg X 2024; 23:100380. [PMID: 38623316 PMCID: PMC11017035 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2024.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is a rarely diagnosed but significant clinical problem from infestation with taenia solium. It occurs as a result of ingestion of infested pork and the mode of transmission is usually feco-oral. It is commonly associated with non-specific neurologic manifestations expected of intracranial space-occupying lesions with its most common neurological presentation being seizures. However, its diagnosis without seizure is rarely reported. We report a recent experience in this regard and outcome of this disease which was inadvertently managed surgically. A good history and high index of suspicion especially in developing and low socioeconomic region is helpful for diagnosis in the presence of appropriate radiological findings. Prognosis is good when treatment is tailored to well selected cases. Treatment options include medical with or without surgical removal of encapsulated cyst. A high index of suspicion will be helpful in making appropriate diagnosis and proper management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omotayo Abimbola Ojo
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Badirat Olukemi Lawal
- Department of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - Nicholas Awodele Awolola
- Department of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria
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Maldonado-Barrueco A, Utrilla C, Hernández-González A, Perteguer MJ, Díaz-Pollán B, Untoria-Tabares Y, Díaz-Menéndez M, Falces-Romero I, Gutiérrez-Arroyo A, García-Rodríguez J, Montero-Vega D. Intraventricular neurocysticercosis in a migrant from Honduras. J Travel Med 2024; 31:taad090. [PMID: 37406005 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
We report in Madrid (Spain) a case of intraventricular neurocysticercosis in a migrant from Choluteca (Honduras), which was confirmed by epidemiological, radiological and microbiological criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Utrilla
- Radiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid 28016, Spain
| | - Ana Hernández-González
- Helminth Laboratory, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28016, Spain
| | - María J Perteguer
- Helminth Laboratory, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28016, Spain
- CIBERINFEC ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28016, Spain
| | - Beatriz Díaz-Pollán
- CIBERINFEC ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28016, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid 28016, Spain
| | - Yeray Untoria-Tabares
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid 28016, Spain
| | - Marta Díaz-Menéndez
- CIBERINFEC ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28016, Spain
- Imported Pathology and International Health Unit, CSUR for Adult and Pediatric Imported Tropical Pathology, High Level Isolation Unit, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid 28016, Spain
| | - Iker Falces-Romero
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid 28016, Spain
- CIBERINFEC ISCIII, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28016, Spain
| | | | | | - Dolores Montero-Vega
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid 28016, Spain
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Chauhan A, Sharma K, Sharma P, Sharma R, Chauhan MS, Chauhan S, Wadhwan V. An Unusual Case of Symptomatic Isolated Lingual Cysticercosis: Clinical Suspicion Helped Prevent Disseminated Disease. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 76:2127-2130. [PMID: 38566711 PMCID: PMC10982229 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-04449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Intraorally, cysticercosis is regarded as uncommon and a diagnostic challenge. Here, we report a diagnostic conundrum of an unusual case of innocuous appearing lesion on the tongue presenting as moderately tender swelling finally diagnosed as lingual cysticercosis, based on USG (Ultrasound), CT (Computed Tomography) findings and characteristic histopathologic features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kush Sharma
- Tulip Multispecialty Hospital, Sonipat, Haryana 131001 India
| | - Preeti Sharma
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology & Oral Microbiology, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250005 India
| | - Rishabh Sharma
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | | | | | - Vijay Wadhwan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology & Oral Microbiology, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250005 India
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Tellez-Arellano CA, Kuschick-Fehér J, Romero-Gonzalez FG, Fleury A. Neurocysticercosis: The duration of its preclinical phase relies on the parasite location. Trop Med Int Health 2024; 29:226-232. [PMID: 38200673 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neurocysticercosis (NC) is a heterogeneous disease particularly in terms of response to treatment and prognosis. Parasite localization is one of the main factors involved in this heterogeneity. In this study we aim to determine whether differences in the duration of the preclinical phase associated with parasite location, could contribute to said heterogeneity. METHODS Ninety-nine patients were included, 24 with parasites in the parenchyma (PAR), 56 in the subarachnoid (SA) space and 19 in the ventricular system (IV). A questionnaire designed to assess exposure to classic NC risk factors 5, 10, 15, 20 and more than 20 years prior to diagnosis was applied. The results were compared between the three groups. Also, asymptomatic relatives of patients who had shared their living conditions in childhood or more recently were included and underwent brain scan and blood testing for specific antibodies. RESULTS Over the course of their lives, exposure to risk factors decreased significantly for all patients, although the decrease was more evident in patients with parasites in the SA space (p < 0.001) compared to patients with PAR (p = 0.011) or IV cysts (p = 0.020). Five years prior to diagnosis, exposure to risk factors was significantly higher in patients with PAR or IV NC than in patients with SA NC (p = 0.04). Furthermore, individuals in close contact with PAR or IV patients in the years preceding diagnosis were more likely to have asymptomatic NC, specific antibodies in sera, particularly IgM, compared to individuals in close contact with SA patients during the same period. CONCLUSIONS All these findings are highly suggestive of the possibility of a more recent infection of patients affected by parenchymal and ventricular NC than of patients with subarachnoid NC. Consequently, subarachnoid disease could be considered a chronic disease, which, probably contributes to the severity of the disease as well as the minimal response to medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Kuschick-Fehér
- Clínica de neurocisticercosis, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suarez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Neurología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Franco Gabriel Romero-Gonzalez
- Clínica de neurocisticercosis, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suarez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- University of Bern, ISPM, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Agnès Fleury
- Clínica de neurocisticercosis, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suarez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Unidad de Neuro Inflamación, Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología ambiental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédicas, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez (INNN-MVS), México City, Mexico
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Hernández-Chea R, Morales-Ramírez P, Hernández M, Hun A, Silva I, Fleury A, Sciutto E. Epidemiology of swine cysticercosis in two rural communities of Zacapa, Guatemala. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 47:100951. [PMID: 38199694 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Taeniasis/cysticercosis complex caused by Taenia solium, is a serious public health problem and causes major economic losses to swine producers in developing countries in Asia, Africa and the Americas. Despite scarce epidemiological data, Guatemala is considered endemic for T. solium. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Azacualpa and Malpais, two villages in the department of Zacapa, to assess the prevalence of swine cysticercosis and associated factors. Between March and October 2019, 149 pigs were examined by tongue palpation and serum samples were then collected to detect antibodies by ab-ELISA, and necropsy was performed on pigs that were positive by tongue palpation and/or ab-ELISA, to assess parasite load. Pig owners were asked to fill out a questionnaire on factors related to pig husbandry and occurrence of swine cysticercosis. Pearson's chi-square test and multivariate analysis were used to measure the association between serological results and other variables (p < 0.05 was considered significant). The seroprevalence of swine cysticercosis was 13.4% (13/97, 95% C.I. 6.6%-20.2%) and 25% (13/52, 95% C.I. 13.2%-36.8%) in Azacualpa and Malpais, respectively, yielding an overall seroprevalence of 17.4% (26/149, 95% C.I. 11.4%-23.5%). Parasite loads ranged from 1 to over 23,000 metacestodes per carcass. No bivariate association was found between exposure variables and seropositivity. A positive diagnosis by tongue palpation increased the odds of finding pigs seropositive for cysticercosis by a factor of 16.1 in the multivariate analysis. Despite the high prevalence and parasite load of T. solium, risk factors associated with cysticercosis were not significant in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderico Hernández-Chea
- Dirección Departamental de Redes Integradas de Servicios de Salud, Guatemala-área sur, Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social, Guatemala, Amatitlán, Guatemala.
| | | | - Marisela Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Hun
- Escuela de Posgrado, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Ilde Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Agnès Fleury
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad Periférica del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Kumar S, Shiva, Tewarson V, Hakim MZ, Rahul K, Kumar B, Singh SK. Isolated cardiac cysticercosis of the right ventricle. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2024; 40:99-102. [PMID: 38125329 PMCID: PMC10728406 DOI: 10.1007/s12055-023-01617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac cysticercosis is a rarely encountered form of cysticercosis, caused by the larval cyst of tapeworm (Taenia solium). It commonly affects the central nervous system; however, systematic involvement has been reported as well. We describe a case of isolated cardiac cysticercosis incidentally discovered in a 16-year-old female undergoing surgical closure of a ventricular septal defect (VSD), with no prior history of parasitic infestation. Our objective is to highlight the importance of cardiac cysticercosis as a differential finding in epicardial cystic masses which may be missed or misinterpreted on imagining modalities and to the limited literature on this particular rate manifestation of cysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Kumar
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Shiva
- Department of General Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vivek Tewarson
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Zeeshan Hakim
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Kumar Rahul
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Bhupendra Kumar
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
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Adjei P, Obese V, Tang R, Manu KO, Boateng YOA, Donkor EA. Neurocysticercosis: A neglected but preventable cause of seizure in adults. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e8454. [PMID: 38268622 PMCID: PMC10805999 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is an infection of the central nervous system caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium. Although endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, it is neglected but remains a significant cause of preventable seizure in adults. Its diagnosis is challenging and is frequently missed due to its variable clinical manifestations and lack of diagnostic facilities in most areas of sub-Saharan Africa. This report discusses two cases of parenchymal neurocysticercosis in Ghanaians who presented to the emergency unit of a District Hospital with adult-onset seizures. The two cases highlight the need for a high index of suspicion and also underscore the important role of neuroimaging in the evaluation of patients presenting with adult-onset seizures in neurocysticercosis endemic areas. This is necessary for prompt detection and initiation of appropriate therapy in order to improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Adjei
- Department of Internal MedicineMethodist HospitalWenchiGhana
| | - Vida Obese
- Directorate of Internal MedicineKomfo Anokye Teaching HospitalKumasiGhana
| | - Richard Tang
- Department of Internal MedicineMethodist HospitalWenchiGhana
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Bustos JA, Arroyo G, Del Brutto OH, Gonzales I, Saavedra H, Guzman C, Sanchez-Boluarte SS, Thakur KT, Coyle C, O’Neal SE, Garcia HH. Calcified Neurocysticercosis: Demographic, Clinical, and Radiological Characteristics of a Large Hospital-Based Patient Cohort. Pathogens 2023; 13:26. [PMID: 38251334 PMCID: PMC10820744 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), the infection of the central nervous system caused by Taenia solium larvae (cysticerci), is a major cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide. Calcification in NCC is the most common neuroimaging finding among individuals with epilepsy in T. solium-endemic areas. We describe the demographic, clinical, and radiological profiles of a large hospital cohort of patients with calcified NCC in Peru (during the period 2012-2022) and compared profiles between patients with and without a previous known diagnosis of viable infection. A total of 524 patients were enrolled (mean age at enrollment: 40.2 ± 15.2 years, mean age at symptom onset: 29.1 ± 16.1 years, 56.3% women). Of those, 415 patients (79.2%) had previous seizures (median time with seizures: 5 years, interquartile range (IQR): 2-13 years; median number of seizures: 7 (IQR: 3-32)), of which 333 (80.2%) had predominantly focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures; and 358 (68.3%) used antiseizure medication). Patients had a median number of three calcifications (IQR: 1-7), mostly located in the frontal lobes (79%). In 282 patients (53.8%) there was a previous diagnosis of viable infection, while 242 only had evidence of calcified NCC since their initial neuroimaging. Most patients previously diagnosed with viable infection were male, had previous seizures, had seizures for a longer time, had more calcifications, and had a history of taeniasis more frequently than patients without previously diagnosed viable infection (all p < 0.05). Patients with calcified NCC were heterogeneous regarding burden of infection and clinical manifestations, and individuals who were diagnosed after parasites calcified presented with milder disease manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A. Bustos
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (C.G.); (S.S.S.-B.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Gianfranco Arroyo
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (C.G.); (S.S.S.-B.); (H.H.G.)
- Direccion de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima 15067, Peru
| | - Oscar H. Del Brutto
- School of Medicine and Research Center, Universidad Espiritu Santo-Ecuador, Samborondon 092301, Ecuador;
| | - Isidro Gonzales
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Herbert Saavedra
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Carolina Guzman
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (C.G.); (S.S.S.-B.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Sofia S. Sanchez-Boluarte
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (C.G.); (S.S.S.-B.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
| | - Kiran T. Thakur
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Christina Coyle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Seth E. O’Neal
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (C.G.); (S.S.S.-B.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru; (I.G.); (H.S.); (S.E.O.)
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Arroyo G, Lescano AG, Gavidia CM, Lopez-Urbina T, Ara-Gomez M, Gomez-Puerta LA, Bustos JA, Jayashi CM, O’Neal SE, Gonzalez AE, Garcia HH. Antibody Banding Patterns on the Enzyme-Linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot (EITB) Assay Clearly Discriminate Viable Cysticercosis in Naturally Infected Pigs. Pathogens 2023; 13:15. [PMID: 38251323 PMCID: PMC10820179 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) detects antibodies against seven Taenia solium larvae antigens in three protein families (GP50, T24/42, and 8-kDa) with different structures and functions. EITB banding patterns against these antigens in pigs provide information about the course of infection and may discriminate viable cysticercosis. We analyzed the banding patterns and infection outcomes (presence of viable cysts, degenerated cysts, and any cysts) of 512 rural pigs. Banding patterns were grouped into homogenous classes using latent class analysis, and relationships with infection outcomes were assessed. Four classes were identified: 1 (n = 308, EITB-negative or positive for the GP50 family), 2 (n = 127, positive for GP50 (GP50 family), GP42-39 and GP24 (T24/42 family), but negative for 8-kDa antigens), 3 (n = 22, positive for GP50 and T24/42 antigens (GP42-39 and GP24), as well as to 8-kDa bands GP13, GP14, and GP18, but negative for GP21), and 4 (n = 55, positive for GP50 and T24/42 antigens, as well as to 8-kDa antigens GP21 and GP18 in combination). Pigs in classes 3 and 4 were more likely to have viable cysts (72.6% and 96.4%, respectively) than pigs in classes 1 and 2 (0.7% and 27.6%, respectively; p < 0.001). The number of infections with any cysts was higher in classes 3 and 4 (77.3% and 98.2%, respectively) and lower in classes 2 and 1 (34.7% and 4.9%, respectively; p < 0.001). Pigs with viable cysts represented >90% of pigs with any cysts in classes 3 and 4 (94.1% and 98.2%, respectively), while degenerated cysts were frequent among pigs with any cysts in classes 1, 3, and 2 (86.7%, 47.1%, and 43.2%, respectively; p < 0.001). EITB banding patterns strongly correlate with cysticercosis infection status in rural pigs, with classes 3 and 4 being more predictive of viable infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Arroyo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (S.E.O.); (H.H.G.)
| | - Andres G. Lescano
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru;
| | - Cesar M. Gavidia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Teresa Lopez-Urbina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Miguel Ara-Gomez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Luis A. Gomez-Puerta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Javier A. Bustos
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (S.E.O.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru
| | - Cesar M. Jayashi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Seth E. O’Neal
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (S.E.O.); (H.H.G.)
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Sciences University-Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Armando E. Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru; (C.M.G.); (T.L.-U.); (M.A.-G.); (L.A.G.-P.); (C.M.J.); (A.E.G.)
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (J.A.B.); (S.E.O.); (H.H.G.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurologicas, Lima 15030, Peru
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Toribio L, Guzman C, Noazin S, Zimic-Sheen A, Zimic M, Gonzales I, Saavedra H, Pretell EJ, Bustos JA, Handali S, García HH. Multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis: a single-center diagnostic optimization and accuracy study in Lima, Peru. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0076023. [PMID: 37966225 PMCID: PMC10729656 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00760-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common helminthic infection of the human central nervous system. The antibody detection assay of choice is the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay using lentil-lectin purified parasite antigens (LLGP-EITB, Western blot), an immunoassay with exceptional performance in clinical samples. However, its use is mainly restricted to a few research laboratories because the assay is labor-intensive and requires sophisticated equipment, expertise, and large amounts of parasite material for preparation of reagents. We report a new immunoprint assay (MAPIA) that overcomes most of these barriers. We initially compared the performance of five different antigen combinations in a subset of defined samples in the MAPIA format. After selecting the best-performing assay format (a combination of rGP50 + rT24H + sTs14 antigens), 148 archived serum samples were tested, including 40 from individuals with parenchymal NCC, 40 with subarachnoid NCC, and 68 healthy controls with no evidence of neurologic disease. MAPIA using three antigens (rGP50 + rT24H + sTs14) was highly sensitive and specific for detecting antibodies in NCC. It detected 39 out of 40 (97.5%) parenchymal NCC cases and 40/40 (100%) subarachnoid cases and was negative in 67 out of 68 (98.53%) negative samples. MAPIA using three recombinant and synthetic antigens is a simple and economical tool with a performance equivalent to the LLGP-EITB assay for the detection of specific antibodies to NCC. The MAPIA overcomes existing barriers to adoption of the EITG LLGP and is a candidate for worldwide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Toribio
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - C. Guzman
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - S. Noazin
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - A. Zimic-Sheen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Technological Developments, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martín de Porres, Peru
| | - M. Zimic
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Technological Developments, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martín de Porres, Peru
| | - I. Gonzales
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - H. Saavedra
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - E. J. Pretell
- Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal Sologuren, ESSALUD, Callao, Peru
| | - J. A. Bustos
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - S. Handali
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases & Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - H. H. García
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - on behalf of The Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Technological Developments, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, San Martín de Porres, Peru
- Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal Sologuren, ESSALUD, Callao, Peru
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases & Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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Botros NE, Polinger-Hyman D, Beck RT, Kleefisch C, Mrachek EKS, Connelly J, Schmainda KM, Krucoff MO. Magnetic resonance imaging-derived relative cerebral blood volume characteristics in a case of pathologically confirmed neurocysticercosis: illustrative case. J Neurosurg Case Lessons 2023; 6:CASE23446. [PMID: 38109728 PMCID: PMC10732321 DOI: 10.3171/case23446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a parasitic infection of the brain caused by ingesting water or food contaminated with tapeworm eggs. When it presents as a solitary mass, differentiation from a primary brain tumor on imaging can be difficult. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) is a newer imaging technique used to identify areas of neovascularization in tumors, which may advance the differential diagnosis. OBSERVATIONS A 25-year-old male presented after a seizure. Computed tomography (CT) and MRI demonstrated a partially enhancing lesion with microcalcifications and vasogenic edema. Follow-up rCBV assessment demonstrated mild hyperperfusion and/or small vessels at the lesional margins consistent with either an intermediate grade glioma or infection. Given the radiological equipoise, surgical accessibility, and differential diagnosis including primary neoplasm, metastatic disease, NCC, and abscess, resection was pursued. The calcified mass was excised en bloc and was confirmed as larval-stage NCC. LESSONS CT or MRI may not always provide sufficient information to distinguish NCC from brain tumors. Although reports have suggested that rCBV may aid in identifying NCC, here the authors describe a case of pathologically confirmed NCC in which preoperative, qualitative, standardized rCBV findings raised concern for a primary neoplasm. This case documents the first standardized rCBV values reported in a pathologically confirmed case of NCC in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - E Kelly S Mrachek
- 4Pathology, and Division of Neuropathology, Froedtert Hospital, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Max O Krucoff
- Departments of2Neurosurgery
- 7Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University & Medical College of Wisconsin, Wisconsin
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12
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Sadaow L, Boonroumkaew P, Rodpai R, Janwan P, Sanpool O, Thanchomnang T, Morishima Y, Sato MO, Sako Y, Kobayashi K, Iwai M, Maleewong W, Yamasaki H, Intapan PM. Development and evaluation of an immunochromatography-based point-of-care test kit for a rapid diagnosis of human cysticercosis. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2023; 33:e00211. [PMID: 37868190 PMCID: PMC10589370 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cysticercosis is a life-threatening zoonotic disease caused by infection with larvae (cysticerci) of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. This can affect the nervous system causing chronic headache and intracranial hypertension, potentially leading to epileptic seizures and paralysis. The disease is found in developing countries, especially in Southeast and South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Central and South America where porcine cysticercosis is endemic and people have a habit of eating undercooked pork. An immunochromatography-based test (ICT) kit, using T. solium cyst fluid as antigen, was manufactured to detect anti-T. solium IgG antibodies in human serum. To evaluate the kit, we used 187 serum samples including 24 from proven/confirmed cysticercosis cases, 133 from cases with other parasitosis and 30 healthy controls. Diagnostic efficiencies were calculated. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 83.3%, 92.0%, and 90.9%, respectively. Moreover, the ICT was positive before treatment but became negative after treatment, implying that this kit is also useful for follow-up monitoring post-treatment. In conclusion, we have successfully developed and present preliminary evaluation of an easy-to-handle rapid diagnostic tool for human cysticercosis in the form of an ICT platform using as antigen fluid from T. solium cysticerci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakkhana Sadaow
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Penchom Janwan
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Yasuyuki Morishima
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Marcello Otake Sato
- Division of Global Environment Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Medical and Life Sciences, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Sako
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Division of Planning and Development, Adtec Inc., Oita 879-0453, Japan
| | - Misako Iwai
- Division of Planning and Development, Adtec Inc., Oita 879-0453, Japan
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Yamasaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Pewpan M. Intapan
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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13
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Pizzitutti F, Bonnet G, Gonzales-Gustavson E, Gabriël S, Pan WK, Gonzalez AE, Garcia HH, O'Neal SE. Spatial transferability of an agent-based model to simulate Taenia solium control interventions. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:410. [PMID: 37941062 PMCID: PMC10634186 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Models can be used to study and predict the impact of interventions aimed at controlling the spread of infectious agents, such as Taenia solium, a zoonotic parasite whose larval stage causes epilepsy and economic loss in many rural areas of the developing nations. To enhance the credibility of model estimates, calibration against observed data is necessary. However, this process may lead to a paradoxical dependence of model parameters on location-specific data, thus limiting the model's geographic transferability. METHODS In this study, we adopted a non-local model calibration approach to assess whether it can improve the spatial transferability of CystiAgent, our agent-based model of local-scale T. solium transmission. The calibration dataset for CystiAgent consisted of cross-sectional data on human taeniasis, pig cysticercosis and pig serology collected in eight villages in Northwest Peru. After calibration, the model was transferred to a second group of 21 destination villages in the same area without recalibrating its parameters. Model outputs were compared to pig serology data collected over a period of 2 years in the destination villages during a trial of T. solium control interventions, based on mass and spatially targeted human and pig treatments. RESULTS Considering the uncertainties associated with empirical data, the model produced simulated pre-intervention pig seroprevalences that were successfully validated against data collected in 81% of destination villages. Furthermore, the model outputs were able to reproduce validated pig seroincidence values in 76% of destination villages when compared to the data obtained after the interventions. The results demonstrate that the CystiAgent model, when calibrated using a non-local approach, can be successfully transferred without requiring additional calibration. CONCLUSIONS This feature allows the model to simulate both baseline pre-intervention transmission conditions and the outcomes of control interventions across villages that form geographically homogeneous regions, providing a basis for developing large-scale models representing T. solium transmission at a regional level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabrielle Bonnet
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease (CMMID), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Eloy Gonzales-Gustavson
- Tropical and Highlands Veterinary Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - William K Pan
- Nicholas School of Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Armando E Gonzalez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima, Peru
| | - Seth E O'Neal
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University and Portland State University, Portland, USA
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14
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Jyotsna M, Doomra R, Yadav SK. Isolated cysticercosis of breast mimicking a mass lesion: A case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2023; 112:108956. [PMID: 37837663 PMCID: PMC10667779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2023.108956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Cysticercosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval form of Taenia solium. Its occurrence as a breast lump is rarely observed and therefore presents significant diagnostic challenges, especially in non-endemic regions. CASE PRESENTATION A 25-year-old female patient presented with a lump in her left breast. The lesion was initially non-diagnostic on ultrasound and fine needle aspiration cytology. Excision biopsy of the cystic lesion was done, and histopathological examination confirmed it to be cysticercosis. Post surgery patient was given Albendazole, and she was asymptomatic during the 3 month follow up. CLINICAL DISCUSSION This case highlights the disease's ability to present in atypical forms, such as a breast lump, and the importance of considering cysticercosis in differential diagnosis, especially in endemic regions. Ultrasonography remains the preferred initial diagnostic modality, and the role of FNAC and histopathology is crucial for confirmation. The case also emphasizes the need for heightened clinical suspicion, even when traditional risk factors like pork consumption are absent. CONCLUSION This case emphasizes the importance of considering cysticercosis as a differential diagnosis for breast lumps, even with atypical presentation or in a non-endemic region. It highlights the need for greater awareness of this disease, stringent public health measures, and improved personal hygiene to combat its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mili Jyotsna
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Rhythm Doomra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Shakti Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India.
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15
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Castelão F, Pais M, Marques D, Sequeira M, Marques C, Rios AC. Racemose neurocysticercosis presenting with thalamic stroke: A case report and literature review. Radiol Case Rep 2023; 18:3881-3883. [PMID: 37670918 PMCID: PMC10475393 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Racemose neurocysticercosis is an uncommon type of neurocysticercosis that represents a particularly aggressive infection. It is characterized by the presence of multiple confluent cysts within the subarachnoid space and it carries unique diagnostic challenges. Clinical manifestations include headache, cerebrovascular events, and life-threatening hydrocephalus. A 56-year-old female presented with sudden onset headache and right-sided hemisensory loss. Brain MRI revealed multiple cystic lesions in the subarachnoid space consistent with racemose neurocysticercosis and left thalamus acute lacunar infarct. This case report emphasizes the clinical importance, unique characteristics, and imaging features of racemose neurocysticercosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Castelão
- Neuroradiology Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - Mariana Pais
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - Diogo Marques
- Neuroradiology Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Sequeira
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - Cristina Marques
- Neuroradiology Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Rios
- Neuroradiology Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal
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16
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Hossain MS, Shabir S, Toye P, Thomas LF, Falcone FH. Insights into the diagnosis, vaccines, and control of Taenia solium, a zoonotic, neglected parasite. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:380. [PMID: 37876008 PMCID: PMC10594694 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis (TSTC) is a foodborne, zoonotic neglected tropical disease affecting predominately low- and middle-income countries. Humans are definitive hosts for T. solium, whereas pigs act as intermediate hosts. Taeniasis, i.e. intestinal infection with adult T. solium in the human host, occurs through ingestion of undercooked pork infected with the larval stage (porcine cysticercosis, PCC). Human cysticercosis occurs after humans ingest T. solium eggs, acting as accidental intermediate hosts. Migration of cysticerci to the human brain results in neurocysticercosis (NCC), manifesting in a variety of clinical symptoms, most notably epilepsy. NCC is the leading cause of acquired epilepsy cases in endemic areas. PCC results in reduced pork value because of condemnation or the risk of condemnation of the meat. Available serological diagnostic tests for porcine and human cysticercosis are characterized by low sensitivity and are not cost-effective. An effective vaccine for T. solium cysticercosis in pigs has been developed, although it is not yet commercially available in all endemic countries, and still no vaccine is available for use in humans. This primer highlights the recent development in the field of diagnostic tests and vaccine production and explores possible strategies for future control and eradication of T. solium. In the absence of highly specific diagnostic tests and human vaccines, treatment of infected pigs and tapeworm carriers and prevention of disease transmission remain the principal means to interrupt the zoonotic cycle of T. solium in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Shafqat Shabir
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lian F Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Franco H Falcone
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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17
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Kaur R, Arora N, Rawat SS, Keshri AK, Singh G, Kumar R, Prasad A. Recognition of immune reactive proteins as a potential multiepitope vaccine candidate of Taenia solium cysticerci through proteomic approach. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:1587-1602. [PMID: 37697970 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Metacestode, the larva of Taenia solium, is the causative agent for neurocysticercosis (NCC), which causes epilepsy. The unavailability of a vaccine against human NCC is a major cause for its widespread prevalence across the globe. Therefore, the development of a reliable vaccine against NCC is the need of the hour. Employing a combination of proteomics and immunoinformatics, we endeavored to formulate a vaccine candidate. The immune reactive cyst fluid antigens of T. solium were identified by immune-blotting two-dimensional gels with NCC patient's sera, followed by Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization analysis. We performed a detailed proteomic study of these immune reactive proteins by utilizing immune-informatics tools, identified the nontoxic, nonallergic, B-cell epitopes, and collected epitopes with the least sequence homology with human and other Taenia species. These epitopes were joined through linkers to construct a multiepitope vaccine. Different physiochemical parameters such as molecular weight (23.82 kDa), instability (39.91), and aliphatic index (49.61) were calculated to ensure the stability of the linked peptides vaccine. The vaccine demonstrated stable interactions with different immune receptors like Toll-like receptor 4 and IgG confirming that it will effectively stimulate the host immune response. We anticipate that our designed B-cell linear epitope-based vaccine will show promising results in in vitro and in vivo assays. This study provides a platform that would be useful to develop other suitable vaccine candidates to prevent helminthic neglected tropical diseases in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Naina Arora
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Suraj S Rawat
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anand K Keshri
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Dayanad Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- CSIR-Institute for Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Indian Knowledge System and Mental Health Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
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18
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Zemmour I, Durieux MF, Herault E, Rouges C, Šoba B, Mercier A, Ariey F, Preux PM, Yera H. Neurocysticercosis Diagnosis in a Non-Endemic Country: France. Pathogens 2023; 12:1205. [PMID: 37887721 PMCID: PMC10610462 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosing neurocysticercosis (NCC) is difficult due to its variable clinical presentations and the different imaging techniques used to detect brain damage. This study aimed to evaluate the use of cerebrospinal fluid serology and PCR for diagnosing biological neurocysticercosis in a non-endemic country. We tested samples from patients living in France with suspected NCC and confirmed that 45 of the patients presented with the disease. A total of 89% of patients had previously traveled to countries where the disease was endemic. The sensitivity of Western blots compared to ELISA was not significantly different (80% vs. 60%) (p > 0.05), and neither was the sensitivity of Western blots vs. PCR (78% vs. 56%) (p > 0.05). The PCR sensitivity was 78% and 47% in definitive NCC and in probable NCC. PCR tests using cerebrospinal fluid should be considered as a diagnostic criterion for identifying NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Zemmour
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Dupuytren Universitary Hospital Center, 87000 Limoges, France; (I.Z.); (M.-F.D.); (E.H.)
| | - Marie-Fleur Durieux
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Dupuytren Universitary Hospital Center, 87000 Limoges, France; (I.Z.); (M.-F.D.); (E.H.)
| | - Etienne Herault
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Dupuytren Universitary Hospital Center, 87000 Limoges, France; (I.Z.); (M.-F.D.); (E.H.)
- Inserm U1094, IRD UMR270, University of Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT—Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases in the Tropical Zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, OmegaHealth, 87000 Limoges, France; (A.M.); (P.-M.P.)
| | - Célia Rouges
- Parasitology-Mycology, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Université de Paris, INSERM 1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; (C.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Barbara Šoba
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Aurélien Mercier
- Inserm U1094, IRD UMR270, University of Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT—Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases in the Tropical Zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, OmegaHealth, 87000 Limoges, France; (A.M.); (P.-M.P.)
| | - Frédéric Ariey
- Parasitology-Mycology, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Université de Paris, INSERM 1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; (C.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Pierre-Marie Preux
- Inserm U1094, IRD UMR270, University of Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT—Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases in the Tropical Zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, OmegaHealth, 87000 Limoges, France; (A.M.); (P.-M.P.)
| | - Hélène Yera
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Dupuytren Universitary Hospital Center, 87000 Limoges, France; (I.Z.); (M.-F.D.); (E.H.)
- Inserm U1094, IRD UMR270, University of Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT—Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases in the Tropical Zone, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, OmegaHealth, 87000 Limoges, France; (A.M.); (P.-M.P.)
- Parasitology-Mycology, Hôpital Cochin, APHP, Université de Paris, INSERM 1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France; (C.R.); (F.A.)
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Lightowlers MW, Mananjara DEA, Rakotoarinoro M, Rakotoarison VC, Raliniaina M, Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Gauci CG, Jabbar A, Mwape KE, Donadeu M, Ramiandrasoa NS, Nely JA. Comparison of Kato-Katz, PCR and coproantigen for the diagnosis of Taenia solium taeniasis. Parasitology 2023; 150:894-900. [PMID: 37621007 PMCID: PMC10577650 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Four methods were compared for the diagnosis of human taeniasis caused by Taenia solium. Fecal samples from persons living in a T. solium endemic region of Madagascar were examined for taeniid eggs by the Kato–Katz method. Subsequently, samples positive (n = 16) and negative (n = 200) for T. solium eggs were examined by (i) amplification of the fragment of small subunit of the mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (rrnS) gene using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and (ii) a nested PCR of a fragment of the T. solium Tso31 gene. Additionally, 12 egg-positive and all egg-negative samples were tested for coproantigen detection. A further 9 egg-positive fecal samples were examined using both PCRs. Of the 12 egg-positive samples tested by PCRs and coproantigen methods, 9 (75%) were positive by rrnS PCR, 3 (25%) using Tso31-nested PCR and 9 (75%) by coproantigen testing. None of the 200 egg-negative fecal samples was positive in either rrnS or Tso31-nested PCR. Twenty of the 25 egg-positive samples (80%) were positive in rrnS PCR, and DNA sequencing of PCR amplicons was obtained from 18 samples, all confirmed to be T. solium. Twelve of the 25 egg-positive samples (48%) were positive in the Tso31-nested PCR, all of which were also positive by rrnS PCR. It is suggested that species-specific diagnosis of T. solium taeniasis may be achieved by either coprological examination to detect eggs or coproantigen testing, followed by rrnS PCR and DNA sequencing to confirm the tapeworm species in egg-positive or coproantigen-positive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall W. Lightowlers
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | | | | | - Valisoa C. Rakotoarison
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Modestine Raliniaina
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | | | - Charles G. Gauci
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Kabemba E. Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Meritxell Donadeu
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
- Initiative for Neglected Animal Diseases (INAND), Pretoria, South Africa
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Toledo A, Fragoso G, Carrillo-Mezo R, Romo ML, Sciutto E, Fleury A. Can sPD-1 and sPD-L1 Plasma Concentrations Predict Treatment Response among Patients with Extraparenchymal Neurocysticercosis? Pathogens 2023; 12:1116. [PMID: 37764924 PMCID: PMC10535301 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis (EP-NC) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening disease that responds poorly to initial anthelmintic drug therapy. A depressed specific reactivity of peripheral lymphocytes and an increased level of specific Tregs accompanies EP-NC. The immune checkpoint pathway PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 downregulates effector T cells, causing specific immune suppression in chronic diseases. This study explored whether their soluble forms, sPD-1/sPD-L1, are present in plasma among patients with EP-NC and if their levels could be associated with treatment response. A total of 21 patients with vesicular EP-NC and 22 healthy controls were included. Patients received standard treatment and were followed for six months to assess treatment response by assessing changes in cyst volume determined with 3D MRI. The presence of both sPD-1 and sPD-L1 was more frequently detected among patients with EP-NC than in healthy controls and had higher concentrations. Among patients, higher pre-treatment levels of both markers were associated with a poor treatment response, and the sensitivity and specificity of the sPD-1/sPD-L1 ratio for predicting any response to treatment were high. Our results are consistent with the presence of lymphocyte exhaustion and open new research perspectives to improve the prognosis of patients with this severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Toledo
- Unidad de Neuro Inflamación, Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Roger Carrillo-Mezo
- Departamento de Neurorradiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
| | - Matthew L Romo
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Agnès Fleury
- Unidad de Neuro Inflamación, Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
- Clínica de Neurocisticercosis, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
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21
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Larkins A, Bruce M, Phetsouvanh R, Ash A. Risk mapping for Taenia solium: Applying multicriteria decision analysis in Lao PDR. Trop Med Int Health 2023; 28:736-741. [PMID: 37474449 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Taenia solium is ranked the most significant global foodborne parasite and the leading cause of epilepsy in low and middle-income countries. Diagnostic challenges have hampered disease control efforts to date and WHO has called for the development of risk mapping tools to assist endemic countries. This study describes the application of multicriteria decision analysis to map the risk of T. solium in Lao PDR and acts as a case study for other endemic countries. METHODS Multicriteria decision analysis was completed using census data on relevant risk factors in Lao PDR. Factors were weighted using an analytical hierarchy process. Village risk scores were calculated using a weighted linear combination and categorised using the Fisher-Jenks algorithm into low, medium, and high risk. District risk scores and categories were calculated using the mean village risk score for a district. Sensitivity analysis was completed by doubling and halving risk factor weights, one at a time, and assessing the standard deviation of scores and categories across all scenarios. RESULTS A total of 2017 (23.7%) villages were classified as high risk, with 3312 (39.0%) medium and 3170 (37.3%) low risk. This resulted in 21 (14.2%) high-risk districts, 83 (56.1%) medium and 44 (29.7%) low-risk districts. The risk maps highlight two areas of interest which are high risk and low variation. The first is the northern province of Phongsaly, which is consistent with literature and anecdotal reports. The second is the southern Salavan and Xekong provinces, which have yet to be investigated in detail. CONCLUSIONS Multicriteria decision analysis has provided a simple, rapid, and flexible approach to mapping the risk of T. solium in Lao PDR. The nature of the method means that it can be completed in any endemic country with available and appropriate risk factor data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Larkins
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Amanda Ash
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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Padda I, Aziz D, Mahtani A, Sethi Y, Sebastian SA, Sexton J, Karroum P, Fabian D, Fulton M. Recurrent syncopal episodes in a pregnant patient with neurocysticercosis. Radiol Case Rep 2023; 18:3084-3088. [PMID: 37434623 PMCID: PMC10331010 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common parasitic infection of the nervous system and acquired epilepsy in low-resource settings due to the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. Humans contract the intestinal infection of the adult tapeworm (taeniasis) through the fecal-oral route after consuming undercooked food, particularly pork or water, contaminated with tapeworm eggs. When the larvae invades the central nervous system (CNS), the infection causes NCC, which often manifests as late-onset seizures, chronic headaches, and intracranial hypertension. We describe a 31-year-old Hispanic multigravida woman from Guatemala, at 33 weeks of gestation, who presented with multiple syncopal and hypotensive episodes prompting a Computed tomography (CT) image of the head revealing multiple small cerebral calcifications indicating NCC. In this article, we highlight the significance of early symptom recognition and diagnostic workup for NCC in areas with diverse immigrant populations. We also discuss the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and current treatment modalities available for NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderbir Padda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center/Mount Sinai, 355 Bard Ave, Staten Island, NY 10310, USA
| | - Daniel Aziz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Arun Mahtani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center/Mount Sinai, 355 Bard Ave, Staten Island, NY 10310, USA
| | - Yashendra Sethi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India
| | | | - Jaime Sexton
- Department of Medicine, St. George's University, University Centre Grenada, West Indies, Grenada
| | - Paul Karroum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center/Mount Sinai, 355 Bard Ave, Staten Island, NY 10310, USA
| | - Daniel Fabian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center/Mount Sinai, 355 Bard Ave, Staten Island, NY 10310, USA
| | - Matthew Fulton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center/Mount Sinai, 355 Bard Ave, Staten Island, NY 10310, USA
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Satyaprakash K, Khan WA, Zade NN, Chaudhari SP, Shinde SV, Kurkure NV, Shembalkar PK. Serological and molecular detection of neurocysticercosis among epileptic patients in Nagpur, Maharashtra state (India). Helminthologia 2023; 60:208-220. [PMID: 38152476 PMCID: PMC10750244 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), one of the most important neuroparasitic diseases in humans, is caused by Cysticercus cellulosae, the metacestode stage of digenetic zoonotic cestode Taenia solium. The present study aims at the detection of anti-cysticercus antibodies in the sera of epileptic patients (n=26) visiting a tertiary care hospital in Nagpur, Maharashtra state, India, by an in-house developed indirect IgG-ELISA and enzyme-linked immunoelectro transfer blot (EITB) assay using different antigens (namely, Whole Cyst Antigen (WCA), Cystic Fluid Antigen (CFA), Scolex Antigen (SA), Excretory-Secretory Antigen (ESA) and Membrane-Body Antigen (MBA)) prepared from T. solium metacestodes to find out the status of NCC. An attempt has also been made for molecular detection of NCC from blood samples of those patients by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay targeted at large subunit rRNA gene of T. solium. The IgG ELISA level of anti-cysticercus antibodies against WCA, CFA, SA, ESA and MBA antigens were as follows: 19.23 %, 23.07 %, 38.46 %, 30.76 % and 15.38 %. The seroreactivity to CFA, SA and ESA was found in equal proportions in patients with ring-enhancing lesions. In the EITB assay, the lower and medium molecular weight protein bands of SA and ESA were immunodominant compared to the higher WCA and CFA peptides. PCR positivity could be observed in 34.6 % (9/26) of the patients under study. It is the first report of detecting NCC among epileptic patients of the Nagpur region of Maharashtra state in India using serological and molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Satyaprakash
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India-440006
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India-231001
| | - W. A. Khan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India-440006
| | - N. N. Zade
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India-440006
| | - S. P. Chaudhari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India-440006
| | - S. V. Shinde
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India-440006
| | - N. V. Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India-440006
| | - P. K. Shembalkar
- Get Well Hospital and Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India-440012
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24
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Klaft ZJ, Dulla C. How parasitic larvae affect the brain. eLife 2023; 12:e91149. [PMID: 37610313 PMCID: PMC10446821 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of the neurotransmitter glutamate by the parasitic tapeworm Taenia solium appears to be implicated in the pathophysiology of a widespread, but neglected, form of adult-onset epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin-Juan Klaft
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| | - Chris Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
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25
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Koffi KE, Soumahoro MK, N'Dri KB, Nowakowski M, Guédé CM, Boka OM, Melki J, Touré OA, Djaman J, Bellalou J, N'Goran KE, Jambou R. Seroprevalence of porcine cysticercosis in traditional farms in South-Eastern Côte d'Ivoire. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2023; 22:e00311. [PMID: 37361928 PMCID: PMC10285562 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine cysticercosis is an endemic parasitic zoonosis in many developing countries. The objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of porcine cysticercosis in traditional pig farms in the departments of Dabou, Aboisso and Agboville. Methods Blood samples were taken from pigs and analyzed by ELISA (IgG) and western blot. Data on farming practices and pig characteristics were collected. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to identify risk factors. Results A total of 668 pigs were sampled from 116 farms and 639 samples were analyzed. The seroprevalence of cysticercosis was estimated at 13.2%. Overweight [OR = 2.6; 95%CI (1.3-4.9)] and fat pigs [OR = 2.3; 95%CI (1.0-4.8)] were twice as likely to be seropositive for cysticercosis. This risk was increased in farms using well water for drinking [OR = 2.5; 95%CI (1.0-6.3)] as well as those reporting veterinary care of the animals (OR = 2.9; 95%CI (1.2-7.3)). Conclusions This study demonstrated the circulation of Taenia solium in pig farms in southern Côte d'Ivoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouassi Eugene Koffi
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, B.P. 490, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Sante Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan; 01 BP V34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | | | | | - O. Marcel Boka
- Université Alassane Ouattara, Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, B.P. V18, Bouaké 01, Côte D'ivoire
| | - Jihen Melki
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, B.P. 490, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Joseph Djaman
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, B.P. 490, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jacques Bellalou
- Institut Pasteur de Paris, 25–28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - K. Eliezer N'Goran
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Sante Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan; 01 BP V34 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ronan Jambou
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, B.P. 490, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
- Institut Pasteur de Paris, 25–28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- CERMES, Niamey BP10887 Niamey, Niger
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26
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Kabululu ML, Johansen MV, Lightowlers M, Trevisan C, Braae UC, Ngowi HA. Aggregation of Taenia solium cysticerci in pigs: Implications for transmission and control. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2023; 22:e00307. [PMID: 37261135 PMCID: PMC10227459 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite aggregation within hosts is a fundamental feature of parasite distributions, whereby the majority of parasites are harboured by a minority of hosts. Parasite aggregation can influence their transmission and hence control. In this narrative review, possible sources of aggregation of Taenia solium cysticerci in pigs are discussed, along with implications for control of the parasite. While heavy T. solium infections in pigs could most likely be associated with ingestion of high doses of infective parasite eggs, consistent with coprophagic behaviour of pigs, lighter infections indicate a role of indirect routes of transmission to pigs, mostly from lower infection doses. Light infections are likely to be missed by commonly used diagnostic methods - tongue examination or meat inspection - and end up in the food chain. Hence, they entail a 'hidden' risk and are of a particular public health concern, especially in areas where meat is consumed raw or undercooked. To be effective and sustainable, control strategies against T. solium likely require a broader understanding of, and consideration for parasite transmission dynamics. More importantly, a holistic One Health approach incorporating interventions on humans, pigs and the environment will likely have a larger, more successful and sustainable impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marshall Lightowlers
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Uffe C. Braae
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Helena A. Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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27
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Mananjara DEA, Rakotoarinoro M, Rakotoarison VC, Raliniaina M, Razafindraibe NP, Ravonirina C, Randriamparany T, Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo H, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Cardinale E, Lightowlers MW, Donadeu M, Mwape KE. Confirmation by necropsy of a high prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in a rural district of Madagascar. Parasitology 2023; 150:852-857. [PMID: 37496390 PMCID: PMC10478050 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis is recognized as an important health issue in the Malagasy population. To date, investigations into prevalence of infection with the causative agent, Taenia solium, in the parasite's natural animal intermediate hosts, have relied on serological methods which have been found to be non-specific. We determined the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis among pigs from a contiguous area of the Betafo and Mandoto administrative districts, Vakinankaratra Region, Madagascar. One hundred and four slaughter-weight pigs were examined by detailed necropsy examination including slicing of the heart, tongue, masseter muscles, diaphragm and carcase musculature. Thirty-seven animals (35.6%) were found infected with T. solium, representing one of the highest rates of infection ever reported, worldwide. These findings highlight the importance of T. solium in Madagascar and support the need for increased efforts to prevent the parasite's transmission to reduce its burden on the health of the Malagasy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Edithe Andria Mananjara
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Mihajamanana Rakotoarinoro
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Valisoa C. Rakotoarison
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Modestine Raliniaina
- National Center for Applied Research on Rural Development (FOFIFA), BP04 Rue Farafaty Ampandrianomby, Antsirabe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | | | - Claudia Ravonirina
- Regional Directorate of Agriculture and Livestock Vakinankaratra, Madagascar
| | - Tantely Randriamparany
- National Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Anosimasina Itaosy, Antananarivo 102, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | - Marshall W. Lightowlers
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Meritxell Donadeu
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
- Initiative for Neglected Animal Diseases (INAND), Constantia Park, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kabemba E. Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
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Castillo Y, Wardle MT, Gamboa R, Elizalde M, Vilchez P, Rodriguez S, Gilman RH, Gonzalez AE, O’Neal SE, Garcia HH. Development and Laboratory Evaluation of a Simple, Field-Applicable Coproantigen Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Taeniasis in Northern Peru. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0028223. [PMID: 37367233 PMCID: PMC10358167 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00282-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coproantigen detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (coAg ELISA) is a vital tool for detecting and treating cases of Taenia solium taeniasis. However, the assay's procedures require costly materials and sophisticated equipment, which are typically inaccessible in rural settings where the disease is endemic. To overcome these barriers, we developed and evaluated a field-applicable coAg ELISA. The field coAg ELISA was developed and evaluated across four phases using known positive and negative stool samples collected from northern Peru. Phase I focused on field assay development, phase II on a small-scale performance evaluation, phase III on a large-scale evaluation, and phase IV on the use and reliability of a colorimetric scale card. All samples were processed using the field and standard assay procedures and compared using signal-to-noise ratios, correlation tests, performance characteristics, and agreement statistics where appropriate. The field coAg ELISA using reagents stored at -20°C and commercially available water and milk powder, and relying on spontaneous separation of the supernatant, had performance comparable to the standard assay. The field coAg ELISA was strongly correlated with the standard in both the small- and large-scale laboratory evaluation (r = 0.99 and r = 0.98, respectively). Finally, the field assay had an almost perfect agreement between independent readers (kappa = 0.975) and between each reader and the spectrophotometer. The field coAg ELISA demonstrated performance comparable to the standard, providing a low-cost alternative to the standard assay for identifying cases of intestinal taeniasis in a low-resource setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Castillo
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Melissa T. Wardle
- Oregon Health & Science University - Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ricardo Gamboa
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mayra Elizalde
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Percy Vilchez
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Silvia Rodriguez
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert H. Gilman
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Seth E. O’Neal
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Oregon Health & Science University - Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Xu WB, Fu JJ, Yuan XJ, Xian QJ, Zhang LJ, Song PP, You ZQ, Wang CT, Zhao QG, Pang F. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:4912-4919. [PMID: 37584000 PMCID: PMC10424049 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i20.4912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical symptoms and imaging manifestations of neurocysticercosis (NCC) are very different, and the difficulty and delay of clinical diagnoses may lead to an increase in mortality and disability. Rapid and accurate pathogen identification is important for the treatment of these patients. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a powerful tool to identify pathogens, especially in infections that are difficult to identify by conventional methods. CASE SUMMARY A 43-year-old male patient was admitted due to a recurrent headache for a few months. Imaging examinations showed hydrocephalus and cystic lesions, which were considered to be a central nervous system infection, but no etiology was found by routine examination. mNGS of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed high Taenia solium reads, and the positive results of a cysticercosis antibody test confirmed the infection. Combined with the patient's clinical manifestations, the etiological evidence, and the imaging manifestation, the patient was finally diagnosed with NCC and he was prescribed dexamethasone, albendazole, neurotrophic drugs, and intracranial pressure reduction therapy. The headaches disappeared after anti-parasite treatment, and no associated symptoms recurred prior to the three- and six-month follow-up. CONCLUSION As an accurate and sensitivity detection method, mNGS can be a reliable approach for the diagnosis of NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Juan-Juan Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ju Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qing-Jie Xian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ping-Ping Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Qing You
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng-Tan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qi-Gang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Feng Pang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong Province, China
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Peralta I, Ramírez MDJE, Baldoncini M, Vicente D, Willingham AL, Nurmukhametov R, Valdez S, Castillo Y, Encarnación DA, Soler IJR, Rosario AR. Surgical nuances of giant neurocysticercosis according to intracranial location in the Southwest region of the Dominican Republic, presentation of cases, and literature review. Surg Neurol Int 2023; 14:242. [PMID: 37560572 PMCID: PMC10408627 DOI: 10.25259/sni_385_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common infestation of the central nervous system, caused by the larval stage of the pig tapeworm Taenia solium. It is prevalent in regions with poor sanitation and underdevelopment, such as Latin America. CASE DESCRIPTION We present four cases in which they harbored an intraventricular/intraparenchymal, frontal convexity, cerebellomedullary, and intraparenchymal NCC cyst of medium size, respectively. Three of them underwent complete removal of the cyst by craniotomy; the fourth had a shunt for obstructive hydrocephalus first, followed by excision of a suboccipital cyst 8 months later. CONCLUSION The intraventricular/intraparenchymal lesion was more complex to treat than its subarachnoid counterparts because the average brain should be transected and dissected away to achieve total removal. Waterjet dissection, arachnoid microdissection, and cyst drainage allowed minor brain damage than capsule coagulation and traction. Populated prospective studies are needed better to understand the surgical nuances of these rare entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Peralta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dr. Alejandro Cabral Hospital, San Juan de la Maguana, Dominican Republic
| | | | - Matias Baldoncini
- Laboratory of Microsurgical Neuroanatomy, Second Chair of Gross Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dauly Vicente
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dr. Alejandro Cabral Hospital, Diego De Velasquez, San Juan de la Maguana, Dominican Republic
| | - Arve Lee Willingham
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Renat Nurmukhametov
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sandy Valdez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dr. Alejandro Cabral Hospital, San Juan de la Maguana, Dominican Republic
| | - Yussaira Castillo
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Stelzle D, Makasi C, Welte TM, Ruether C, Schmidt V, Gabriel S, Bottieau E, Fleury A, Ngowi BJ, Winkler AS. Report of three patients with extensive neurocysticercosis in rural southern Tanzania: neurological, serological and neuroradiological findings. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:311. [PMID: 37408061 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-03974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is common in eastern Africa, but disease presentation varies considerably. Most patients have single or few NCC-typical lesions in their brain but some present with a large number of lesions. We present three patients with positive antibody-based serology for Taenia solium cysticercosis screened at the Vwawa district hospital, Mbozi district, southern Tanzania, in whom extensive NCC was confirmed by neuroimaging. CASE PRESENTATIONS Patient 1 was a 55-year-old female from the tribe Malila smallholder farmer who has had four generalized tonic-clonic epileptic seizures over a period of 11 years and one episode of transient left hemiparesis one year before seizure onset. The patient also reported monthly to weekly episodes of severe, progressive, unilateral headache. The computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain showed 25 NCC lesions of which 15 were in the vesicular stage. Patient 2 was a 30-year-old male from tribe Nyha mechanic who reported monthly episodes of moderate to severe, progressive, bilateral headache, but no epileptic seizures. The CT scan showed 63 NCC lesions of which 50 were in the vesicular stage. Patient 3 was a 54-year-old female from the tribe Malila smallholder farmer who suffered from frequent generalized tonic-clonic epileptic seizures with potential signs of focal seizure onset. She also reported weekly to daily episodes of severe, progressive, unilateral headache. The CT scan showed 29 NCC lesions of which 28 were in the vesicular stage. CONCLUSIONS Clinical presentation of NCC with multiple brain lesions varies considerably ranging from few epileptic seizures and severe headache to severe epilepsy with frequent epileptic seizures. Individuals with neurological signs/symptoms that may be due to NCC, based for example on epidemiological criteria or serological evidence of cysticercosis, are recommended to undergo neuroimaging before anthelminthic treatment is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stelzle
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - C Makasi
- Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - T M Welte
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Ruether
- Department of Neuroradiology, RoMed Clinic Rosenheim, Rosenheim, Germany
| | - V Schmidt
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Gabriel
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Fleury
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - B J Ngowi
- Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- University of Dar Es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allies Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - A S Winkler
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Chege B, Ndambuki G, Owiny M, Kiyong’a A, Fèvre EM, Cook EAJ. Improved latrine coverage may reduce porcine cysticercosis: a comparative cross-sectional study, Busia County, Kenya 2021. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1155467. [PMID: 37476824 PMCID: PMC10354266 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1155467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Smallholder pig farming is an important economic activity for many poor, rural communities in developing countries. Porcine cysticercosis is a growing public health risk in countries where pig rearing is popular. A sanitation-based intervention to reduce the prevalence of open defecation was completed in Busia County, Kenya in 2016. We capitalized on this third party intervention to evaluate its impact on porcine cysticercosis prevalence. Methods We conducted a comparative cross-sectional survey from August through to September 2021. Household selection was done using multistage sampling. Household questionnaire data on pig production, transmission, risk factors and awareness of porcine cysticercosis were collected from 251 households. Lingual palpation was used to test for cysticerci in 370 pigs while serum was tested for circulating antigen using Ag-ELISA. We compared results of our survey to an effective baseline, which was a near equivalent cross sectional survey conducted in 2012 before the third party sanitary intervention was established. The difference in prevalence was measured using Chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for lingual cysts in pigs. Results The prevalence of palpable lingual cysts was estimated to be 3.8% (95% CI 2.3-6.3%) (14/370). This was 6% (95% CI 0.8-13.9%; p-value 0.0178) lower than the prevalence reported in the pre-implementation period of 9.7% (95% CI: 4.5-17.6%). Circulating antigen was detected in 2 samples (0.54%, 95% CI: 0.2-1.9). Latrine coverage was 86% (95% CI: 81-90%), which was 11% (95% CI: 4.8-16.8%; p < 0.001) higher than the pre-implementation period coverage of 75% (95% CI: 71-79%). There was reduced prevalence of lingual cysts in pigs from households that had a latrine (OR = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.05-0.43; p < 0.001) and where pigs were confined or tethered (OR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.07-1.02; p = 0.053). Conclusion There was a reduction in the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Busia County over the study period from 2012 to 2021. This was not a trial design so we are unable to directly link the decline to a specific cause, but the data are consistent with previous research indicating that improved sanitation reduces porcine cysticercosis. Programs for controlling porcine cysticercosis should include a focus on sanitation in addition to other integrated One Health approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Chege
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP), Nairobi, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gideon Ndambuki
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurice Owiny
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (FELTP), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alice Kiyong’a
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Tang NL, Nash TE, Corda M, Nutman TB, O'Connell EM. Triplex ELISA for Assessing Durability of Taenia solium Seropositivity after Neurocysticercosis Cure. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1340-1348. [PMID: 37347506 PMCID: PMC10310364 DOI: 10.3201/eid2907.230364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis prevalence estimates often are based on serosurveys. However, assessments of Taenia solium seropositivity durability in patients with various neurocysticercosis types are lacking. We optimized a triplex serologic ELISA by using synthetic GP50, T24H, and Ts18var3 antigens for T. solium. We used that assay to test sequential serologic responses over several years after neurocysticercosis cure in 46 patients, 9 each with parenchymal or ventricular neurocysticercosis and 28 with subarachnoid disease. Triplex results were concordant with 98% of positive and 100% of negative enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blots. Eight years after neurocysticercosis cure, 11.1% of patients with parenchymal, 47.3% with subarachnoid, and 41.7% with ventricular disease were still seropositive. Median time to seroreversion after cure in this cohort in a T. solium nonendemic area was 2 years for parenchymal disease, 4 years for ventricular disease, and 8 years for subarachnoid disease. Our findings can inform epidemiologic models that rely on serosurveys to estimate disease burden.
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Mitarnun W. Racemose Neurocysticercosis: A Rare Cause of Rapidly Progressive Dementia-A Case Report. Neurohospitalist 2023; 13:294-296. [PMID: 37441209 PMCID: PMC10334050 DOI: 10.1177/19418744231161948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes the case of a 68-year-old woman with episodic memory impairment for 6 months. Brain magnetic resonance imaging detected multiple extra-axial variable-sized cystic lesions in the left medial temporal lobe, suprasellar cistern, and perimesencephalic cistern. The serum and cerebrospinal fluid tested positive for Taenia solium, confirming racemose neurocysticercosis. Albendazole and praziquantel were administered for 6 months and prednisolone for 1 month. After 3 months, her symptoms resolved. Despite its rarity, racemose neurocysticercosis should be considered in patients with rapidly progressive dementia and cystic brain lesions.
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Baquedano LE, Bernal EG, Carrion DJ, Delgado AD, Gavidia CM, Kirwan DE, Gilman RH, Verastegui MR. Impaired spatial working memory and reduced hippocampal neuronal density in a rat model of neurocysticercosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1183322. [PMID: 37323586 PMCID: PMC10267319 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1183322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common parasitic disease affecting the nervous system and is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide, as well as cognitive impairment, especially affecting memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of NCC on spatial working memory and its correlation with hippocampal neuronal density, in a rat model of NCC. This experimental study was conducted on female (n = 60) and male (n = 73) Holtzman rats. NCC was induced by intracranial inoculation of T. solium oncospheres in 14 day-old-rats. Spatial working memory was assessed using the T-maze test at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-inoculation, and sensorimotor evaluation was performed at 12 months post-inoculation. Hippocampal neuronal density was evaluated by immunostaining of NeuN-positive cells of the CA1 region. Of the rats inoculated with T. solium oncospheres, 87.2% (82/94) developed NCC. The study showed a significant decline in spatial working memory over a 1-year follow-up period in rats experimentally infected with NCC. Males showed an early decline that started at 3 months, while females demonstrated it at 9 months. Additionally, a decrease in neuronal density was observed in the hippocampus of NCC-infected rats, with a more significant reduction in rats with cysts in the hippocampus than in rats with cysts in other brain areas and control rats. This rat model of NCC provides valuable support for the relationship between neurocysticercosis and spatial working memory deficits. Further investigations are required to determine the mechanisms involved in cognitive impairment and establish the basis for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Baquedano
- Parasitological Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
- The Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Edson G. Bernal
- The Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru, Lima, Peru
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel J. Carrion
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy and Human Sciences, Universidad Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, Lima, Peru
| | - Ana D. Delgado
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar M. Gavidia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
- The Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniela E. Kirwan
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H. Gilman
- The Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru, Lima, Peru
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, United States
| | - Manuela R. Verastegui
- The Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru, Lima, Peru
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
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Ngwili N, Ahimbisibwe S, Sentamu DN, Thomas LF, Ouma E. Structure of the pork value chain in Northern Uganda: implications for Taenia solium control interventions. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1177526. [PMID: 37283878 PMCID: PMC10239858 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1177526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study characterizes the pork value chain in Agago, Kitgum, Lamwo, and Pader districts of Northern Uganda and analyzes its implications on the transmission and control of Taenia solium infections. Methodology Data were collected through focus group discussions (FGDs) with farmers and pig and pork traders, key informant interviews (KIIs) with local government officials and consumers, and district-level multi-stakeholder mini workshops organized in the study area. The value chain actors identified include input and services providers, pig farmers, live pig traders, pork traders, and consumers. Results Most of the pig production, marketing and consumption was found to occur through informal channels. Pig production in this area is dominated by smallholder extensive systems, with most producers keeping less than 10 pigs. The production segment of the pig value chain is characterized by low use of inputs and services such as veterinary extension, drugs and improved feeds. Pigs scavenge for food under free-range systems and are at risk of parasitic infections such as the zoonotic helminth Taenia solium. This risk is exacerbated by the inherent contextual aspects of the study sites including low latrine coverage, open defecation, and high poverty. In addition, some respondents viewed pigs as "sanitation policemen" where they leave them to roam around and eat dirt including feaces thereby cleaning the environment. T. solium was recognized as an important pig health constraint in this value chain alongside African swine fever (ASF). Unlike ASF that was associated with the pig mortalities, the cysts were associated with rejection of pigs by traders at purchase, condemnation of pig carcasses by meat inspectors and rejection of raw pork by consumers at points of sale. Discussion Poor organization of the value chain and lack veterinary extension and meat inspection services results in some pigs infected with T. solium entering the food chain, exposing consumers to infection with the parasite. To reduce the pig production losses and public health impact from T. solium infections, there is need for control and prevention interventions targeting specific nodes of the value chain where the risk of transmission is highest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salaviriuse Ahimbisibwe
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Alliance-Bioversity International-CIAT, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Derrick Noah Sentamu
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Alliance-Bioversity International-CIAT, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lian F. Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Ouma
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o Alliance-Bioversity International-CIAT, Kampala, Uganda
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Razok A, Ali M, Shams A, Zahid M. Neurocysticercosis presenting with oculomotor nerve palsy: Case report and literature review. IDCases 2023; 32:e01788. [PMID: 37214182 PMCID: PMC10197005 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC), a central nervous system infection caused by the cystic larvae of Taenia Solium, is endemic in many low-to-middle income countries. NCC is known to have a variety of presentations depending on the size and site of involvement including chronic headaches, seizures, hydrocephalus, and ischemic insults. NCC has also been rarely associated with cranial nerve palsies. We report the case of a 26-year-old Nepalese lady who presented with isolated left-sided oculomotor nerve palsy and was found to have midbrain NCC. She was treated with anthelminthic agents and corticosteroids which led to clinical improvement. NCC can present with a variety of focal neurological syndromes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of NCC presenting with third cranial nerve palsy in the state of Qatar and the middle east. We also review the literature for other cases of NCC which presented with isolated oculomotor nerve palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almurtada Razok
- Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Maisa Ali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha PO 3050, Qatar
| | - Abdullah Shams
- Department of Cardiology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha PO 3050, Qatar
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha PO 3050, Qatar
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Singh S, Jaiswal V, Tiwari S, Yadav S. Revisiting extracranial cysticercosis: A rare case series of mycoparasitism affecting the cervicofacial region from an endemic zone. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2023; 14:317-320. [PMID: 37661975 PMCID: PMC10474530 DOI: 10.4103/njms.njms_141_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A systemic parasitic infestation caused by the larval stages of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium is known as Cysticercosis. While encysted form of the larval stage is attributed to rare variant of Cysticercosis of soft tissues. Muscle infestation by this parasite can lead to vague clinical presentation. We are presenting a series of 4 rare cases of extracranial, cervicofacial cysticercosis their clinical attributes and imaging characteristics leading to diagnosis of cysticercosis and approach to successful outcome with pharmacotherapy alone that spared the need of surgical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Singh
- Department of General Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vaibhav Jaiswal
- Department of Trauma Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Tiwari
- Department of Trauma Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shailendra Yadav
- Department of General Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mulilo MA, Mwape KE, M’kandawire E, Mkupasi EM. Quantitative risk assessment for human Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis exposure through consumption of pork in Mpwapwa District of Dodoma Region, Tanzania. Vet World 2023; 16:895-911. [PMID: 37576769 PMCID: PMC10420725 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.895-911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Pig farming is a livelihood activity undertaken by many rural communities in Tanzania. However, pigs in rural communities become infected with Taenia solium, a zoonotic parasite leading to porcine cysticercosis (PCC). Thus, routine meat inspection is fundamental in ensuring that the meat consumed is PCC-free. However, routine meat inspection is constrained by low sensitivity as a diagnostic test. Regardless of its low sensitivity, at the local level, no substitute tool would potentially lead to meat being risk-free for human infection. This study aimed at quantifying the risk of humans getting exposed to T. solium taeniasis through the consumption of pork approved safe for human consumption by employing a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) model. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study employing a quantitative risk assessment technique was conducted to quantify the risk of human infection in Mpwapwa District through exposure to T. solium infection through consumption of officially inspected pork. The input parameters in this study were simulated in @risk software to obtain the risk of exposure and the risk factors for exposure to T. solium taeniasis. Results The risk of one getting exposed to T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis (TSTC) through consumption of pork approved for human consumption was found to be 0.018 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.00-0.0250). Likewise, the probability that a cyst is localized in a pork portion was found to be the most influencing input risk factor of getting exposed to TSTC. Furthermore, the probability of developing T. solium taeniasis was estimated to be 0.73605 (95% CI = 0-0.950) when infected undercooked pork portion is consumed and 0.99652 (95% CI = 0.98161-0.99908) from consuming raw pork portion. Likewise, about 47 (95% CI = 42-52) people who consumed undercooked pork and 26 (95% CI = 22-30) who consumed raw pork would get infected in Mpwapwa District per year. Conclusion The results from this study are anticipated to create public awareness of the problem and promote the use of one-health approach in the control and prevention of the consumption of infected pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misheck A. Mulilo
- Livestock Training Agency, Department of Training, Research and Consultancy, Mpwapwa, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Kabemba E. Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ethel M’kandawire
- Department of Disease Control, The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ernatus M. Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Larkins A, Bruce M, Ash A. A Spatial Autocorrelation Method for Taenia solium Risk Mapping: The Case of Lao PDR. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8040221. [PMID: 37104347 PMCID: PMC10146971 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization has identified Taenia solium mapping tools as an important development for intensifying control in hyperendemic areas. Taenia solium has also been identified as a priority by the Lao PDR government. There is a limited understanding of the distribution of T. solium due to inherent diagnostic challenges. METHOD Global and local autocorrelation statistics were applied to available risk factor data sourced from national censuses to map the risk of Taenia solium in Lao PDR. RESULTS Approximately 50% of villages could be considered hot spots for one or more risk factors. Different risk factor hot spots co-occurred in 30% of villages. Twenty per cent of villages were classified as hot spots for the proportion of households owning pigs and another risk factor. Northern Lao PDR was the dominant high-risk area. This is consistent with passive reports, limited surveys, and anecdotal reports. One smaller area in southern Lao PDR was also identified as high-risk. This is of particular interest because T. solium has not previously been investigated in this area. CONCLUSIONS The methods applied provide a simple, rapid, and versatile approach that allows endemic countries to begin mapping the risk of T. solium at a sub-national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Larkins
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Amanda Ash
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
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Castillo Y, Toribio LM, Guzman C, Arroyo G, Espinoza C, Saavedra H, Bustos JA, Dorny P, O’Neal SE, Garcia HH. Consistent Measurement of Parasite-Specific Antigen Levels in Sera of Patients with Neurocysticercosis Using Two Different Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays. Pathogens 2023; 12:566. [PMID: 37111451 PMCID: PMC10143799 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a complementary diagnosis technique for neurocysticercosis (NCC), which detects circulating parasite antigen (Ag) indicative of viable infection and Ag levels that correlate well with the parasite burden. In this study, we compared the performance of two Ag-ELISA techniques for the detection of NCC. We assessed the agreement between our in-house TsW8/TsW5 Ag-ELISA and the widely used B158/B60 Ag-ELISA for measuring T. solium antigen levels in the sera from 113 patients with calcified, parenchymal, and subarachnoid NCC. Concordance was demonstrated evaluating the limits of agreement (LoAs) stratified by the type of NCC. Both ELISA's detected 47/48 (97.8%) subarachnoid NCC cases. In parenchymal and calcified NCC, the B158/B60 Ag-ELISA detected 19/24 (79.2%) and 18/41 (43.9%) cases, while the TsW8/TsW5 Ag-ELISA detected 21/24 (87.5%) and 13/41 (31.7%), respectively. Parenchymal and calcified NCC obtained a perfect agreement (100%), indicating that all sample results were within the predicted LoA, while for subarachnoid NCC, the agreement was 89.6%. The high concordance between the assays was confirmed by Lin's concordance coefficient (LCC = 0.97). Patients with viable parenchymal NCC (LCC = 0.95) obtained the highest concordance between assays, followed by subarachnoid NCC (LCC = 0.93) and calcified NCC (LCC = 0.92). The TsW8/TsW5 Ag-ELISA and B158/B60 Ag-ELISA showed high Ag measurement correlations across diverse types of NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Castillo
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
| | - Luz M. Toribio
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima 15030, Peru
| | - Carolina Guzman
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima 15030, Peru
| | - Gianfranco Arroyo
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
| | - Cindy Espinoza
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
| | - Herbert Saavedra
- Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima 15030, Peru
| | - Javier A. Bustos
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima 15030, Peru
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2060 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Seth E. O’Neal
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Sciences, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Hector H. Garcia
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15202, Peru; (Y.C.)
- Cysticercosis Unit, National Institute of Neurological Sciences, Lima 15030, Peru
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School for Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Ngwili N, Sentamu DN, Korir M, Adriko M, Beinamaryo P, Dione MM, Kaducu JM, Mubangizi A, Mwinzi PN, Thomas LF, Dixon MA. Spatial and temporal distribution of Taenia solium and its risk factors in Uganda. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 129:274-284. [PMID: 36805327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The lack of subnational mapping of the zoonotic cestode Taenia solium in endemic countries presents a major challenge to achieving intensified T. solium control milestones, as outlined in the "World Health Organization neglected tropical disease roadmap by 2030". We conducted a mapping study in Uganda, considered to be endemic, to identify subnational high-risk areas. METHODS T. solium prevalence data, adjusted for diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in a Bayesian framework, were identified through a systematic review. Spatial autocorrelation and interpolation techniques were used to transform demographic and health survey cluster-level sanitation and poverty indicators, overlaid onto a pig density map for Uganda into modelled porcine cysticercosis (PCC) risk maps. RESULTS A total of 16 articles (n = 11 PCC and n = 5 human cysticercosis (HCC) and/or human taeniasis) were included in the final analysis. The observed HCC prevalence ranged from 0.01% to 6.0% (confidence interval range: 0.004-11.4%), whereas the adjusted PCC ranged from 0.3 to 93.9% (uncertainty interval range: 0-99.8%). There was substantial variation in the modelled PCC risk factors and prevalence across Uganda and over time. CONCLUSION The high PCC prevalence and moderate HCC exposure estimates indicate the need for urgent implementation of T. solium control efforts in Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ngwili
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Derrick N Sentamu
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Max Korir
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses Adriko
- Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Prudence Beinamaryo
- Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michel M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, c/o AfricaRice, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Joyce Moriku Kaducu
- Ministry of Health: Hon. State Minister of Health, Primary Care, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alfred Mubangizi
- Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pauline Ngina Mwinzi
- The Expanded Special Project for Elimination of NTDs, World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Lian F Thomas
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Matthew A Dixon
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK; SCI Foundation, Edinburgh House, London, UK; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Stelzle D, Makasi C, Schmidt V, Trevisan C, Van Damme I, Ruether C, Dorny P, Magnussen P, Zulu G, Mwape KE, Bottieau E, Prazeres da Costa C, Prodjinotho UF, Carabin H, Jackson E, Fleury A, Gabriël S, Ngowi BJ, Winkler AS. Efficacy and safety of antiparasitic therapy for neurocysticercosis in rural Tanzania: a prospective cohort study. Infection 2023:10.1007/s15010-023-02021-y. [PMID: 36961623 PMCID: PMC10037392 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neurocysticercosis is common in regions endemic for Taenia solium. Active-stage neurocysticercosis can be treated with antiparasitic medication, but so far no study on efficacy and safety has been conducted in Africa. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study on treatment of neurocysticercosis in Tanzania between August 2018 and January 2022. Patients were initially treated with albendazole (15 mg/kg/d) for 10 days and followed up for 6 months. Additionally in July 2021, all participants who then still had cysts were offered a combination therapy consisting of albendazole (15 mg/kg/d) and praziquantel (50 mg/kg/d). Antiparasitic treatment was accompanied by corticosteroid medication and anti-seizure medication if the patient had experienced epileptic seizures before treatment. RESULTS Sixty-three patients were recruited for this study, of whom 17 had a complete follow-up after albendazole monotherapy. These patients had a total of 138 cysts at baseline, of which 58 (42%) had disappeared or calcified by the end of follow-up. The median cyst reduction was 40% (interquartile range 11-63%). Frequency of epileptic seizures reduced considerably (p < 0.001). Three patients had all active cysts resolved or calcified and of the remaining 14, eight received the combination therapy which resolved 63 of 66 cysts (95%). Adverse events were infrequent and mild to moderate during both treatment cycles. CONCLUSION Cyst resolution was unsatisfactory with albendazole monotherapy but was very high when it was followed by a combination of albendazole and praziquantel.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stelzle
- Center for Global Health, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany.
| | - C Makasi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - V Schmidt
- Center for Global Health, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - C Trevisan
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - I Van Damme
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Service of Foodborne Pathogens, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Ruether
- Department of Neuroradiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - P Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P Magnussen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Zulu
- Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - K E Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - E Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Prazeres da Costa
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Center for Global Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection and Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - U F Prodjinotho
- Center for Global Health, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Center for Global Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - H Carabin
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
- Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, École de Santé Publique de l'université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3N 1X9, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP) de l'université de Montréal et du CIUSS du Centre Sud de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3N 1X9, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique (GREZOSP), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - E Jackson
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP) de l'université de Montréal et du CIUSS du Centre Sud de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3N 1X9, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique (GREZOSP), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - A Fleury
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas-UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía/Facultad de Medicina-UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - S Gabriël
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B J Ngowi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Muhimbili Medical Research Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allies Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - A S Winkler
- Center for Global Health, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
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Rueda RG, Ospina RAK, Másmela LAO, López NG, Calambas AIO, Díaz LFN, Ippolito NGA, Fernández-Niño JA, Páez MCL. Knowledge and practices about taeniasis/cysticercosis complex within the framework of the national plan for its elimination in Colombia, 2019. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106907. [PMID: 36963599 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The taeniasis/cysticercosis complex (TCC) belongs to the group of neglected infectious diseases with a multifactorial transmission that includes hosts such as humans and pigs of the parasitic tapeworm (Taenia solium) and environmental factors. This study represents the first phase of the National and Cross-sectoral Plan for TCC Elimination. OBJECTIVES To obtain data about knowledge and practices in relation to the TCC from knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surveys applied in two pilot localities for building a baseline of the potential risk factors related to identification, prevention, and control of TCC in Colombia. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional survey from October to November in 2019 was carried out using a structured questionnaire and random sampling by single-stage conglomerates in the municipalities of Mahates, Bolívar (n=152) (Atlantic Region) and Mercaderes, Cauca (n=152) (Andean Region). RESULTS Respondents in Mahates showed moderate knowledge about TCC compared to those in Mercaderes, however, risky practices were identified in both places (consumption of pork with cysts and defecation in places other than the bathroom or latrine). Deficiency in infrastructure and failure in basic services were observed as potential risk factors for TCC transmission in both municipalities. CONCLUSION Based on the framework of the National and Cross-sectoral Plan for TCC Elimination, adequate knowledge on identification, prevention, and control of the disease must be reinforced; cultural and ecological differences should be considered when designing communication and knowledge transmission tools. We consider that major investment should be made in improving basic services and creating sustainable modernized pig farming in Mahates and Mercaderes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Natalia Gómez López
- Departamento de Historia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes. Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Norman Giovanni Apráez Ippolito
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Secretaría Departamental de Salud del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
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Larkins A, Keatley S, Insisiengmay B, Phetsouvanh R, Bruce M, Ash A. The challenges of detecting Taenia solium and neurocysticercosis in low and middle-income countries: A scoping review of Lao People's Democratic Republic. Trop Med Int Health 2023; 28:344-356. [PMID: 36898844 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Taenia solium is a tapeworm of global importance due to the burden of disease associated with human epilepsy caused by neurocysticercosis. Unfortunately, diagnostic challenges impede control efforts in many low and middle-income countries. This review examines publications concerning Taenia species in the Lao PDR with a focus on T. solium to inform future research and control programmes. METHODS PubMed and Scopus databases were primary sources of evidence. Publications must have reported taeniasis or T. solium results from Lao PDR. Publications repeating results or samples were combined into unique projects. RESULTS A total of 64 publications were included and summarised into 46 projects. The majority of projects applied faecal microscopy as their only diagnostic technique. As a result, the specific species of Taenia was often not determined. Only five projects used molecular techniques to identify the species observed. Only case report of neurocysticercosis has been published. The northern region was included in half the number of projects compared to the south, despite being a high-risk area T. solium. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic challenge of determining the species of Taenia present in a faecal sample presents a significant limitation to the control of T. solium in Lao PDR and is an experience that is relevant to many other low and middle-income countries. There must be an improved understanding of the distribution and frequency of T. solium if disease control efforts are to be intensified to reduce the burden of neurocysticercosis, as encouraged by WHO and others. It is hoped that this can be achieved through non-biological risk mapping tools and the more frequent application of molecular tools to routine sample collection. Diagnostic tools that are applicable to low resource settings should be a priority area of research for T. solium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Larkins
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Keatley
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Mieghan Bruce
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda Ash
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Hou J, Chen W, Chen R, He C, Ma Y, Qu J. A rare case of human taeniasis caused by Taenia saginata with species undetermined cysticercosis. Parasitology 2023; 150:240-7. [PMID: 36529855 DOI: 10.1017/S003118202200169X] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Taeniasis and cysticercosis, which are caused by Taenia saginata, Taenia solium and Taenia asiatica, are zoonotic parasitic infections with a significant disease burden worldwide. There is consensus amongst experts that T. saginata is a common tapeworm that causes taeniasis in humans as opposed to cysticercosis. This case study of a middle-aged Tibetan man conducted in 2021 challenges the prevailing notion that T. saginata exclusively causes taeniasis and not cysticercosis by documenting symptoms and laboratory studies related to both taeniasis and multiple cysticercosis. The patient's medical record with the symptoms of taeniasis and cysticercosis was reviewed, and the tapeworm's proglottids and cyst were identified from the patient by morphological evaluation, DNA amplification and sequencing. The patient frequently experienced severe headaches and vomiting. Both routine blood screenings and testing for antibodies against the most common parasites were normal. After anthelmintic treatment, an adult tapeworm was found in feces, and medical imaging examinations suggested multiple focal nodules in the brain and muscles of the patient. The morphological and molecular diagnosis of the proglottids revealed the Cestoda was T. saginata. Despite the challenges presented by the cyst's morphology, the molecular analysis suggested that it was most likely T. saginata. This case study suggests that T. saginata infection in humans has the potential to cause human cysticercosis. However, such a conclusion needs to be vetted by accurate genome-wide analysis in patients with T. saginata taeniasis associated with cysts. Such studies shall provide new insights into the pathogenicity of T. saginata.
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Hernández-Chea RD, Morales-Ramírez P, Hernández M, Toledo A, Hun A, Sciutto E, Fleury A. Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in Guatemala: a prevalent public health problem? Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:5-13. [PMID: 35657099 PMCID: PMC9848295 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2083757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In Guatemala, neurocysticercosis (NCC) was first recognized in 1940; since then, cases of NCC have been reported in all Guatemalan departments. However, epidemiological studies on Taenia solium infections are scarce and most information remains unpublished. This study aims to provide evidence of T. solium infections as a public health problem in Guatemala. All information available, either published or unpublished, on T. solium infections in the country was compiled. Official data from the Ministry of Health for the period 2003-2019 were reviewed and analyzed, and all cases of T. solium infections were classified and counted. In total, 5246 cases of taeniasis and 454 cases of human cysticercosis were recorded. On the other hand, 44 studies were identified, mostly from local journals, which included 1951 cases of taeniasis, 2873 cases of human cysticercosis of which 543 were classified with complete diagnosis, and 2590 cases of porcine cysticercosis. Cases were classified by geographic region, patient sex, and Taenia species in taeniasis cases when information was available, and the departments with the highest number of taeniasis and cysticercosis cases were identified. Meanwhile, in Zacapa, a northeastern department of Guatemala with one the highest number of taeniasis cases, a young man diagnosed with a severe form of NCC and two cases of porcine cysticercosis (both confirmed by necropsy) were identified. Taken together, the data herein reported indicate that T. solium infections are a major health problem in Guatemala that needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderico David Hernández-Chea
- Instituto de Investigaciones, Centro Universitario de Zacapa, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Zacapa, Guatemala,Dirección de Área de Salud Guatemala Sur, Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social, Amatitlán, Guatemala,CONTACT Roderico David Hernández Chea Instituto de Investigaciones, Centro Universitario de Zacapa, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Zacapa, GuatemalaThis article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article
| | - Paola Morales-Ramírez
- Facultad de Biología Química y Farmacia, Universidad Galileo, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Marisela Hernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Andrea Toledo
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alejandro Hun
- Maestría en Ciencia Animal, Escuela de Posgrado, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Agnès Fleury
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México,Unidad Periférica del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Instituto de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México, México
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Haq SH, Shah SR, Bux J, Le AS, Golzarian H, Mueller D, Sreenan JJ, Patel SM, Laird A, Cole W. To intervene or not to intervene: A case of symptomatic neurocysticercosis complicated by ventriculitis. IDCases 2023; 31:e01702. [PMID: 36747911 PMCID: PMC9898726 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although well described in the current literature, Neurocysticercosis [NCC] remains an enigma when confronted by practitioners. This is in part due to the haphazard nature of the parasitic infection on the central nervous system [CNS]. These include single or multiple anatomic sites of infection, stage of parasitosis, and the resultant inflammatory response. As a result, NCC can present with a complex constellation of symptomatic presentations, making therapeutic regiments highly individualized. Despite intervention, other impediments may arise post-therapy due to the nature of the infection. We present a case of rapidly progressive symptomatic NCC that initially was successfully treated, however would eventually succumb to complications of ventriculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed H. Haq
- Department of Internal Medicine, BonSecour Mercy Health—St. Rita’s Medical Center, Lima, OH, USA
| | - Sidra R. Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, BonSecour Mercy Health—St. Rita’s Medical Center, Lima, OH, USA
| | - Jannet Bux
- Department of Internal Medicine, BonSecour Mercy Health—St. Rita’s Medical Center, Lima, OH, USA
| | - Anh Si Le
- Department of Internal Medicine, BonSecour Mercy Health—St. Rita’s Medical Center, Lima, OH, USA
| | - Hafez Golzarian
- Department of Internal Medicine, BonSecour Mercy Health—St. Rita’s Medical Center, Lima, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine, BonSecour Mercy Health—St. Rita’s Medical Center, Lima, OH, USA
| | - Joseph J. Sreenan
- Department of Pathology Medicine, BonSecour Mercy Health—St. Rita’s Medical Center, Lima, OH, USA
| | - Sandeep M. Patel
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, BonSecour Mercy Health—St. Rita’s Medical Center, Lima, OH, USA
| | - Amanda Laird
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, BonSecour Mercy Health—St. Rita’s Medical Center, Lima, OH, USA
| | - William Cole
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, BonSecour Mercy Health—St. Rita’s Medical Center, Lima, OH, USA
- Correspondence to: Department of Critical Care, St. Rita's Medical Center (Mercy), 730 West Market Street, Lima, OH 45801, USA.
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Li L, He W, Fan X, Liu M, Luo B, Yang F, Jiang N, Wang L, Zhou B. Proteomic analysis of Taenia solium cysticercus and adult stages. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:934197. [PMID: 36699330 PMCID: PMC9868161 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.934197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium (T. solium) cysticercosis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis that occurs in developing countries. Since T. solium has a complex life cycle that includes eggs, oncospheres, cysticerci, and adults, presumably many proteins are produced that enable them to survive and establish an infection within the host. The objectives of this study were to perform a comparative proteomic analysis of two ontogenetic stages of T. solium (cysticerci and adult) and to analyze their differential expression of proteins. Methods proteins were separated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation, and protein samples were also digested in liquid and identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); the differentially expressed proteins were then processed by a bioinformatics analysis and verified by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). Results we identified 2,481 proteins by label-free quantitative proteomics. Then differentially expressed proteins were screened under P values < 0.05 and 2 fold change, we found that 293 proteins up-regulated and 265 proteins down-regulated. Discussion through the bioinformatics analysis, we analyzed the differences types and functions of proteins in the Taenia solium and cysticercus, the data will provide reference value for studying the pathogenic mechanism of the two stages and the interaction with the host, and also support for further experimental verification.
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Labuschagne J, Frean J, Parbhoo K, Mutyaba D, Pillay T, Boughan S, Nkala H. Disseminated Human Subarachnoid Coenurosis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7. [PMID: 36548661 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traditionally, human coenurosis has been ascribed to Taenia multiceps while neurocysticercosis has been attributed solely to Taenia solium infection. Historically, however, the identification and differentiation of cestodal infection was primarily based on inaccurate morphological criteria. With the increasing availability of molecular methods, the accuracy of identification of the larval cestode species has improved, and cestodal species not typically associated with central nervous system (CNS) infection are now being identified as aetiological agents. Case report: We present a case of a 5-year-old male patient who presented with acute hydrocephalus. Initial MRI revealed multiple cysts in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces with a predominance of clumped grape-like cysts in the basal cisterns with resultant acute obstructive hydrocephalus. The child underwent an emergency ventriculo-peritoneal (VP) shunt. A presumptive diagnosis of neurocysticercosis racemosus was made and the child was started on empiric albendazole (15 mg/kg/day) and praziquantel (30 mg/kg/day) treatment, along with concomitant prednisone (1 mg/kg) treatment. Despite prolonged anti-helminthic therapy, the child continued to deteriorate, and endoscopic removal of the 4th ventricular cysts was required. Post-operative MRI revealed radiological improvements, with a reduction in the number and size of cysts, especially in the basal cisterns, with no cysts visualized in the fourth ventricle. DNA was extracted from CSF and cyst tissue using the QiAMP DNA mini kit (Qiagen). The PCR performed on the extracted DNA displayed a band of 275 bp on an agarose gel. The consensus sequence had 97.68% similarity to Taenia serialis 12S ribosomal RNA gene. The child, unfortunately, continued to do poorly, requiring multiple VP shunt revisions for repeated blockage of the VP shunt system, and ultimately demised, despite the ‘successful’ surgical intervention and continued maximal medical management. Discussion and conclusions: There have been approximately 40 reported cases of human CNS coenurosis, with the assumed etiological agent being confined to T. multiceps. In 2020, the first case of human CNS coenurosis caused by T. serialis was reported. This case involved a single parenchymal lesion in the occipital lobe, which, following complete surgical excision, was confirmed to be T. serialis by mitochondrial gene sequencing. The case we present is the first case of disseminated subarachnoid coenurosis caused by T. serialis. It appears that T. serialis infection can mimic either of the two basic pathological forms of neurocysticercosis, namely, cysticercosis cellulosae or cysticercosis racemosus. We postulate that the term coenurosis racemosus is applicable if CNS T. serialis infection presents with extensive, multiple grape-like bladders proliferating within the subarachnoid space.
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