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Li Q, Ma X, Shen Y, Dai J, Nian X, Shang X, Chen J, Wubshet AK, Zhang J, Zheng H. Chimeric Porcine Parvovirus VP2 Virus-like Particles with Epitopes of South African Serotype 2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Elicits Specific Humoral and Cellular Responses in Mice. Viruses 2024; 16:621. [PMID: 38675963 DOI: 10.3390/v16040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Southern Africa Territories 2 (SAT2) foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has crossed long-standing regional boundaries in recent years and entered the Middle East. However, the existing vaccines offer poor cross-protection against the circulating strains in the field. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an alternative design approach for vaccines in anticipation of a pandemic of SAT2 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The porcine parvovirus (PPV) VP2 protein can embed exogenous epitopes into the four loops on its surface, assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs), and induce antibodies and cytokines to PPV and the exogenous epitope. In this study, chimeric porcine parvovirus VP2 VLPs (chimeric PPV-SAT2-VLPs) expressing the T-and/or B-cell epitopes of the structural protein VP1 of FMDV SAT2 were produced using the recombinant pFastBac™ Dual vector of baculoviruses in Sf9 and HF cells We used the Bac-to-Bac system to construct the recombinant baculoviruses. The VP2-VLP--SAT2 chimeras displayed chimeric T-cell epitope (amino acids 21-40 of VP1) and/or the B-cell epitope (amino acids 135-174) of SAT FMDV VP1 by substitution of the corresponding regions at the N terminus (amino acids 2-23) and/or loop 2 and/or loop 4 of the PPV VP2 protein, respectively. In mice, the chimeric PPV-SAT2-VLPs induced specific antibodies against PPV and the VP1 protein of SAT2 FMDV. The VP2-VLP-SAT2 chimeras induced specific antibodies to PPV and the VP1 protein specific epitopes of FMDV SAT2. In this study, as a proof-of-concept, successfully generated chimeric PPV-VP2 VLPs expressing epitopes of the structural protein VP1 of FMDV SAT2 that has a potential to prevent FMDV SAT2 and PPV infection in pigs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/immunology
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics
- Mice
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease/immunology
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease/prevention & control
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease/virology
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Parvovirus, Porcine/immunology
- Parvovirus, Porcine/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Swine
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Cellular
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Serogroup
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/genetics
- Sf9 Cells
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antigens, Viral
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xusheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yaner Shen
- China Agricultural Vet Biologyand Technology Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Junfei Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiaofeng Nian
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Life Science and Engineering College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xiaofen Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
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Mu S, Chen L, Dong H, Li S, Zhang Y, Yin S, Tian Y, Ding Y, Sun S, Shang S, Guo H. Enhanced antigen-specific CD8 T cells contribute to early protection against FMDV through swine DC vaccination. J Virol 2024; 98:e0200223. [PMID: 38289108 PMCID: PMC10878267 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02002-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) remains a challenge for cloven-hooved animals. The currently licensed FMDV vaccines induce neutralizing antibody (NAb)-mediated protection but show defects in the early protection. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown great potency in inducing rapid T-cell immunity in humans and mice. Whether DC vaccination could enhance early protection against FMDV has not been elaborately explored in domestic pigs. In this study, we employed DC vaccination as an experimental approach to study the roles of cellular immunity in the early protection against FMDV in pigs. Autologous DCs were differentiated from the periphery blood mononuclear cells of each pig, pulsed with inactivated FMDV (iFMDV-DC) and treated with LPS, and then injected into the original pigs. The cellular immune responses and protective efficacy elicited by the iFMDV-DC were examined by multicolor flow cytometry and tested by FMDV challenge. The results showed that autologous iFMDV-DC immunization induced predominantly FMDV-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs), high NAb titers, compared to the inactivated FMDV vaccine, and accelerated the development of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells, which was concomitantly associated with early protection against FMDV virulent strain in pigs. Such early protection was associated with the rapid proliferation of secondary T-cell response after challenge and significantly contributed by secondary CD8 effector memory T cells. These results demonstrated that rapid induction of cellular immunity through DC immunization is important for improving early protection against FMDV. Enhancing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells may facilitate the development of more effective FMDV vaccines.IMPORTANCEAlthough the currently licensed FMDV vaccines provide NAb-mediated protection, they have defects in early immune protection, especially in pigs. In this study, we demonstrated that autologous swine DC immunization augmented the cellular immune response and induced an early protective response against FMDV in pigs. This approach induced predominantly FMDV-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, high NAb titers, and rapid development of memory CD4 and CD8 T cells. Importantly, the early protection conferred by this DC immunization is more associated with secondary CD8+ T response rather than NAbs. Our findings highlighted the importance of enhancing cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in early protection to FMDV in addition to Th1 response and identifying a strategy or adjuvant comparable to the DC vaccine might be a future direction for improving the current FMDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lingbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuanghui Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaozhong Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Singanallur NB, Eblé PL, Ludi AB, Statham B, Bin-Tarif A, King DP, Dekker A, Vosloo W. A Vaccine Based on the A/ASIA/G-VII Lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Offers Low Levels of Protection against Circulating Viruses from the A/ASIA/Iran-05 lineage. Viruses 2022; 14:97. [PMID: 35062300 PMCID: PMC8781018 DOI: 10.3390/v14010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence and circulation of the A/ASIA/G-VII (A/G-VII) lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the Middle East has resulted in the development of homologous vaccines to ensure susceptible animals are sufficiently protected against clinical disease. However, a second serotype A lineage called A/ASIA/Iran-05 (A/IRN/05) continues to circulate in the region and it is therefore imperative to ensure vaccine strains used will protect against both lineages. In addition, for FMDV vaccine banks that usually hold a limited number of strains, it is necessary to include strains with a broad antigenic coverage. To assess the cross protective ability of an A/G-VII emergency vaccine (formulated at 43 (95% CI 8-230) PD50/dose as determined during homologous challenge), we performed a heterologous potency test according to the European Pharmacopoeia design using a field isolate from the A/IRN/05 lineage as the challenge virus. The estimated heterologous potency in this study was 2.0 (95% CI 0.4-6.0) PD50/dose, which is below the minimum potency recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Furthermore, the cross-reactive antibody titres against the heterologous challenge virus were poor (≤log10 0.9), even in those cattle that had received the full dose of vaccine. The geometric mean r1-value was 0.2 (95% CI 0.03-0.8), similar to the potency ratio of 0.04 (95% CI 0.004-0.3). Vaccination decreased viraemia and virus excretion compared to the unvaccinated controls. Our results indicate that this A/G-VII vaccine does not provide sufficient protection against viruses belonging to the A/IRN/05 lineage and therefore the A/G-VII vaccine strain cannot replace the A/IRN/05 vaccine strain but could be considered an additional strain for use in vaccines and antigen banks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phaedra Lydia Eblé
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bob Statham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK
| | | | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK
| | - Aldo Dekker
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO-Health & Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Zhang F, Zhang Z, Li X, Li J, Lv J, Ma Z, Pan L. Immune Responses to Orally Administered Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing Multi-Epitope Proteins Targeting M Cells of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102036. [PMID: 34696469 PMCID: PMC8537116 DOI: 10.3390/v13102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), whose transmission occurs through mucosal surfaces, can also be transmitted through aerosols, direct contact, and pollutants. Therefore, mucosal immunity can efficiently inhibit viral colonization. Since vaccine material delivery into immune sites is important for efficient oral mucosal vaccination, the M cell-targeting approach is important for effective vaccination given M cells are vital for luminal antigen influx into the mucosal lymph tissues. In this study, we coupled M cell-targeting ligand Co1 to multi-epitope TB1 of FMDV to obtain TB1-Co1 in order to improve delivery efficiency of the multi-epitope protein antigen TB1. Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) was engineered to express heterologous antigens for applications as vaccine vehicles with the ability to elicit mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. We successfully constructed L. lactis (recombinant) with the ability to express multi-epitope antigen proteins (TB1 and TB1-Co1) of the FMDV serotype A (named L. lactis-TB1 and L. lactis-TB1-Co1). Then, we investigated the immunogenic potential of the constructed recombinant L. lactis in mice and guinea pigs. Orally administered L. lactis-TB1 as well as L. lactis-TB1-Co1 in mice effectively induced mucosal secretory IgA (SIgA) and IgG secretion, development of a strong cell-mediated immune reactions, substantial T lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen, and upregulated IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-5 levels. Orally administered ligand-conjugated TB1 promoted specific IgG as well as SIgA responses in systemic and mucosal surfaces, respectively, when compared to orally administered TB1 alone. Then, guinea pigs were orally vaccinated with L. lactis-TB1-Co1 plus adjuvant CpG-ODN at three different doses, L. lactis-TB1-Co1, and PBS. Animals that had been immunized with L. lactis-TB1-Co1 plus adjuvant CpG-ODN and L. lactis-TB1-Co1 developed elevated antigen-specific serum IgG, IgA, neutralizing antibody, and mucosal SIgA levels, when compared to control groups. Particularly, in mice, L. lactis-TB1-Co1 exhibited excellent immune effects than L. lactis-TB1. Therefore, L. lactis-TB1-Co1 can induce elevations in mucosal as well as systemic immune reactions, and to a certain extent, provide protection against FMDV. In conclusion, M cell-targeting approaches can be employed in the development of effective oral mucosa vaccines for FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Jiahao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Jianliang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zhongyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (F.Z.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.L.); (Z.M.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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Ekanayaka P, Lee BH, Weerawardhana A, Chathuranga K, Park JH, Lee JS. Inhibition of MAVS Aggregation-Mediated Type-I Interferon Signaling by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus VP3. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091776. [PMID: 34578357 PMCID: PMC8473216 DOI: 10.3390/v13091776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As a structural protein of the Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), VP3 plays a vital role in virus assembly and inhibiting the interferon (IFN) signal transduction to promote FMDV replication. Previous studies demonstrated that FMDV VP3 blocks the type-I IFN response by inhibiting the mRNA expression of the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS); however, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we describe the specificity of FMDV VP3 interaction with the transmembrane (TM) domain of MAVS as FMDV driven type-I IFN inhibitory mechanism for its effective replication. The TM domain of MAVS governs the mitochondria localization of MAVS, and it is a key factor in type-I IFN signaling transduction via MAVS aggregation. Thereby, the interaction of FMDV VP3 with the TM domain of MAVS leads to the inhibition of MAVS mitochondria localization, self-association, and aggregation, resulting in the suppression of type-I IFN response. Collectively, these results provide a clear understanding of a key molecular mechanism used by the FMDV VP3 for the suppression of IFN responses via targeting MAVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathum Ekanayaka
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (P.E.); (B.-H.L.); (A.W.); (K.C.)
| | - Byeong-Hoon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (P.E.); (B.-H.L.); (A.W.); (K.C.)
| | - Asela Weerawardhana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (P.E.); (B.-H.L.); (A.W.); (K.C.)
| | - Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (P.E.); (B.-H.L.); (A.W.); (K.C.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea;
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (P.E.); (B.-H.L.); (A.W.); (K.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(42)-821-6753; Fax: +82-(42)-825-7910
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Hopker A, Pandey N, Bartholomew R, Blanton A, Hopker S, Dhamorikar A, Goswami J, Marsland R, Metha P, Sargison N. Livestock vaccination programme participation among smallholder farmers on the outskirts of National Parks and Tiger Reserves in the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Assam. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256684. [PMID: 34449809 PMCID: PMC8396743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective livestock vaccination has the potential to raise prosperity and food security for the rural poor in low and middle income countries. To understand factors affecting access to vaccination services, and guide future policy, smallholder farmers in three locations in India were questioned about vaccination of their cattle and buffalo, with particular reference to foot and mouth disease (FMD), haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) and blackquarter (BQ). In the three regions 51%, 50%, and 31% of respondents reported vaccinating their livestock; well below any threshold for effective population level disease control. However, within the third region, 65% of respondents in villages immediately surrounding the Kaziranga National Park reported vaccinating their cattle. The majority of respondents in all three regions were aware of FMD and HS, awareness of BQ was high in the Kanha and Bandhavgarh regions, but much lower in the Kaziranga region. The majority of respondents had positive attitudes to vaccination; understood vaccination protected their animals from specific diseases; and wished to immunise their livestock. There was no significant association between the age or gender of respondent and the immunisation of their livestock. Common barriers to immunisation were: negative attitudes to vaccination; lack of awareness of date and time of vaccination events; and difficulty presenting animals. Poor access to vaccination services was significantly associated with not vaccinating livestock. Fear of adverse reactions to vaccines was not significantly associated with not vaccinating livestock. Respondents who reported that vets or animal health workers (AHWs) were their main source of animal health knowledge were significantly more likely to have immunised their livestock in the last twelve months. Participants cited poor communication from vaccinators as problematic, both in publicising immunisation programmes, and explaining the purpose of vaccination. Where vaccinations were provided free of charge, farmers commonly displayed passive attitudes to accessing vaccination services, awaiting organised “immunisation drives” rather than seeking vaccination themselves. Based on these findings the following recommendations are made to improve participation and effectiveness of immunisation programmes. Programmes should be planned to integrate with annual cycles of: disease risk, agricultural activity, seasonal climate, social calendar of villages; and maximise efficiency for vaccinators. Dates and times of immunisation in each village must be well publicised, as respondents frequently reported missing the vaccinators. Relevant farmer education should precede immunisation programmes to mitigate against poor knowledge or negative attitudes. Immunisation drives must properly engage beneficiaries, particularly ensuring that services are accessible to female livestock keepers, and sharing some responsibilities with local farmers. Payment of a small monetary contribution by animal keepers could be considered to encourage responsibility for disease prevention, making vaccination an active process by farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hopker
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Naveen Pandey
- The Corbett Foundation, Kaziranga Office, District Golaghat, Assam, India
| | - Rosie Bartholomew
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Blanton
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hopker
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jadumoni Goswami
- The Corbett Foundation, Kaziranga Office, District Golaghat, Assam, India
| | - Rebecca Marsland
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Prakash Metha
- The Corbett Foundation, Kaziranga Office, District Golaghat, Assam, India
| | - Neil Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Cañas-Arranz R, de León P, Defaus S, Torres E, Forner M, Bustos MJ, Andreu D, Blanco E, Sobrino F. Immunogenicity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Dendrimer Peptides: Need for a T-Cell Epitope and Ability to Elicit Heterotypic Responses. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164714. [PMID: 34443302 PMCID: PMC8398643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An approach based on a dendrimer display of B- and T-cell epitopes relevant for antibody induction has been shown to be effective as a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine. B2T dendrimers combining two copies of the major FMD virus (FMDV) type O B-cell epitope (capsid proteinVP1 (140–158)) covalently linked to a heterotypic T-cell epitope from non-structural protein 3A (21–35), henceforth B2T-3A, has previously been shown to elicit high neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers and IFN-γ-producing cells in both mice and pigs. Here, we provide evidence that the B- and T-cell epitopes need to be tethered to a single molecular platform for successful T-cell help, leading to efficient nAb induction in mice. In addition, mice immunized with a non-covalent mixture of B2T-3A dendrimers containing the B-cell epitopes of FMDV types O and C induced similarly high nAb levels against both serotypes, opening the way for a multivalent vaccine platform against a variety of serologically different FMDVs. These findings are relevant for the design of vaccine strategies based on B- and T-cell epitope combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cañas-Arranz
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Patricia de León
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Sira Defaus
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (M.F.); (D.A.)
| | - Elisa Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; (E.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Mar Forner
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (M.F.); (D.A.)
| | - María J. Bustos
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.J.B.)
| | - David Andreu
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (S.D.); (M.F.); (D.A.)
| | - Esther Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain; (E.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.C.-A.); (P.d.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Chepkwony EC, Gitao GC, Muchemi GM, Sangula AK, Kairu-Wanyoike SW. Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0234286. [PMID: 34339447 PMCID: PMC8328338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) in Kenya is not documented. We carried out a cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of non-structural-proteins using ID Screen® NSP Competition ELISA kit. To identify the risk factors, generalized linear mixed effects (GLMM) logistic regression analysis with county and villages as random effect variables was used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 22.5% (95% CI: 22.3%-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9%-80.9%). The risk factor that was significantly positively associated with FMD sero-positivity in SR was multipurpose production type (OR = 1.307; p = 0.042). The risk factors that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were male sex (OR = 0.796; p = 0.007), young age (OR = 0.470; p = 0.010), and sedentary production zone (OR = 0.324; p<0.001). There were no statistically significant intra class correlations among the random effect variables but interactions between age and sex variables among the studied animals were statistically significant (p = 0.019). This study showed that there may be widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by the near ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants is recommended. Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. Cross-transmission of FMD and more risk factors need to be researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice C. Chepkwony
- Foot and Mouth Disease National Laboratory, Embakasi, Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George C. Gitao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gerald M. Muchemi
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abraham K. Sangula
- Foot and Mouth Disease National Laboratory, Embakasi, Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Salome W. Kairu-Wanyoike
- Meat Training Institute, Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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Tewari A, Ambrose H, Parekh K, Inoue T, Guitian J, Nardo AD, Paton DJ, Parida S. Development and Validation of Confirmatory Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Antibody ELISAs to Identify Infected Animals in Vaccinated Populations. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050914. [PMID: 34063385 PMCID: PMC8156621 DOI: 10.3390/v13050914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)-endemic countries, vaccination is commonly used to control the disease, whilst in FMD-free countries, vaccination is considered as an option, in addition to culling the infected and in contact animals. FMD vaccines are mainly comprised of inactivated virions and stimulate protective antibodies to virus structural proteins. In contrast, infection with FMD virus leads to virus replication and additional antibody responses to viral nonstructural proteins (NSP). Therefore, antibodies against NSPs are used to differentiate infection in vaccinated animals (DIVA), in order to estimate the prevalence of infection or its absence. Another advantage of NSP antibody tests is that they detect FMD infection in the field, irrespective of the serotypes of virus in circulation. In cattle, the NSP tests that target the 3ABC polyprotein provides the highest sensitivity, detecting up to 90% of vaccinated animals that become carriers after exposure to infection, with a specificity of around 99%. Due to insufficient diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, detection of a low level of infection is difficult at the population level with a high degree of confidence. The low level of non-specific responses can be overcome by retesting samples scored positive using a second confirmatory test, which should have at least comparable sensitivity to the first test. In this study, six in-house tests were developed incorporating different NSP antigens, and validated using bovine sera from naïve animals, field cases and experimentally vaccinated and/or infected animals. In addition, two (short and long incubation) new commercial NSP tests based on 3ABC competitive blocking ELISAs (ID Screen® FMD NSP Competition, IDvet, France) were validated in this study. The two commercial ELISAs had very similar sensitivities and specificities that were not improved by lengthening the incubation period. Several of the new in-house tests had performance characteristics that were nearly as good as the commercial ELISAs. Finally, the in-house tests were evaluated for use as confirmatory tests following screening with the PrioCHECK® and ID Screen® FMDV NS commercial kits, to assess the diagnostic performance produced by a multiple testing strategy. The in-house tests could be used in series (to confirm) or in parallel (to augment) with the PrioCHECK® and IDvet® FMDV NS commercial kits, in order to improve either the specificity or sensitivity of the overall test system, although this comes at the cost of a reduction in the counterpart (sensitivity/specificity) parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Tewari
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Helen Ambrose
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Krupali Parekh
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Toru Inoue
- Department of Exotic Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, 6-20-1, Josuihoncho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan;
| | - Javier Guitian
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - David James Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (A.T.); (H.A.); (K.P.); (A.D.N.); (D.J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-7920512797
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10
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Qiu J, Qiu T, Dong Q, Xu D, Wang X, Zhang Q, Pan J, Liu Q. Predicting the Antigenic Relationship of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus for Vaccine Selection Through a Computational Model. IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform 2021; 18:677-685. [PMID: 31217127 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2019.2923396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an antigenic-variable RNA virus that is responsible for the recurrence of foot-and-mouth disease in livestock and can be prevented and controlled using a vaccine with broad-spectrum protection. Current anti-genicity evaluation methods, which involve animal immunity experiments and serum preparation, are unable to fulfill the needs of high-throughput antigenicity measurements. This study designed an antigenicity scoring model to rapidly predict the antigenicity of FMDV. Antigenic-dominant sites were initially determined on the VP1 protein, a position-specific scoring matrix and physical chemical indexes were integrated to generate antigenicity descriptors. Independent tests showed a high accuracy of 0.848 and an AUC value of 0.889, indicating the good performance of the model in antigenicity measurement. When applying this model to historical data, annual antigenicity coverage of widely used vaccine strains was successfully evaluated, this was also supported by previous experiments. Furthermore, the utility of this model was extended to select potential broad-spectrum vaccines among 1,201 historical non-redundant strains to recommend potential univalent, bivalent and trivalent vaccine candidates. The results suggested that the computational model designed in this study could be used for the high-throughput antigenicity measurement of FMDV and could aid in vaccine development for preventing FMDV epidemics.
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11
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Park SY, Lee JM, Kim AY, Park SH, Kim JS, Kim H, Park JW, Park JH, Ko YJ, Park CK. Application of Heparin Affinity Chromatography to Produce a Differential Vaccine without Eliciting Antibodies against the Nonstructural Proteins of the Serotype O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121405. [PMID: 33297420 PMCID: PMC7762290 DOI: 10.3390/v12121405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although polyethylene glycol (PEG) application is the most widely used method in removing nonstructural proteins (NSPs) for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine production, some NSPs remaining in the antigen could elicit antibodies against these proteins after repeated vaccinations in livestock. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to purify the FMD virus (FMDV) via affinity chromatography using a heparin ligand to remove most proteins, including NSPs. Chromatography showed an intact virus (146S) particle recovery of 70% or more for three different strains of serotype O FMDV (two locally isolated strains and one genetically modified strain). The experimental vaccine made with antigens eluted via heparin affinity chromatography elicited virus-neutralizing antibodies against homologous viruses but did not induce antibodies against NSPs even after five immunizations in goats; this indicated that the NSPs were effectively removed from the vaccine antigen. This method can then be used to produce a higher-quality vaccine compared with PEG application in terms of the purity of the FMD vaccine. Therefore, this result would be an important groundwork for advanced FMD vaccine manufacturing in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.Y.P.); (J.-M.L.); (A.-Y.K.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.P.)
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.Y.P.); (J.-M.L.); (A.-Y.K.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Ah-Young Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.Y.P.); (J.-M.L.); (A.-Y.K.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Sang Hyun Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.Y.P.); (J.-M.L.); (A.-Y.K.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jae-Seok Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.Y.P.); (J.-M.L.); (A.-Y.K.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.Y.P.); (J.-M.L.); (A.-Y.K.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.P.)
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.Y.P.); (J.-M.L.); (A.-Y.K.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.Y.P.); (J.-M.L.); (A.-Y.K.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Young-Joon Ko
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin-8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (S.Y.P.); (J.-M.L.); (A.-Y.K.); (S.H.P.); (J.-S.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.P.); (J.-H.P.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.K.); (C.-K.P.); Tel.: +82-5491-209-08 (Y.-J.K.); +82-5395-059-73 (C.-K.P.)
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.K.); (C.-K.P.); Tel.: +82-5491-209-08 (Y.-J.K.); +82-5395-059-73 (C.-K.P.)
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Zhang X, Zhu Z, Wang C, Yang F, Cao W, Li P, Du X, Zhao F, Liu X, Zheng H. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus 3B Protein Interacts with Pattern Recognition Receptor RIG-I to Block RIG-I-Mediated Immune Signaling and Inhibit Host Antiviral Response. J Immunol 2020; 205:2207-2221. [PMID: 32917788 PMCID: PMC7533709 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious disease of pigs, sheep, goats, bovine, and various wild cloven-hoofed animals caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) that has given rise to significant economic loss to global livestock industry. FMDV 3B protein is an important determinant of virulence of the virus. Modifications in 3B protein of FMDV considerably decrease virus yield. In the current study, we demonstrated the significant role of 3B protein in suppression of type I IFN production and host antiviral response in both human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells and porcine kidney PK-15 cells. We found that 3B protein interacted with the viral RNA sensor RIG-I to block RIG-I-mediated immune signaling. 3B protein did not affect the expression of RIG-I but interacted with RIG-I to block the interaction between RIG-I and the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25, which prevented the TRIM25-mediated, Lys63-linked ubiquitination and activation of RIG-I. This inhibition of RIG-I-mediated immune signaling by 3B protein decreased IFN-β, IFN-stimulated genes, and proinflammatory cytokines expression, which in turn promoted FMDV replication. All of the three nonidentical copies of 3B could inhibit type I IFN production, and the aa 17A in each copy of 3B was involved in suppression of IFN-related antiviral response during FMDV infection in porcine cells. Together, our results indicate the role of 3B in suppression of host innate immune response and reveal a novel antagonistic mechanism of FMDV that is mediated by 3B protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangle Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xiaoli Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Furong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; and
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China;
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13
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Lee G, Hwang JH, Park JH, Lee MJ, Kim B, Kim SM. Vaccine strain of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e of foot-and-mouth disease virus provides high immunogenicity and broad antigenic coverage. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104920. [PMID: 32828822 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically devastating animal disease. There are seven serotypes, A, O, C, Asia 1, Southern African Territories 1, 2, and 3 (SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3), among which serotype O shows the greatest distribution worldwide. Specifically, the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage, which was reported in India in 2001, has since emerged worldwide, with the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d and O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineages recently emerging in North Africa, Middle East Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. The antigenic relationship (r1) value for the O1 Manisa and O/Mya-98 lineage inactivated vaccine against various O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineages of FMDV isolates, were matching (r1 > 0.3) or non-matching (r1 < 0.3), indicating that the vaccine based on the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage FMDV, is valuable. In this study, we developed a new vaccine strain, O/SKR/Boeun/2017 isolate, belonging to the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage as an outbreak of this sublineage occurred in 2017 in the Boeun county of the Republic of Korea (O/SKR/Boeun/2017). This experimental vaccine exhibited high immunogenicity in pigs and cattle and was antigenically matched with representative FMDV lineages (ME-SA, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/SEA/Mya-98, and O/Cathay) in Asia, as demonstrated by two-dimensional virus neutralization tests (2D-VNT). In addition, a 100% survival rate in C56BL/6 mice vaccinated with 1/15 of a pig dose was observed following challenge with FMDV O/VIT/2013 (O/ME-SA/PanAsia) at 10 days post-vaccination. Further, we analyzed the major antigenic sites of the O/SKR/Boeun/2017 vaccine strain as well as other viruses, by 2D-VNT. These results suggest that the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage is a promising vaccine strain candidate in Asia, and other countries, for protection against the emerging FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongmin Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Hwang
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Tesfaye Y, Khan F, Yami M, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, King DP, Gelaye E. A vaccine-matching assessment of different genetic variants of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in Ethiopia between 2011 and 2014. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1749-1757. [PMID: 32435857 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the vaccine-matching and antigenic properties of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolates collected from Ethiopia between 2011 and 2014. Samples (n = 51) were collected from cattle and pigs with clinical signs consistent with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) on farms in Debre-Berhan, Debre-Zeit/Bishoftu, Sidamo, Mekelle, and Addis Ababa. Infectious FMDV was isolated using BHK-21 cell cultures from 38 of the 51 field samples (74.5%). All of these FMDV-positive samples were characterized as serotype O, belonging to two East Africa topotypes (EA-3 and EA-4), and their VP1-encoding sequences demonstrated amino acid sequence variability encompassing 27 positions in comparison to the vaccine strain (O/ETH/38/2005) currently provided by the National Veterinary Institute of Ethiopia. One-dimensional virus neutralization test (1 dm VNT) results showed that O/ETH/38/2005 was antigenically matched to 10 of the 16 serotype O viruses. These findings indicate that the O/ETH/38/2005 vaccine strain can provide protection against outbreaks caused by the O/EA-3 topotype, although poorer vaccine-matching results for the O/EA-4 topotype reinforce the importance of using a good-quality vaccine with high coverage in the susceptible herds with supporting post-vaccination serosurveillance to ensure that sufficient antibody titers are generated in the vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201306, India
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.BOX: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201306, India
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.BOX: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.BOX: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
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15
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Visser LJ, Aloise C, Swatek KN, Medina GN, Olek KM, Rabouw HH, de Groot RJ, Langereis MA, de los Santos T, Komander D, Skern T, van Kuppeveld FJM. Dissecting distinct proteolytic activities of FMDV Lpro implicates cleavage and degradation of RLR signaling proteins, not its deISGylase/DUB activity, in type I interferon suppression. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008702. [PMID: 32667958 PMCID: PMC7384677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon response is an important innate antiviral pathway. Recognition of viral RNA by RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) activates a signaling cascade that leads to type I interferon (IFN-α/β) gene transcription. Multiple proteins in this signaling pathway (e.g. RIG-I, MDA5, MAVS, TBK1, IRF3) are regulated by (de)ubiquitination events. Most viruses have evolved mechanisms to counter this antiviral response. The leader protease (Lpro) of foot-and-mouth-disease virus (FMDV) has been recognized to reduce IFN-α/β gene transcription; however, the exact mechanism is unknown. The proteolytic activity of Lpro is vital for releasing itself from the viral polyprotein and for cleaving and degrading specific host cell proteins, such as eIF4G and NF-κB. In addition, Lpro has been demonstrated to have deubiquitination/deISGylation activity. Lpro’s deubiquitination/deISGylation activity and the cleavage/degradation of signaling proteins have both been postulated to be important for reduced IFN-α/β gene transcription. Here, we demonstrate that TBK1, the kinase that phosphorylates and activates the transcription factor IRF3, is cleaved by Lpro in FMDV-infected cells as well as in cells infected with a recombinant EMCV expressing Lpro. In vitro cleavage experiments revealed that Lpro cleaves TBK1 at residues 692–694. We also observed cleavage of MAVS in HeLa cells infected with EMCV-Lpro, but only observed decreasing levels of MAVS in FMDV-infected porcine LFPK αVβ6 cells. We set out to dissect Lpro’s ability to cleave RLR signaling proteins from its deubiquitination/deISGylation activity to determine their relative contributions to the reduction of IFN-α/β gene transcription. The introduction of specific mutations, of which several were based on the recently published structure of Lpro in complex with ISG15, allowed us to identify specific amino acid substitutions that separate the different proteolytic activities of Lpro. Characterization of the effects of these mutations revealed that Lpro’s ability to cleave RLR signaling proteins but not its deubiquitination/deISGylation activity correlates with the reduced IFN-β gene transcription. Outbreaks of the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have significant consequences for animal health and product safety and place a major economic burden on the global livestock industry. Understanding how this notorious animal pathogen suppresses the antiviral type I interferon (IFN-α/β) response may help to develop countermeasures to control FMDV infections. FMDV suppresses the IFN-α/β response through the activity of its Leader protein (Lpro), a protease that can cleave host cell proteins. Lpro was also shown to have deubiquitinase and deISGylase activity, raising the possibility that Lpro suppresses IFN-α/β by removing ubiquitin and/or ISG15, two posttranslational modifications that can regulate the activation, interactions and localization of (signaling) proteins. Here, we show that TBK1 and MAVS, two signaling proteins that are important for activation of IFN-α/β gene transcription, are cleaved by Lpro. By generating Lpro mutants lacking either of these two activities, we demonstrate that Lpro’s ability to cleave signaling proteins, but not its deubiquitination/deISGylase activity, correlates with suppression of IFN-β gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J. Visser
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Aloise
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kirby N. Swatek
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gisselle N. Medina
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, United States of America
| | - Karin M. Olek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Huib H. Rabouw
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Raoul J. de Groot
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A. Langereis
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Teresa de los Santos
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, United States of America
| | - David Komander
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Ubiquitin Signaling Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tim Skern
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Mansilla FC, Turco CS, Miraglia MC, Bessone FA, Franco R, Pérez-Filgueira M, Sala JM, Capozzo AV. The role of viral particle integrity in the serological assessment of foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine-induced immunity in swine. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232782. [PMID: 32369529 PMCID: PMC7199947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) inactivated vaccines is mainly dependent on the integrity of the whole (146S) viral particles. If the intact capsids disassemble to 12S subunits, antibodies against internal-not protective epitopes, may be induced. Serological correlates with protection may be hampered if antibodies against internal epitopes are measured. Here we compared the performance of different ELISAs with the virus-neutralization test (VNT) that measures antibodies against exposed epitopes. Sera from pigs immunized with one dose of an expired commercial FMDV vaccine were used. This vaccine contained about 50% of O1/Campos and over 90% of A24/Cruzeiro strains total antigen as whole 146S particles. Specific-total antibodies were measured with the standard liquid-phase blocking ELISA (LPBE). We also developed an indirect ELISA (IE) using sucrose gradient purified 146S particles as capture antigen to titrate total antibodies, IgM, IgG1 and IgG2. A good correlation was found between VNT titers and IgG-ELISAs for A24/Cruzeiro, with the lowest correlation coefficient estimated for IgG2 titers. For O1/Campos, however, the presence of antibodies against epitopes different from those of the whole capsid, elicited by the presence of 12S particles in the vaccine, hampered the correlation between LPBE and VNT, which was improved by using purified O1/Campos 146S-particles for the liquid-phase of the LPBE. Interestingly, 146S particles but not 12S were efficiently bound to the ELISA plates, confirming the efficiency of the IE to detect antibodies against exposed epitopes. Our results indicate that any serological test assessing total antibodies or IgG1 against epitopes exposed in intact 146S-particles correlate with the levels of serum neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated pigs, and might potentially replace the VNT, upon validation. We recommend that antigen used for serological assays aimed to measure protective antibodies against FMDV should be controlled to ensure the preservation of 146S viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Celeste Mansilla
- IVIT, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Soledad Turco
- IVIT, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cruz Miraglia
- IVIT, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Raúl Franco
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria "Marcos Juárez", INTA, Marcos Juarez, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariano Pérez-Filgueira
- IVIT, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Sala
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria "Mercedes", INTA, Merdeces, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Victoria Capozzo
- IVIT, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Yoon SY, Kang SK, Lee HB, Oh SH, Kim WS, Li HS, Bok JD, Cho CS, Choi YJ. Enhanced Efficacy of Immunization with a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Multi-Epitope Subunit Vaccine Using Mannan-Decorated Inulin Microparticles. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:33-44. [PMID: 32002844 PMCID: PMC6992806 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the many advantages of recombinant subunit vaccines, they have critical weaknesses that include a low efficacy for promoting cellular and humoral immune responses against antigens because of their poor immunogenicity, and a rapidly cleared properties as a result of proteolytic enzymes in the body. To circumvent these problems, we developed mannan-decorated inulin acetate microparticles (M-IA MPs) that functioned as carriers and adjuvants for immunization with the recombinant foot-and-mouth disease multi-epitope subunit vaccine (M5BT). METHODS The M5BT-loaded M-IA MPs were obtained by a double-emulsion solvent-evaporation method. Their properties including morphology, size and release ability were determined by field emission scanning electron microscope, dynamic light-scattering spectrophotometer and spectrophotometer. To assess the immunization efficacy of the MPs, mice were immunized with MPs and their sera were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS The M-IA MPs obtained by a double-emulsion solvent-evaporation method were spherical and approximately 2-3 µm, and M5BT was encapsulated in the M-IA MPs. The M5BT-loaded M-IA MPs showed higher antigen-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and anti-FMDV antibodies than the M5BT-loaded IA MPs and the Freund's adjuvant as a control. CONCLUSION The M-IA MPs showed a powerful and multifunctional polymeric system that combined two toll-like receptor agonists compared to the conventional adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kee Kang
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-daero, Daehwa-myeon, Pyeongchang-Gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Bin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Ho Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Whee-Soo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Shan Li
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Duck Bok
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-daero, Daehwa-myeon, Pyeongchang-Gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Du P, Liu R, Sun S, Dong H, Zhao R, Tang R, Dai J, Yin H, Luo J, Liu Z, Guo H. Biomineralization improves the thermostability of foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles and the protective immune response induced. Nanoscale 2019; 11:22748-22761. [PMID: 31599276 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05549e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are an ideal substitute for traditionally inactivated or attenuated viruses in vaccine production. However, given the properties of their native proteins, the thermal stability of VLPs is poor. In this study, calcium mineralization was used to fabricate foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) VLPs as immunogenic core-shell particles with improved thermal stability. The biomineralized VLPs were stably stored at 24 °C and 37 °C for 13 and 11 days, respectively. Animal experiments showed that the biomineralized VLPs induced specific protective immunogenic effects, even after storage at 37 °C for 7 days. The biomineralized VLPs also effectively activated dendritic cells (DCs) to express high levels of surface MHC-II, costimulatory molecules, and proinflammatory cytokines. The DCs activated by the mineralized VLPs rapidly localized to the secondary lymphoid tissues and promoted the activation of the native T-cell population. These results suggest that the biomineralization of VLPs is an effective approach to vaccine production insofar as the mineralized shell provides an adjuvant effect which improves the immunogenicity of the VLPs. Biomineralization can also confer superior heat resistance on VLPs, an advantage in vaccine production. The successful development of thermally stable, biomineralized VLPs will reduce our dependence on cold storage and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Ronghuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Shiqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Hu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Ruibo Zhao
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.R. China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface Research, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China.
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19
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Bradhurst R, Garner G, East I, Death C, Dodd A, Kompas T. Management strategies for vaccinated animals after an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease and the impact on return to trade. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223518. [PMID: 31603929 PMCID: PMC6788736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An incursion of Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in a previously FMD-free country can cause significant economic damage from immediate and prolonged closure of FMD-sensitive markets. Whilst emergency vaccination may help contain disease, the presence of vaccinated animals complicates post-outbreak management and the recovery of FMD-free status for return to trade. We present enhancements to the Australian Animal DISease (AADIS) model that allow comparisons of post-outbreak management strategies for vaccinated animals, for the purposes of securing the earliest possible return to trade. Two case studies are provided that compare the retention of vaccinated animals with removal for waste/salvage, and the impact on recovery of FMD-sensitive markets per OIE guidelines. It was found that a vaccinate-and-retain strategy was associated with lower post-outbreak management costs, however this advantage was outweighed by significantly higher trade losses. Under the assumptions of the study there was no cost advantage to salvaging the removed vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bradhurst
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Graeme Garner
- Epidemiology and One Health, Animal Health Policy Branch, Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Iain East
- Epidemiology and One Health, Animal Health Policy Branch, Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Clare Death
- Epidemiology and One Health, Animal Health Policy Branch, Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Aaron Dodd
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tom Kompas
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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20
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Cortey M, Ferretti L, Pérez-Martín E, Zhang F, de Klerk-Lorist LM, Scott K, Freimanis G, Seago J, Ribeca P, van Schalkwyk L, Juleff ND, Maree FF, Charleston B. Persistent Infection of African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Limited Viral Evolution and No Evidence of Antibody Neutralization Escape. J Virol 2019; 93:e00563-19. [PMID: 31092573 PMCID: PMC6639274 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00563-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) are the principal "carrier" hosts of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Currently, the epithelia and lymphoid germinal centers of the oropharynx have been identified as sites for FMDV persistence. We carried out studies in FMDV SAT1 persistently infected buffaloes to characterize the diversity of viruses in oropharyngeal epithelia, germinal centers, probang samples (oropharyngeal scrapings), and tonsil swabs to determine if sufficient virus variation is generated during persistence for immune escape. Most sequencing reads of the VP1 coding region of the SAT1 virus inoculum clustered around 2 subpopulations differing by 22 single-nucleotide variants of intermediate frequency. Similarly, most sequences from oropharynx tissue clustered into two subpopulations, albeit with different proportions, depending on the day postinfection (dpi). There was a significant difference between the populations of viruses in the inoculum and in lymphoid tissue taken at 35 dpi. Thereafter, until 400 dpi, no significant variation was detected in the viral populations in samples from individual animals, germinal centers, and epithelial tissues. Deep sequencing of virus from probang or tonsil swab samples harvested prior to postmortem showed less within-sample variability of VP1 than that of tissue sample sequences analyzed at the same time. Importantly, there was no significant difference in the ability of sera collected between 14 and 400 dpi to neutralize the inoculum or viruses isolated at later time points in the study from the same animal. Therefore, based on this study, there is no evidence of escape from antibody neutralization contributing to FMDV persistent infection in African buffalo.IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious virus of cloven-hoofed animals and is recognized as the most important constraint to international trade in animals and animal products. African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) are efficient carriers of FMDV, and it has been proposed that new virus variants are produced in buffalo during the prolonged carriage after acute infection, which may spread to cause disease in livestock populations. Here, we show that despite an accumulation of low-frequency sequence variants over time, there is no evidence of significant antigenic variation leading to immune escape. Therefore, carrier buffalo are unlikely to be a major source of new virus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Cortey
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Ferretti
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fuquan Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katherine Scott
- Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Disease Section (OVI-TAD), Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa
| | | | - Julian Seago
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Francois F Maree
- Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Disease Section (OVI-TAD), Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa
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21
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Biswal JK, Ranjan R, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Patidar S, Sharma MK, Bertram MR, Brito B, Rodriguez LL, Pattnaik B, Arzt J. Genetic and antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus during persistent infection in naturally infected cattle and Asian buffalo in India. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214832. [PMID: 31226113 PMCID: PMC6588224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) persistently infected ruminants in initiating new outbreaks remains controversial, and the perceived threat posed by such animals hinders international trade in FMD-endemic countries. In this study we report longitudinal analyses of genetic and antigenic variations of FMDV serotype O/ME-SA/Ind2001d sublineage during naturally occurring, persistent infection in cattle and buffalo at an organised dairy farm in India. The proportion of animals from which FMDV RNA was recovered was not significantly different between convalescent (post-clinical) and sub-clinically infected animals or between cattle and buffalo across the sampling period. However, infectious virus was isolated from a higher proportion of buffalo samples and for a longer duration compared to cattle. Analysis of the P1 sequences from recovered viruses indicated fixation of mutations at the rate of 1.816 x 10-2substitution/site/year (s/s/y) (95% CI 1.362–2.31 x 10−2 s/s/y). However, the majority of point mutations were transitional substitutions. Within individual animals, the mean dN/dS (ω) value for the P1 region varied from 0.076 to 0.357, suggesting the selection pressure acting on viral genomes differed substantially across individual animals. Statistical parsimony analysis indicated that all of the virus isolates from carrier animals originated from the outbreak virus. The antigenic relationship value as determined by 2D-VNT assay revealed fluctuation of antigenic variants within and between carrier animals during the carrier state which suggested that some carrier viruses had diverged substantially from the protection provided by the vaccine strain. This study contributes to understanding the extent of within-host and within-herd evolution that occurs during the carrier state of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra K. Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jajati K. Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | | | - Miranda R. Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Barbara Brito
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
- * E-mail: (JA); (BP)
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JA); (BP)
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22
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Pfaff F, Hägglund S, Zoli M, Blaise-Boisseau S, Laloy E, Koethe S, Zühlke D, Riedel K, Zientara S, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Valarcher JF, Höper D, Beer M, Eschbaumer M. Proteogenomics Uncovers Critical Elements of Host Response in Bovine Soft Palate Epithelial Cells Following In Vitro Infection with Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E53. [PMID: 30642035 PMCID: PMC6356718 DOI: 10.3390/v11010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is the most devastating disease of cloven-hoofed livestock, with a crippling economic burden in endemic areas and immense costs associated with outbreaks in free countries. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a picornavirus, will spread rapidly in naïve populations, reaching morbidity rates of up to 100% in cattle. Even after recovery, over 50% of cattle remain subclinically infected and infectious virus can be recovered from the nasopharynx. The pathogen and host factors that contribute to FMDV persistence are currently not understood. Using for the first time primary bovine soft palate multilayers in combination with proteogenomics, we analyzed the transcriptional responses during acute and persistent FMDV infection. During the acute phase viral RNA and protein was detectable in large quantities and in response hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) were overexpressed, mediating antiviral activity and apoptosis. Although the number of pro-apoptotic ISGs and the extent of their regulation decreased during persistence, some ISGs with antiviral activity were still highly expressed at that stage. This indicates a long-lasting but ultimately ineffective stimulation of ISGs during FMDV persistence. Furthermore, downregulation of relevant genes suggests an interference with the extracellular matrix that may contribute to the skewed virus-host equilibrium in soft palate epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Sara Hägglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host-pathogen interaction group, Division of Ruminant Medicine, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Martina Zoli
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Sandra Blaise-Boisseau
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Eve Laloy
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- Biopôle EnvA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Susanne Koethe
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Daniela Zühlke
- Institute of Microbiology, Department for Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, Department for Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Stephan Zientara
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Labib Bakkali-Kassimi
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Jean-François Valarcher
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host-pathogen interaction group, Division of Ruminant Medicine, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany.
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23
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Arzt J, Fish I, Pauszek SJ, Johnson SL, Chain PS, Rai DK, Rieder E, Goldberg TL, Rodriguez LL, Stenfeldt C. The evolution of a super-swarm of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210847. [PMID: 31022193 DOI: 10.1101/512178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that severely impacts global food security and is one of the greatest constraints on international trade of animal products. Extensive viral population diversity and rapid, continuous mutation of circulating FMD viruses (FMDVs) pose significant obstacles to the control and ultimate eradication of this important transboundary pathogen. The current study investigated mechanisms contributing to within-host evolution of FMDV in a natural host species (cattle). Specifically, vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle were infected with FMDV under controlled, experimental conditions and subsequently sampled for up to 35 days to monitor viral genomic changes as related to phases of disease and experimental cohorts. Consensus-level genomic changes across the entire FMDV coding region were characterized through three previously defined stages of infection: early, transitional, and persistent. The overall conclusion was that viral evolution occurred via a combination of two mechanisms: emergence of full-genomic minority haplotypes from within the inoculum super-swarm, and concurrent continuous point mutations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that individuals were infected with multiple distinct haplogroups that were pre-existent within the ancestral inoculum used to infect all animals. Multiple shifts of dominant viral haplotype took place during the early and transitional phases of infection, whereas few shifts occurred during persistent infection. Overall, this work suggests that the establishment of the carrier state is not associated with specific viral genomic characteristics. These insights into FMDV population dynamics have important implications for virus sampling methodology and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Ian Fish
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Shannon L Johnson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Patrick S Chain
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
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24
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Nfon C, Lusansky D, Goolia M, Yang M, Hole K, McIntyre L. Competitive Luminex immunoassays for detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis viruses in multiple susceptible hosts. Can J Vet Res 2018; 82:316-321. [PMID: 30363380 PMCID: PMC6168021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and vesicular stomatitis (VS) cause such similar clinical signs and lesions that laboratory tests are required to distinguish between infections caused by each virus. Using mouse anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 3B monoclonal or polyclonal anti-vesicular stomatitis virus-New Jersey (VSV-NJ) antibodies and recombinant FMDV 3ABC or VSV-NJ glycoprotein (G) antigens coated to MagPlex beads, competitive Luminex immunoassays (cLIAs) were developed for FMDV and VSV-NJ, respectively. The cLIAs successfully detected antibodies to FMDV 3ABC and VSV-NJ G in sera from infected animals. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 98%, respectively for FMDV and 93% and 95.4%, respectively for VSV-NJ. These cLIAs are potential alternatives for competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (cELISAs) and provide the opportunity for multiplexing to reduce time and the amount of serum required for testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4
| | - Diana Lusansky
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4
| | - Melissa Goolia
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4
| | - Ming Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4
| | - Kate Hole
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4
| | - Leanne McIntyre
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4
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25
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Kotecha A, Perez-Martin E, Harvey Y, Zhang F, Ilca SL, Fry EE, Jackson B, Maree F, Scott K, Hecksel CW, Harmsen MM, Mioulet V, Wood B, Juleff N, Stuart DI, Charleston B, Seago J. Chimeric O1K foot-and-mouth disease virus with SAT2 outer capsid as an FMD vaccine candidate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13654. [PMID: 30209254 PMCID: PMC6135822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is highly contagious and infects cloven-hoofed domestic livestock leading to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). FMD outbreaks have severe economic impact due to production losses and associated control measures. FMDV is found as seven distinct serotypes, but there are numerous subtypes within each serotype, and effective vaccines must match the subtypes circulating in the field. In addition, the O and Southern African Territories (SAT) serotypes, are relatively more thermolabile and their viral capsids readily dissociate into non-immunogenic pentameric subunits, which can compromise the effectiveness of FMD vaccines. Here we report the construction of a chimeric clone between the SAT2 and O serotypes, designed to have SAT2 antigenicity. Characterisation of the chimeric virus showed growth kinetics equal to that of the wild type SAT2 virus with better thermostability, attributable to changes in the VP4 structural protein. Sequence and structural analyses confirmed that no changes from SAT2 were present elsewhere in the capsid as a consequence of the VP4 changes. Following exposure to an elevated temperature the thermostable SAT2-O1K chimera induced higher neutralizing-antibody titres in comparison to wild type SAT2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Perez-Martin
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Yongjie Harvey
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Serban L Ilca
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth E Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Maree
- Transboundary Animal Disease Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Katherine Scott
- Transboundary Animal Disease Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Corey W Hecksel
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Michiel M Harmsen
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Division Virology, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Britta Wood
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Juleff
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Seago
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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26
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Gillies M. Modernizing Canada's foot and mouth disease response plan. Can Vet J 2018; 59:899-902. [PMID: 30104783 PMCID: PMC6049333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Murray Gillies
- Dr. Gillies was the CVMA and CABV representative on the Boehringer-Ingelheim foot and mouth antigen storage bank tour in Lyon, France
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27
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Horsington J, Nfon C, Bittner H, Durr PA, Singanallur N, Alexandersen S, Vosloo W. The protective capacity of high payload FMDV A22 IRQ vaccine in sheep against direct-contact challenge with a heterologous, contemporary FMDV A strain from South East Asia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195302. [PMID: 29912868 PMCID: PMC6005461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals, caused by FMD virus (FMDV). An FMD outbreak can cause major production losses and have significant implications for trade. Vaccination can assist in controlling the disease, and emergency vaccination using high antigen payload vaccines (>6 PD50/dose) is considered an important control approach in the event of an outbreak. In recent years there has been a divergence of serotype A viruses in South East Asia (SEA) into several distinct genetic and antigenic clusters. Numerous variants were found to poorly match serotype A vaccines commonly included in international antigen banks. This study examined the ability of single vaccination with high-potency monovalent A22 IRQ vaccine to protect sheep following challenge with the A/VIT/15/2012 strain, just four days following vaccination. The vaccine proved effective at limiting clinical disease but did not prevent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Horsington
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hilary Bittner
- National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter A. Durr
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Soren Alexandersen
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Deakin University Geelong, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Rodríguez Pulido M, Sánchez-Aparicio MT, Martínez-Salas E, García-Sastre A, Sobrino F, Sáiz M. Innate immune sensor LGP2 is cleaved by the Leader protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007135. [PMID: 29958302 PMCID: PMC6042790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA helicase LGP2 (Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology 2) is a non-signaling member of the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), whose pivotal role on innate immune responses against RNA viruses is being increasingly uncovered. LGP2 is known to work in synergy with melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) to promote the antiviral response induced by picornavirus infection. Here, we describe the activity of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) Leader protease (Lpro) targeting LGP2 for cleavage. When LGP2 and Lpro were co-expressed, cleavage products were observed in an Lpro dose-dependent manner while co-expression with a catalytically inactive Lpro mutant had no effect on LGP2 levels or pattern. We further show that Lpro localizes and immunoprecipitates with LGP2 in transfected cells supporting their interaction within the cytoplasm. Evidence of LGP2 proteolysis was also detected during FMDV infection. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of LGP2 overexpression on FMDV growth observed was reverted when Lpro was co-expressed, concomitant with lower levels of IFN-β mRNA and antiviral activity in those cells. The Lpro target site in LGP2 was identified as an RGRAR sequence in a conserved helicase motif whose replacement to EGEAE abrogated LGP2 cleavage by Lpro. Taken together, these data suggest that LGP2 cleavage by the Leader protease of aphthoviruses may represent a novel antagonistic mechanism for immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Teresa Sánchez-Aparicio
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Margarita Sáiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Waters R, Ludi AB, Fowler VL, Wilsden G, Browning C, Gubbins S, Statham B, Bin-Tarif A, Mioulet V, King DJ, Colenutt C, Brown E, Hudelet P, King DP. Efficacy of a high-potency multivalent foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine in cattle against heterologous challenge with a field virus from the emerging A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. Vaccine 2018; 36:1901-1907. [PMID: 29506922 PMCID: PMC5864508 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the Middle East were discovered to be caused by a viral lineage (A/ASIA/G-VII), which has recently emerged from the Indian sub-continent. In vitro vaccine matching data generated by the World Reference Laboratory (WRLFMD) indicated that A/ASIA/G-VII field viruses were poorly matched with vaccines (A-SAU-95, A22 IRQ and A-IRN-05) that are already used in the region. In order to assess the likely performance of one of these commercially available FMD vaccines, sixteen cattle were vaccinated with a polyvalent vaccine which contained two serotype A components (A-SAU-95 and A-IRN-05) with a homologous potency of at least 6PD50, and two cattle were left unvaccinated as controls. Twenty-one days later, all 18 cattle were challenged by tongue inoculation with an FMDV field isolate A/IRN/22/2015 from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage, in line with the European Pharmacopeia PPG test conditions. The two control animals developed generalised FMD, and 7/16 vaccinated animals developed at least one foot lesion, thus only 56.3% were defined as protected. For the vaccine components, there was a significant increase in the probability of protection with increasing serological titres for A-SAU-95 (p = 0.03), but not for A-IRN-05 (p = 0.42). Analysis of FMDV in blood and nasal swabs suggested that vaccination reduced shedding and potential onward spread of FMD virus even if the animal developed foot lesions. In summary, the results from this study suggest that whilst this vaccine would not be appropriate for use in an emergency situation (in previously FMD-free countries), it may be partially effective in the field in endemic countries where repeat prophylactic vaccination is practiced. For emergency reactive vaccination, the findings from this study support the idea that a new vaccine strain should be developed that is tailored to the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Veronica L Fowler
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Browning
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Bob Statham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Abdelghani Bin-Tarif
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - David J King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Colenutt
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Brown
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Hudelet
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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30
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Dill V, Hoffmann B, Zimmer A, Beer M, Eschbaumer M. Influence of cell type and cell culture media on the propagation of foot-and-mouth disease virus with regard to vaccine quality. Virol J 2018; 15:46. [PMID: 29548334 PMCID: PMC5857075 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suspension culture of BHK cells allows large-scale virus propagation and cost-efficient vaccine production, while the shift to animal-component-free cell culture media without serum is beneficial for the quality and downstream processing of the product. Foot-and-mouth disease virus is still endemic in many parts of the world and high-quality vaccines are essential for the eradication of this highly contagious and economically devastating disease. METHODS Changes to the viral genome sequence during passaging in an adherent and a suspension cell culture system were compared and the impact of amino acid substitutions on receptor tropism, antigenicity and particle stability was examined. Virus production in suspension cells in animal-component-free media and in serum-containing media as well as in adherent cells in serum-containing media was compared. Infection kinetics were determined and the yield of intact viral particles was estimated in all systems using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. RESULTS Capsid protein sequence alterations were serotype-specific, but varied between cell lines. But The A24-2P virus variant had expanded its receptor tropism, but virus neutralization tests found no changes in the antigenic profile in comparison to the original viruses. There were no differences in viral titer between a suspension and an adherent cell culture system, independent of the type of media used. Also, the usage of a serum-free suspension culture system promoted viral growth and allowed an earlier harvest. For serotype O isolates, no differences were seen in the yield of 146S particles. Serotype A preparations revealed a decreased yield of 146S particles in suspension cells independent of the culture media. CONCLUSION The selective pressure of the available surface receptors in different cell culture systems may be responsible for alterations in the capsid coding sequence of culture-grown virus. Important vaccine potency characteristics such as viral titer and the neutralization profile were unaffected, but the 146S particle yield differed for one of the tested serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Dill
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Aline Zimmer
- Merck KGaA, Merck Life Sciences, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
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31
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Veerapen VP, van Zyl AR, Wigdorovitz A, Rybicki EP, Meyers AE. Novel expression of immunogenic foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus Res 2018; 244:213-217. [PMID: 29196195 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals and is endemic in Africa, parts of South America and southern Asia. The causative agent, FMD virus (FMDV) is a member of the genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae. Vaccines currently used against FMDV are chemically inactivated virus strains which are produced under high-level biocontainment facilities, thus raising their cost. The development of recombinant FMDV vaccines has focused predominantly on FMDV virus-like particle (VLP) subunit vaccines for which promising results have been achieved. These VLPs are attractive candidates because they avoid the use of live virus in production facilities, but conserve the complete repertoire of conformational epitopes of the virus. Recombinant FMDV VLPs are formed by the expression and assembly of the three structural proteins VP0, VP1 and VP3. This can be attained by co-expression of the three individual structural capsid proteins or by co-expression of the viral capsid precursor P1-2A together with the viral protease 3C. The latter proteolytically cleaves P1-2A into the respective structural proteins. These VLPS are produced in mammalian or insect cell culture systems, which are expensive and can be easily contaminated. Plants, such as Nicotiana benthamiana, potentially provide a more cost-effective and very highly scalable platform for recombinant protein and VLP production. In this study, P1-2A was transiently expressed in N. benthamiana alone, without the 3C protease. Surprisingly, there was efficient processing of the P1-2A polyprotein into its component structural proteins, and subsequent assembly into VLPs. The yield was ∼0.030μg per gram of fresh leaf material. Partially purified VLPs were preliminarily tested for immunogenicity in mice and shown to stimulate the production of FMDV-specific antibodies. This study, has important implications for simplifying the production and expression of potential vaccine candidates against FMDV in plants, in the absence of 3C expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varusha Pillay Veerapen
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Albertha R van Zyl
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Andrés Wigdorovitz
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
| | - Ann E Meyers
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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Lyons NA, Ludi AB, Wilsden G, Hamblin P, Qasim IA, Gubbins S, King DP. Evaluation of a polyvalent foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine containing A Saudi-95 against field challenge on large-scale dairy farms in Saudi Arabia with the emerging A/ASIA/G-VII viral lineage. Vaccine 2017; 35:6850-6857. [PMID: 29108665 PMCID: PMC5723706 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses of the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage emerged from the Indian sub-continent to cause outbreaks in the Middle and Near East. A factor which has been proposed to have contributed to the rapid spread of this lineage is the poor in vitro vaccine-match of field isolates to vaccine strains that are commonly used in the region. This study used data from outbreaks on four large-scale dairy farms using routine vaccination in Saudi Arabia, to evaluate the impact of vaccination and learn how to manage outbreaks more effectively in this setting. This evaluation also included an assessment of vaccine-induced neutralisation titres to the vaccine and field strains on a related farm with no history of FMD that employed an identical vaccination schedule. The incidence risk among exposed groups ranged from 2.6 to 20.1% and was significantly higher among youngstock (18.7%) compared to adults (7.4%). Evidence was found that local isolation of individual sick animals was more effective than whole group isolation and that subclinical infection and undetected circulation may occur on large-scale farms in Saudi Arabia, although both of these points require further evaluation. On the unaffected farm, the mean reciprocal titres for the vaccine and field strains were all above the cut-off supposed to correlate with clinical protection based on evidence from challenge studies. An estimate of vaccination effectiveness was not possible on the affected farms, but the incidence of FMD provides a more realistic estimation of the expected vaccine performance than in vivo studies or r1 value as it is based on field conditions and natural exposure. This study shows that analysis of field data from FMD outbreaks are a useful addition to more conventional challenge and in vitro based evaluations of vaccines and suggests further work is necessary to validate correlates of protection in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Pip Hamblin
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Qasim
- Directorate of Animal Resources Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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33
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Puckette M, Clark BA, Smith JD, Turecek T, Martel E, Gabbert L, Pisano M, Hurtle W, Pacheco JM, Barrera J, Neilan JG, Rasmussen M. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Virus 3C Protease Mutant L127P: Implications for FMD Vaccine Development. J Virol 2017; 91:e00924-17. [PMID: 28878081 PMCID: PMC5660475 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00924-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) afflicts livestock in more than 80 countries, limiting food production and global trade. Production of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines requires cytosolic expression of the FMDV 3C protease to cleave the P1 polyprotein into mature capsid proteins, but the FMDV 3C protease is toxic to host cells. To identify less-toxic isoforms of the FMDV 3C protease, we screened 3C mutants for increased transgene output in comparison to wild-type 3C using a Gaussia luciferase reporter system. The novel point mutation 3C(L127P) increased yields of recombinant FMDV subunit proteins in mammalian and bacterial cells expressing P1-3C transgenes and retained the ability to process P1 polyproteins from multiple FMDV serotypes. The 3C(L127P) mutant produced crystalline arrays of FMDV-like particles in mammalian and bacterial cells, potentially providing a practical method of rapid, inexpensive FMD vaccine production in bacteria.IMPORTANCE The mutant FMDV 3C protease L127P significantly increased yields of recombinant FMDV subunit antigens and produced virus-like particles in mammalian and bacterial cells. The L127P mutation represents a novel advancement for economical FMD vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Puckette
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
- Leidos, Inc., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin A Clark
- Leidos, Inc., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Justin D Smith
- Leidos, Inc., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Traci Turecek
- Leidos, Inc., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - Erica Martel
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lindsay Gabbert
- Leidos, Inc., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - Melia Pisano
- Leidos, Inc., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - William Hurtle
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - Juan M Pacheco
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - José Barrera
- Leidos, Inc., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - John G Neilan
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - Max Rasmussen
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, USA
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Çokçalışkan C, Türkoğlu T, Uzunlu E, Sareyyüpoğlu B, Hancı İ, İpek A, Arslan A, Babak A, İldeniz G, Gülyaz V. Influence of vaccine potency and booster administration of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines on the antibody response in calves with maternal antibodies. J Vet Sci 2017; 18:315-322. [PMID: 28859271 PMCID: PMC5583419 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the most important viral diseases of cloven-hoofed animals. Mass vaccination is an effective method to control the disease and is frequently utilized in endemic regions. Sufficient protection of young animals is important in mass vaccination campaigns. Maternal antibodies negatively affect the success of vaccination. Hence, determination of the optimal vaccination age is crucial for the uninterrupted protection of young animals. This study was performed to identify the effect of vaccine potency and booster administration on serum neutralizing antibody titers of calves with different levels of maternal antibodies. Calves (n = 111) on a state farm were used in this study. Oil adjuvant foot-and-mouth disease vaccines with 3 PD50 and 6 PD50 potencies were used with or without booster administration. Serum samples were collected each month up to day 120 postvaccination. Virus neutralization tests were used to measure the serum neutralizing antibody titers and estimate the protection period by using pre-determined cut-off values for protection. The results revealed that a vaccination with a 6 PD50 potency vaccine, preferably followed by a booster dose, should be used to overcome maternal immunity for incessant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Çokçalışkan
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Tunçer Türkoğlu
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Ergün Uzunlu
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | | | - İbrahim Hancı
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Ahmet İpek
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Arslan
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Ayca Babak
- Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development, Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Gülnur İldeniz
- Directorate-General for State Farms, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Ankara 06044, Turkey
| | - Veli Gülyaz
- Institute of Foot and Mouth Disease (SAP), Ankara 06044, Turkey
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35
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Senthilkumaran C, Yang M, Bittner H, Ambagala A, Lung O, Zimmerman J, Giménez-Lirola LG, Nfon C. Detection of genome, antigen, and antibodies in oral fluids from pigs infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus. Can J Vet Res 2017; 81:82-90. [PMID: 28408775 PMCID: PMC5370543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus nucleic acids and antibody response to pathogens can be measured using swine oral fluids (OFs). Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome in swine OFs has previously been demonstrated. Virus isolation and viral antigen detection are additional confirmatory assays for diagnosing FMDV, but these methods have not been evaluated using swine OF. The objectives of this study were to further validate the molecular detection of FMDV in oral fluids, evaluate antigen detection and FMDV isolation from swine OFs, and develop an assay for isotypic anti-FMDV antibody detection in OFs. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) from FMDV was detected in OFs from experimentally infected pigs by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) from 1 day post-infection (dpi) to 21 dpi. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was isolated from OFs at 1 to 5 dpi. Additionally, FMDV antigens were detected in OFs from 1 to 6 dpi using a lateral flow immunochromatographic strip test (LFIST), which is a rapid pen-side test, and from 2 to 3 dpi using a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS ELISA). Furthermore, FMDV-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) was detected in OFs using an isotype-specific indirect ELISA starting at dpi 14. These results further demonstrated the potential use of oral fluids for detecting FMDV genome, live virus, and viral antigens, as well as for quantifying mucosal IgA antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles Nfon
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Charles Nfon; telephone: (204) 789-2023; fax: (204) 789-2038; e-mail:
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36
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Feng H, McDonough SP, Fan J, Yang S, Zhao X, Lu Y, Gan Y, Yi X, Chang YF. Phosphorylated Radix Cyathulae officinalis Polysaccharides Act as Adjuvant via Promoting Dendritic Cell Maturation. Molecules 2017; 22:E106. [PMID: 28075416 PMCID: PMC6155757 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether phosphorylated Radix Cyathulae officinalis Kuan polysaccharides (pRCPS) used as adjuvant with foot-and-mouth disease vaccine (FMDV) can stimulate specific humoral and cellular immune responses in ICR mice. The results demonstrated that pRCPS significantly up-regulated FMDV-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2b and IgG2a antibody levels and splenocyte proliferation. pRCPS also promoted the killing activities of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer cells (NK). In addition, pRCPS enhanced the expression levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ in CD4⁺ T cells and the level of IFN-γ in CD8⁺ T cells. Importantly, pRCPS enhanced the expression of MHCII, CD40⁺, CD86⁺, and CD80⁺ in dendritic cells (DCs). This study indicated that phosphorylation modification could increase immune-enhancing activities of RCPS, and pRCPS could promote humoral and cellular immune responses through facilitating DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Feng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Sean P McDonough
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Jing Fan
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610051, China.
| | - Shiping Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Xuelian Zhao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Yun Gan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Xiao Yi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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37
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Parida S, Fleming L, Gibson D, Hamblin PA, Grazioli S, Brocchi E, Paton DJ. Bovine Serum Panel for Evaluating Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Nonstructural Protein Antibody Tests. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:539-44. [PMID: 17823399 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of 36 sera has been assembled from experimental cattle that had been infected by inoculation or contact exposure with 4 serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) with or without prior vaccination. Virus replication and persistence had been characterized in all of the animals. The proportion of the sera scored positive by 5 tests for antibodies to the nonstructural proteins of FMDV varied, suggesting that the panel can discriminate between the sensitivity with which such tests are able to identify infected cattle. Use of this panel will help in assessment of new tests and quality control of existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Parida
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
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38
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Nanni M, Alegre M, Compaired D, Taboga O, Fondevila N. Novel Purification Method for Recombinant 3AB1 Nonstructural Protein of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus for Use in Differentiation between Infected and Vaccinated Animals. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 17:248-51. [PMID: 15945381 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for differentiation of animals infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) from vaccinated animals. The test was based on a highly pure and concentrated preparation of recombinant 3AB1 protein obtained by expression in a prokaryotic system, protein separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and electro elution. Experimental- and field-serum samples from naive, vaccinated, and infected cattle were tested for anti3AB1 antibody using the ELISA. A cutoff level was set at 35% of the maximum absorbance obtained with a positive control serum (FMDV-infected animal, 21 days postinfection [dpi]). This assay could detect antibodies from sera of animals experimentally infected by contact ( n = 118) with a sensitivity of 97.5%. The specificity was 100%, based on negative test results obtained on 109 sera from naive animals. Remarkably, all sera from animals vaccinated either once ( n = 102) or twice ( n = 30) were negative. In addition, this 3AB1-ELISA could detect seroconversion at 7 dpi in animals inoculated intradermolingually. This assay constitutes an important tool for the rapid detection of FMDV outbreaks in a vaccinated population. In addition, it presents a reliable, economical, and simple method for testing large numbers of serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Nanni
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICV), (INTA)-Castelar, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas, 1712 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Inoue T, Parida S, Paton DJ, Linchongsubongkoch W, Mackay D, Oh Y, Aunpomma D, Gubbins S, Saeki T. Development and Evaluation of an Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Nonstructural Protein Antibody using a Chemically Synthesized 2B Peptide as Antigen. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:545-52. [PMID: 17121081 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty peptides were synthesized corresponding to hydrophilic clusters of amino acids within the sequences of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural proteins (NSP). Six peptides were studied in more detail and the most promising, a 2B peptide, was evaluated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using sera from naïve, vaccinated, and vaccinated-and-challenged cattle as well as bovine sera from field outbreaks. The performance of the new NSP peptide ELISA was compared to that of 4 commercial NSP ELISA kits. Antibody to 2B was detectable from the end of the first week to the second week after infection in most of the nonvaccinated animals and by the second to third week in vaccinated-and-challenged animals. The sensitivity of the 2B peptide ELISA was comparable to the 3ABC Ceditest ( Ceditest® FMDV-NS, Cedi Diagnostics B.V.; Chung et al., 2002). With some modification and further validation, this 2B test could be useful as a screening or conformational NSP test in postvaccination surveillance for FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Inoue
- National Institute of Animal Health, Kodaira, Tokyo 1187-0022, Japan
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40
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Rao JP, Agrawal P, Mohammad R, Rao SK, Reddy GR, Dechamma HJ, S Suryanarayana VV. Expression of VP1 protein of serotype A and O of foot-and-mouth disease virus in transgenic sunnhemp plants and its immunogenicity for guinea pigs. Acta Virol 2016; 56:91-9. [PMID: 22720698 DOI: 10.4149/av_2012_02_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recently, transgenic plants expressing immunogenic proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have been used as oral or parenteral vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). They exhibit advantages like cost effectiveness, absence of processing, thermostability, and easy oral application. FMDV VP1 protein of single serotype has been mostly used as immunogen. Here we report the development of a bivalent vaccine with tandem-linked VP1 proteins of two serotypes, A and O, present in transgenic forage crop Crotalaria juncea. The expression of the bivalent protein in the transgenic plants was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Guinea pig reacted to orally or parenterally applied vaccine by humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses including serum antibodies and stimulated lymphocytes, respectively. The vaccine protected the animals against a challenge with the virus of serotype A as well as O. This is the first report on the development of a bivalent FMD vaccine using a forage crop. KEYWORDS foot-and-mouth disease; sunnhemp; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; FMDV-VP1 gene; serotype O and A; in planta transformation; transgenic plants; bivalent vaccine.
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41
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Sergeyev OV, Barinsky IF. [SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES]. Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:5-8. [PMID: 27145593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An update on the development and trials of synthetic peptide vaccines is reviewed. The review considers the successful examples of specific protection as a result of immunization with synthetic peptides using various protocols. The importance of conformation for the immunogenicity of the peptide is pointed out. An alternative strategy of the protection of the organism against the infection using synthetic peptides is suggested.
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Stenfeldt C, Eschbaumer M, Pacheco JM, Rekant SI, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Pathogenesis of Primary Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection in the Nasopharynx of Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated Cattle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143666. [PMID: 26599543 PMCID: PMC4658095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A time-course pathogenesis study was performed to compare and contrast primary foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection following simulated-natural (intra-nasopharyngeal) virus exposure of cattle that were non-vaccinated or vaccinated using a recombinant adenovirus-vectored FMDV vaccine. FMDV genome and infectious virus were detected during the initial phase of infection in both categories of animals with consistent predilection for the nasopharyngeal mucosa. A rapid progression of infection with viremia and widespread dissemination of virus occurred in non-vaccinated animals whilst vaccinated cattle were protected from viremia and clinical FMD. Analysis of micro-anatomic distribution of virus during early infection by lasercapture microdissection localized FMDV RNA to follicle-associated epithelium of the nasopharyngeal mucosa in both groups of animals, with concurrent detection of viral genome in nasopharyngeal MALT follicles in vaccinated cattle only. FMDV structural and non-structural proteins were detected in epithelial cells of the nasopharyngeal mucosa by immunomicroscopy 24 hours after inoculation in both non-vaccinated and vaccinated steers. Co-localization of CD11c+/MHC II+ cells with viral protein occurred early at primary infection sites in vaccinated steers while similar host-virus interactions were observed at later time points in non-vaccinated steers. Additionally, numerous CD8+/CD3- host cells, representing presumptive natural killer cells, were observed in association with foci of primary FMDV infection in the nasopharyngeal mucosa of vaccinated steers but were absent in non-vaccinated steers. Immunomicroscopic evidence of an activated antiviral response at primary infection sites of vaccinated cattle was corroborated by a relative induction of interferon -α, -β, -γ and -λ mRNA in micro-dissected samples of nasopharyngeal mucosa. Although vaccination protected cattle from viremia and clinical FMD, there was subclinical infection of epithelial cells of the nasopharyngeal mucosa that could enable shedding and long-term persistence of infectious virus. Additionally, these data indicate different mechanisms within the immediate host response to infection between non-vaccinated and vaccinated cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Juan M. Pacheco
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Steven I. Rekant
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kotecha A, Seago J, Scott K, Burman A, Loureiro S, Ren J, Porta C, Ginn HM, Jackson T, Perez-Martin E, Siebert CA, Paul G, Huiskonen JT, Jones IM, Esnouf RM, Fry EE, Maree FF, Charleston B, Stuart DI. Structure-based energetics of protein interfaces guides foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine design. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:788-94. [PMID: 26389739 PMCID: PMC5985953 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Virus capsids are primed for disassembly, yet capsid integrity is key to generating a protective immune response. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsids comprise identical pentameric protein subunits held together by tenuous noncovalent interactions and are often unstable. Chemically inactivated or recombinant empty capsids, which could form the basis of future vaccines, are even less stable than live virus. Here we devised a computational method to assess the relative stability of protein-protein interfaces and used it to design improved candidate vaccines for two poorly stable, but globally important, serotypes of FMDV: O and SAT2. We used a restrained molecular dynamics strategy to rank mutations predicted to strengthen the pentamer interfaces and applied the results to produce stabilized capsids. Structural analyses and stability assays confirmed the predictions, and vaccinated animals generated improved neutralizing-antibody responses to stabilized particles compared to parental viruses and wild-type capsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Katherine Scott
- Transboundary Animal Disease Programme, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | | | - Silvia Loureiro
- Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudine Porta
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Helen M. Ginn
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Guntram Paul
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Animal Health, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ian M. Jones
- Animal and Microbial Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Robert M. Esnouf
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth E. Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francois F. Maree
- Transboundary Animal Disease Programme, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - David I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Life Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK
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44
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Dhikusooka MT, Tjørnehøj K, Ayebazibwe C, Namatovu A, Ruhweza S, Siegismund HR, Wekesa SN, Normann P, Belsham GJ. Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype SAT 3 in long-horned Ankole calf, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:111-4. [PMID: 25531186 PMCID: PMC4285273 DOI: 10.3201/eid2101.140995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After a 16-year interval, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype SAT 3 was isolated in 2013 from an apparently healthy long-horned Ankole calf that grazed close to buffalo in Uganda. The emergent virus strain is ≈20% different in nucleotide sequence (encoding VP1 [viral protein 1]) from its closest relatives isolated previously from buffalo in Uganda.
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45
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Pomeroy LW, Bjørnstad ON, Kim H, Jumbo SD, Abdoulkadiri S, Garabed R. Serotype-Specific Transmission and Waning Immunity of Endemic Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cameroon. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136642. [PMID: 26327324 PMCID: PMC4556668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes morbidity and mortality in a range of animals and threatens local economies by acting as a barrier to international trade. The outbreak in the United Kingdom in 2001 that cost billions to control highlighted the risk that the pathogen poses to agriculture. In response, several mathematical models have been developed to parameterize and predict both transmission dynamics and optimal disease control. However, a lack of understanding of the multi-strain etiology prevents characterization of multi-strain dynamics. Here, we use data from FMDV serology in an endemic setting to probe strain-specific transmission and immunodynamics. Five serotypes of FMDV affect cattle in the Far North Region of Cameroon. We fit both catalytic and reverse catalytic models to serological data to estimate the force of infection and the rate of waning immunity, and to detect periods of sustained transmission. For serotypes SAT2, SAT3, and type A, a model assuming life-long immunity fit better. For serotypes SAT1 and type O, the better-fit model suggests that immunity may wane over time. Our analysis further indicates that type O has the greatest force of infection and the longest duration of immunity. Estimates for the force of infection were time-varying and indicated that serotypes SAT1 and O displayed endemic dynamics, serotype A displayed epidemic dynamics, and SAT2 and SAT3 did not sustain local chains of transmission. Since these results were obtained from the same population at the same time, they highlight important differences in transmission specific to each serotype. They also show that immunity wanes at rates specific to each serotype, which influences patterns of local persistence. Overall, this work shows that viral serotypes can differ significantly in their epidemiological and immunological characteristics. Patterns and processes that drive transmission in endemic settings must consider complex viral dynamics for accurate representation and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W. Pomeroy
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ottar N. Bjørnstad
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | | | | | - Rebecca Garabed
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Public Health Preparedness for Infectious Disease Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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46
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Morioka K, Fukai K, Yoshida K, Kitano R, Yamazoe R, Yamada M, Nishi T, Kanno T. Development and Evaluation of a Rapid Antigen Detection and Serotyping Lateral Flow Antigen Detection System for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134931. [PMID: 26270053 PMCID: PMC4535846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a lateral flow strip using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which allows for rapid antigen detection and serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). This FMDV serotyping strip was able to detect all 7 serotypes and distinguish serotypes O, A, C and Asia1. Its sensitivities ranged from 103 to 104 of a 50% tissue culture infectious dose of each FMDV stain; this is equal to those of the commercial product Svanodip (Boehringer Ingelheim Svanova, Uppsala, Sweden), which can detect all seven serotypes of FMDV, but does not distinguish them. Our evaluation of the FMDV serotyping strip using a total of 118 clinical samples (vesicular fluids, vesicular epithelial emulsions and oral and/or nasal swabs) showed highly sensitive antigen detection and accuracy in serotyping in accordance with ELISA or RT-PCR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on any FMDV serotyping strip that provides both rapid antigen detection and serotyping of FMDV at the same time on one strip without extra devices. This method will be useful in both FMD-free countries and FMD-infected countries, especially where laboratory diagnosis cannot be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Morioka
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yoshida
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Kitano
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamazoe
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kanno
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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47
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Borrego B, Rodríguez-Pulido M, Revilla C, Álvarez B, Sobrino F, Domínguez J, Sáiz M. Synthetic RNAs Mimicking Structural Domains in the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Genome Elicit a Broad Innate Immune Response in Porcine Cells Triggered by RIG-I and TLR Activation. Viruses 2015; 7:3954-73. [PMID: 26193305 PMCID: PMC4517136 DOI: 10.3390/v7072807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against viral infections. Exploiting innate responses for antiviral, therapeutic and vaccine adjuvation strategies is being extensively explored. We have previously described, the ability of small in vitro RNA transcripts, mimicking the sequence and structure of different domains in the non-coding regions of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome (ncRNAs), to trigger a potent and rapid innate immune response. These synthetic non-infectious molecules have proved to have a broad-range antiviral activity and to enhance the immunogenicity of an FMD inactivated vaccine in mice. Here, we have studied the involvement of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) in the ncRNA-induced innate response and analyzed the antiviral and cytokine profiles elicited in swine cultured cells, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Borrego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain.
| | | | - Concepción Revilla
- Dpto. de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra de la Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Belén Álvarez
- Dpto. de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra de la Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Francisco Sobrino
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CISC-UAM), Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Javier Domínguez
- Dpto. de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra de la Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Margarita Sáiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CISC-UAM), Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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48
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Pacheco JM, Smoliga GR, O’Donnell V, Brito BP, Stenfeldt C, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Persistent Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection in the Nasopharynx of Cattle; Tissue-Specific Distribution and Local Cytokine Expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125698. [PMID: 25996935 PMCID: PMC4440813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissues obtained post-mortem from cattle persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were analyzed to characterize the tissue-specific localization of FMDV and partial transcriptome profiles for selected immunoregulatory cytokines. Analysis of 28 distinct anatomic sites from 21 steers infected with FMDV serotype A, O or SAT2, had the highest prevalence of overall viral detection in the dorsal nasopharynx (80.95%) and dorsal soft palate (71.43%). FMDV was less frequently detected in laryngeal mucosal tissues, oropharyngeal mucosal sites, and lymph nodes draining the pharynx. Immunomicroscopy indicated that within persistently infected mucosal tissues, FMDV antigens were rarely detectable within few epithelial cells in regions of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Transcriptome analysis of persistently infected pharyngeal tissues by qRT-PCR for 14 cytokine genes indicated a general trend of decreased mRNA levels compared to uninfected control animals. Although, statistically significant differences were not observed, greatest suppression of relative expression (RE) was identified for IP-10 (RE = 0.198), IFN-β (RE = 0.269), IL-12 (RE = 0.275), and IL-2 (RE = 0.312). Increased relative expression was detected for IL-6 (RE = 2.065). Overall, this data demonstrates that during the FMDV carrier state in cattle, viral persistence is associated with epithelial cells of the nasopharynx in the upper respiratory tract and decreased levels of mRNA for several immunoregulatory cytokines in the infected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Pacheco
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island, NY, United States of America
| | - George R. Smoliga
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island, NY, United States of America
| | - Vivian O’Donnell
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island, NY, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut at Storrs, Storrs, CT, United States of America
| | - Barbara P. Brito
- Center for Animal Diseases Modeling and Surveillance, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island, NY, United States of America
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island, NY, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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Basagoudanavar SH, Hosamani M, Tamil RP, Sreenivasa BP, Chandrasekhar BK, Venkataramanan R. Immunoreactivity and trypsin sensitivity of recombinant virus-like particles of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Acta Virol 2015; 59:84-91. [PMID: 25790055 DOI: 10.4149/av_2015_01_84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an important infection affecting the health and productivity of cloven-hoofed livestock. Development of improved vaccines and diagnostic reagents is being explored to facilitate the disease control. There is an emerging interest in virus-like particles (VLPs), as their constituent structural proteins are the major immunogens. The VLPs are similar to natural virus particles but lack viral nucleic acid. The objective of the present study was to express the VLPs of FMD virus (FMDV) serotype Asia-1 (IND 63/72), using baculovirus system and characterize them for antigenic structure. The VLPs expressed in insect cells showed immunoreactivity similar to inactivated cell culture FMDV. Further they possess similar sensitivity to trypsin as the inactivated cell culture FMDV, suggesting that trypsin-sensitive antigenic sites could be similarly arranged. Our findings suggest that the FMD VLPs have similar antigenic conformational feature like the wild type virus, thus supporting their utility in development of non-infectious FMD vaccines and/or diagnostic assays.
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50
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Ma X, Li P, Sun P, Bai X, Bao H, Lu Z, Fu Y, Cao Y, Li D, Chen Y, Qiao Z, Liu Z. Construction and characterization of 3A-epitope-tagged foot-and-mouth disease virus. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 31:17-24. [PMID: 25584768 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonstructural protein 3A of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a partially conserved protein of 153 amino acids (aa) in most FMDVs examined to date. Specific deletion in the FMDV 3A protein has been associated with the inability of FMDV to grow in primary bovine cells and cause disease in cattle. However, the aa residues playing key roles in these processes are poorly understood. In this study, we constructed epitope-tagged FMDVs containing an 8 aa FLAG epitope, a 9 aa haemagglutinin (HA) epitope, and a 10 aa c-Myc epitope to substitute residues 94-101, 93-101, and 93-102 of 3A protein, respectively, using a recently developed O/SEA/Mya-98 FMDV infectious cDNA clone. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA), Western blot and sequence analysis showed that the epitope-tagged viruses stably maintained and expressed the foreign epitopes even after 10 serial passages in BHK-21 cells. The epitope-tagged viruses displayed growth properties and plaque phenotypes similar to those of the parental virus in BHK-21 cells. However, the epitope-tagged viruses exhibited lower growth rates and smaller plaque size phenotypes than those of the parental virus in primary fetal bovine kidney (FBK) cells, but similar growth properties and plaque phenotypes to those of the recombinant viruses harboring 93-102 deletion in 3A. These results demonstrate that the decreased ability of FMDV to replicate in primary bovine cells was not associated with the length of 3A, and the genetic determinant thought to play key role in decreased ability to replicate in primary bovine cells could be reduced from 93-102 residues to 8 aa residues at positions 94-101 in 3A protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zilin Qiao
- Animal Cell Engineering & Technology Research Center of Gansu, Northwest University for Nationalities, No. 1 Xibeixincun, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
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