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Jiménez-Cortegana C, López-Saavedra A, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Pérez-Pérez A, Castiñeiras J, Virizuela-Echaburu JA, de la Cruz-Merino L, Sánchez-Margalet V. Leptin, Both Bad and Good Actor in Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:913. [PMID: 34202969 PMCID: PMC8235379 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an important regulator of basal metabolism and food intake, with a pivotal role in obesity. Leptin exerts many different actions on various tissues and systems, including cancer, and is considered as a linkage between metabolism and the immune system. During the last decades, obesity and leptin have been associated with the initiation, proliferation and progression of many types of cancer. Obesity is also linked with complications and mortality, irrespective of the therapy used, affecting clinical outcomes. However, some evidence has suggested its beneficial role, called the "obesity paradox", and the possible antitumoral role of leptin. Recent data regarding the immunotherapy of cancer have revealed that overweight leads to a more effective response and leptin may probably be involved in this beneficial process. Since leptin is a positive modulator of both the innate and the adaptive immune system, it may contribute to the increased immune response stimulated by immunotherapy in cancer patients and may be proposed as a good actor in cancer. Our purpose is to review this dual role of leptin in cancer, as well as trying to clarify the future perspectives of this adipokine, which further highlights its importance as a cornerstone of the immunometabolism in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jiménez-Cortegana
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (C.J.-C.); (A.L.-S.); (F.S.-J.); (A.P.-P.)
| | - Ana López-Saavedra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (C.J.-C.); (A.L.-S.); (F.S.-J.); (A.P.-P.)
| | - Flora Sánchez-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (C.J.-C.); (A.L.-S.); (F.S.-J.); (A.P.-P.)
| | - Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (C.J.-C.); (A.L.-S.); (F.S.-J.); (A.P.-P.)
| | - Jesús Castiñeiras
- Urology Service, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Juan A. Virizuela-Echaburu
- Medical Oncology Service, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (J.A.V.-E.); (L.d.l.C.-M.)
| | - Luis de la Cruz-Merino
- Medical Oncology Service, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (J.A.V.-E.); (L.d.l.C.-M.)
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain; (C.J.-C.); (A.L.-S.); (F.S.-J.); (A.P.-P.)
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Guglielmi V, Colangeli L, D’Adamo M, Sbraccia P. Susceptibility and Severity of Viral Infections in Obesity: Lessons from Influenza to COVID-19. Does Leptin Play a Role? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063183. [PMID: 33804765 PMCID: PMC8003928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic Sars-CoV2 infection and studies on previous influenza epidemic have drawn attention to the association between the obesity and infectious diseases susceptibility and worse outcome. Metabolic complications, nutritional aspects, physical inactivity, and a chronic unbalance in the hormonal and adipocytokine microenvironment are major determinants in the severity of viral infections in obesity. By these pleiotropic mechanisms obesity impairs immune surveillance and the higher leptin concentrations produced by adipose tissue and that characterize obesity substantially contribute to such immune response dysregulation. Indeed, leptin not only controls energy balance and body weight, but also plays a regulatory role in the interplay between energy metabolism and immune system. Since leptin receptor is expressed throughout the immune system, leptin may exert effects on cells of both innate and adaptive immune system. Chronic inflammatory states due to metabolic (i.e., obesity) as well as infectious diseases increase leptin concentrations and consequently lead to leptin resistance further fueling inflammation. Multiple factors, including inflammation and ER stress, contribute to leptin resistance. Thus, if leptin is recognized as one of the adipokines responsible for the low grade inflammation found in obesity, on the other hand, impairments of leptin signaling due to leptin resistance appear to blunt the immunologic effects of leptin and possibly contribute to impaired vaccine-induced immune responses. However, many aspects concerning leptin interactions with inflammation and immune system as well as the therapeutical approaches to overcome leptin resistance and reduced vaccine effectiveness in obesity remain a challenge for future research.
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Stochmal A, Czuwara J, Zaremba M, Rudnicka L. Metabolic mediators determine the association of antinuclear antibody subtypes with specific clinical symptoms in systemic sclerosis. Adv Med Sci 2021; 66:119-127. [PMID: 33494024 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the possible link between different types of systemic sclerosis-specific antinuclear antibodies, adipokines and endothelial molecules which were recently found to have a pathogenic significance in systemic sclerosis. MATERIALS/METHODS Serum concentration of adiponectin, resistin, leptin, endothelin-1, fractalkine and galectin-3 were determined in the sera of patients with systemic sclerosis (n = 100) and healthy controls (n = 20) using ELISA. RESULTS The following associations between antinuclear antibodies and increased serum concentrations were identified: anticentromere antibodies with endothelin-1 (p < 0.0001; mean level in patients 2.21 vs control group 1.31 pg/ml), anti-topoisomerase I antibodies with fractalkine (p < 0.0001; 3.68 vs 1.68 ng/ml) and galectin-3 (p = 0.0010, 6.39 vs 3.26 ng/ml). Anti-RNA polymerase III antibodies were associated with increased resistin (p < 0.0001; 15.13 vs 8.54 ng/ml) and decreased adiponectin (p < 0.0001; 2894 vs 8847 ng/ml). CONCLUSION In systemic sclerosis metabolic and vascular factors may serve as mediators between immunological abnormalities and non-immune driven clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stochmal
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Czuwara
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Zaremba
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
Leptin is a critical mediator of the immune response to changes in overall nutrition. Leptin is produced by adipocytes in proportion to adipose tissue mass and is therefore increased in obesity. Despite having a well-described role in regulating systemic metabolism and appetite, leptin displays pleiotropic actions, and it is now clear that leptin has a key role in influencing immune cell function. Indeed, many immune cells have been shown to respond to leptin directly via the leptin receptor, resulting in a largely pro-inflammatory phenotype. Understanding the role of adipose-tissue derived mediators in inflammation is critical to determining the pathophysiology of multiple obesity-associated diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, autoimmune disease, and infection. This review, therefore, focuses on the latest data regarding the role of leptin in modulating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Kiernan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nancie J. MacIver
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Smitka K, Prochazkova P, Roubalova R, Dvorak J, Papezova H, Hill M, Pokorny J, Kittnar O, Bilej M, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Current Aspects of the Role of Autoantibodies Directed Against Appetite-Regulating Hormones and the Gut Microbiome in Eating Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:613983. [PMID: 33953692 PMCID: PMC8092392 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.613983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium and reciprocal actions among appetite-stimulating (orexigenic) and appetite-suppressing (anorexigenic) signals synthesized in the gut, brain, microbiome and adipose tissue (AT), seems to play a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake and feeding behavior, anxiety, and depression. A dysregulation of mechanisms controlling the energy balance may result in eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). AN is a psychiatric disease defined by chronic self-induced extreme dietary restriction leading to an extremely low body weight and adiposity. BN is defined as out-of-control binge eating, which is compensated by self-induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise. Certain gut microbiota-related compounds, like bacterial chaperone protein Escherichia coli caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) and food-derived antigens were recently described to trigger the production of autoantibodies cross-reacting with appetite-regulating hormones and neurotransmitters. Gut microbiome may be a potential manipulator for AT and energy homeostasis. Thus, the regulation of appetite, emotion, mood, and nutritional status is also under the control of neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms by secretion of autoantibodies directed against neuropeptides, neuroactive metabolites, and peptides. In AN and BN, altered cholinergic, dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic relays may lead to abnormal AT, gut, and brain hormone secretion. The present review summarizes updated knowledge regarding the gut dysbiosis, gut-barrier permeability, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), blood-brain barrier permeability, and autoantibodies within the ghrelin and melanocortin systems in eating disorders. We expect that the new knowledge may be used for the development of a novel preventive and therapeutic approach for treatment of AN and BN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kvido Smitka
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Kvido Smitka,
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radka Roubalova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Papezova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Eating Disorder Center, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hill
- Steroid Hormone and Proteofactors Department, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Pokorny
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Otomar Kittnar
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Bilej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to explore the relationship between leptin and IFN-γ in PCOS patients, and confirmed the effect of leptin-induced IFN-γ on granulosa cells furtherly. METHODS 29 patients with PCOS and 36 healthy controls were enrolled. Leptin level and the proportion of Th1 cells were detected and association between them were analyzed. Meanwhile, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from PCOS patients were treated with leptin and then the proportion of Th1 was analyzed. Besides that, the apoptotic level of KGN cells was monitored after IFN-γ treatment. RESULTS In the circulation of PCOS patients, leptin level dramatically increased compared with controls. And, this was associated with upregulated Th1 cells proportion and IFN-γ level. In vitro, Th1 cells proportion increased after leptin treated PBMCs from PCOS patients. Furthermore, for KGN cells, the percentage of live cells decreased and later apoptosis cells increased after IFN-γ treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that leptin takes part in process of PCOS via inducing expression of IFN-γ. Our findings highlight the importance of the connection between leptin and inflammation in PCOS and provide new insights therapeutic strategy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzhou TCM Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuxi Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzhou TCM Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Meizhen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzhou TCM Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhixiang Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzhou TCM Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Xian Ge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzhou TCM Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Weijin Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzhou TCM Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Bingwei Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changzhou TCM Hospital, Changzhou, China
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Abstract
The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is quite variable and the manifestations varies from asymptomatic disease to severe acute respiratory infection. Fever, dry cough, dyspnea, myalgia, fatigue, loss of appetite, olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are the most prevalent general symptoms. Decreased immune system cells such as suppressed regulatory T cells, cytotoxic and helper T cells, natural killer cells, monocytes/macrophages and increased proinflammatory cytokines are the characteristic features. Compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus. Allium sativum is a functional food well-known for its immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antimutagenic, antitumor properties. Its antiviral efficiency was also demonstrated. Some constituents of this plant were found to be active against protozoan parasites. Within this context, it appears to reverse most immune system dysfunctions observed in patients with COVID-19 infection. The relations among immune system parameters, leptin, leptin receptor, adenosin mono phosphate-activated protein kinase, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma have also been interpreted. Leptin's role in boosting proinflammatory cytokines and in appetite decreasing suggest the possible beneficial effect of decreasing the concentration of this proinflammatory adipose tissue hormone in relieving some symptoms detected during COVID-19 infection. In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Metin Donma
- Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Tekirdag, Turkey.
| | - Orkide Donma
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Leptin-based obesity pharmacotherapies were originally developed according to the lipostatic view that elevated circulating leptin levels promote a negative energy balance. A series of independent preclinical findings suggest, however, that a partial reduction in circulating leptin levels (either by immunoneutralization, a peripherally restricted CB1 receptor inverse agonist, or bariatric surgery) can paradoxically lead to weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Hankir
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Bavaria, Germany.
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Bavaria, Germany
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Ardid-Ruiz A, Harazin A, Barna L, Walter FR, Bladé C, Suárez M, Deli MA, Aragonès G. The effects of Vitis vinifera L. phenolic compounds on a blood-brain barrier culture model: Expression of leptin receptors and protection against cytokine-induced damage. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 247:112253. [PMID: 31562952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The medicinal properties of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are well known since ancient times. Ethnobotanical grape preparations, like the Ayurvedic Darakchasava are used as cardiotonic and for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Dried grape products are also applied in Iranian traditional medicine for memory problems, which are linked to the pathology of brain microvessels, a special part of the cardiovascular system. The anti-inflammatory and protective effects of these traditional preparations on the cardiovascular system are related to their bioactive phenolic compounds. AIM OF THE STUDY The blood-brain barrier (BBB), formed by brain capillaries, is not only involved in inflammatory and other diseases of the central nervous system, but also in many systemic diseases with an inflammatory component. Dietary obesity is a systemic chronic inflammatory condition in which the peripheral and central vascular system is affected. Among the cerebrovascular changes in obesity defective leptin transport across the BBB related to central leptin resistance is observed. Our aim was to study the protective effects of grape phenolic compounds epicatechin (EC), gallic acid (GA) and resveratrol (RSV) and grape-seed proanthocyanidin-rich extract (GSPE) on a cytokine-induced vascular endothelial inflammation model. Using a culture model of the BBB we investigated cytokine-induced endothelial damage and changes in the expression of leptin receptors and leptin transfer. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the BBB model, primary cultures of rat brain endothelial cells, glial cells and pericytes were used in co-culture. Cells were treated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) (10 ng/ml each) to induce damage. Cell toxicity was evaluated by the measurement of impedance. The expression of leptin receptors was assessed by RT-qPCR and western blot. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were detected by fluorescent probes. RESULTS GSPE (10 μg/ml), EC (10 μM), GA (1 μM) or RSV (10 μM) did not change the viability of brain endothelial cells. The gene expression of the short leptin receptor isoform, Ob-Ra, was up-regulated by GSPE, EC and RSV, while the mRNA levels of Lrp2 and clusterin, clu/ApoJ were not affected. The tested compounds did not change the expression of the long leptin receptor isoform, Ob-Rb. RSV protected against the cytokine-induced increase in albumin permeability of the BBB model. GSPE and EC exerted an antioxidant effect and GSPE increased NO both alone and in the presence of cytokines. The cytokine-induced nuclear translocation of transcription factor NF-κB was blocked by GSPE, GA and RSV. Cytokines increased the mRNA expression of Lrp2 which was inhibited by EC. RSV increased Ob-Ra and Clu in the presence of cytokines. Cytokines elevated leptin transfer across the BBB model, which was not modified by GSPE or RSV. CONCLUSION Our results obtained on cell culture models confirm that natural grape compounds protect vascular endothelial cells against inflammatory damage in accordance with the ethnopharmacological use of grape preparations in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, grape compounds and GSPE, by exerting a beneficial effect on the BBB, may also be considered in the treatment of obesity after validation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ardid-Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - András Harazin
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lilla Barna
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cinta Bladé
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Maria A Deli
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gerard Aragonès
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Zimta AA, Tigu AB, Muntean M, Cenariu D, Slaby O, Berindan-Neagoe I. Molecular Links between Central Obesity and Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215364. [PMID: 31661891 PMCID: PMC6862548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women, in regard to incidence and mortality. In recent years, the negative role of obesity during BC development and progression has been made abundantly clear in several studies. However, the distribution of body fat may be more important to analyze than the overall body weight. In our review of literature, we reported some key findings regarding the role of obesity in BC development, but focused more on central adiposity. Firstly, the adipose microenvironment in obese people bears many similarities with the tumor microenvironment, in respect to associated cellular composition, chronic low-grade inflammation, and high ratio of reactive oxygen species to antioxidants. Secondly, the adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ, which in obese people produces a high level of tumor-promoting hormones, such as leptin and estrogen, and a low level of the tumor suppressor hormone, adiponectin. As follows, in BC this leads to the activation of oncogenic signaling pathways: NFκB, JAK, STAT3, AKT. Moreover, overall obesity, but especially central obesity, promotes a systemic and local low grade chronic inflammation that further stimulates the increase of tumor-promoting oxidative stress. Lastly, there is a constant exchange of information between BC cells and adipocytes, mediated especially by extracellular vesicles, and which changes the transcription profile of both cell types to an oncogenic one with the help of regulatory non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina-Andreea Zimta
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine, and Pharmacy Iuliu-Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Adrian Bogdan Tigu
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine, and Pharmacy Iuliu-Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Babeș-Bolyai University, Faculty of Biology, and Geology, 42 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Maximilian Muntean
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Diana Cenariu
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine, and Pharmacy Iuliu-Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine, and Pharmacy Iuliu-Hatieganu, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine, and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Functional Genomics, and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Republicii 34th street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Hoffmann A, Ebert T, Klöting N, Kolb M, Gericke M, Jeromin F, Jessnitzer B, Lössner U, Burkhardt R, Stumvoll M, Fasshauer M, Kralisch S. Leptin decreases circulating inflammatory IL-6 and MCP-1 in mice. Biofactors 2019; 45:43-48. [PMID: 30496627 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Leptin influences inflammation and immune response. Dose-dependent effects of leptin on biomarkers of inflammation have not been studied in vivo, so far. Leptin-deficient low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) knockout (LDLR-/- ;ob/ob) female mice were treated with three different leptin doses or saline for 12 weeks. The effect of leptin on plasma interleukin (IL)-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 concentrations and Il-6 and Mcp-1 mRNA expression in vivo were assessed. Macrophage infiltration in epididymal adipose tissue (epiAT) after leptin treatment was determined by quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Aortic root atherosclerotic lesions were analyzed by oil red O staining. Mean plasma IL-6 and MCP-1 decreased significantly in the 3.0 mg/kg BW/day group as compared to control mice (both P < 0.01). Messenger RNA expression of Il-6 and Mcp-1 was significantly down-regulated by leptin treatment in different adipose tissues in vivo. Characteristic crown-like structures formed by adipose tissue macrophages were significantly reduced by leptin treatment in epiAT. Recombinant leptin dose-dependently diminished plaque area in the aortic root. Leptin administration within the subphysiological to physiological range diminishes circulating pro-inflammatory IL-6 and MCP-1. Reduction of Il-6 and Mcp-1 gene expression in adipose tissue, as well as decreased adipose tissue macrophage infiltration might contribute. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(1):43-48, 2019.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/immunology
- Adipose Tissue/pathology
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/immunology
- Aorta/pathology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Chemokine CCL2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokine CCL2/blood
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/immunology
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Epididymis/drug effects
- Epididymis/immunology
- Epididymis/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-6/blood
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Leptin/deficiency
- Leptin/genetics
- Leptin/immunology
- Leptin/pharmacology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/drug therapy
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/immunology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Annett Hoffmann
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marlen Kolb
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Jeromin
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular, Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate Jessnitzer
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lössner
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University of Leipzig, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular, Diagnostics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Fasshauer
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susan Kralisch
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Abstract
Leptin, a pleiotropic protein has long been recognized to play an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and other physiological functions through its effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue and encoded by the obese (ob) gene. Leptin acts as a central mediator which regulates immunity as well as nutrition. Importantly, leptin can modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Leptin deficiency/resistance is associated with dysregulation of cytokine production, increased susceptibility toward infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, malnutrition and inflammatory responses. Malnutrition induces a state of immunodeficiency and an inclination to death from communicable diseases. Infectious diseases are the disease of poor who invariably suffer from malnutrition that could result from reduced serum leptin levels. Thus, leptin has been placed at the center of many interrelated functions in various pathogenic conditions, such as bacterial, viruses and parasitic infections. We review herein, the recent advances on the role of leptin in malnutrition in pathogenesis of infectious diseases with a particular emphasis on parasitic diseases such as Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis, Amoebiasis, and Malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radheshyam Maurya
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Parna Bhattacharya
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Hira L. Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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13
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Kaiser J. Obesity gives unexpected boost to anticancer drugs. Science 2018; 362:734. [PMID: 30442783 DOI: 10.1126/science.362.6416.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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14
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Chen J, Zeng W, Pan W, Peng C, Zhang J, Su J, Long W, Zhao H, Zuo X, Xie X, Wu J, Nie L, Zhao HY, Wei HJ, Chen X. Symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus are diagnosed in leptin transgenic pigs. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005354. [PMID: 30169503 PMCID: PMC6147741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a well-known adipokine that plays a critical role in immune responses. To further explore the immunological roles of leptin, we developed a transgenic leptin pig controlled by the pig leptin (pleptin) promoter to overexpress leptin. Symptoms typically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were evident in this transgenic pig strain, including anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia as well as kidney and liver impairment. Histologically, there were increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, elevated antiplatelet antibody (APA) levels, and deposition of immune complexes in the kidney and liver. In addition, anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (dsDNAs), antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), and antinucleosome antibodies (ANuAs) were all significantly increased in serum immunological examinations. These findings were also accompanied by repression of the regulatory T cell (Treg) ratio. Significantly, glucocorticoid experimental therapies partially relieved the autoimmune responses and bleeding symptoms observed in these transgenic leptin pigs. Together, these results indicate that leptin plays a critical role in the development of autoimmune disorders and demonstrate that our transgenic leptin pigs can act as a valuable model of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiqi Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weirong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianglin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihu Long
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Nie
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong-Ye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (HJW)
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (HJW)
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15
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Nozaki C, Nent E, Bilkei-Gorzo A, Zimmer A. Involvement of leptin signaling in the development of cannabinoid CB2 receptor-dependent mirror image pain. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10827. [PMID: 30018366 PMCID: PMC6050271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain typically appears in a region innervated by an injured or diseased nerve and, in some instances, also on the contralateral side. This so-called mirror image pain is often observed in mice lacking CB2 receptors after sciatic nerve injury, but the underlying mechanisms for this phenotype largely remain unclear. Here we focused on peripheral leptin signaling, which modulates neuropathic pain development and interacts with the endocannabinoid system. Leptin production is induced at the site of nerve injury in CB2-deficient mice (CB2-KO) mice and wild type controls (WT). However, induction of leptin receptor expression was only observed in the injured nerve of CB2-KO mice. This was paralleled by a stimulation of the leptin receptor-downstream STAT3 signaling and an infiltration of F4/80-positive macrophages. Interestingly, an upregulation of leptin receptor expression STAT3 activity and macrophage infiltration was also observed on the non-injured nerve of CB2-KO mice thus reflecting the mirror image pain in CB2-KO animals. Importantly, perineurally-administered leptin-neutralizing antibodies reduced mechanical hyperalgesia, blocked mirror image pain and inhibited the recruitment of F4/80-positive macrophages. These results identify peripheral leptin signaling as an important modulator of CB2 signaling in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nozaki
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisa Nent
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andras Bilkei-Gorzo
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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16
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Escuder-Vieco D, Espinosa-Martos I, Rodríguez JM, Fernández L, Pallás-Alonso CR. Effect of HTST and Holder Pasteurization on the Concentration of Immunoglobulins, Growth Factors, and Hormones in Donor Human Milk. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2222. [PMID: 30319659 PMCID: PMC6170621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor human milk (DHM) is submitted to Holder pasteurization (HoP) to ensure its microbiological safety in human milk banks but this treatment affects some of its bioactive compounds. The objective of this work was to compare the effects of HoP and high temperature short time (HTST) treatments on some bioactive compounds found in DHM. A total of 24 DHM batches were processed in a continuous HTST system (70, 72, and 75°C for 5-25 s) and by HoP (62.5°C for 30 min). The concentrations of immunoglobulins (Igs) A, G, and M, transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2), adiponectine, ghrelin, and leptin were measured using a multiplex system, whereas the concentration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was determined by ELISA. In relation to Igs, IgG showed the highest preservation rates (87-101%) after HTST treatments, followed by IgA (54-88%) and IgM (25-73%). Ig retention after any of the HTST treatments was higher than after HoP (p < 0.001). Treatment times required to reduce the concentration of IgM by 90% (D-value) were 130, 88, and 49 s at 70, 72, and 75°C, while the number of degrees Celsius required to change the D-value by one factor of 10 (z-value) was 11.79°C. None of the heat treatments had a significant effect on the concentrations of TGF-β2, EGF, adiponectin, and ghrelin. In contrast, leptin was detected only in 4 of the samples submitted to HoP, whereas it was present in all samples after the different HTST treatments, with retention rates ranging between 34 and 68%. Globally, the concentration of IgA, IgG, IgM, and leptin in DHM was significantly higher after HTST pasteurization performed in a continuous system designed to be used in human milk banks than after the HoP procedure that is routinely applied at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Escuder-Vieco
- Banco Regional de Leche Materna, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Diana Escuder-Vieco
| | | | - Juan M. Rodríguez
- Sección Departamental de Nutrición y Ciencia de los Alimentos (Veterinaria), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leónides Fernández
- Sección Departamental de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria (Veterinaria), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rosa Pallás-Alonso
- Banco Regional de Leche Materna, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Neonatología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación i+12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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17
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André C, Guzman-Quevedo O, Rey C, Rémus-Borel J, Clark S, Castellanos-Jankiewicz A, Ladeveze E, Leste-Lasserre T, Nadjar A, Abrous DN, Laye S, Cota D. Inhibiting Microglia Expansion Prevents Diet-Induced Hypothalamic and Peripheral Inflammation. Diabetes 2017; 66:908-919. [PMID: 27903745 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell proliferation and neuroinflammation in the adult hypothalamus may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity. We tested whether the intertwining of these two processes plays a role in the metabolic changes caused by 3 weeks of a high-saturated fat diet (HFD) consumption. Compared with chow-fed mice, HFD-fed mice had a rapid increase in body weight and fat mass and specifically showed an increased number of microglia in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. Microglia expansion required the adequate presence of fats and carbohydrates in the diet because feeding mice a very high-fat, very low-carbohydrate diet did not affect cell proliferation. Blocking HFD-induced cell proliferation by central delivery of the antimitotic drug arabinofuranosyl cytidine (AraC) blunted food intake, body weight gain, and adiposity. AraC treatment completely prevented the increase in number of activated microglia in the ARC, the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α in microglia, and the recruitment of the nuclear factor-κB pathway while restoring hypothalamic leptin sensitivity. Central blockade of cell proliferation also normalized circulating levels of the cytokines leptin and interleukin 1β and decreased peritoneal proinflammatory CD86 immunoreactive macrophage number. These findings suggest that inhibition of diet-dependent microglia expansion hinders body weight gain while preventing central and peripheral inflammatory responses due to caloric overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline André
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Omar Guzman-Quevedo
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
- Facultad de Químico-Farmacobiología, Universidad Michoacána de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Charlotte Rey
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Rémus-Borel
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Samantha Clark
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ashley Castellanos-Jankiewicz
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Elodie Ladeveze
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Leste-Lasserre
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Agnes Nadjar
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Djoher Nora Abrous
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Laye
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
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18
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Procaccini C, La Rocca C, Carbone F, De Rosa V, Galgani M, Matarese G. Leptin as immune mediator: Interaction between neuroendocrine and immune system. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 66:120-129. [PMID: 27288847 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone/cytokine that links nutritional status with neuroendocrine and immune functions. Initially described as an anti-obesity hormone, leptin has subsequently been shown to exert pleiotropic effects, being also able to influence haematopoiesis, thermogenesis, reproduction, angiogenesis, and more importantly immune homeostasis. As a cytokine, leptin can affect both innate and adaptive immunity, by inducing a pro-inflammatory response and thus playing a key role in the regulation of the pathogenesis of several autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances on the role of leptin as immune-modulator in mammals and we also provide an overview on its main functions in non-mammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia La Rocca
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fortunata Carbone
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy; Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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19
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Kimura H, Karasawa T, Usui F, Kawashima A, Endo Y, Kobayashi M, Sadatomo A, Nakamura J, Iwasaki Y, Yada T, Tsutsui H, Kasahara T, Takahashi M. Caspase-1 deficiency promotes high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation and the development of obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E881-E890. [PMID: 27702746 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00174.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-1 is a cysteine protease responsible for the processing of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β and activated by the formation of inflammasome complexes. Although several investigations have found a link between diet-induced obesity and caspase-1, the relationship remains controversial. Here, we found that mice deficient in caspase-1 were susceptible to high-fat diet-induced obesity with increased adiposity as well as normal lipid and glucose metabolism. Caspase-1 deficiency clearly promoted the infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and increased the production of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in the adipose tissue. The dominant cellular source of CCL2 was stromal vascular fraction rather than adipocytes in the adipose tissue. These findings demonstrate a critical role of caspase-1 in macrophage-driven inflammation in the adipose tissue and the development of obesity. These data provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying inflammation in the pathophysiology of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kimura
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan;
| | - Tadayoshi Karasawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Fumitake Usui
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuka Endo
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Motoi Kobayashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ai Sadatomo
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yusaku Iwasaki
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | - Hiroko Tsutsui
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kasahara
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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20
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Gaines J, Vgontzas AN, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Calhoun SL, He F, Liao D, Sawyer MD, Bixler EO. Inflammation mediates the association between visceral adiposity and obstructive sleep apnea in adolescents. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E851-E858. [PMID: 27651112 PMCID: PMC5130357 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00249.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Only a handful of studies, primarily in clinical samples, have reported an association between obesity, inflammation, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children and adolescents. No studies, however, have examined the pathogenetic link between visceral adiposity, systemic inflammation, and incident OSA in a large general population sample using objective measures of sleep and body fat. Adolescents (n = 392; mean age 17.0 ± 2.2 yr, 54.0% male) from the Penn State Child Cohort (PSCC) underwent 9-h overnight polysomnography; a DXA scan to assess body fat distribution; and a single fasting blood draw for the assessment of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-6 soluble receptor (IL-6 sR), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), tumor necrosis factor receptor 1A (TNFR1), C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, and adiponectin levels via ELISA. Visceral fat area was significantly elevated in moderate OSA (AHI ≥ 5), especially in boys. IL-6, CRP, and leptin were highest in adolescents with moderate OSA, even after adjusting for BMI percentile. Mediation analysis revealed that 42% of the association between visceral fat and OSA in adolescents was mediated by IL-6 (p = 0.03), while 82% of the association was mediated by CRP (p = 0.01). These data are consistent with the model of a feed-forward, vicious cycle, in which the release of proinflammatory cytokines by visceral adipocytes largely explains the association between central obesity and OSA; in turn, inflammation is also elevated in OSA independent of BMI. These findings, in a large, representative, non-clinical sample of young people, add to our understanding of the developmental pathogenesis of sleep apnea.
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MESH Headings
- Absorptiometry, Photon
- Adipokines/immunology
- Adiponectin/immunology
- Adolescent
- Body Fat Distribution
- C-Reactive Protein/immunology
- Comorbidity
- Cytokines/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Leptin/immunology
- Male
- Obesity, Abdominal/diagnostic imaging
- Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology
- Obesity, Abdominal/immunology
- Polysomnography
- Receptors, Cytokine/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Sex Factors
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/diagnosis
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/epidemiology
- Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Gaines
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Alexandros N Vgontzas
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Julio Fernandez-Mendoza
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Susan L Calhoun
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Fan He
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Duanping Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Marjorie D Sawyer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward O Bixler
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
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Shirshev SV, Nekrasova IV, Orlova EG, Gorbunova OL. Roles of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of the phenotype and cytokine production by NK cells from peripheral blood. Dokl Biol Sci 2016; 470:249-252. [PMID: 27822754 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496616050136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Both leptin and ghrelin used separately at the concentrations corresponding to trimesters II-III of pregnancy increase the number of CD56bright NK cells in mononuclear cell suspension; their combination also enhances the L-selectin expression on the surface of these cells in the culture. These hormones do not affect the production of TGF-β1, IL-17А, or IFN-γ by NK cells, and they inhibit the production of IL-10. Leptin decreses the IL-4 production by NKp46+ cells, but the presence of ghrelin abrogates this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Shirshev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, 614081, Russia.
| | - I V Nekrasova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, 614081, Russia
| | - E G Orlova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, 614081, Russia
| | - O L Gorbunova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, 614081, Russia
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Chan JL, Koda J, Heilig JS, Cochran EK, Gorden P, Oral EA, Brown RJ. Immunogenicity associated with metreleptin treatment in patients with obesity or lipodystrophy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 85:137-49. [PMID: 26589105 PMCID: PMC4875885 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recombinant human leptin (metreleptin) improves glycaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia in patients with generalized lipodystrophy; antibody development with in vitro neutralizing activity has been reported. We aimed to characterize antimetreleptin antibody development, including in vitro neutralizing activity. DESIGN Two randomized controlled studies in patients with obesity (twice-daily metreleptin ± pramlintide for 20-52 weeks; 2006-2009); two long-term, open-label studies in patients with lipodystrophy (once-daily or twice-daily metreleptin for 2 months to 12·3 years; 2000-2014). PATIENTS A total of 579 metreleptin-treated patients with obesity and 134 metreleptin-treated patients with lipodystrophy (antibody/neutralizing activity data: n = 105). MEASUREMENTS Antimetreleptin antibodies, in vitro neutralizing activity. RESULTS Antimetreleptin antibodies developed in most patients (obese: 96-100%; lipodystrophy: 86-92%). Peak antibody titers (approximately 1:125 to 1:3125) generally occurred within 4-6 months and decreased with continued therapy (lipodystrophy). Antibody development did not adversely impact efficacy or safety (patients with obesity), except for inflammatory injection site reactions, but was associated with elevated leptin concentrations. Three patients with obesity developed in vitro neutralizing activity coincident with weight gain. Weight later returned to baseline in one patient despite persistent neutralizing activity. Four patients with generalized lipodystrophy developed in vitro neutralizing activity concurrent with worsened metabolic control; two with confounding comorbidities had sepsis. One patient with lipodystrophy had resolution of neutralizing activity on metreleptin. CONCLUSIONS Development of in vitro neutralizing activity could be associated with loss of efficacy but has not been consistently associated with adverse clinical consequences. Whether neutralization of endogenous leptin with clinical consequences occurs remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean L. Chan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joy Koda
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Elaine K. Cochran
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Phillip Gorden
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elif A. Oral
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes (MEND), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Brown
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Seo S, Yoon WS, Cho Y, Park SH, Choung JT, Yoo Y. Leptin and Atopic Dermatitis in Korean Elementary School Children. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 15:138-144. [PMID: 27090367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) and obesity have been increasing considerably in Korean school-children. AD is a chronic pruritic recurrent inflammatory skin disorder. Leptin is secreted by adipocytes which has been suggested to be immunologically active; however, their role in AD has not yet been well understood. A total of 227 subjects out of 2,109 elementary school children were defined as having AD based on the ISAAC questionnaire survey. Ninety subjects with AD, aged between 6 and 12 years, completed scoring of severity of AD (SCORAD), skin prick testing, blood tests for total IgE, eosinophil counts, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and lipid profiles. Serum leptin levels were also measured. A subject with atopic AD was defined as an AD patient showing at least 1 positive reaction to allergens in skin prick testing. There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, percentage of breast milk feeding, mode of delivery, prevalence of atopy, and lipid profiles between atopic AD and non-atopic AD subjects. The serum leptin levels (log mean±SD) were significantly higher in non-atopic AD group than in the atopic AD group (0.86±0.57 ng/mL vs 0.53±0.72 ng/mL, p=0.045). Subjects with mild-to-moderate AD showed significantly higher serum leptin levels than those with severe AD (0.77±0.67 ng/mL vs 0.33±0.69 ng/mL, p=0.028). There was a marginal inverse correlation between the SCORAD index and the serum leptin concentration in total AD subjects (r=-0.216, p=0.053). The serum leptin levels were significantly higher in non-atopic AD subjects or mild-to-moderate AD subjects. Leptin did not seem to be associated with IgE-mediated inflammation in AD. Obesity-associated high leptin differed between non-atopic AD and atopic AD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- SungChul Seo
- Environmental Health Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea AND Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Suck Yoon
- Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunjung Cho
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Tae Choung
- Environmental Health Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea AND Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Yoo
- Environmental Health Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea AND Allergy Immunology Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea AND Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Orlova EG, Shirshev SV, Loginova OA. Leptin and ghrelin regulate dendritic cell maturation and dendritic cell induction of regulatory T-cells. Dokl Biol Sci 2015; 462:171-174. [PMID: 26164343 DOI: 10.1134/s001249661503014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E G Orlova
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva, Perm, 614081, Russia,
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Beretta M, Bauer M, Hirsch E. PI3K signaling in the pathogenesis of obesity: The cause and the cure. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 58:1-15. [PMID: 25512233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the steady rise in the incidence of obesity and its associated comorbidities, in the last decades research aimed at understanding molecular mechanisms that control body weight has gained new interest. Fat gain is frequently associated with chronic adipose tissue inflammation and with peripheral as well as central metabolic derangements, resulting in an impaired hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis. Recent attention has focused on the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in both immune and metabolic response pathways, being involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. In this review, we focus on distinct PI3K isoforms, especially class I PI3Ks, mediating inflammatory cells recruitment to the enlarged fat as well as intracellular responses to key hormonal regulators of fat storage, both in adipocytes and in the central nervous system. This integrated view of PI3K functions may ultimately help to develop new therapeutic interventions for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Beretta
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Stawerska R, Czkwianianc E, Matusiak A, Smyczyńska J, Hilczer M, Chmiela M, Lewiński A. Prevalence of autoantibodies against some selected growth and appetite-regulating neuropeptides in serum of short children exposed to Candida albicans colonization and/or Helicobacter pylori infection: the molecular mimicry phenomenon. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2015; 36:458-464. [PMID: 26707047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many of peptides synthesized in gastrointestinal tract (GI) and adipose tissues, regulate growth and food intake. The GI microflora is an antigenic source. Based on the molecular mimicry hypothesis, intestinal microbe-derived antigens may trigger the production of autoantibodies cross-reacting with some neuropeptides. DESIGN The aim of the study was to assess whether in idiopathic short stature (ISS) children with Candida albicans (C.albicans) colonisation and/or Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection the autoantibodies (in positive levels) against selected neuropeptides [anti-NP Abs(+)]: ghrelin, leptin, orexin A, αMSH are more prevalent than in Controls. SETTING The study group comprised 64 children with ISS and 36 children with normal height (Controls). In each child, IgG antibodies against H.pylori, ghrelin, leptin, orexin A and αMSH were assessed in serum, while presence of C.albicans - in stool samples. RESULTS The higher prevalence of anti-NP Abs(+) in ISS children with C.albicans and/or H.pylori than in normal height children with the colonization in question (34.4% vs 21.1%, p<0.01) was found. The prevalence of anti-NP Abs(+) in groups of children without C.albicans and H.pylori were low, anti-NP Abs(+) were detected in 9.4% of ISS children only, while in Controls they were not found. CONCLUSIONS In short children with C.albicans and/or H.pylori the incidence of autoantibodies against selected neuropeptides is high. It probably is connected with molecular mimicry between antigens of these microbiota and the mentioned peptides. It is tempting to speculate that presence of cross-reacting autoantibodies against regulatory neuropeptides may results in worse growth velocity. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Stawerska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Czkwianianc
- Department of Gastroenterology, Allergology and Pediatrics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Matusiak
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Smyczyńska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Hilczer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewiński
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
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Alkan M, Machavoine F, Rignault R, Dam J, Dy M, Thieblemont N. Histidine Decarboxylase Deficiency Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:965056. [PMID: 26090474 PMCID: PMC4452174 DOI: 10.1155/2015/965056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has highlighted the role of histamine in inflammation. Since this monoamine has also been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of type-1 diabetes, we assessed its effect in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. To this end, we used mice (inactivated) knocked out for the gene encoding histidine decarboxylase, the unique histamine-forming enzyme, backcrossed on a NOD genetic background. We found that the lack of endogenous histamine in NOD HDC(-/-) mice decreased the incidence of diabetes in relation to their wild-type counterpart. Whereas the proportion of regulatory T and myeloid-derived suppressive cells was similar in both strains, histamine deficiency was associated with increased levels of immature macrophages, as compared with wild-type NOD mice. Concerning the cytokine pattern, we found a decrease in circulating IL-12 and IFN-γ in HDC(-/-) mice, while IL-6 or leptin remained unchanged, suggesting that histamine primarily modulates the inflammatory environment. Paradoxically, exogenous histamine given to NOD HDC(-/-) mice provided also protection against T1D. Our study supports the notion that histamine is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes, thus providing additional evidence for its role in the regulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Alkan
- Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8147, Hôpital Necker, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France
- Center of Excellence, LABEX Inflamex, 75014 Paris, France
| | - François Machavoine
- Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8147, Hôpital Necker, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rachel Rignault
- Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8147, Hôpital Necker, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Julie Dam
- Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Michel Dy
- Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8147, Hôpital Necker, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Thieblemont
- Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8147, Hôpital Necker, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France
- Center of Excellence, LABEX Inflamex, 75014 Paris, France
- *Nathalie Thieblemont:
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Zabeau L, Peelman F, Tavernier J. Antagonizing leptin: current status and future directions. Biol Chem 2014; 395:499-514. [PMID: 24523306 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived hormone/cytokine leptin acts as a metabolic switch, connecting the body's nutritional status to high energy consuming processes such as reproduction and immune responses. Inappropriate leptin responses can promote autoimmune diseases and tumorigenesis. In this review we discuss the current strategies to modulate leptin signaling and the possibilities for their use in research and therapy.
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García-Compeán D, Jáquez-Quintana JO, Lavalle-González FJ, González-González JA, Maldonado-Garza HJ, Villarreal-Pérez JZ. Plasma cytokine levels imbalance in cirrhotic patients with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus. A prospective study. Ann Hepatol 2014. [PMID: 24927611 DOI: 10.1016/s1665-2681(19)30847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To define if there is an imbalance in plasma levels of proinflammatory, fibrogenic and antifibrogenic cytokines in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or diabetes mellitus (DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS We randomly selected 54 out of 100 patients with LC who had normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels. Three groups were formed based on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results: 18 patients were normal, 18 had IGT, and 18 had DM. Plasma levels of cytokines were measured: TNF- α, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-R1), leptin, TGF-β1, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Also, fasting plasma insulin (FPI) levels were determined and HOMA2-IR was calculated. Results were compared with those of a control group of 18 patients without liver disease nor DM. Intergroup comparison was performed using non parametric tests. RESULTS Significantly higher sTNF-R1 and lower TGF-β1 were found in patients with IGT and DM compared to controls. Leptin, HGF, and TNF-α levels showed no significant differences. According to Child-Pugh classification all cytokines levels were impaired in groups B or C as compared to group A. Positive correlations between sTNF-R1 and HOMA2-IR and between leptin and HOMA2-IR were found. CONCLUSIONS IGT and DM were associated with abnormalities of sTNF-R1 and TGF-β1 compared to non cirrhotic controls. Among cirrhotic patients impairment of all cytokines were more marked in advanced liver disease. Finally, sTNF-R1 and leptin correlated with IR. These findings suggest that IGT and DM may be causally implicated with liver inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-Compeán
- Gastroenterology Service Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital "Dr. José E. González" and Medical School. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Joel O Jáquez-Quintana
- Gastroenterology Service Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital "Dr. José E. González" and Medical School. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Fernando J Lavalle-González
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital "Dr. José E. González" and Medical School. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - José A González-González
- Gastroenterology Service Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital "Dr. José E. González" and Medical School. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Héctor J Maldonado-Garza
- Gastroenterology Service Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital "Dr. José E. González" and Medical School. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jesús Z Villarreal-Pérez
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital "Dr. José E. González" and Medical School. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Lambert JE, Parnell JA, Han J, Sturzenegger T, Paul HA, Vogel HJ, Reimer RA. Evaluation of yellow pea fibre supplementation on weight loss and the gut microbiota: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:69. [PMID: 24712378 PMCID: PMC4234399 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibre intake among North Americans is currently less than half the recommended amount. Consumers are interested in food products that could promote weight loss and improve health. Consequently, evaluation of unique fibre sources with potential gut-mediated benefits for metabolic health warrants investigation. Our objective is to assess the effects of yellow pea fibre supplementation on weight loss and gut microbiota in an overweight and obese adult population. METHODS/DESIGN In a double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study, overweight and obese (BMI = 25-38) adults will be randomized to either a 15 g/d yellow pea fibre supplemented group or isocaloric placebo group for 12 weeks (n = 30/group). The primary outcome measure is a change in body fat from baseline to 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes include glucose tolerance, appetite regulation, serum lipids and inflammatory markers. Anthropometric data (height, weight, BMI, and waist circumference) and food intake (by 3-day weighed food records) will be measured at baseline and every 4 weeks thereafter. Subjective ratings of appetite will be recorded by participants at home on a weekly basis using validated visual analogue scales. At week 0 and at the end of the study (week 12), an ad libitum lunch buffet protocol for objective food intake measures and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan for body composition will be completed. Participants will be instructed not to change their exercise habits during the 12 week study. Glucose and insulin will be measured during an oral glucose tolerance test at weeks 0 and 12. Levels of lipids and CRP will be measured and inflammatory markers (adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8) in the serum will be quantified using Milliplex kits. Mechanisms related to changes in gut microbiota, serum and fecal water metabolomics will be assessed. DISCUSSION Globally the development of functional foods and functional food ingredients are critically needed to curb the rise in metabolic disease. This project will assess the potential of yellow pea fibre to improve weight control via gut-mediated changes in metabolic health in overweight and obese adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01719900) Registered October 23, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Lambert
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jill A Parnell
- Physical Education and Recreation Studies, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - Jay Han
- Food Processing Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, 6309 – 45 Street, Leduc, AB T9E 7C5, Canada
| | - Troy Sturzenegger
- Food Processing Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, 6309 – 45 Street, Leduc, AB T9E 7C5, Canada
| | - Heather A Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4 N1, Canada
| | - Hans J Vogel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4 N1, Canada
- Bio-NMR Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4 N1, Canada
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Zhuravleva LV, Ogneva EV. [Adipokines and liver function in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and its combination]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2014:21-26. [PMID: 25911908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of the study was to assess the links between leptin, resistin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and indexes of the functional liver condition in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2) and with its combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS It were examined 110 patients: 20 of them were with NAFLD, 20 patients with DM 2 and 70 patients with combined disorders (NAFLD+ DM 2), which were divided into 2 subgroups -20 patients with normal body weight and 50 patients with obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2). The control group included 20 healthy individuals. It was a complex clinical, laboratory (with definition of indexes of protein, pigment, enzyme and carbohydrate metabolism, levels of adipokines) and instrumental (ultrasound of the liver and liver biopsy (for 8 patients)) investigation. RESULTS It was shown a significant increase of plasma levels of leptin, resistin, TNF-α in patients with this combined pathology. It was established the significant correlations between leptin, resistin, TNF-α and indexes of functional liver condition in these patients. CONCLUSION In patients with NAFLD, DM 2 and with its combination, particularly with concomitant obesity, there is an imbalance of the products of adipose tissue, which sign is increasing of leptin, resistin and TNF-α. Relationships between leptin, resistin, TNF-α and indexes of the functional liver condition mainly in subgroup 3-b would give a reason to believe that obesity is activated and compounded te hormone-metabolic disorders that affect liver function.
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Moraes ADS, Pisani LP, Corgosinho FC, Carvalho LOT, Masquio DCL, Jamar G, Sanches RB, Oyama LM, Dâmaso AR, Belote C, Caranti DA. The role of leptinemia state as a mediator of inflammation in obese adults. Horm Metab Res 2013; 45:605-10. [PMID: 23670346 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1343450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyperleptinemia has emerged as a marker of proinflammatory status, while the adiponectin/leptin ratio has been used to identify anti-inflammatory state. In this context, the aims of the present study were to investigate the role of leptinemia, adjusted by tertiles, on inflammatory state in obese adults according to obesity degree. This is a cross-sectional study comprised of 43 obese adults. The anthropometric variables and body composition were analyzed, as well as markers of inflammation such as leptin, adiponectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor. Subjects were grouped using adjusted tertiles of the leptin levels. The major finding was the negative correlation between leptin concentration with adiponectin/leptin ratio (r=-0.622, p=0.000) and the positive correlation with leptin/adiponectin ratio (r=0.622, p=0.000). Indeed, both ratios were decreased and increased, respectively, according to the obesity degree. Furthermore, in the stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, the high degree of obesity was an independent predictor of leptinemia when adjusted for age and BMI (β=0.588, p=0.000 and β=0.778, p=0.005). Finally, the strong negatively correlation between the leptinemia with adiponectin/leptin ratio and the positive correlation with leptin/adiponectin ratio reinforce the role of this adipokine as a biomarker of inflammation in obese adults, according to obesity degree. Our findings can elucidate that hyperleptinemic status was a major factor in the proinflammatory status related to higher obesity degree. All together, these data reinforce the role of leptinemia state as a mediator of inflammation in obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- A dos Santos Moraes
- Post Graduate Program of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP-Santos (SP), Brazil.
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Vernooy JHJ, Ubags NDJ, Brusselle GG, Tavernier J, Suratt BT, Joos GF, Wouters EFM, Bracke KR. Leptin as regulator of pulmonary immune responses: involvement in respiratory diseases. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26:464-72. [PMID: 23542720 PMCID: PMC4122282 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone, recognized as a critical mediator of the balance between food intake and energy expenditure by signalling through its functional receptor (Ob-Rb) in the hypothalamus. Structurally, leptin belongs to the long-chain helical cytokine family, and is now known to have pleiotropic functions in both innate and adaptive immunity. The presence of the functional leptin receptor in the lung together with evidence of increased airspace leptin levels arising during pulmonary inflammation, suggests an important role for leptin in lung development, respiratory immune responses and eventually pathogenesis of inflammatory respiratory diseases. The purpose of this article is to review our current understanding of leptin and its functional role on the different resident cell types of the lung in health as well as in the context of three major respiratory conditions being chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita H J Vernooy
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Li X, Huo CH. Finding a role for leptin in the regulation of the Th17 response in experimental arthritis: comment on the article by Deng et al. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:285. [PMID: 23124704 DOI: 10.1002/art.37747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Deng J, Yang M, Liu Y, Wang X, Ko KH, Lu L. Finding a role for leptin in the regulation of the Th17 response in experimental arthritis: comment on the article by Deng et al. Reply. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:285-7. [PMID: 23124886 DOI: 10.1002/art.37752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lintomen L, Calixto MC, Schenka A, Antunes E. Allergen-induced bone marrow eosinophilopoiesis and airways eosinophilic inflammation in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:1959-65. [PMID: 22513490 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Asthma and obesity are growing epidemics in the world. It is well established that obesity worsens the asthma outcomes. High-fat diet-induced obesity in mice exacerbates the pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation. We have used wild-type (WT) and ob/ob mice to further explore the mechanisms by which obesity aggravates the pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation. The eosinophil (EO) number in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, lung tissue, blood, and bone marrow were evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 h after ovalbumin (OVA) challenge in sensitized mice. The basal EO number (phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-instilled mice) in lung tissue was about 3.5-fold greater in ob/ob compared with WT mice. OVA challenge in ob/ob mice promoted an EO accumulation into the lung that was accompanied by a lower emigration to airways lumen (BAL fluid) in comparison with WT mice. OVA challenge also markedly elevated the number of mature and immature EO in bone marrow of ob/ob mice at 24 h compared with WT group. Blood EO at 48 h was markedly greater in ob/ob mice. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10 levels in BAL fluid were significantly higher in ob/ob mice, whereas no changes for IL-5 and eotaxin were found. The IL-6 levels were significantly lower in ob/ob mice. In conclusion, OVA challenge in ob/ob obese mice potentiates eosinophilopoiesis and promotes an accumulation of EO into the lung tissue, delaying their transit to airways lumen. The longer EO remain into the lung tissue is likely to contribute, at least in part, to the asthma worsened by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Lintomen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
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Barbosa VDS, Rêgo J, Antônio da Silva N. Possible role of adipokines in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Rev Bras Reumatol 2012; 52:278-287. [PMID: 22460416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, mediators synthesized in the adipose tissue, the so-called adipokines, have been described. They have a hormonal action, regulating appetite and glucose metabolism, but also act as cytokines with effects on the immune system, including effects on autoimmunity. The most important adipokines are leptin, adiponectin, resistin and visfatin, and some of them have been assessed in autoimmune rheumatic diseases, especially systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Studies have shown high levels of leptin and adiponectin in SLE, but correlation with disease activity is questionable. In RA, studies have also reported increased levels of leptin and adiponectin, and correlation with disease activity and joint erosion, but the results are conflicting. This review describes the role of leptin and adiponectin on the immune system, as well as on SLE and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalina de Souza Barbosa
- Serviço de Reumatologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás.
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Tsai SY, Chung KH, Wu JY, Kuo CJ, Lee HC, Huang SH. Inflammatory markers and their relationships with leptin and insulin from acute mania to full remission in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2012; 136:110-116. [PMID: 21962564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight gain and increased production of leptin may be associated with immuno-modulation and insulin resistance in bipolar disorder. The links among inflammatory markers, leptin, and insulin of bipolar patients from acute mania to full remission remain unclear. METHODS Thirty-three healthy, bipolar I patients under 45 years of age were enrolled. We measured the circulating levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), anti-inflammatory mediators (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1Ra] and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 [sTNF-R1]), leptin, and insulin during acute mania and subsequent partial and full remission. The results were compared with 33 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects. RESULTS The levels of IL-1Ra and hs-CRP of bipolar patients in both acute mania and partial remission were significantly higher than their levels of control subjects. The hs-CRP level of bipolar patients was also elevated in full remission. The elevation of IL-1Ra and hs-CRP levels in acute mania was independent of each other. They were also independent of the body mass index (BMI) and levels of leptin and insulin measurements. The levels of leptin were all positively associated with insulin levels in the normal subjects and bipolar patients in three phases. However, a significant relationship between leptin and immunoparameter was only seen in full remission with sTNF-R1 (r=0.51). Furthermore, IL-1Ra was inversely correlated with sTNF-R1 (r=-0.37, p<0.05) during partly remission, and while levels of IL-1Ra tended to normalize when patients remitted, levels of hs-CRP and sTNF-R1 showed the opposite trend. CONCLUSIONS Activated inflammation was found in acute mania, as evidenced by high levels of IL-1Ra, hs-CRP, and sTNF-R1. The production of leptin may be more tightly linked to insulin than the immunomodulators. Chronic inflammation may exist in bipolar patients and is reflected by elevations of IL-1Ra and hs-CRP levels in acute mania and persistent higher hs-CRP in full remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Ying Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Po-Jen General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Jue Kuo
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chien Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Hung Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Moon HS, Matarese G, Brennan AM, Chamberland JP, Liu X, Fiorenza CG, Mylvaganam GH, Abanni L, Carbone F, Williams CJ, De Paoli AM, Schneider BE, Mantzoros CS. Efficacy of metreleptin in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: cellular and molecular pathways underlying leptin tolerance. Diabetes 2011; 60:1647-56. [PMID: 21617185 PMCID: PMC3114380 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metreleptin has been efficacious in improving metabolic control in patients with lipodystrophy, but its efficacy has not been tested in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied the role of leptin in regulating the endocrine adaptation to long-term caloric deprivation and weight loss in obese diabetic subjects over 16 weeks in the context of a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. We then performed detailed interventional and mechanistic signaling studies in humans in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro. RESULTS In obese patients with diabetes, metreleptin administration for 16 weeks did not alter body weight or circulating inflammatory markers but reduced HbA(1c) marginally (8.01 ± 0.93-7.96 ± 1.12, P = 0.03). Total leptin, leptin-binding protein, and antileptin antibody levels increased, limiting free leptin availability and resulting in circulating free leptin levels of ∼50 ng/mL. Consistent with clinical observations, all metreleptin signaling pathways studied in human adipose tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were saturable at ∼50 ng/mL, with no major differences in timing or magnitude of leptin-activated STAT3 phosphorylation in tissues from male versus female or obese versus lean humans in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro. We also observed for the first time that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in human primary adipocytes inhibits leptin signaling. CONCLUSIONS In obese patients with diabetes, metreleptin administration did not alter body weight or circulating inflammatory markers but reduced HbA(1c) marginally. ER stress and the saturable nature of leptin signaling pathways play a key role in the development of leptin tolerance in obese patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Seuk Moon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Conisglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Aoife M. Brennan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John P. Chamberland
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christina G. Fiorenza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geetha H. Mylvaganam
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Luisa Abanni
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Conisglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fortunata Carbone
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Conisglio Nazionale delle Ricerche c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Catherine J. Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Benjamin E. Schneider
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christos S. Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: Christos S. Mantzoros,
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Kim DK, Park TJ, Tamiya E, Lee SY. Label-free detection of leptin antibody-antigen interaction by using LSPR-based optical biosensor. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2011; 11:4188-4193. [PMID: 21780425 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2011.3680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the recent research, the development of optical biosensing devices has been focused on finding new method and technologies to exploit the optical properties of noble metal nanostructure, especially localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). In this study, we fabricated a LSPR-based label-free optical biosensor with the multi-spot gold-capped nanoparticle array (MG-NPA) biochip based on the deposition of a thin gold (Au) film on the silica nanoparticles layer with the simple process. The MG-NPA biochip used the silica nanoparticles as the core and a thin Au film as a shell on the surface. This structure can excite the LSPR signal easily with the high reproducibility. The anti-leptin antibody was immobilized on the surface of MG-NPA biochip, which could recognize only leptin antigen. The leptin antibody-antigen interaction was performed by the introduction of different concentration (1 pg/mL-100 microg/mL) of leptin antigen solutions for 1 h. The detection limit was found to be 100 pg/mL by using the anti-leptin antibody immobilized MG-NPA biochip. This LSPR-based label-free optical biosensor employing the MG-NPA biochip brings several advantages such as low cost, easy to fabricate, using a simple optical system and can be applied in a wide immunoassay with the similar antibody-antigen model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Kyun Kim
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center, KAIST 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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Abstract
Leptin is one of the most important hormones secreted by adipocytes, with a variety of physiological roles related to the control of metabolism and energy homeostasis. Since its discovery in 1994, leptin has attracted increasing interest in the scientific community for its pleiotropic actions. One of these functions is the relationship between nutritional status and immune competence. It structurally resembles proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-12. The cytokine-like structural characteristic of leptin is implicative of its function in regulating immune responses. The role of leptin in regulating immune responses has been assessed in vitro as well as in clinical studies. It has been shown that disease conditions of reduced leptin production are associated with increased infection susceptibility. Conversely, immune-mediated disorders, such as autoimmune diseases, are associated with the increased secretion of leptin and the production of proinflammatory pathogenic cytokines. In this paper, we review the most recent advances of the role of leptin in immune-rheumatological diseases, and we discuss whether strategies aimed at modifying leptin levels could represent innovative and therapeutic tools for autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vadacca
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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Rodríguez L, Cervantes E, Ortiz R. Malnutrition and gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in children: a public health problem. IJERPH 2011; 8:1174-205. [PMID: 21695035 PMCID: PMC3118884 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8041174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, particularly in children. Increasing evidence suggests that protein-calorie malnutrition is the underlying reason for the increased susceptibility to infections observed in these areas. Moreover, certain infectious diseases also cause malnutrition, which can result in a vicious cycle. Malnutrition and bacterial gastrointestinal and respiratory infections represent a serious public health problem. The increased incidence and severity of infections in malnourished children is largely due to the deterioration of immune function; limited production and/or diminished functional capacity of all cellular components of the immune system have been reported in malnutrition. In this review, we analyze the cyclical relationship between malnutrition, immune response dysfunction, increased susceptibility to infectious disease, and metabolic responses that further alter nutritional status. The consequences of malnutrition are diverse and included: increased susceptibility to infection, impaired child development, increased mortality rate and individuals who come to function in suboptimal ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco 186, CP 09340, México, DF, México.
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Procaccini C, De Rosa V, Galgani M, Abanni L, Calì G, Porcellini A, Carbone F, Fontana S, Horvath TL, La Cava A, Matarese G. An oscillatory switch in mTOR kinase activity sets regulatory T cell responsiveness. Immunity 2010; 33:929-41. [PMID: 21145759 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a discrepancy between the in vitro anergic state of CD4(+)CD25(hi)FoxP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells and their in vivo proliferative capability. The underlying mechanism of this paradox is unknown. Here we show that the anergic state of Treg cells depends on the elevated activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway induced by leptin: a transient inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin, before T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, made Treg cells highly proliferative in the absence of exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2). This was a dynamic and oscillatory phenomenon characterized by an early downregulation of the leptin-mTOR pathway followed by an increase in mTOR activation necessary for Treg cell expansion to occur. These data suggest that energy metabolism, through the leptin-mTOR-axis, sets responsiveness of Treg cells that use this information to control immune tolerance and autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Anergy/drug effects
- Clonal Anergy/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/biosynthesis
- Leptin/immunology
- Leptin/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Signal Transduction
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- Sirolimus/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/immunology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy
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Jaleel A, Aqil S, Jaleel S, Jaleel F. Adipocytokines in subjects with and without ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Acta Neurol Belg 2010; 110:234-238. [PMID: 21114131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY To investigate adipocytokines in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease and to develop an association between them. METHODS In this study plasma adiponectin, leptin and Interleukin 6 (IL 6) concentration were measured by ELISA. Blood glucose and lipid profile was done by standard kit methods. RESULTS A total of 80 subjects with and without CVD were studied. The mean plasma level of IL6 of the forty patients with ischemic CVD was significantly higher than that of the forty subjects without CVD (41.64 + 2.50 versus 22.76 + 0.76 pg/mL; P < 0.001). The mean plasma level of adiponectin was significantly lower in patients with ischemic CVD than that of subjects without CVD (4.36 +/- 0.21 microg/mL versus 6.9 +/-0.241microg/mL; P < 0.001). Serum leptin concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in stroke patients (51.61 + 1.39) as compared with controls (37.76 + 1.207). Leptin levels were significantly negatively correlated with adiponectin (P < 0.01) and significantly positively correlated (P < 0.01) with interleukin 6 in stroke patients. CONCLUSION Present report provides additional support to the evidence of involvement of cytokines in inflammatory immune response of patients with cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anila Jaleel
- Department of Biochemistry, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Behrendt P, Buchenauer T, Horn R, Brabant G, Jacobs R, Bode F, Stephan M, Nave H. Diet-induced obesity, exogenous leptin-, and MADB106 tumor cell challenge affect tissue leukocyte distribution and serum levels of cytokines in F344 rats. Endocrine 2010; 38:104-12. [PMID: 20960110 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived catabolic protein leptin alters cell-mediated immunity and cytokine crosstalk. This may provide new insights into the altered immune response, seen in obese individuals. Therefore, we determined the tissue distribution of immune cells in diet-induced obese (dio) and normal weight F344 rats challenged with MADB106 tumor cells or leptin. Immune cell distribution in blood (by FACS analysis) and tissues (NK cells in spleen and liver, immunohistologically) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α; by flow cytometry) were investigated in 28 normal weight and 28 dio rats (n = 4-6/group). Pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased 3-fold for IL-6 and 7-fold for TNF-α in obese animals. Higher numbers of blood monocytes and NK cells were found in obese as compared to normal weight animals. In dio rats challenged with leptin and MADB106 tumor cells, monocyte numbers were decreased as compared to the obese control animals. Immunohistochemistry revealed an altered NK cell distribution in a compartment-, treatment-, and bodyweight-specific manner. In conclusion, our data reveal a distinct distribution pattern of monocytes and NK cells in dio rats as compared to normal weight littermates and an additional modulatory effect of a leptin- and MADB106 tumor cell challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Behrendt
- Institute for Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Marzullo P, Minocci A, Tagliaferri MA, Guzzaloni G, Di Blasio A, De Medici C, Aimaretti G, Liuzzi A. Investigations of thyroid hormones and antibodies in obesity: leptin levels are associated with thyroid autoimmunity independent of bioanthropometric, hormonal, and weight-related determinants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:3965-72. [PMID: 20534769 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity can alter the thyroid hormone status as a result of a dysregulated endocrine loop between the hypothalamo-pituitary unit and adipose tissue. The adipocytokine leptin has been shown to promote autoimmunity; hence, we aimed to clarify whether leptin excess of obesity could increase the susceptibility to develop autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study was performed in a tertiary care center. METHODS Free thyroid hormones, TSH, thyroglobulin, and antithyroid antibodies levels were tested in 165 obese and 118 lean subjects. Results were plotted against variables related to body composition, leptin levels, glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure, and pattern of weight accrual. RESULTS Compared with controls, obese patients had lower free T3 levels and free T4 levels (P<0.01), greater prevalence of hypothyroidism (P<0.05), and higher commonness of antithyroid antibodies (P<0.05). As a marker of AITD, thyroid peroxidase antibodies were more frequent in the obese group (P<0.01). Correlation analysis showed that leptin levels were associated with AITD (P<0.01) independent of bioanthropometric variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis in pooled groups identified female sex and leptin as significant predictors of AITD. CONCLUSIONS Obesity increases the susceptibility to harbor AITD with an emerging role for leptin as a peripheral determinant, which needs to be confirmed in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Marzullo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Novara, Italy.
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Evans AC, Papachristou GI, Whitcomb DC. Obesity and the risk of severe acute pancreatitis. MINERVA GASTROENTERO 2010; 56:169-179. [PMID: 20485254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory response to pancreatic injury. In humans, the magnitude of the response and complications are highly variable and unpredictable. Recent clinical studies demonstrate that all major complications are more common and more severe in patients who are obese. This raises the question of how adipose tissue interacts with the immune response to worsen the severity of acute pancreatitis. Here we review the results of a series of new studies focusing on various fat-associated cytokines (adipokines) that are produced and released in proportion to the amount of visceral adipose tissue in the body. The primary adipokines that have been studied in acute pancreatitis include adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, resistin, and adipose tissue related MCP-1, TNF-a and IL-6. These new data provide strong evidence that susceptibility and severity in acute pancreatitis are associated with a number of these adipokines. Although no specific therapy exists to block the effects of these factors, recognizing the high risk and anticipating inflammation-associated complications of adipokine release is an important part of optimal patient management. For this review, a PubMed search was performed with the terms "acute pancreatitis", "severe acute pancreatitis", and "obesity". Additional searches were conducted to identify recent reviews on adipokines, Finally, PubMed searches on specific adipokines, including adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and resistin were conducted focusing on acute pancreatitis and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Evans
- College of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Demas GE. In vivo but not in vitro leptin enhances lymphocyte proliferation in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 166:314-9. [PMID: 19896948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mounting an immune response requires a relatively substantial investment of energy and marked reductions in energy availability can suppress immune function and presumably increase disease susceptibility. We have previously demonstrated that a moderate reduction in energy stores by partial surgical lipectomy impairs humoral immunity of Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) and is mediated, in part, by changes in the adipose tissue hormone leptin. The goals of the present study were to assess the role of leptin in cell-mediated immunity and to determine if the potential effects of leptin on immunity are via the direct actions of this hormone on lymphocytes, or indirect, via the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). In Experiment 1, hamsters received osmotic minipumps containing either murine leptin (0.5 microl/h) or vehicle alone for 10 days and splenocyte proliferation in response to the T-cell mitogen Concanavalin A (Con A) was determined. In Experiment 2, Con A-induced splenocyte proliferation was tested in the presence or absence of leptin in vitro. In Experiment 3, exogenous leptin was administered to intact or sympathetically denervated hamsters. Hamsters treated with in vivo leptin displayed increased splenocyte proliferation compared with control hamsters receiving vehicle. In contrast, in vitro leptin had no effect on splenocyte proliferation. Sympathetic denervation attenuated, but did not block, leptin-induced increases in immunity. Taken together, these results are consistent with the idea that leptin can enhance cell-mediated immunity; the SNS appears to contribute, least in part, to leptin-induced increases in immunity. Importantly, these findings confirm previous studies that leptin serves as an important endocrine link between energy balance and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Demas
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience and the Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Kordonowy LL, McMurtry JP, Williams TD. Variation in plasma leptin-like immunoreactivity in free-living European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 166:47-53. [PMID: 19796643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, a protein hormone secreted by fat cells, is best known for its role as an adiposity signal; however, leptin has diverse physiological roles ranging from regulation of feeding behavior and body weight, to effects on reproduction and immune function. Although leptin has been extensively studied in mammals, the identification and function of leptin in birds remains controversial, and studies have focused on captive or domesticated species. Here, we describe changes in plasma leptin-like immunoreactivity during the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons in free-living female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Plasma leptin-like immunoreactivity was high during egg-laying (27.8+/-2.4 ng/mL) and clutch completion (23.8+/-1.6 ng/mL), decreased during incubation (13.0+/-1.6 ng/mL) and chick-rearing (12.0+/-1.3 ng/mL), but was elevated again in non-breeders in November (23.7+/-1.1 ng/mL). Although there was marked and consistent variation in total body mass and body composition with breeding stage and season in this population, plasma leptin-like immunoreactivity did not parallel changes in body mass or body composition. These data suggest that the strong positive relationship between plasma leptin-like immunoreactivity and body mass reported for captive birds and mammals does not hold for free-living birds. Rather, among free-living female European starlings, variation in plasma leptin-like immunoreactivity is associated with breeding stage or seasonal variation per se, and we discuss possible mechanisms underlying this variation, focusing on ovarian function and egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Kordonowy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6.
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Kos K, Wilding JPH. Adipokines: emerging therapeutic targets. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 10:1061-1068. [PMID: 19777394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue can affect human physiology through its secreted products, collectively termed adipokines, which mediate complex crosstalk between organs. Adipokines have been linked to a wide range of pathologies in many tissues; however, the pathophysiological significance of these cytokines remains poorly understood, and more research is needed in this area. Adipokines may have both beneficial and potentially harmful effects; for example, leptin reduces body weight, but also impairs immune responses. A cautious approach is therefore warranted when considering the pharmacological manipulation of adipokines to treat diseases, and novel approaches may be required to target specific organs or actions to reduce the potential for adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kos
- University Hospital Aintree, Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK.
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