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Scurr MJ, Zelek WM, Lippiatt G, Somerville M, Burnell SEA, Capitani L, Davies K, Lawton H, Tozer T, Rees T, Roberts K, Evans M, Jackson A, Young C, Fairclough L, Tighe P, Wills M, Westwell AD, Morgan BP, Gallimore A, Godkin A. Whole blood-based measurement of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells reveals asymptomatic infection and vaccine immunogenicity in healthy subjects and patients with solid-organ cancers. Immunology 2022; 165:250-259. [PMID: 34775604 PMCID: PMC8653009 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate assessment of SARS-CoV-2 immunity is critical in evaluating vaccine efficacy and devising public health policies. Whilst the exact nature of effective immunity remains incompletely defined, SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses are a critical feature that will likely form a key correlate of protection against COVID-19. Here, we developed and optimized a high-throughput whole blood-based assay to determine the T-cell response associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination amongst 231 healthy donors and 68 cancer patients. Following overnight in vitro stimulation with SARS-CoV-2-specific peptides, blood plasma samples were analysed for TH 1-type cytokines. Highly significant differential IFN-γ+ /IL-2+ SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses were seen amongst previously infected COVID-19-positive healthy donors in comparison with unknown / naïve individuals (p < 0·0001). IFN-γ production was more effective at identifying asymptomatic donors, demonstrating higher sensitivity (96·0% vs. 83·3%) but lower specificity (84·4% vs. 92·5%) than measurement of IL-2. A single COVID-19 vaccine dose induced IFN-γ and/or IL-2 SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses in 116 of 128 (90·6%) healthy donors, reducing significantly to 27 of 56 (48·2%) when measured in cancer patients (p < 0·0001). A second dose was sufficient to boost T-cell responses in the majority (90·6%) of cancer patients, albeit IFN-γ+ responses were still significantly lower overall than those induced in healthy donors (p = 0·034). Three-month post-vaccination T-cell responses also declined at a faster rate in cancer patients. Overall, this cost-effective standardizable test ensures accurate and comparable assessments of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses amenable to widespread population immunity testing, and identifies individuals at greater need of booster vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Scurr
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- ImmunoServ LtdCardiffUK
| | - Wioleta M. Zelek
- School of MedicineSystems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute CardiffCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Michelle Somerville
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Lorenzo Capitani
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | | | - Thomas Tozer
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyUniversity Hospital of WalesCardiffUK
| | - Tara Rees
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyUniversity Hospital of WalesCardiffUK
| | - Kerry Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyUniversity Hospital of WalesCardiffUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Paddy Tighe
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Mark Wills
- Department of MedicineAddenbrooke’s HospitalUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew D. Westwell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- School of MedicineSystems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute CardiffCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Awen Gallimore
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- School of MedicineSystems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection & ImmunitySchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- School of MedicineSystems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Department of Gastroenterology & HepatologyUniversity Hospital of WalesCardiffUK
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Viana K, Zarpelon L, Leandro A, Terencio M, Lopes R, Martins C, Silva I, Sibim A, Marques F, da Silva R, Rivas A, Souza A, dos-Santos A, Torres S, Garcia M, Giunchetti R, Chiba-de-Castro W. Infection in asymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV-2 can interfere with the achievement of robust immunity on a population scale. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001684. [PMID: 34788210 PMCID: PMC8742991 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide as a severe pandemic, and a significant portion of the infected population may remain asymptomatic. Given this, five surveys were carried out between May and September 2020 with a total of 3585 volunteers in the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu, State of Paraná, a triple border region between Brazil/Argentina/Paraguay. Five months after the first infection, volunteers were re-analysed for the production of IgG anti-Spike and anti-RBD-Spike, in addition to analyses of cellular immunity. Seroconversion rates ranged from 4.4 % to a peak of 37.21 % followed by a reduction in seroconversion to 21.1 % in September, indicating that 25 % of the population lost their circulating anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 3 months after infection. Analyses after 5 months of infection showed that only 17.2 % of people still had anti-RBD-Spike antibodies, however, most volunteers had some degree of cellular immune response. The strategy of letting people become naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 to achieve herd immunity is flawed, and the first contact with the virus may not generate enough immunogenic stimulus to prevent a possible second infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvinson Viana
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Luis Zarpelon
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Andre Leandro
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Maria Terencio
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Renata Lopes
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | | | - Isaak Silva
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Sibim
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Fábio Marques
- Fundação Municipal de Saúde de Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | | | - Açucena Rivas
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Adrieli Souza
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Angelo dos-Santos
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Sara Torres
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Maria Garcia
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
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Ling RJ, Yu YH, He JY, Zhang JX, Xu S, Sun RR, Zhu WC, Chen MF, Li T, Ji HL, Wang HQ. Seroprevalence of IgM and IgG Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Asymptomatic People in Wuhan: Data from a General Hospital Near South China Seafood Wholesale Market during March to April in 2020. Biomed Environ Sci 2021; 34:743-749. [PMID: 34530966 PMCID: PMC8485512 DOI: 10.3967/bes2021.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic people in Wuhan. This was a cross-sectional study, which enrolled 18,712 asymptomatic participants from 154 work units in Wuhan. Pearson Chi-square test, t-test, and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare the standardized seroprevalence of IgG and IgM for age and gender between different groups. The results indicated the standardized seroprevalence of IgG and IgM showed a downward trend and was significantly higher among females than males. Besides, different geographic areas and workplaces had different seroprevalence of IgG among asymptomatic people, and the number of abnormalities in CT imaging were higher in IgG antibody-positive cases than IgG-negative cases. We hope these findings can provide references for herd immunity investigation and provide basis for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jie Ling
- Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Han Yu
- Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Yu He
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ji Xian Zhang
- Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Sha Xu
- Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ren Rong Sun
- Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wang Cai Zhu
- Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Feng Chen
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tao Li
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hong Long Ji
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Centre, Tyler 75708, TX, U.S
| | - Huan Qiang Wang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
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Cosma S, Carosso AR, Cusato J, Borella F, Carosso M, Gervasoni F, Stura I, Preti M, Ghisetti V, Di Perri G, Benedetto C. Preterm birth is not associated with asymptomatic/mild SARS-CoV-2 infection per se: Pre-pregnancy state is what matters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254875. [PMID: 34351922 PMCID: PMC8341509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for the real impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on preterm birth is unclear, as available series report composite pregnancy outcomes and/or do not stratify patients according to disease severity. The purpose of the research was to determine the real impact of asymptomatic/mild SARS-CoV-2 infection on preterm birth not due to maternal respiratory failure. This case-control study involved women admitted to Sant Anna Hospital, Turin, for delivery between 20 September 2020 and 9 January 2021. The cumulative incidence of Coronavirus disease-19 was compared between preterm birth (case group, n = 102) and full-term delivery (control group, n = 127). Only women with spontaneous or medically-indicated preterm birth because of placental vascular malperfusion (pregnancy-related hypertension and its complications) were included. Current or past SARS-CoV-2 infection was determined by nasopharyngeal swab testing and detection of IgM/IgG antibodies in blood samples. A significant difference in the cumulative incidence of Coronavirus disease-19 between the case (21/102, 20.5%) and the control group (32/127, 25.1%) (P= 0.50) was not observed, although the case group was burdened by a higher prevalence of three known risk factors (body mass index > 24.9, asthma, chronic hypertension) for severe Coronavirus disease-19. Logistic regression analysis showed that asymptomatic/mild SARS-CoV-2 infection was not an independent predictor of spontaneous and medically-indicated preterm birth due to pregnancy-related hypertension and its complications (0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-1.43). Pregnant patients without comorbidities need to be reassured that asymptomatic/mild SARS-CoV-2 infection does not increase the risk of preterm delivery. Preterm birth and severe Coronavirus disease-19 share common risk factors (i.e., body mass index > 24.9, asthma, chronic hypertension), which may explain the high rate of indicated preterm birth due to maternal conditions reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cosma
- Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Sant Anna University Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Roberto Carosso
- Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Sant Anna University Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Cusato
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fulvio Borella
- Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Sant Anna University Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Carosso
- Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Sant Anna University Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Gervasoni
- Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Sant Anna University Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stura
- Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Preti
- Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Sant Anna University Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Ghisetti
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Benedetto
- Gynecology and Obstetrics 1, Sant Anna University Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, City of Health and Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Kalla GCM, Mboumnyemb JF, Assob JCN, Ehouzou Mandeng MN, Kamgaing Noubi N, Okomo Assoumou MC, Mbopi-Keou FX, Monebenimp F. Cryptococcal antigen carriage among HIV infected children aged 6 months to 15 years at Laquintinie Hospital in Douala. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253781. [PMID: 34242263 PMCID: PMC8270148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Up to 15% of deaths of people living with HIV is attributable to meningeal cryptococcosis, with nearly 75% occuring in sub-Saharan Africa. Although rare in children, it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV. A strong association between cryptococcal antigenemia and the development of meningeal cryptococcosis has been shown in adults. Thus, in 2018, the World Health Organization published an updated version of its guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of cryptococcal infection in adults, adolescents and the HIV-infected child. Goal To determine the prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia and to identify its determinants in children infected with HIV. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out at the approved treatment center of Laquintinie hospital in Douala over a period of 4 months. Children were recruited consecutively after informed parental consent. Cryptococcal antigenemia and CD4 assay were performed using a Cryptops® immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic test and flow cytometry, respectively. The data collected included the socio-demographic, clinical and paraclinical variables of the children, as well as their antecedents. Data analysis was performed using Epiinfo software version 3.1 and SPSS 21.0. The significance threshold was set at 5%. Results A total of 147 children were enrolled. The mean age was 9.8 ± 4.09 years. The majority were on antiretroviral therapy (142, 96.60%). Only 13 (8.80%) were in severe immunosuppression. No child showed signs of meningeal cryptococcosis. The prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia was 6.12%. Severe immunosuppression [OR: 10.03 (1.52–65.91), p = 0.016] and contact with pigeons [OR: 9.76 (1.14–83.65), p = 0.037] were independent factors significantly associated with the carriage of the cryptococcal antigen. Conclusion We recommend screening for cryptococcal antigenemia and routine treatment with fluconazole of all HIV positive children with cryptococcal antigen whether symptomatic or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginette Claude Mireille Kalla
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Josette Farida Mboumnyemb
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jules Clément Nguedia Assob
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Marcelle Nina Ehouzou Mandeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nelly Kamgaing Noubi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Marie Claire Okomo Assoumou
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, Heamatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Francois-Xavier Mbopi-Keou
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology, Heamatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail:
| | - Francisca Monebenimp
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Menezes AMB, Victora CG, Hartwig FP, Silveira MF, Horta BL, Barros AJD, Mesenburg MA, Wehrmeister FC, Pellanda LC, Dellagostin OA, Struchiner CJ, Burattini MN, Barros FC, Hallal PC. High prevalence of symptoms among Brazilian subjects with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13279. [PMID: 34168250 PMCID: PMC8225900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the pandemic of COVID-19, there has been a widespread assumption that most infected persons are asymptomatic. Using data from the recent wave of the EPICOVID19 study, a nationwide household-based survey including 133 cities from all states of Brazil, we estimated the proportion of people with and without antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 who were asymptomatic, which symptoms were most frequently reported, number of symptoms and the association with socio-demographic characteristics. We tested 33,205 subjects using a rapid antibody test previously validated. Information was collected before participants received the test result. Out of 849 (2.7%) participants positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, only 12.1% (95% CI 10.1-14.5) reported no symptoms, compared to 42.2% (95% CI 41.7-42.8) among those negative. The largest difference between the two groups was observed for changes in smell/taste (56.5% versus 9.1%, a 6.2-fold difference). Changes in smell/taste, fever and body aches were most likely to predict positive tests as suggested by recursive partitioning tree analysis. Among individuals without any of these three symptoms, only 0.8% tested positive, compared to 18.3% of those with both fever and changes in smell or taste. Most subjects with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are symptomatic, even though most present only mild symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lúcia C Pellanda
- Fundação Universidade Federal de Ciências de Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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7
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Makenga G, Mtove G, Yin JK, Mziray A, Bwana VM, Kisinza W, Mjema J, Amos B, Antony L, Shingadia D, Oftadeh S, Booy R. Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (Prevenar13 ®) in Preventing Acquisition of Carriage of Pneumococcal Vaccine Serotypes in Tanzanian Children With HIV/AIDS. Front Immunol 2021; 12:673392. [PMID: 34220819 PMCID: PMC8248180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In every year, up to one million children die due to pneumococcal disease. Children infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are mostly affected, as they appear to have higher rates of pneumococcal carriage and invasive disease. Successful immunity is dependent on mounting a sufficient immune response to the vaccine. We conducted a double blinded crossover randomised controlled trial to determine the serum antibody response (≥4-fold and geometric mean concentration) to pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) serotypes at 3 months after second vaccination. We also determined the number and proportion of children carrying new (not present at baseline) vaccine serotypes of S. pneumoniae isolated from nasopharynx at 6 months post initial vaccination in recipients of Prevenar13® compared with those given Haemophilus influenzae-type b (Hib) vaccine (control). The study was conducted at St Augustine's also known as Teule Hospital in Muheza, Tanga Tanzania. 225 HIV infected children aged 1-14 years were enrolled from Jan 2013 to Nov 2013 and randomised to Prevenar13® or Hib vaccines each given at baseline and 2-3 months later. Nasopharyngeal and serum samples were collected at baseline and 4-6 months later. Serotyping was done by Quellung Reaction using Staten antisera. Serum antibodies were ELISA quantified. The study revealed a non-significant reduction in the acquisition of new vaccine serotypes of S. pneumoniae in the recipients of PCV13 by nearly a third compared to those who received Hib vaccine. The vaccine efficacy was 30.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] -6.4-54.6%, P = 0.100)]. The antibody response was not enough to induce a 4-fold rise in GMC in 7 of the 13 vaccine serotypes. When combining the effects of preventing new acquisition and clearing existing vaccine type carriage, the overall efficacy was 31.5% (95% CI 1.5-52.4%, P = 0.045). In the PCV13 group, the proportion of participants carrying vaccine serotype was significantly lower after 2 doses of PCV13 (30%; 32/107), compared with the baseline proportion (48%; 51/107). The introduction of PCV13 targeting HIV-positive children in a setting similar to Tanzania is likely to be associated with appreciable decrease in the acquisition and carriage of pneumococci, which is an important marker of the likely effect of the vaccine on pneumococcal disease. Clinical Trial Registration https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=335579, identifier ACTRN12610000999033.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geofrey Makenga
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Amani Research Center, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - George Mtove
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Amani Research Center, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - J. Kevin Yin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Abubakary Mziray
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Amani Research Center, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Veneranda M. Bwana
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Amani Research Center, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - William Kisinza
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Amani Research Center, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Julius Mjema
- St Augustine’s, Hospitali Teule, Private Bag, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Ben Amos
- St Augustine’s, Hospitali Teule, Private Bag, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Laura Antony
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Delane Shingadia
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shahin Oftadeh
- NSW and ACT Pneumococcal Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Booy
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Chan Y, Fong S, Poh C, Carissimo G, Yeo NK, Amrun SN, Goh YS, Lim J, Xu W, Chee RS, Torres‐Ruesta A, Lee CY, Tay MZ, Chang ZW, Lee W, Wang B, Tan S, Kalimuddin S, Young BE, Leo Y, Wang C, Lee B, Rötzschke O, Lye DC, Renia L, Ng LFP. Asymptomatic COVID-19: disease tolerance with efficient anti-viral immunity against SARS-CoV-2. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14045. [PMID: 33961735 PMCID: PMC8185544 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune responses and mechanisms limiting symptom progression in asymptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection remain unclear. We comprehensively characterized transcriptomic profiles, cytokine responses, neutralization capacity of antibodies, and cellular immune phenotypes of asymptomatic patients with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection to identify potential protective mechanisms. Compared to symptomatic patients, asymptomatic patients had higher counts of mature neutrophils and lower proportion of CD169+ expressing monocytes in the peripheral blood. Systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were also lower in asymptomatic patients, accompanied by milder pro-inflammatory gene signatures. Mechanistically, a more robust systemic Th2 cell signature with a higher level of virus-specific Th17 cells and a weaker yet sufficient neutralizing antibody profile against SARS-CoV-2 was observed in asymptomatic patients. In addition, asymptomatic COVID-19 patients had higher systemic levels of growth factors that are associated with cellular repair. Together, the data suggest that asymptomatic patients mount less pro-inflammatory and more protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 indicative of disease tolerance. Insights from this study highlight key immune pathways that could serve as therapeutic targets to prevent disease progression in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Hao Chan
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Siew‐Wai Fong
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Chek‐Meng Poh
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Guillaume Carissimo
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Nicholas Kim‐Wah Yeo
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Siti Naqiah Amrun
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Yun Shan Goh
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Jackwee Lim
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Weili Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Rhonda Sin‐Ling Chee
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Anthony Torres‐Ruesta
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Department of BiochemistryYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Cheryl Yi‐Pin Lee
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Matthew Zirui Tay
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Zi Wei Chang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Wen‐Hsin Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Bei Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Seow‐Yen Tan
- Department of Infectious DiseasesChangi General HospitalSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Shirin Kalimuddin
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSingapore General HospitalSingapore CitySingapore
- Emerging Infectious Diseases ProgramDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Barnaby Edward Young
- National Centre for Infectious DiseasesSingapore CitySingapore
- Department of Infectious DiseasesTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore CitySingapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore CitySingapore
| | - Yee‐Sin Leo
- National Centre for Infectious DiseasesSingapore CitySingapore
- Department of Infectious DiseasesTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore CitySingapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore CitySingapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public HealthNational University of Singapore and National University Health SystemSingapore CitySingapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Cheng‐I Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Olaf Rötzschke
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - David Chien Lye
- National Centre for Infectious DiseasesSingapore CitySingapore
- Department of Infectious DiseasesTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore CitySingapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore CitySingapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs)Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingapore CitySingapore
- Department of BiochemistryYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpool, LiverpoolUK
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9
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Omondi BR, Muthui MK, Muasya WI, Orindi B, Mwakubambanya RS, Bousema T, Drakeley C, Marsh K, Bejon P, Kapulu MC. Antibody Responses to Crude Gametocyte Extract Predict Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Carriage in Kenya. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609474. [PMID: 33633729 PMCID: PMC7902058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum remains a serious global public health challenge especially in Africa. Interventions that aim to reduce malaria transmission by targeting the gametocyte reservoir are key to malaria elimination and/or eradication. However, factors that are associated with gametocyte carriage have not been fully explored. Consequently, identifying predictors of the infectious reservoir is fundamental in the elimination campaign. Methods We cultured P. falciparum NF54 gametocytes (to stage V) and prepared crude gametocyte extract. Samples from a total of 687 participants (aged 6 months to 67 years) representing two cross-sectional study cohorts in Kilifi, Kenya were used to assess IgG antibody responses by ELISA. We also analyzed IgG antibody responses to the blood-stage antigen AMA1 as a marker of asexual parasite exposure. Gametocytemia and asexual parasitemia data quantified by microscopy and molecular detection (QT-NASBA) were used to determine the relationship with antibody responses, season, age, and transmission setting. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to study the association between antibody responses and gametocyte carriage. The predictive power of the models was tested using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that IgG antibody response to crude gametocyte extract predicted both microscopic (OR=1.81 95% CI: 1.06-3.07, p=0.028) and molecular (OR=1.91, 95% CI: 1.11-3.29, p=0.019) P. falciparum gametocyte carriage. Antibody responses to AMA1 were also associated with both microscopic (OR=1.61 95% CI: 1.08-2.42, p=0.020) and molecular (OR=3.73 95% CI: 2.03-6.74, p<0.001) gametocytemia. ROC analysis showed that molecular (AUC=0.897, 95% CI: 0.868-0.926) and microscopic (AUC=0.812, 95% CI: 0.758-0.865) multivariable models adjusted for gametocyte extract showed very high predictive power. Molecular (AUC=0.917, 95% CI: 0.891-0.943) and microscopic (AUC=0.806, 95% CI: 0.755-0.858) multivariable models adjusted for AMA1 were equally highly predictive. Conclusion In our study, it appears that IgG responses to crude gametocyte extract are not an independent predictor of gametocyte carriage after adjusting for AMA1 responses but may predict gametocyte carriage as a proxy marker of exposure to parasites. Serological responses to AMA1 or to gametocyte extract may facilitate identification of individuals within populations who contribute to malaria transmission and support implementation of transmission-blocking interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Omondi
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Michelle K. Muthui
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - William I. Muasya
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Benedict Orindi
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Marsh
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Bejon
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa C. Kapulu
- Department of Biosciences, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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Stanley J, Chongkolwatana V, Duong PT, Kitpoka P, Stramer SL, Dung NTT, Grimm KE, Pojanasingchod A, Suksomboonvong P, Galel SA. Detection of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika RNA in blood donors from Southeast Asia. Transfusion 2021; 61:134-143. [PMID: 33026130 PMCID: PMC7821136 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya (CHIKV), dengue (DENV), and Zika (ZIKV) viruses are of concern due to the potential of transfusion transmission in blood, especially in regions such as Southeast Asia where the viruses are endemic. The recent availability of nucleic acid testing (NAT) to screen blood donations on an automated platform provides the opportunity to detect potentially infectious units in asymptomatic donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Three thousand blood donations from Vietnam and 6000 from Thailand were screened with a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test (cobas CHIKV/DENV, Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) and equal numbers on cobas Zika (Roche Diagnostics). Reactive samples were tested by alternative NAT with resolution of discordant results by heminested PCR. Throughput of simultaneous testing of the two assays on the cobas 8800 system (Roche Diagnostics) was evaluated. RESULTS In Vietnam, 9 of 3045 samples were reactive for DENV and all were confirmed, for a prevalence (with 95% confidence interval [CI]) of 0.296% (0.135-0.560). In Thailand, 2 of 6000 samples were reactive for CHIKV, 4 of 6000 for DENV, and 1 of 6005 for ZIKV, and all confirmed. The prevalence of CHIKV is 0.033% (0.004-0.120), DENV 0.067% (0.018-0.171), and ZIKV 0.017% (0.000-0.093). The overall specificity for the cobas CHIKV/DENV and cobas Zika tests was 100% (99.959-100). For the simultaneous assay testing, 960 test results were available in 7 hours and 53 minutes. CONCLUSION Detection of CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV RNA in donor samples in Vietnam and Thailand indicate the presence of the virus in asymptomatic blood donors. The cobas 6800/8800 systems (Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA) enable screening blood donations in endemic areas for these viruses together or separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Stanley
- Medical and Scientific AffairsRoche Molecular DiagnosticsPleasantonCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Pham Tuan Duong
- Blood ScreeningNational Institute of Hematology and Blood TransfusionHanoiVietnam
| | - Pimpun Kitpoka
- Faculty of MedicineRamathibodi Hospital, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | | | - Kacie E. Grimm
- Scientific AffairsAmerican Red CrossGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | | | | | - Susan A. Galel
- Medical and Scientific AffairsRoche Molecular DiagnosticsPleasantonCaliforniaUSA
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11
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Wellinghausen N, Plonné D, Voss M, Ivanova R, Frodl R, Deininger S. SARS-CoV-2-IgG response is different in COVID-19 outpatients and asymptomatic contact persons. J Clin Virol 2020; 130:104542. [PMID: 32707511 PMCID: PMC7336915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Commercially available immunoassays have been developed for sensitive and specific detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. While a fast and reliable IgG response has been reported for samples from hospitalized COVID-19 patients, less is known about ambulatory patients. We evaluated the SARS-CoV-2-IgG response by the Anti-SARS-CoV-2-ELISA IgG (Euroimmun) in a defined cohort of SARS-CoV-2-PCR-confirmed outpatients and asymptomatic contact persons including 137 serum samples from PCR-confirmed outpatients (n = 111) and asymptomatic but PCR-positive contact persons (n = 26) sent to our laboratory as part of routine diagnostics for determination of SARS-CoV-2-IgG. Overall positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2-IgG was 81.1 % in outpatients (irrespective of sampling before or after day 21 after onset of symptoms) but significantly lower in asymptomatic contact persons (15.4 %, p < 0.0001). In contact persons without symptoms the ct values of the PCR assays were significantly higher (5-7 threshold cycles) than in outpatients, and ct values were significantly negative correlated to the SARS-CoV-2-IgG ratio, suggesting a lower viral load as a possible explanation for lower rate of seropositivity. In summary, our study shows that serological response to SARS-CoV-2 in outpatients including asymptomatic persons is less pronounced than in hospitalized patients. Further controlled studies are urgently needed to determine serological response in outpatients and asymptomatic persons since this is the main target population for seroepidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meike Voss
- MVZ Labor Ravensburg, Elisabethenstr. 11, Ravensburg, 88212 Germany
| | - Ralitsa Ivanova
- MVZ Labor Ravensburg, Elisabethenstr. 11, Ravensburg, 88212 Germany
| | - Reinhard Frodl
- MVZ Labor Ravensburg, Elisabethenstr. 11, Ravensburg, 88212 Germany
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12
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Urban C, Welsch H, Heine K, Wüst S, Haas DA, Dächert C, Pandey A, Pichlmair A, Binder M. Persistent Innate Immune Stimulation Results in IRF3-Mediated but Caspase-Independent Cytostasis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060635. [PMID: 32545331 PMCID: PMC7354422 DOI: 10.3390/v12060635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent virus infection continuously produces non-self nucleic acids that activate cell-intrinsic immune responses. However, the antiviral defense evolved as a transient, acute phase response and the effects of persistently ongoing stimulation onto cellular homeostasis are not well understood. To study the consequences of long-term innate immune activation, we expressed the NS5B polymerase of Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which in absence of viral genomes continuously produces immune-stimulatory RNAs. Surprisingly, within 3 weeks, NS5B expression declined and the innate immune response ceased. Proteomics and functional analyses indicated a reduced proliferation of those cells most strongly stimulated, which was independent of interferon signaling but required mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Depletion of MAVS or IRF3, or overexpression of the MAVS-inactivating HCV NS3/4A protease not only blocked interferon responses but also restored cell growth in NS5B expressing cells. However, pan-caspase inhibition could not rescue the NS5B-induced cytostasis. Our results underline an active counter selection of cells with prolonged innate immune activation, which likely constitutes a cellular strategy to prevent persistent virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Urban
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (C.U.); (D.A.H.)
| | - Hendrik Welsch
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Heine
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Sandra Wüst
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Darya A. Haas
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (C.U.); (D.A.H.)
| | - Christopher Dächert
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aparna Pandey
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (C.U.); (D.A.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.B.)
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13
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Abstract
Asymptomatic individuals in the context of malarial disease are subjects who carry a parasite load, but do not show clinical symptoms. A correct understanding of the influence of asymptomatic individuals on transmission dynamics will provide a comprehensive description of the complex interplay between the definitive host (female Anopheles mosquito), intermediate host (human), and agent (Plasmodium parasite). The goal of this article is to conduct a rigorous mathematical analysis of a new compartmentalized malaria model accounting for asymptomatic human hosts for the purpose of calculating the basic reproductive number ([Formula: see text]) and determining the bifurcations that might occur at the onset of disease-free equilibrium. A point of departure of this model from others appearing in the literature is that the asymptomatic compartment is decomposed into two mutually disjoint sub-compartments by making use of the naturally acquired immunity of the population under consideration. After deriving the model, a qualitative analysis is carried out to classify the stability of the equilibria of the system. Our results show that the dynamical system is locally asymptotically stable provided that [Formula: see text]. However, this stability is not global, owning to the occurrence of a sub-critical bifurcation in which additional non-trivial sub-threshold equilibrium solutions appear in response to a specified parameter being perturbed. To ensure that the model does not undergo a backward bifurcation, we demand an auxiliary parameter denoted [Formula: see text] in addition to the threshold constraint [Formula: see text]. The authors hope that this qualitative analysis will fill in the gaps of what is currently known about asymptomatic malaria and aid in designing strategies that assist the further development of malaria control and eradication efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Aguilar
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Saint Leo University, Saint Leo, FL, 33574, USA
| | - Juan B Gutierrez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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14
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Ayral F, Kodjo A, Guédon G, Boué F, Richomme C. Muskrats are greater carriers of pathogenic Leptospira than coypus in ecosystems with temperate climates. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228577. [PMID: 32074117 PMCID: PMC7029846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on the possible sources of human leptospirosis, other than rats, is currently lacking. To assess the distribution pattern of exposure and infection by Leptospira serogroups in the two main semi-aquatic rodents of Western France, coypus (Myocastor coypus) and muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), results of micro-agglutination testing and renal tissue PCR were used. In coypus, the apparent prevalence was 11% (n = 524, CI95% = [9% - 14%]), seroprevalence was 42% (n = 590, CI95% = [38% - 46%]), and the predominant serogroup was Australis (84%). In muskrats, the apparent prevalence was 33% (n = 274, CI95% = [27% - 39%]), seroprevalence was 57% (n = 305, CI95% = [52% - 63%]), and the predominant serogroup was Grippotyphosa (47%). Muskrats should therefore be considered an important source of Grippotyphosa infection in humans and domestic animals exposed in this part of France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Ayral
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UsC 1233 RS2GP, Marcy-l’Etoile, France
| | - Angeli Kodjo
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UsC 1233 RS2GP, Marcy-l’Etoile, France
| | - Gérald Guédon
- FNLON (National federation for pest control), Angers, France
| | - Franck Boué
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Céline Richomme
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
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15
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Kalata NL, Nyazika TK, Swarthout TD, Everett D, French N, Heyderman RS, Gordon SB, Jambo KC. Pneumococcal pneumonia and carriage in Africa before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, 2000-2019: protocol for systematic review. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030981. [PMID: 31727654 PMCID: PMC6858229 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Africa harbours a high burden of pneumococcal disease, with associated high mortality rates. Despite 34 countries introducing the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, which reduces the risk of pneumococcal carriage (a prerequisite for disease) of some of the most pathogenic pneumococcal serotypes, it remains uncertain whether they will achieve the sustained direct or indirect protection necessary to reduce pneumococcal carriage to levels sufficient to interrupt transmission and disease. We will therefore summarise the available data on the impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in reducing vaccine serotype carriage and pneumococcal pneumonia in Africa between 2000 and 2019. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Using a predetermined search strategy, we will conduct a comprehensive search of PubMed, MEDLINE database, the Excerpta Medica Database, the ISI Web of Science (Science Citation Index), Scopus and the African Index Medicus to identify published studies reporting the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage (vaccine type and non-vaccine type), incidence rates of pneumococcal pneumonia and mortality among children, adults and HIV-infected (all-ages) pre-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and post-PCV introduction (published between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2019) in African countries that have introduced PCVs (PCV7/PCV10/PCV13) in their routine national immunisation programme. The studies retained and data extracted will be assessed for bias using prevalidated tools and checklists. Heterogeneity across studies will be assessed using the χ2 test on Cochrane Q statistic. A random effect meta-analysis will be used to estimate the overall prevalence of pneumococcal carriage and incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia across studies with similar characteristics. Results will be reported in compliance with the Meta-Analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. The protocol has been prepared in accordance to the 2015 guidelines on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This systematic review will not require ethical approval as we will be using already published data. The final manuscript will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019130976.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newton L Kalata
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Tinashe K Nyazika
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Todd D Swarthout
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Dean Everett
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- The Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil French
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Centre for Global Vaccine Research, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert S Heyderman
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen B Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kondwani C Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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16
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Dunne EM, Choummanivong M, Neal EFG, Stanhope K, Nguyen CD, Xeuatvongsa A, Satzke C, Sychareun V, Russell FM. Factors associated with pneumococcal carriage and density in infants and young children in Laos PDR. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224392. [PMID: 31661527 PMCID: PMC6818791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a precursor to pneumococcal disease. Several host and environmental factors have been associated with pneumococcal carriage, however few studies have examined the relationship between host factors and pneumococcal carriage density. We sought to identify risk factors for pneumococcal carriage and density using data from cross-sectional pneumococcal carriage surveys conducted in the Lao People's Democratic Republic before and after the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected infants from aged 5–8 weeks old (n = 999) and children aged 12–23 months (n = 1,010), pneumococci detected by quantitative PCR, and a risk factor questionnaire completed. Logistic and linear regression models were used to evaluate associations between participant characteristics and pneumococcal carriage and density. In infants aged 5–8 weeks, living in a household with two or more children under the age of five years (aOR 1.97; 95% CI 1.39–2.79) and low family income (aOR 1.64; 95% CI 0.99–2.72) were positively associated with pneumococcal carriage. For children aged 12–23 months, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms (aOR 2.64; 95% CI 1.97–3.53), two or more children under five in the household (aOR 2.40; 95% CI 1.80–3.20), and rural residence (aOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.35–2.50) were positively associated with pneumococcal carriage. PCV13 vaccination was negatively associated with carriage of PCV13 serotypes (aOR 0.60; 95% CI 0.44–0.83). URTI symptoms (p < 0.001), current breastfeeding (p = 0.005), rural residence (p = 0.012), and delivery by Caesarean section (p = 0.035) were associated with higher mean pneumococcal density in pneumococcal carriers (both age groups combined). This study provides new data on pneumococcal carriage and density in a high disease burden setting in southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M. Dunne
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Eleanor F. G. Neal
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn Stanhope
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cattram D. Nguyen
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Catherine Satzke
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Fiona M. Russell
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Cortey M, Ferretti L, Pérez-Martín E, Zhang F, de Klerk-Lorist LM, Scott K, Freimanis G, Seago J, Ribeca P, van Schalkwyk L, Juleff ND, Maree FF, Charleston B. Persistent Infection of African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Limited Viral Evolution and No Evidence of Antibody Neutralization Escape. J Virol 2019; 93:e00563-19. [PMID: 31092573 PMCID: PMC6639274 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00563-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) are the principal "carrier" hosts of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Currently, the epithelia and lymphoid germinal centers of the oropharynx have been identified as sites for FMDV persistence. We carried out studies in FMDV SAT1 persistently infected buffaloes to characterize the diversity of viruses in oropharyngeal epithelia, germinal centers, probang samples (oropharyngeal scrapings), and tonsil swabs to determine if sufficient virus variation is generated during persistence for immune escape. Most sequencing reads of the VP1 coding region of the SAT1 virus inoculum clustered around 2 subpopulations differing by 22 single-nucleotide variants of intermediate frequency. Similarly, most sequences from oropharynx tissue clustered into two subpopulations, albeit with different proportions, depending on the day postinfection (dpi). There was a significant difference between the populations of viruses in the inoculum and in lymphoid tissue taken at 35 dpi. Thereafter, until 400 dpi, no significant variation was detected in the viral populations in samples from individual animals, germinal centers, and epithelial tissues. Deep sequencing of virus from probang or tonsil swab samples harvested prior to postmortem showed less within-sample variability of VP1 than that of tissue sample sequences analyzed at the same time. Importantly, there was no significant difference in the ability of sera collected between 14 and 400 dpi to neutralize the inoculum or viruses isolated at later time points in the study from the same animal. Therefore, based on this study, there is no evidence of escape from antibody neutralization contributing to FMDV persistent infection in African buffalo.IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious virus of cloven-hoofed animals and is recognized as the most important constraint to international trade in animals and animal products. African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) are efficient carriers of FMDV, and it has been proposed that new virus variants are produced in buffalo during the prolonged carriage after acute infection, which may spread to cause disease in livestock populations. Here, we show that despite an accumulation of low-frequency sequence variants over time, there is no evidence of significant antigenic variation leading to immune escape. Therefore, carrier buffalo are unlikely to be a major source of new virus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Cortey
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Ferretti
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fuquan Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Katherine Scott
- Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Disease Section (OVI-TAD), Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa
| | | | - Julian Seago
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Francois F Maree
- Agricultural Research Council of South Africa, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute-Transboundary Animal Disease Section (OVI-TAD), Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa
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18
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Carossino M, Dini P, Kalbfleisch TS, Loynachan AT, Canisso IF, Cook RF, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Equine arteritis virus long-term persistence is orchestrated by CD8+ T lymphocyte transcription factors, inhibitory receptors, and the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007950. [PMID: 31356622 PMCID: PMC6692045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has the unique ability to establish long-term persistent infection in the reproductive tract of stallions and be sexually transmitted. Previous studies showed that long-term persistent infection is associated with a specific allele of the CXCL16 gene (CXCL16S) and that persistence is maintained despite the presence of local inflammatory and humoral and mucosal antibody responses. Here, we performed transcriptomic analysis of the ampullae, the primary site of EAV persistence in long-term EAV carrier stallions, to understand the molecular signatures of viral persistence. We demonstrated that the local CD8+ T lymphocyte response is predominantly orchestrated by the transcription factors eomesodermin (EOMES) and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 2 (NFATC2), which is likely modulated by the upregulation of inhibitory receptors. Most importantly, EAV persistence is associated with an enhanced expression of CXCL16 and CXCR6 by infiltrating lymphocytes, providing evidence of the implication of this chemokine axis in the pathogenesis of persistent EAV infection in the stallion reproductive tract. Furthermore, we have established a link between the CXCL16 genotype and the gene expression profile in the ampullae of the stallion reproductive tract. Specifically, CXCL16 acts as a "hub" gene likely driving a specific transcriptional network. The findings herein are novel and strongly suggest that RNA viruses such as EAV could exploit the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis in order to modulate local inflammatory and immune responses in the male reproductive tract by inducing a dysfunctional CD8+ T lymphocyte response and unique lymphocyte homing in the reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Pouya Dini
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Theodore S. Kalbfleisch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Alan T. Loynachan
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Igor F. Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, and Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - R. Frank Cook
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cavalcanti De Albuquerque R, Granato A, Silva Castro I, Carvalho Torres R, Santos Souza F, Lima MA, Celestino Bezerra Leite AC, de Melo Espíndola O, Echevarria-Lima J. Phenotypic and functional changes in gamma delta T lymphocytes from HTLV-1 carriers. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:607-618. [PMID: 31287591 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma1118-467r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), which is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to gradual loss of motor movement as a result of the death of spinal cord cells through immune mediated mechanisms. The risk to develop HAM/TSP disease positively correlates with the magnitude of HTLV-1 proviral load. Gamma-delta T lymphocytes have been recognized as important players in a variety of infectious diseases. Therefore, we have investigated interactions between HTLV-1 infection and γδ T lymphocytes during HAM/TSP. Similar frequencies of total γδ T lymphocytes and their Vγ9δ2+ and Vγ9δ2neg subpopulations were observed in HAM/TSP patients. However, T lymphocytes obtained from HTLV-1 carriers displayed significantly higher rates of spontaneous proliferation and NKp30 expression when compared to cells from uninfected donors. In addition, an important decrease in the frequency of granzyme B+ γδ T lymphocytes (approximately 50%) was observed in HAM/TSP patients. Higher proportion of IFN-γ+ γδ T lymphocytes was found in HTLV-1-infected patients, which positively correlated with the HTLV-1 proviral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Collectively, our data indicates that HTLV-1 infection leads to phenotypic and functional changes in the population of γδ T lymphocyte population, suggesting that HTLV-1 infection modulates functions associated to these cells, which might be involved in controlling the infection or in the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cavalcanti De Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Granato
- Laboratório de Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Isabela Silva Castro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Carvalho Torres
- Plataforma de Imuno-Análise, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia Santos Souza
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Neuroinfecções, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Lima
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Neuroinfecções, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Celestino Bezerra Leite
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Neuroinfecções, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otávio de Melo Espíndola
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Neuroinfecções, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Echevarria-Lima
- Laboratório de Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, Jochems SP, Mitsi E, Rylance J, Pojar S, Nikolaou E, German EL, Holloway M, Carniel BF, Chu MLJN, Arp K, Sanders EAM, Ferreira DM, Bogaert D. Interaction between the nasal microbiota and S. pneumoniae in the context of live-attenuated influenza vaccine. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2981. [PMID: 31278315 PMCID: PMC6611866 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main bacterial pathogen involved in pneumonia. Pneumococcal acquisition and colonization density is probably affected by viral co-infections, the local microbiome composition and mucosal immunity. Here, we report the interactions between live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV), successive pneumococcal challenge, and the healthy adult nasal microbiota and mucosal immunity using an experimental human challenge model. Nasal microbiota profiles at baseline are associated with consecutive pneumococcal carriage outcome (non-carrier, low-dense and high-dense pneumococcal carriage), independent of LAIV co-administration. Corynebacterium/Dolosigranulum-dominated profiles are associated with low-density colonization. Lowest rates of natural viral co-infection at baseline and post-LAIV influenza replication are detected in the low-density carriers. Also, we detected the fewest microbiota perturbations and mucosal cytokine responses in the low-density carriers compared to non-carriers or high-density carriers. These results indicate that the complete respiratory ecosystem affects pneumococcal behaviour following challenge, with low-density carriage representing the most stable ecological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A A de Steenhuijsen Piters
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Jochems
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Mitsi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Rylance
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Sherin Pojar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Elissavet Nikolaou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Esther L German
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Holloway
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz F Carniel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Ling J N Chu
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Kayleigh Arp
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A M Sanders
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela M Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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21
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Wang T, Cui D, Chen S, Xu X, Sun C, Dai Y, Cheng J. Analysis of clinical characteristics and S gene sequences in chronic asymptomatic HBV carriers with low-level HBsAg. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2019; 43:179-189. [PMID: 30293895 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the natural hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection process, some infected subjects are characterized by a sustained low serum HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) expression level. Most members in this population are chronic asymptomatic HBV carriers (ASCs). To elucidate the mechanism underlying low-level HBsAg expression in ASCs, we sequenced the HBV S gene in these patients to reveal specific sequence characteristics. METHODS Overall, 1308 cases of chronic ASCs were grouped according to their HBsAg serum expression levels (10 IU/mL). The clinical characteristics of the population were analysed in detail. The HBV S gene was sequenced from 276 ASC cases with low-level HBsAg expression. Additionally, 100 of 1032 ASC cases with high-level HBsAg expression were randomly selected for HBV S gene sequencing based on age matching according to the low-level HBsAg group. A comparative analysis was conducted with the HBV S gene sequences from ASCs with low HBsAg expression and the HBV reference S gene sequences from ASCs with high HBsAg expression. RESULTS The population with low-level HBsAg expression displayed the following primary clinical characteristics: mostly chronic asymptomatic HBV carriers, older age (mean age 55.09 years), HBsAg/anti-HBe/anti-HBc (core) positivity as the main serological pattern (97.1%), low HBV DNA replication (1.32 ± 1.60 log10 IU/mL), a low HBV-DNA positive rate (45.65%) and primarily genotype B (82.54%) and serotype adw (84.13%). The comparative analysis of the HBV S gene sequences from ASCs with low-level HBsAg showed significant mutations (including co-mutations) on both sides of the main hydrophilic region (MHR). CONCLUSION Significant mutations in multiple regions and at multiple sites (including co-mutations) on both sides of the MHR may be one cause of the low HBsAg expression level in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, PR China; Department of Clinical Research, The 117th Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou 310013, PR China; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Shaoming Chen
- Department of Clinical Research, The 117th Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou 310013, PR China; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Xujian Xu
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1138656, Japan; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Changgui Sun
- Department of Clinical Research, The 117th Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou 310013, PR China; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Yuzhu Dai
- Department of Clinical Research, The 117th Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou 310013, PR China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China.
| | - Jun Cheng
- Department of Clinical Research, The 117th Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou 310013, PR China; Faculty of Graduate Studies, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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22
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Dayie NTKD, Baffuor-Asare M, Labi AK, Obeng-Nkrumah N, Olayemi E, Lartey M, Slotved HC, Donkor ES. Epidemiology of Pneumococcal Carriage among HIV-Infected Individuals in the Conjugate Vaccine Era: A Study in Southern Ghana. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019:3427174. [PMID: 30895191 PMCID: PMC6393904 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3427174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Carriage of pneumococcus is considered as the precursor for development of pneumococcal disease. In sub-Saharan Africa, very little research has been done on the pneumococcus in relation to people with HIV infection in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. This study investigated pneumococcal carriage among HIV/AIDS patients in southern Ghana to determine the prevalence, risk factors, serotypes and antibiotic resistance of the organism. This was a cross sectional study involving 245 HIV/AIDS patients recruited from Korle Bu Teaching Hospital and Princess Marie Louis Hospital in Accra from November 2016 to March 2017. Epidemiological data on demographic, household and clinical features of the study participants were collected. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs were also collected from the study participants and cultured for Streptococcus pneumoniae; the isolates were serotyped by latex agglutination and Quellung reaction. Antimicrobial disc susceptibility was performed on the isolates, and antibiotics tested included tetracycline, erythromycin, cotrimoxazole, levofloxacin, oxacillin and ceftriaxone. Prevalence of pneumococcal carriage among the study participants was 11% (95% CI: 7.4 to 15.6); carriage among children and adults was 25% (95% CI: 14% to 38.9%) and 7.3% (95% CI: 4% to 11.9%) respectively. School attendance (p=0.001) and history of pneumococcal disease in the past year (p=0.001) were significantly associated with pneumococcal carriage. The most prevalent pneumococcal serotypes carried by the study participants were 19A (15.4%) and 23F (15.4%). Serotype coverage of the various pneumococcal vaccines were PCV10 (23.1%), PCV13 (42.3%) and PPV23 (50%). The prevalence of pneumococcal multidrug resistance was 18.5%. In conclusion, pneumococcal carriage among HIV-infected children was three-fold higher compared to carriage among HIV-infected adults. Pneumococcal carriage among both HIV-infected children and adults in the study area tends to be characterized by a predominance of non-vaccine serotypes and a considerable level of multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas TKD Dayie
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Baffuor-Asare
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Noah Obeng-Nkrumah
- Dept. of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Edeghonghon Olayemi
- Dept. of Haematology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Margaret Lartey
- Dept. of Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Eric S. Donkor
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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23
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Arzt J, Fish I, Pauszek SJ, Johnson SL, Chain PS, Rai DK, Rieder E, Goldberg TL, Rodriguez LL, Stenfeldt C. The evolution of a super-swarm of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210847. [PMID: 31022193 DOI: 10.1101/512178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that severely impacts global food security and is one of the greatest constraints on international trade of animal products. Extensive viral population diversity and rapid, continuous mutation of circulating FMD viruses (FMDVs) pose significant obstacles to the control and ultimate eradication of this important transboundary pathogen. The current study investigated mechanisms contributing to within-host evolution of FMDV in a natural host species (cattle). Specifically, vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle were infected with FMDV under controlled, experimental conditions and subsequently sampled for up to 35 days to monitor viral genomic changes as related to phases of disease and experimental cohorts. Consensus-level genomic changes across the entire FMDV coding region were characterized through three previously defined stages of infection: early, transitional, and persistent. The overall conclusion was that viral evolution occurred via a combination of two mechanisms: emergence of full-genomic minority haplotypes from within the inoculum super-swarm, and concurrent continuous point mutations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that individuals were infected with multiple distinct haplogroups that were pre-existent within the ancestral inoculum used to infect all animals. Multiple shifts of dominant viral haplotype took place during the early and transitional phases of infection, whereas few shifts occurred during persistent infection. Overall, this work suggests that the establishment of the carrier state is not associated with specific viral genomic characteristics. These insights into FMDV population dynamics have important implications for virus sampling methodology and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Ian Fish
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Shannon L Johnson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Patrick S Chain
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
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24
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Satzke C, Dunne EM, Choummanivong M, Ortika BD, Neal EFG, Pell CL, Nation ML, Fox KK, Nguyen CD, Gould KA, Hinds J, Chanthongthip A, Xeuatvongsa A, Mulholland EK, Sychareun V, Russell FM. Pneumococcal carriage in vaccine-eligible children and unvaccinated infants in Lao PDR two years following the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 37:296-305. [PMID: 30502068 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal carriage is a prerequisite for disease, and underpins herd protection provided by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). There are few data on the impact of PCVs in lower income settings, particularly in Asia. In 2013, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) introduced 13-valent PCV (PCV13) as a 3 + 0 schedule (doses at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age) with limited catch-up vaccination. We conducted two cross-sectional carriage surveys (pre- and two years post-PCV) to assess the impact of PCV13 on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in 5-8 week old infants (n = 1000) and 12-23 month old children (n = 1010). Pneumococci were detected by quantitative real-time PCR, and molecular serotyping was performed using DNA microarray. Post PCV13, there was a 23% relative reduction in PCV13-type carriage in children aged 12-23 months (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 0.77 [0.61-0.96]), and no significant change in non-PCV13 serotype carriage (aPR 1.11 [0.89-1.38]). In infants too young to be vaccinated, there was no significant change in carriage of PCV13 serotypes (aPR 0.74 [0.43-1.27]) or non-PCV13 serotypes (aPR 1.29 [0.85-1.96]), although trends were suggestive of indirect effects. Over 70% of pneumococcal-positive samples contained at least one antimicrobial resistance gene, which were more common in PCV13 serotypes (p < 0.001). In 12-23 month old children, pneumococcal density of both PCV13 serotypes and non-PCV13 serotypes was higher in PCV13-vaccinated compared with undervaccinated children (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001, respectively). This study provides evidence of PCV13 impact on carriage in a population without prior PCV7 utilisation, and provides important data from a lower-middle income setting in Asia. The reductions in PCV13 serotype carriage in vaccine-eligible children are likely to result in reductions in pneumococcal transmission and disease in Lao PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Satzke
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Eileen M Dunne
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Belinda D Ortika
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia
| | - Eleanor F G Neal
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Casey L Pell
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia
| | - Monica L Nation
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kimberley K Fox
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, Philippines
| | - Cattram D Nguyen
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Katherine A Gould
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK; BUGS Bioscience, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, UK
| | - Jason Hinds
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, UK; BUGS Bioscience, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, UK
| | - Anisone Chanthongthip
- Laos-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | | | - E Kim Mulholland
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Fiona M Russell
- Pneumococcal Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Centre for International Child Health, Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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25
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Jeron A, Boehme JD, Volckmar J, Gereke M, Yevsa T, Geffers R, Guzmán CA, Schreiber J, Stegemann-Koniszewski S, Bruder D. Respiratory Bordetella bronchiseptica Carriage is Associated with Broad Phenotypic Alterations of Peripheral CD4⁺CD25⁺ T Cells and Differentially Affects Immune Responses to Secondary Non-Infectious and Infectious Stimuli in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2602. [PMID: 30200513 PMCID: PMC6165163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to the environment and displays a favorable niche for colonizing microorganisms. However, the effects of respiratory bacterial carriage on the immune system and its implications for secondary responses remain largely unclear. We have employed respiratory carriage with Bordetella bronchiseptica as the underlying model to comprehensively address effects on subsequent immune responses. Carriage was associated with the stimulation of Bordetella-specific CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T cell responses, and broad transcriptional activation was observed in CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells. Importantly, transfer of leukocytes from carriers to acutely B. bronchiseptica infected mice, resulted in a significantly increased bacterial burden in the recipient's upper respiratory tract. In contrast, we found that respiratory B. bronchiseptica carriage resulted in a significant benefit for the host in systemic infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Adaptive responses to vaccination and influenza A virus infection, were unaffected by B. bronchiseptica carriage. These data showed that there were significant immune modulatory processes triggered by B. bronchiseptica carriage, that differentially affect subsequent immune responses. Therefore, our results demonstrated the complexity of immune regulation induced by respiratory bacterial carriage, which can be beneficial or detrimental to the host, depending on the pathogen and the considered compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jeron
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Julia D Boehme
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Julia Volckmar
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Marcus Gereke
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Tetyana Yevsa
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jens Schreiber
- Experimental Pneumology, University Hospital for Pneumology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Sabine Stegemann-Koniszewski
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Experimental Pneumology, University Hospital for Pneumology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Forrest C, Hislop AD, Rickinson AB, Zuo J. Proteome-wide analysis of CD8+ T cell responses to EBV reveals differences between primary and persistent infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007110. [PMID: 30248160 PMCID: PMC6171963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are antigenically rich agents that induce strong CD8+T cell responses in primary infection yet persist for life, continually challenging T cell memory through recurrent lytic replication and potentially influencing the spectrum of antigen-specific responses. Here we describe the first lytic proteome-wide analysis of CD8+ T cell responses to a gamma1-herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and the first such proteome-wide analysis of primary versus memory CD8+ T cell responses to any human herpesvirus. Primary effector preparations were generated directly from activated CD8+ T cells in the blood of infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients by in vitro mitogenic expansion. For memory preparations, EBV-specific cells in the blood of long-term virus carriers were first re-stimulated in vitro by autologous dendritic cells loaded with a lysate of lytically-infected cells, then expanded as for IM cells. Preparations from 7 donors of each type were screened against each of 70 EBV lytic cycle proteins in combination with the donor's individual HLA class I alleles. Multiple reactivities against immediate early (IE), early (E) and late (L) lytic cycle proteins, including many hitherto unrecognised targets, were detected in both contexts. Interestingly however, the two donor cohorts showed a different balance between IE, E and L reactivities. Primary responses targeted IE and a small group of E proteins preferentially, seemingly in line with their better presentation on the infected cell surface before later-expressed viral evasins take full hold. By contrast, target choice equilibrates in virus carriage with responses to key IE and E antigens still present but with responses to a select subset of L proteins now often prominent. We infer that, for EBV at least, long-term virus carriage with its low level virus replication and lytic antigen release is associated with a re-shaping of the virus-specific response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Forrest
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Hislop
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan B. Rickinson
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Fijołek J, Wiatr E, Petroniec V, Augustynowicz-Kopec E, Bednarek M, Gawryluk D, Martusewicz-Boros MM, Modrzewska K, Radzikowska E, Roszkowski-Sliz K. The presence of staphylococcal superantigens in nasal swabs and correlation with activity of granulomatosis with polyangiitis in own material. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2018; 36 Suppl 111:40-45. [PMID: 29745876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and its superantigens (SAg) seem to be a risk factor disease exacerbation in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). We investigated the association between the presence of SAg in nasal swabs and activity of disease in GPA patients also taking into account correlation with an antimicrobial treatment. METHODS In a prospective study of a total of 150 GPA patients hospitalised in the period 2009-2016, nasal swabs were examined for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and SAg. Subsequently, the association with disease activity was assessed. RESULTS Of 362 Staphylococcus aureus-positive nasal swab cultures from 115 of the 150 patients, the presence of at least one SAg in 126 samples (34.8%) from 56 patients (48.7%) was found. Among the 17 patients with limited to subglottic stenosis (SGS) disease, SAg were detected in 6 cases (35.3%). We did not find a significant correlation between the presence of SAg and disease activity (p=0.986), although when individual SAg were analysed separatively, SED and TSST-1 were more frequently present in active disease. Additionally, the results of the analysis demonstrated a protective effect of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (T/S) treatment (0R 0.52, p<0.0092) in GPA patients. Interestingly, GPA limited to SGS appeared as an unfavourable factor associated with disease activity (0R 1.84, p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS The association between staphylococcal SAg in nasal swabs and GPA activity is not evident. Multiple mechanisms that may lead to disease activation still need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Fijołek
- The Third Department of Pneumonology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Wiatr
- The Third Department of Pneumonology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Violetta Petroniec
- Department of Microbiology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopec
- Department of Microbiology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Bednarek
- The Second Department of Pneumonology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Gawryluk
- The Third Department of Pneumonology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Modrzewska
- The Third Department of Pneumonology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Radzikowska
- The Third Department of Pneumonology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kazimerz Roszkowski-Sliz
- The Third Department of Pneumonology, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
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28
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Abstract
Colonization of the human nasopharynx by pneumococcus is extremely common and is both the primary reservoir for transmission and a prerequisite for disease. Current vaccines targeting the polysaccharide capsule effectively prevent colonization, conferring herd protection within vaccinated communities. However, these vaccines cover only a subset of all circulating pneumococcal strains, and serotype replacement has been observed. Given the success of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in preventing colonization in unvaccinated adults within vaccinated communities, reducing nasopharyngeal colonization has become an outcome of interest for novel vaccines. Here, we discuss the immunological mechanisms that control nasopharyngeal colonization, with an emphasis on findings from human studies. Increased understanding of these immunological mechanisms is required to identify correlates of protection against colonization that will facilitate the early testing and design of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Jochems
- Department of Clinicial Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SPJ); (DMF)
| | - Jeffrey N. Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children′s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniela M. Ferreira
- Department of Clinicial Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SPJ); (DMF)
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29
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Pons MJ, Gomes C, Aguilar R, Barrios D, Aguilar-Luis MA, Ruiz J, Dobaño C, del Valle-Mendoza J, Moncunill G. Immunosuppressive and angiogenic cytokine profile associated with Bartonella bacilliformis infection in post-outbreak and endemic areas of Carrion's disease in Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017. [PMID: 28628613 PMCID: PMC5491314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of immune responses in Bartonella bacilliformis carriers are needed to understand acquisition of immunity to Carrion's disease and may allow identifying biomarkers associated with bacterial infection and disease phases. Serum samples from 144 healthy subjects from 5 villages in the North of Peru collected in 2014 were analyzed. Four villages had a Carrion's disease outbreak in 2013, and the other is a traditionally endemic area. Thirty cytokines, chemokines and growth factors were determined in sera by fluorescent bead-based quantitative suspension array technology, and analyzed in relation to available data on bacteremia quantified by RT-PCR, and IgM and IgG levels measured by ELISA against B. bacilliformis lysates. The presence of bacteremia was associated with low concentrations of HGF (p = 0.005), IL-15 (p = 0.002), IL-6 (p = 0.05), IP-10 (p = 0.008), MIG (p = 0.03) and MIP-1α (p = 0.03). In multi-marker analysis, the same and further TH1-related and pro-inflammatory biomarkers were inversely associated with infection, whereas angiogenic chemokines and IL-10 were positively associated. Only EGF and eotaxin showed a moderate positive correlation with bacteremia. IgM seropositivity, which reflects a recent acute infection, was associated with lower levels of eotaxin (p = 0.05), IL-6 (p = 0.001), and VEGF (p = 0.03). Only GM-CSF and IL-10 concentrations were positively associated with higher levels of IgM (p = 0.01 and p = 0.007). Additionally, IgG seropositivity and levels were associated with high levels of angiogenic markers VEGF (p = 0.047) and eotaxin (p = 0.006), respectively. Our findings suggest that B. bacilliformis infection causes immunosuppression, led in part by overproduction of IL-10. This immunosuppression probably contributes to the chronicity of asymptomatic infections favoring B. bacilliformis persistence in the host, allowing the subsequent transmission to the vector. In addition, angiogenic markers associated with bacteremia and IgG levels may be related to the induction of endothelial cell proliferation in cutaneous lesions during chronic infections, being possible candidate biomarkers of asymptomatic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Pons
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Perú
| | - Cláudia Gomes
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Diana Barrios
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Aguilar-Luis
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Perú
| | - Joaquim Ruiz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Juana del Valle-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Perú
- * E-mail: (GM); (JdV)
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail: (GM); (JdV)
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30
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González-Andrade B, Santos-Lartigue R, Flores-Treviño S, Ramirez-Ochoa NS, Bocanegra-Ibarias P, Huerta-Torres FJ, Mendoza-Olazarán S, Villarreal-Treviño L, Camacho-Ortiz A, Villarreal-Vázquez H, Garza-González E. The carriage of interleukin-1B-31*C allele plus Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae increases the risk of recurrent tonsillitis in a Mexican population. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178115. [PMID: 28542534 PMCID: PMC5443552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to estimate the relative contribution of immunogenetic and microbiological factors in the development of recurrent tonsillitis in a Mexican population. Patients (n = 138) with recurrent tonsillitis and an indication of tonsillectomy (mean age: 6.05 years ± 3.00; median age: 5 years, female: 58; age range: 1–15 years) and 195 non-related controls older than 18 years and a medical history free of recurrent tonsillitis were included. To evaluate the microbial contribution, tonsil swab samples from both groups and extracted tonsil samples from cases were cultured. Biofilm production of isolated bacteria was measured. To assess the immunogenetic component, DNA from peripheral blood was genotyped for the TNFA-308G/A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and for the IL1B -31C/T SNP. Normal microbiota, but no pathogens or potential pathogens, were identified from all control sample cultures. The most frequent pathogenic species detected in tonsils from cases were Staphylococcus aureus (48.6%, 67/138) and Haemophilus influenzae (31.9%, 44/138), which were found more frequently in patient samples than in samples from healthy volunteers (P < 0.0001). Importantly, 41/54 (75.9%) S. aureus isolates were biofilm producers (18 weak and 23 strong), whereas 17/25 (68%) H. influenzae isolates were biofilm producers (10 weak, and 7 strong biofilm producers). Patients with at least one copy of the IL1B-31*C allele had a higher risk of recurrent tonsillitis (OR = 4.03; 95% CI = 1.27–14.27; P = 0.013). TNFA-308 G/A alleles were not preferentially distributed among the groups. When considering the presence of IL1B-31*C plus S. aureus, IL1B-31*C plus S. aureus biofilm producer, IL1B-31*C plus H. influenzae or IL1B-31*C plus H. influenzae biofilm producer, the OR tended to infinite. Thus, the presence of IL1B-31*C allele plus the presence of S. aureus and/or H. influenzae could be related to the development of tonsillitis in this particular Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltazar González-Andrade
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Ramiro Santos-Lartigue
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Samantha Flores-Treviño
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Natalie Sonia Ramirez-Ochoa
- Hospital Materno Infantil de Alta Especialidad, Secretaria de Salud de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Paola Bocanegra-Ibarias
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Huerta-Torres
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Soraya Mendoza-Olazarán
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Licet Villarreal-Treviño
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Adrián Camacho-Ortiz
- Coordinación de Epidemiología Hospitalaria, Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Hipólito Villarreal-Vázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Tekin RT, Dinleyici EC, Ceyhan M, Karbuz A, Salman N, Sutçu M, Kurugol Z, Balliel Y, Celik M, Hacimustafaoglu M, Kuyucu N, Kondolot M, Sensoy G, Metin O, Kara SS, Dinleyici M, Kılıç O, Bayhan C, Gurbuz V, Aycan E, Memedova A, Karli A, Bozlu G, Celebi S. The prevalence, serogroup distribution and risk factors of meningococcal carriage in adolescents and young adults in Turkey. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1182-1189. [PMID: 28140784 PMCID: PMC5443366 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1268304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The serogroup epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), which varies considerably by geographic region and immunization schedule, changes continuously. Meningococcal carriage data are crucial for assessing IMD epidemiology and designing f potential vaccination strategies. Meningococcal seroepidemiology in Turkey differs from that in other countries: serogroups W and B are the predominant strains for IMD during childhood, whereas no serogroup C cases were identified over the last 10 y and no adolescent peak for IMD was found. There is a lack of data on meningococcal carriage that represents the whole population. The aims of this multicenter study (12 cities in Turkey) were to evaluate the prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis carriage, the serogroup distribution and the related risk factors (educational status, living in a dormitory or student house, being a household contact with Hajj pilgrims, smoking, completion of military service, attending bars/clubs) in 1518 adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 y. The presence of N. meningitidis DNA was tested, and a serogroup analysis was performed using polymerase chain reaction. The overall meningococcal carriage rate was 6.3% (n = 96) in the study population. A serogroup distribution of the 96 N. meningitidis strains isolated from the nasopharyngeal specimens revealed serogroup A in 5 specimens (5.2%), serogroup B in 9 specimens (9.4%), serogroup W in 64 specimens (66.6%), and serogroup Y in 4 specimens (4.2%); 14 were classified as non-grouped (14.4%). No serogroup C cases were detected. The nasopharyngeal meningococcal carriage rate was 5% in the 10-14 age group, 6.4% in the 15-17 age-group, and 4.7% in the 18-20 age group; the highest carriage rate was found in the 21-24 age group (9.1%), which was significantly higher than those of the other age groups (p < 0.05). The highest carriage rate was found in 17-year-old adolescents (11%). The carriage rate was higher among the participants who had had close contact with Hajj/Umrah pilgrims (p < 0.01) or a history of upper respiratory tract infections over the past 3 months (p < 0.05). The nasopharyngeal carriage rate was 6.3% among adolescents and young adults in Turkey and was similar to the recent rates observed in the same age groups in other countries. The most prevalent serogroup was W, and no serogroup C cases were found. In conclusion, the present study found that meningococcal carriage reaches its peak level by age 17, the highest carriage rate was found in 21 - to 24 - year-olds and the majority of the carriage cases were due to serogroup W. Adolescents and young adult carriers seem to be a potential reservoir for the disease, and further immunization strategies, including adolescent immunization, may play a role in the control of IMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmi Tuna Tekin
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ener Cagri Dinleyici
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ceyhan
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adem Karbuz
- Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuran Salman
- Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Sutçu
- Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zafer Kurugol
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Balliel
- Muratpasa 1st Caybasi Family Practice Center, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Melda Celik
- Sanlıurfa Children Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | | | - Necdet Kuyucu
- Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Meda Kondolot
- Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social Pediatrics, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gülnar Sensoy
- Konya Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ozge Metin
- Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Soner Sertan Kara
- Erzurum Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Meltem Dinleyici
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Omer Kılıç
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Cihangul Bayhan
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Venhar Gurbuz
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Aycan
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aygun Memedova
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Arzu Karli
- Konya Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gulçin Bozlu
- Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Solmaz Celebi
- Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Bursa, Turkey
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Domingos JA, Soares LS, Bandeira LM, Bonin CM, Vicente ACP, Zanella L, Puga MAM, Tozetti IA, Motta-Castro ARC, da Cunha RV. Cytokine profile and proviral load among Japanese immigrants and non-Japanese infected with HTLV-1 in a non-endemic area of Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174869. [PMID: 28376092 PMCID: PMC5380323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifetime risk of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) development differs among ethnic groups. To better understand these differences, this prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate the cytokine profile and the HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) in Japanese and non-Japanese populations with HAM/TSP and asymptomatic carriers (ACs). The serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels were quantified using the Cytometric Bead Array in 40 HTLV-1-infected patients (11 HAM/TSP and 29 ACs) and 18 healthy controls (HCs) in Brazil. Among ACs, 15 were Japanese descendants and 14 were non-Japanese. Of 11 patients with HAM/TSP, only one was a Japanese descendant. The HTLV-1 PVL was quantified by real-time PCR. The HTLV-1 PVL was 2.7-fold higher in HAM/TSP patients than ACs. Regardless of the clinical outcome, the PVL was significantly higher in patients younger than 60 years than older patients. The HAM/TSP and ACs had higher IL-10 serum concentrations than that of HCs. The ACs also showed higher IL-6 serum levels than those of HCs. According to age, the IL-10 and IL-6 levels were higher in ACs non-Japanese patients older than 60 years. HAM/TSP patients showed a positive correlation between IL-6 and IL-17 and a negative correlation between the PVL and IL-17 and IFN-γ. In the all ACs, a significant positive correlation was observed between IL-2 and IL-17 and a negative correlation was detected between IL-10 and TNF-α. Only 6.25% of the Japanese patients were symptomatic carriers, compared with 41.67% of the non-Japanese patients. In conclusion, this study showed that high levels of HTLV-1 PVL was intrinsicaly associated with the development of HAM/TSP. A higher HTLV-1 PVL and IL10 levels found in non-Japanese ACs over 60 years old, which compared with the Japanese group depicts that the ethnic background may interfere in the host immune status. More researches also need to be undertaken regarding the host genetic background to better understand the low frequency of HAM/TSP in Japanese HTLV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Silva Soares
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Larissa M. Bandeira
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Mareti Bonin
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Rivaldo Venâncio da Cunha
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Ungtrakul T, Sriprayoon T, Kusuman P, Chunnuan P, Soonklang K, Sornsamdang G, Auewarakul CU, Tanwandee T. Role of quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen in predicting inactive carriers and HBsAg seroclearance in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6554. [PMID: 28353619 PMCID: PMC5380303 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (qHBsAg) as a diagnostic marker for inactive carriers (ICs) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. We retrospectively studied 300 HBeAg-negative CHB patients with initial serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) levels <2000 IU/mL. Serum HBV DNA and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were monitored every 6 months for 24 months. ICs were identified as having persistent HBV DNA levels <2000 IU/mL and normal ALT levels, whereas active carriers (ACs) were identified as having HBV DNA levels ≥2000 IU/mL, with or without elevated ALT levels. The serum qHBsAg level was defined at baseline and evaluated as a diagnostic predictor using a receiver-operating characteristic curve. The study group comprised 134 men and 166 women with a median age of 41.5 years. At baseline, 200 ICs displayed lower levels of qHBsAg (1492 IU/mL) compared with 100 ACs (2936 IU/mL) (P = 0.005). The qHBsAg level was independently associated with the IC state and HBsAg seroclearance. Baseline qHBsAg levels <1000 IU/mL and HBV DNA levels <2000 IU/mL, when detected simultaneously, allowed for identification of ICs with 41% sensitivity and 72% specificity. Fifteen patients (5%) displayed HBsAg seroclearance after 24 months. A qHBsAg cutoff value of <50 IU/mL provided 100% sensitivity and 92% specificity in predicting HBsAg seroclearance. The qHBsAg level at a single timepoint among HBeAg-negative CHB patients with low HBV DNA levels at baseline was not a predictive marker for ICs; however, it accurately predicted spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance at 24 months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chirayu U. Auewarakul
- Chulabhorn Hospital
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawesak Tanwandee
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Lindstrand A, Kalyango J, Alfvén T, Darenberg J, Kadobera D, Bwanga F, Peterson S, Henriques-Normark B, Källander K. Pneumococcal Carriage in Children under Five Years in Uganda-Will Present Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines Be Appropriate? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166018. [PMID: 27829063 PMCID: PMC5102345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is the major cause of death in children globally, with more than 900,000 deaths annually in children under five years of age. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes most deaths, most often in the form of community acquired pneumonia. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are currently being implemented in many low-income countries. PCVs decrease vaccine-type pneumococcal carriage, a prerequisite for invasive pneumococcal disease, and thereby affects pneumococcal disease and transmission. In Uganda, PCV was launched in 2014, but baseline data is lacking for pneumococcal serotypes in carriage. OBJECTIVES To study pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and serotype distribution in children under 5 years of age prior to PCV introduction in Uganda. METHODS Three cross-sectional pneumococcal carriage surveys were conducted in 2008, 2009 and 2011, comprising respectively 150, 587 and 1024 randomly selected children aged less than five years from the Iganga/Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site. The caretakers were interviewed about illness history of the child and 1723 nasopharyngeal specimens were collected. From these, 927 isolates of S. pneumoniae were serotyped. RESULTS Overall, the carriage rate of S. pneumoniae was 56% (957/1723). Pneumococcal carriage was associated with illness on the day of the interview (OR = 1.50, p = 0.04). The most common pneumococcal serotypes were in descending order 19F (16%), 23F (9%), 6A (8%), 29 (7%) and 6B (7%). One percent of the strains were non-typeable. The potential serotype coverage rate for PCV10 was 42% and 54% for PCV13. CONCLUSION About half of circulating pneumococcal serotypes in carriage in the Ugandan under-five population studied was covered by available PCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Lindstrand
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Joan Kalyango
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tobias Alfvén
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel Kadobera
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Iganga/Mayuge, Uganda
| | - Freddie Bwanga
- Makerere University Faculty of Medicine, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stefan Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of International Maternal and Child health, Women´s and children´s health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Henriques-Normark
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cellbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Källander
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
- Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom
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Auranen K, Syrjänen R, Leino T, Kilpi T. New Pneumococcal Carriage Acquired in Association with Acute Respiratory Infection Is Prone to Cause Otitis Media. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156343. [PMID: 27257789 PMCID: PMC4892487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For considering vaccine-prevention of pneumococcal acute otitis media (PncAOM), relationships between pneumococcal carriage, respiratory infection and PncAOM need to be understood. We analyzed nasopharyngeal samples collected from 329 unvaccinated Finnish children aged 2-24 months at scheduled visits and at visits during respiratory infection in 1994-97. We assessed temporal associations of respiratory infection with pneumococcal acquisition and whether PncAOM hazard depends on the relative timing of acquisition and the infection onset. The data comprised 607 person-years of risk-time for acquisition, 245 person-months of concurrent respiratory infection and carriage, and 119 episodes of PncAOM. The acquisition hazard was 3-fold in the month preceding respiratory sickness (hazard ratio, HR 3.5, 90% credible interval CI 2.9, 4.1) as compared to acquisition in healthy children. Moreover, the PncAOM hazard was markedly higher (HR 3.7, 90% CI 2.4, 5.3) during the first month of carriage acquired around the acute phase of respiratory infection (between 1 month before and 1 week after the sickness onset), as compared to carriage acquired later during sickness. The high proportion (76%) of PncAOM events occurring within 1 month of acquisition was due to frequent acquisition being associated with respiratory infection as well as the susceptibility of such acquisition to cause otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Auranen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Ritva Syrjänen
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finn-Medi I, Biokatu 6, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuija Leino
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terhi Kilpi
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
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Demirtürk N, Aykın N, Çevik F, Koca B, Doğan N, Köken T. [Effect of IL-28B polymorphisms on the natural course of HBV infection]. MIKROBIYOL BUL 2016; 50:147-51. [PMID: 27058339 DOI: 10.5578/mb.10741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The prediction of the consequences of disease is important to determine the therapy approaches and prevention of the chronical state in patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). In recent years various studies are carried on to investigate the effect of IL-28B gene polymorphisms on the clinical course or therapy response in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of IL-28B rs12979860 polymorphisms on the natural course of HBV infection. The study was designed prospectively, and the subjects were randomly selected among patients admitted to infectious disease outpatient clinics of Kocatepe University Medical School Hospital and Yunus Emre State Hospital located at provinces in Central Anatolia, Turkey. A total of 99 cases were included in the study and evaluated into three groups, namely, chronic hepatitis B patients (group 1, n= 43); inactive HBV carriers (group 2, n= 34) and subjects with acquired immunity after native infection (group 3, n= 22). There were no significant differences regarding the age and gender distribution between the groups (p> 0.05). All subjects were investigated for the IL-28B promoter single nucleotide polymorphism rs12979860 at position 3176 C/T, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Evaluation of the range of IL-28B rs12979860 C/T polymorphisms observed in the study groups showed that, the frequency of CC, CT and TT allels were as follows; 34.9%, 48.8% and 16.3 % in group 1; 47.1%, 35.3% and 17.6% in group 2; 63.6%, 27.7% and 13.6% in group 3, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of C/T allel distriubution (p> 0.05). However, in spite of statistical insignificance, the rate of CC allel in IL-28B rs12979860 gene was the highest in immune subjects (63.6%), while it was the lowest in chronic hepatitis B patients (34.9%). According to our data, IL-28B rs12979860 gene polymorphisms were not effective on the clinical course of HBV infection. In conclusion, further studies with large numbers of patients are needed to support these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neşe Demirtürk
- Kocatepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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Heinsbroek E, Tafatatha T, Chisambo C, Phiri A, Mwiba O, Ngwira B, Crampin AC, Read JM, French N. Pneumococcal Acquisition Among Infants Exposed to HIV in Rural Malawi: A Longitudinal Household Study. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183:70-8. [PMID: 26628514 PMCID: PMC4690474 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) carriage is higher in adults who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than in adults who are not. We hypothesized that infants exposed to HIV become carriers of nasopharyngeal pneumococcus earlier and more frequently than infants who are not exposed to HIV. We compared infant pneumococcal acquisition by maternal HIV status and household exposure in Karonga District, Malawi, in 2009–2011, before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected every 4–6 weeks in the first year of life from infants with known HIV-exposure status, their mothers, and other household members. We studied infant pneumococcal acquisition by maternal HIV status, serotype-specific household exposure, and other risk factors, including seasonality. We recruited 54 infants who were exposed to HIV and 131 infants who were not. There was no significant difference in pneumococcal acquisition by maternal HIV status (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) = 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87, 1.15). Carriage by the mother was associated with greater acquisition of the same serotype (aRR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.47, 6.50), but the adjusted population attributable fraction was negligible (1.9%, 95% CI: 0.0, 4.3). Serotype-specific exposure to children under 5 years of age was associated with higher acquisition (aRR = 4.30, 95% CI: 2.80, 6.60; adjusted population attributable fraction = 8.8%, 95% CI: 4.0, 13.4). We found no evidence to suggest that maternal HIV infection would affect the impact of pneumococcal vaccination on colonization in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neil French
- Correspondence to Prof. Neil French, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool L69 7BE, United Kingdom (e-mail: )
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Bonner K, Welch E, Elder K, Cohn J. Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Administration in Pediatric Older Age Groups in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135270. [PMID: 26332848 PMCID: PMC4557974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is included in the World Health Organization's routine immunization schedule and is recommended by WHO for vaccination in high-risk children up to 60 months. However, many countries do not recommend vaccination in older age groups, nor have donors committed to supporting extended age group vaccination. To better inform decision-making, this systematic review examines the direct impact of extended age group vaccination in children over 12 months in low and middle income countries. METHODS An a priori protocol was used. Using pre-specified terms, a search was conducted using PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CAB Abstracts, clinicaltrials.gov and the International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases abstracts. The primary outcome was disease incidence, with antibody titers and nasopharyngeal carriage included as secondary outcomes. RESULTS Eighteen studies reported on disease incidence, immune response, and nasopharyngeal carriage. PCV administered after 12 months of age led to significant declines in invasive pneumococcal disease. Immune response to vaccine type serotypes was significantly higher for those vaccinated at older ages than the unimmunized at the established 0.2 ug/ml and 0.35 ug/ml thresholds. Vaccination administered after one year of age significantly reduced VT carriage with odds ratios ranging from 0.213 to 0.69 over four years. A GRADE analysis indicated that the studies were of high quality. DISCUSSION PCV administration in children over 12 months leads to significant protection. The direct impact of PCV administration, coupled with the large cohort of children missed in first year vaccination, indicates that countries should initiate or expand PCV immunization for extended age group vaccinations. Donors should support implementation of PCV as part of delayed or interrupted immunization for older children. For countries to effectively implement extended age vaccinations, access to affordably-priced PCV is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Bonner
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Access Campaign, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emily Welch
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kate Elder
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Access Campaign, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Cohn
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Access Campaign, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Kolesin ID, Zhitkova EM. [Analysis of the Mechanism of a Three-Wave Epidemic Influenza A Virus Cvcle]. Biofizika 2015; 60:542-546. [PMID: 26349219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A three-wave epidemic cycle caused by a new serotype agent is simulated. The mechanism of stepwise recession in a stratum of the susceptible persons is examined. A group of asymptomatic infected individuals as well as an antigen activity index, which regulates the intensity of input streams into the groups of infected patients, are introduced into the model. Morbidity rate is additionally regulated by the virulence. The model is identified according to the observations of the three-wave passage of Hong-Kong serotype (H3N2). On the basis of the simulation results it is shown that a leading role in upgrading the virulence capacity of the agent and in replenishment of the morbid group is assigned to the asymptomatic infected individuals.
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Christensen KK, Christensen P. Immunological characterization of mothers of infants with neonatal GBS infection: definition of a risk group. Antibiot Chemother (1971) 2015; 35:190-3. [PMID: 3901895 DOI: 10.1159/000410372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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MenAfriCar consortium. The Diversity of Meningococcal Carriage Across the African Meningitis Belt and the Impact of Vaccination With a Group A Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1298-307. [PMID: 25858956 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Study of meningococcal carriage is essential to understanding the epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis infection. Methods. Twenty cross-sectional carriage surveys were conducted in 7 countries in the African meningitis belt; 5 surveys were conducted after introduction of a new serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenAfriVac). Pharyngeal swab specimens were collected, and Neisseria species were identified by microbiological and molecular techniques. Results. A total of 1687 of 48 490 participants (3.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2%–3.6%) carried meningococci. Carriage was more frequent in individuals aged 5–14 years, relative to those aged 15–29 years (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.41; 95% CI, 1.25–1.60); in males, relative to females (adjusted OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.10–1.24); in individuals in rural areas, relative to those in urban areas (adjusted OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.28–1.63); and in the dry season, relative to the rainy season (adjusted OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.37–1.75). Forty-eight percent of isolates had genes encoding disease-associated polysaccharide capsules; genogroup W predominated, and genogroup A was rare. Strain diversity was lower in countries in the center of the meningitis belt than in Senegal or Ethiopia. The prevalence of genogroup A fell from 0.7% to 0.02% in Chad following mass vaccination with MenAfriVac. Conclusions. The prevalence of meningococcal carriage in the African meningitis belt is lower than in industrialized countries and is very diverse and dynamic, even in the absence of vaccination.
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Kwatra G, Adrian PV, Shiri T, Buchmann EJ, Cutland CL, Madhi SA. Natural acquired humoral immunity against serotype-specific group B Streptococcus rectovaginal colonization acquisition in pregnant women. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:568.e13-21. [PMID: 25680313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) rectovaginal colonization in pregnant women is associated with invasive GBS disease in newborns, preterm delivery and stillbirths. We studied the association of GBS serotype-specific capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antibody on new acquisition and clearance of rectovaginal GBS colonization in pregnant women from 20 weeks until 37 to 40 weeks' gestation. Serum serotype-specific CPS IgG antibody concentration was measured by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) titres. Rectovaginal swabs were evaluated for GBS colonization, using standard culture methods and serotyping by latex agglutination, at five to six weekly intervals. Higher serotype III CPS antibody concentration was associated with lower risk of rectovaginal acquisition of serotype III during pregnancy (p 0.009). Furthermore, serotype-specific OPA titres to Ia and III were higher in women who remained free of GBS colonization throughout the study compared to those who acquired the homotypic serotype (p <0.001 for both serotypes). Serum CPS IgG values of ≥1μg/mL for serotype V and ≥3μg/mL for serotypes Ia and III were significantly associated with protection against rectovaginal acquisition of the homotypic serotype. A GBS vaccine that induces sufficient capsular antibody in pregnant women, including high OPA titres, could protect against rectovaginal colonization during the latter half of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kwatra
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P V Adrian
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - T Shiri
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - E J Buchmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of The Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - C L Cutland
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S A Madhi
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Shoji H, Maeda M, Shirakura T, Takuma T, Hanaki H, Niki Y. Changes in the Distribution of Capsular Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolated from Adult Respiratory Specimens in Japan. Intern Med 2015; 54:1337-41. [PMID: 26027983 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.3845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess whether the distribution of pneumococcal capsular types has been changed, while also providing basic data on changes in the distribution after the introduction of Pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV)13 in adult medical practice. METHODS We analyzed 431 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains (200 in 2006 and 231 in 2012) that had been isolated from respiratory infection specimens from adult patients. Capsular typing was performed by the Quellung reaction and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A comparison of the 2006 and 2012 strains revealed that the number and proportion of strains by serotype increased from 30 (15%) to 46 (20%) for serotype 3, from 4 (2%) to 14 (6%) for serotype 6A, and from 4 (2%) to 13 (6%) for serotype 6C, whereas the number and proportion of strains by serotype decreased from 8 (4%) to 0 (0%) for serotype 4 and from 24 (12%) to 17 (7%) for serotype 6B. From 2006 to 2012, the coverage rate significantly decreased from 39 to 28.1% for PCV7 (p=0.017). CONCLUSION Our study showed a decrease in the vaccine coverage of PCV7. However, PCV13 covered serotypes 3 and 6A, which are prevalent, as well as penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae strains. At present, PCV13 in adult clinical practice seems to be highly significant. However, there is a possibility that the distribution has changed, and careful screening should be continued in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Shoji
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Japan
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Stawerska R, Czkwianianc E, Matusiak A, Smyczyńska J, Hilczer M, Chmiela M, Lewiński A. Prevalence of autoantibodies against some selected growth and appetite-regulating neuropeptides in serum of short children exposed to Candida albicans colonization and/or Helicobacter pylori infection: the molecular mimicry phenomenon. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2015; 36:458-464. [PMID: 26707047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many of peptides synthesized in gastrointestinal tract (GI) and adipose tissues, regulate growth and food intake. The GI microflora is an antigenic source. Based on the molecular mimicry hypothesis, intestinal microbe-derived antigens may trigger the production of autoantibodies cross-reacting with some neuropeptides. DESIGN The aim of the study was to assess whether in idiopathic short stature (ISS) children with Candida albicans (C.albicans) colonisation and/or Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection the autoantibodies (in positive levels) against selected neuropeptides [anti-NP Abs(+)]: ghrelin, leptin, orexin A, αMSH are more prevalent than in Controls. SETTING The study group comprised 64 children with ISS and 36 children with normal height (Controls). In each child, IgG antibodies against H.pylori, ghrelin, leptin, orexin A and αMSH were assessed in serum, while presence of C.albicans - in stool samples. RESULTS The higher prevalence of anti-NP Abs(+) in ISS children with C.albicans and/or H.pylori than in normal height children with the colonization in question (34.4% vs 21.1%, p<0.01) was found. The prevalence of anti-NP Abs(+) in groups of children without C.albicans and H.pylori were low, anti-NP Abs(+) were detected in 9.4% of ISS children only, while in Controls they were not found. CONCLUSIONS In short children with C.albicans and/or H.pylori the incidence of autoantibodies against selected neuropeptides is high. It probably is connected with molecular mimicry between antigens of these microbiota and the mentioned peptides. It is tempting to speculate that presence of cross-reacting autoantibodies against regulatory neuropeptides may results in worse growth velocity. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Stawerska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Czkwianianc
- Department of Gastroenterology, Allergology and Pediatrics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Matusiak
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Smyczyńska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Hilczer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewiński
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
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Yang J, Lu H, Guo R, Yan D, Ye P, Jin L, Chen C, Cao H, Diao H, Li L. Molecular profile of the T cell receptor beta variable in peripheral blood lymphocytes from chronic asymptomatic HBV carriers. Pathog Dis 2014; 73:1-9. [PMID: 25722488 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiezuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Renyong Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Dong Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ping Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Linfeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chunlei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hongcui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Arslan F, Mert A, Sili U, Tabak F, Öztürk R, Ozaras R. Comparison of cellular immunity in patients with chronic hepatitis B, inactive hepatitis B surface antigen carriers and spontaneously recovered individuals. Hepatogastroenterology 2014; 61:2326-2329. [PMID: 25699376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Different clinical outcomes of acute HBV infection have been partially explained by individual differences in immune response. In this study we investigated interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secretion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro against specific (Hepatitis B core antigen; recombinant HB-cAg) and non-specific (CMV, EBV, Influenza peptide pool; CTL CEF peptide pool "plus") antigens using enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay in 7 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB group), 8 inactive carriers Of HBV (carrier group) and 8 subjects who spontaneously recovered from acute HBV infection as detected by anti-HBs positivity (immune group). Phytohemaglutinin served as the positive test control. Response against recombinant HBcAg was 88±135, 50±110, 105±150 spot forming cell (SFC)/10(5) PBMC, in CHB, carrier and immune groups, respectively. HBcAg-specific T-cell response was slightly higher in the immune group; however, statistically there was no significant difference between the groups. Assessment of cellular immunity by IFN-γ ELISPOT was not sufficient to explain the various outcomes of HBV infection such as resolution, chronicity and carriership.
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Trotter CL, Edmunds WJ, Ramsay ME, Miller E. Modeling Future Changes to the Meningococcal Serogroup C Conjugate (MCC) Vaccine Program in England and Wales. Human Vaccines 2014; 2:68-73. [PMID: 17012888 DOI: 10.4161/hv.2.2.2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The UK meningococcal serogroup C conjugate (MCC) vaccine program has successfully controlled serogroup C disease, due to high vaccine effectiveness and substantial herd immunity. However, children immunised at 2, 3 and 4 months of age receive only short-term direct protection and may be at risk of disease 15 months after vaccination. To investigate this we applied a mathematical model to predict the future epidemiology of serogroup C disease, with and without changes to the immunization schedule. Only a few cases of serogroup C disease were predicted to occur over the next few years because of persisting herd immunity, even without a change to the vaccine schedule. The inclusion of a booster dose is likely to improve the impact of the MCC program and reducing the number of doses in infancy will improve cost-effectiveness and create space in the schedule for the addition of other vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Trotter
- Immunisation Department, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London, UK.
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Andrade AL, Ternes YM, Vieira MA, Moreira WG, Lamaro-Cardoso J, Kipnis A, Cardoso MR, Brandileone MC, Moura I, Pimenta FC, da Gloria Carvalho M, Saraiva FO, Toscano CM, Minamisava R. Direct effect of 10-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccination on pneumococcal carriage in children Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98128. [PMID: 24892409 PMCID: PMC4043727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 10-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine/PCV10 was introduced in the Brazilian National Immunization Program along the year of 2010. We assessed the direct effectiveness of PCV10 vaccination in preventing nasopharyngeal/NP pneumococcal carriage in infants. Methods A cross-sectional population-based household survey was conducted in Goiania Brazil, from December/2010-February/2011 targeting children aged 7–11 m and 15–18 m. Participants were selected using a systematic sampling. NP swabs, demographic data, and vaccination status were collected from 1,287 children during home visits. Main outcome and exposure of interest were PCV10 vaccine-type carriage and dosing schedules (3p+0, 2p+0, and one catch-up dose), respectively. Pneumococcal carriage was defined by a positive culture and serotyping was performed by Quellung reaction. Rate ratio/RR was calculated as the ratio between the prevalence of vaccine-types carriage in children exposed to different schedules and unvaccinated for PCV10. Adjusted RR was estimated using Poisson regression. PCV10 effectiveness/VE on vaccine-type carriage was calculated as 1-RR*100. Results The prevalence of pneumococcal carriage was 41.0% (95%CI: 38.4–43.7). Serotypes covered by PCV10 and PCV13 were 35.2% and 53.0%, respectively. Vaccine serotypes 6B (11.6%), 23F (7.8%), 14 (6.8%), and 19F (6.6%) were the most frequently observed. After adjusted for confounders, children who had received 2p+0 or 3p+0 dosing schedule presented a significant reduction in pneumococcal vaccine-type carriage, with PCV10 VE equal to 35.9% (95%CI: 4.2–57.1; p = 0.030) and 44.0% (95%CI: 14.–63.5; p = 0.008), respectively, when compared with unvaccinated children. For children who received one catch-up dose, no significant VE was detected (p = 0.905). Conclusion PCV10 was associated with high protection against vaccine-type carriage with 2p+0 and 3p+0 doses for children vaccinated before the second semester of life. The continuous evaluation of carriage serotypes distribution is likely to be useful for evaluating the long-term effectiveness and impact of pneumococcal vaccination on serotypes reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucia Andrade
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Yves Mauro Ternes
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
- Epidemiology Branch, Secretariat of Health of Municipality of Goiania, Goias, Brazil
| | | | - Weslley Garcia Moreira
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | | | - André Kipnis
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Cardoso
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Iaci Moura
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Fabiana C. Pimenta
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maria da Gloria Carvalho
- Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Cristiana Maria Toscano
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Ruth Minamisava
- Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
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