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Azzinaro PA, Medina GN, Rai D, Ramirez-Medina E, Spinard E, Rodriguez-Calzada M, Zhu J, Rieder E, de los Santos T, Díaz-San Segundo F. Mutation of FMDV Lpro H138 residue drives viral attenuation in cell culture and in vivo in swine. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1028077. [PMID: 36387381 PMCID: PMC9661595 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1028077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader proteinase (Lpro) is a papain like protease that cleaves the viral polyprotein and several host factors affecting host cell translation and induction of innate immunity. Introduction of Lpro mutations ablating catalytic activity is not tolerated by the virus, however, complete coding sequence deletion or introduction of targeted amino acid substitutions can render viable progeny. In proof-of-concept studies, we have previously identified and characterized FMDV Lpro mutants that are attenuated in cell culture and in animals, while retaining their capacity for inducing a strong adaptive immunity. By using molecular modeling, we have now identified a His residue (H138), that resides outside the substrate binding and catalytic domain, and is highly conserved across serotypes. Mutation of H138 renders possible FMDV variants of reduced virulence in vitro and in vivo. Kinetics studies showed that FMDV A12-LH138L mutant replicates similarly to FMDV A12-wild type (WT) virus in cells that do not offer immune selective pressure, but attenuation is observed upon infection of primary or low passage porcine epithelial cells. Western blot analysis on protein extracts from these cells, revealed that while processing of translation initiation factor eIF-4G was slightly delayed, no degradation of innate sensors or effector molecules such as NF-κB or G3BP2 was observed, and higher levels of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were induced after infection with A12-LH138L as compared to WT FMDV. Consistent with the results in porcine cells, inoculation of swine with this mutant resulted in a mild, or in some cases, no clinical disease but induction of a strong serological adaptive immune response. These results further support previous evidence that Lpro is a reliable target to derive numerous viable FMDV strains that alone or in combination could be exploited for the development of novel FMD vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Azzinaro
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Gisselle N. Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Devendra Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pearl River, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Edward Spinard
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Monica Rodriguez-Calzada
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - James Zhu
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Teresa de los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Teresa de los Santos
| | - Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
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2
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Graber E, Baldwin H, Harper J, Alexis A, Gold LS, Hebert A, Fried R, Rieder E, Kircik L, Del Rosso J, Kasujee I, Grada A. LB756 Patient-reported outcomes for sarecycline effectiveness in Acne Vulgaris in real-world settings: PROSES study protocol. J Invest Dermatol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Harper J, Armstrong A, Fried R, Rieder E, Alvarez-Dieppa A, Grada A. LB755 Patient-reported outcomes with sarecycline treatment for Acne Vulgaris: Pooled analysis of phase 3 clinical studies. J Invest Dermatol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Munsey A, Mwiine FN, Ochwo S, Velazquez-Salinas L, Ahmed Z, Maree F, Rodriguez LL, Rieder E, Perez A, Dellicour S, VanderWaal K. Phylogeographic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O dispersal and associated drivers in East Africa. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:3815-3825. [PMID: 34008868 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The continued endemicity of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) in East Africa has significant implications for livestock production and poverty reduction, yet its complex epidemiology in endemic settings remains poorly understood. Identifying FMDV dispersal routes and drivers of transmission is key to improved control strategies. Environmental heterogeneity and anthropogenic drivers (e.g., demand for animal products) can impact viral spread by influencing host movements. Here, we utilized FMDV serotype O VP1 genetic sequences and corresponding spatiotemporal data in order to (i) infer the recent dispersal history, and (II) investigate the impact of external factors (cattle density, human population density, proximity to livestock markets, and drought) on dispersal velocity, location, and direction of FMDV serotype O in East Africa. We identified statistical evidence of long-distance transmission events, and we found that FMDV serotype O tends to remain circulating in areas of high cattle density, high human population density, and in close proximity to livestock markets. The latter two findings highlight the influence of anthropogenic factors on FMDV serotype O spread in this region. These findings contribute to the understanding of FMDV epidemiology in East Africa and can help guide improved control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Munsey
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS), National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Francois Maree
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Andres Perez
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, USA
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5
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Diaz-San Segundo F, Medina GN, Spinard E, Kloc A, Ramirez-Medina E, Azzinaro P, Mueller S, Rieder E, de Los Santos T. Use of Synonymous Deoptimization to Derive Modified Live Attenuated Strains of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:610286. [PMID: 33552021 PMCID: PMC7861043 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.610286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most economically important viral diseases that can affect livestock. In the last 70 years, use of an inactivated whole antigen vaccine has contributed to the eradication of disease from many developed nations. However, recent outbreaks in Europe and Eastern Asia demonstrated that infection can spread as wildfire causing economic and social devastation. Therefore, it is essential to develop new control strategies that could confer early protection and rapidly stop disease spread. Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) are one of the best choices to obtain a strong early and long-lasting protection against viral diseases. In proof of concept studies, we previously demonstrated that “synonymous codon deoptimization” could be applied to the P1 capsid coding region of the viral genome to derive attenuated FMDV serotype A12 strains. Here, we demonstrate that a similar approach can be extended to the highly conserved non-structural P2 and P3 coding regions, providing a backbone for multiple serotype FMDV LAV development. Engineered codon deoptimized P2, P3 or P2, and P3 combined regions were included into the A24Cruzeiro infectious clone optimized for vaccine production, resulting in viable progeny that exhibited different degrees of attenuation in cell culture, in mice, and in the natural host (swine). Derived strains were thoroughly characterized in vitro and in vivo. Our work demonstrates that overall, the entire FMDV genome tolerates codon deoptimization, highlighting the potential of using this technology to derive novel improved LAV candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States.,Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Edward Spinard
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Anna Kloc
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States.,PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States.,Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Paul Azzinaro
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
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6
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Hardham JM, Krug P, Pacheco JM, Thompson J, Dominowski P, Moulin V, Gay CG, Rodriguez LL, Rieder E. Novel Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Platform: Formulations for Safe and DIVA-Compatible FMD Vaccines With Improved Potency. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:554305. [PMID: 33088833 PMCID: PMC7544895 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.554305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated, wild-type foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines are currently used to control FMD around the world. These traditional FMD vaccines are produced using large quantities of infectious, virulent, wild-type FMD viruses, with the associated risk of virus escape from manufacturing facilities or incomplete inactivation during the vaccine formulation process. While higher quality vaccines produced from wild-type FMDV are processed to reduce non-structural antigens, there is still a risk that small amounts of non-structural proteins may be present in the final product. A novel, antigenically marked FMD-LL3B3D vaccine platform under development by Zoetis, Inc. and the USDA-ARS, consists of a highly attenuated virus platform containing negative antigenic markers in the conserved non-structural proteins 3Dpol and 3B that render resultant vaccines fully DIVA compatible. This vaccine platform allows for the easy exchange of capsid coding sequences to create serotype-specific vaccines. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of the inactivated FMD-LL3B3D-A24 Cruzeiro vaccine in cattle against wild-type challenge with A24 Cruzerio. A proprietary adjuvant system was used to formulate the vaccines that conferred effective protection at low doses while maintaining the DIVA compatibility. In contrast to wild-type FMDV, the recombinant FMD-LL3B3D mutant viruses have been shown to induce no clinical signs of FMD and no shedding of virus in cattle or pigs when inoculated as a live virus. The FMD-LL3B3D vaccine platform, currently undergoing development in the US, provides opportunities for safer vaccine production with full DIVA compatibility in support of global FMDV control and eradication initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Krug
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Juan M Pacheco
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Cyril G Gay
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Office of National Programs, Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
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7
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Chitray M, Opperman PA, Rotherham L, Fehrsen J, van Wyngaardt W, Frischmuth J, Rieder E, Maree FF. Diagnostic and Epitope Mapping Potential of Single-Chain Antibody Fragments Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotypes A, SAT1, and SAT3. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:475. [PMID: 32851044 PMCID: PMC7432252 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects cloven-hoofed domestic and wildlife animals and an outbreak can cause severe losses in milk production, reduction in meat production and death amongst young animals. Several parts of Asia, most of Africa, and the Middle East remain endemic, thus emphasis on improved FMD vaccines, diagnostic assays, and control measures are key research areas. FMD virus (FMDV) populations are quasispecies, which pose serious implications in vaccine design and efficacy where an effective vaccine should include multiple independent neutralizing epitopes to elicit an adequate immune response. Further investigation of the residues that comprise the antigenic determinants of the virus will allow the identification of mutations in outbreak strains that potentially lessen the efficacy of a vaccine. Additionally, of utmost importance in endemic regions, is the accurate diagnosis of FMDV infection for the control and eradication of the disease. To this end, a phage display library was explored to identify FMDV epitopes for recombinant vaccines and for the generation of reagents for improved diagnostic FMD enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). A naïve semi-synthetic chicken single chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library i.e., the Nkuku ® library was used for bio-panning against FMD Southern-African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT3, and serotype A viruses. Biopanning yielded one unique scFv against SAT1, two for SAT3, and nine for A22. SAT1 and SAT3 specific scFvs were exploited as capturing and detecting reagents to develop an improved diagnostic ELISA for FMDV. The SAT1 soluble scFv showed potential as a detecting reagent in the liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) as it reacted specifically with a panel of SAT1 viruses, albeit with different ELISA absorbance signals. The SAT1svFv1 had little or no change on its paratope when coated on polystyrene plates whilst the SAT3scFv's paratope may have changed. SAT1 and SAT3 soluble scFvs did not neutralize the SAT1 and SAT3 viruses; however, three of the nine A22 binders i.e., A22scFv1, A22scFv2, and A22scFv8 were able to neutralize A22 virus. Following the generation of virus escape mutants through successive virus passage under scFv pressure, FMDV epitopes were postulated i.e., RGD+3 and +4 positions respectively, proving the epitope mapping potential of scFvs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Chitray
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pamela Anne Opperman
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lia Rotherham
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeanni Fehrsen
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wouter van Wyngaardt
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Janine Frischmuth
- Biotechnology Division, National Bioproducts Institute, Pinetown, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Centre, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Francois Frederick Maree
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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8
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Velazquez-Salinas L, Mwiine FN, Ahmed Z, Ochwo S, Munsey A, Lutwama JJ, Perez AM, VanderWaal K, Rieder E. Genetic Diversity of Circulating Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Uganda Cross-Sectional Study During 2014-2017. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:162. [PMID: 32270002 PMCID: PMC7109301 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anna Munsey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Julius J. Lutwama
- Department of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Andres M. Perez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
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9
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Eschbaumer M, Dill V, Carlson JC, Arzt J, Stenfeldt C, Krug PW, Hardham JM, Stegner JE, Rodriguez LL, Rieder E. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Lacking the Leader Protein and Containing Two Negative DIVA Markers (FMDV LL3B3D A 24) Is Highly Attenuated in Pigs. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020129. [PMID: 32079312 PMCID: PMC7168223 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated whole-virus vaccines are widely used for the control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Their production requires the growth of large quantities of virulent FMD virus in biocontainment facilities, which is expensive and carries the risk of an inadvertent release of virus. Attenuated recombinant viruses lacking the leader protease coding region have been proposed as a safer alternative for the production of inactivated FMD vaccines (Uddowla et al., 2012, J Virol 86:11675-85). In addition to the leader deletion, the marker vaccine virus FMDV LL3BPVKV3DYR A24 encodes amino acid substitutions in the viral proteins 3B and 3D that allow the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals and has been previously shown to be effective in cattle and pigs. In the present study, two groups of six pigs each were inoculated with live FMDV LL3BPVKV3DYR A24 virus either intradermally into the heel bulb (IDHB) or by intra-oropharyngeal (IOP) deposition. The animals were observed for 3 or 5 days after inoculation, respectively. Serum, oral and nasal swabs were collected daily and a thorough postmortem examination with tissue collection was performed at the end of the experiment. None of the animals had any signs of disease or virus shedding. Virus was reisolated from only one serum sample (IDHB group, sample taken on day 1) and one piece of heel bulb skin from the inoculation site of another animal (IDHB group, necropsy on day 3), confirming that FMDV LL3BPVKV3DYR A24 is highly attenuated in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems 17493, Germany; (V.D.); (J.C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-71211
| | - Veronika Dill
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems 17493, Germany; (V.D.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Jolene C. Carlson
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Insel Riems 17493, Germany; (V.D.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (J.A.); (C.S.); (P.W.K.); (L.L.R.); (E.R.)
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (J.A.); (C.S.); (P.W.K.); (L.L.R.); (E.R.)
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Peter W. Krug
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (J.A.); (C.S.); (P.W.K.); (L.L.R.); (E.R.)
| | | | | | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (J.A.); (C.S.); (P.W.K.); (L.L.R.); (E.R.)
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (J.A.); (C.S.); (P.W.K.); (L.L.R.); (E.R.)
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10
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Sitt T, Kenney M, Barrera J, Pandya M, Eckstrom K, Warner M, Pacheco JM, LaRocco M, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Brake D, Rieder E, Arzt J, Barlow JW, Golde WT. Duration of protection and humoral immunity induced by an adenovirus-vectored subunit vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Holstein steers. Vaccine 2019; 37:6221-6231. [PMID: 31493951 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection of cloven hooved animals that continues to cause economic disruption in both endemic countries or when introduced into a formally FMD free country. Vaccines that protect against clinical disease and virus shedding are critical to control FMD. The replication deficient human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vaccine vector expressing empty FMD virus (FMDV) capsid, AdtFMD, is a promising new vaccine platform. With no shedding or spreading of viral vector detected in field trials, this vaccine is very safe to manufacture, as there is no requirement for high containment faciitites. Here, we describe three studies assessing the proportion of animals protected from clinical vesicular disease (foot lesions) following live-FMDV challenge by intradermolingual inoculation at 6 or 9 months following a single vaccination with the commercial AdtFMD vaccine, provisionally licensed for cattle in the United States. Further, we tested the effect of vaccination route (transdermal, intramuscular, subcutaneous) on clinical outcome and humoral immunity. Results demonstrate that a single dose vaccination in cattle with the commercial vaccine vector expressing capsid proteins of the FMDV strain A24 Cruzeiro (Adt.A24), induced protection against clinical FMD at 6 months (100% transdermal, 80% intramuscular, and 60% subcutaneous) that waned by 9 months post-vaccination (33% transdermal and 20% intramuscular). Post-vaccination serum from immunized cattle (all studies) generally contained FMDV specific neutralizing antibodies by day 14. Anti-FMDV antibody secreting cells are detected in peripheral blood early following vaccination, but are absent after 28 days post-vaccination. Thus, the decay in antibody mediated immunity over time is likely a function of FMDV-specific antibody half-life. These data reveal the short time span of anti-FMDV antibody secreting cells (ASCs) and important performance characteristics of needle-free vaccination with a recombinant vectored subunit vaccine for FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sitt
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 201 Terrill Bldg., 570 Main Street, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - Mary Kenney
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - José Barrera
- Leidos, Inc., Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - Mital Pandya
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 201 Terrill Bldg., 570 Main Street, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Korin Eckstrom
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 201 Terrill Bldg., 570 Main Street, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Megan Warner
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - Juan M Pacheco
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - Michael LaRocco
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | | | - David Brake
- BioQuest Associates, LLC. Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848 Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States
| | - John W Barlow
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 201 Terrill Bldg., 570 Main Street, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - William T Golde
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, United States; Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.
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11
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Munsey A, Mwiine FN, Ochwo S, Velazquez-Salinas L, Ahmed Z, Maree F, Rodriguez LL, Rieder E, Perez A, VanderWaal K. Spatial distribution and risk factors for foot and mouth disease virus in Uganda: Opportunities for strategic surveillance. Prev Vet Med 2019; 171:104766. [PMID: 31541845 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has a substantial impact on cattle populations in Uganda, causing short- and long-term production losses and hampering local and international trade. Although FMDV has persisted in Uganda for at least 60 years, its epidemiology there and in other endemic settings remains poorly understood. Here, we utilized a large-scale cross-sectional study of cattle to elucidate the dynamics of FMDV spread in Uganda. Sera samples (n = 14,439) from 211 herds were analyzed for non-structural protein reactivity, an indication of past FMDV exposure. Serological results were used to determine spatial patterns, and a Bayesian multivariable logistic regression mixed model was used to identify risk factors for FMDV infection. Spatial clustering of the disease was evident, with higher risk demonstrated near international borders. Additionally, high cattle density, low annual rainfall, and pastoralism were associated with increased likelihood of FMD seropositivity. These results provide insights into the complex epidemiology of FMDV in Uganda and will help inform refined control strategies in Uganda and other FMDV-endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Munsey
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, 222 Veterinary Medical Center, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55418, USA
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere Hill Road, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere Hill Road, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11948, USA
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS), National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11948, USA
| | - Francois Maree
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Soutpan Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11948, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11948, USA
| | - Andres Perez
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, 222 Veterinary Medical Center, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55418, USA
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, 222 Veterinary Medical Center, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55418, USA.
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12
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Mwiine FN, Velazquez-Salinas L, Ahmed Z, Ochwo S, Munsey A, Kenney M, Lutwama JJ, Maree FF, Lobel L, Perez AM, Rodriguez LL, VanderWaal K, Rieder E. Serological and phylogenetic characterization of foot and mouth disease viruses from Uganda during cross-sectional surveillance study in cattle between 2014 and 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2011-2024. [PMID: 31127983 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the results of a cross-sectional study designed to monitor the circulation and genetic diversity of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) in Uganda between 2014 and 2017. In this study, 13,614 sera and 2,068 oral-pharyngeal fluid samples were collected from cattle and analysed to determine FMDV seroprevalence, circulating serotypes and their phylogenetic relationships. Circulation of FMDV was evidenced by the detection of antibodies against non-structural proteins of FMDV or viral isolations in all districts sampled in Uganda. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of FMDV serotypes A, O, SAT 1 and SAT 2. FMDVs belonging to serotype O, isolated from 21 districts, were the most prevalent and were classified into six lineages within two East African topotypes, namely EA-1 and EA-2. Serotype A viruses belonging to the Africa G-I topotype were isolated from two districts. SAT 1 viruses grouped within topotypes I and IV and SAT 2 viruses within topotypes VII, IV and X were isolated from six and four districts respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of SAT 1 and SAT 2 sequences from cattle clustered with historical sequences from African buffalo, indicating possible interspecies transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface. In some cases, Uganda viruses also shared similarities to viral strains recovered from other regions in East Africa. This 3-year study period provides knowledge about the geographical distribution of FMDV serotypes isolated in Uganda and insights into the genetic diversity of the multiple serotypes circulating in the country. Knowledge of circulating FMDV viruses will assist in antigenic matching studies to devise improved FMDV control strategies with vaccination and vaccine strain selection for Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Norbert Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anna Munsey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Mary Kenney
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
| | - Julius J Lutwama
- Department of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Francois F Maree
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Leslie Lobel
- Department of Virology and Developmental Genetics, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Andres M Perez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, New York
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13
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Arzt J, Fish I, Pauszek SJ, Johnson SL, Chain PS, Rai DK, Rieder E, Goldberg TL, Rodriguez LL, Stenfeldt C. The evolution of a super-swarm of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210847. [PMID: 31022193 PMCID: PMC6483180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that severely impacts global food security and is one of the greatest constraints on international trade of animal products. Extensive viral population diversity and rapid, continuous mutation of circulating FMD viruses (FMDVs) pose significant obstacles to the control and ultimate eradication of this important transboundary pathogen. The current study investigated mechanisms contributing to within-host evolution of FMDV in a natural host species (cattle). Specifically, vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle were infected with FMDV under controlled, experimental conditions and subsequently sampled for up to 35 days to monitor viral genomic changes as related to phases of disease and experimental cohorts. Consensus-level genomic changes across the entire FMDV coding region were characterized through three previously defined stages of infection: early, transitional, and persistent. The overall conclusion was that viral evolution occurred via a combination of two mechanisms: emergence of full-genomic minority haplotypes from within the inoculum super-swarm, and concurrent continuous point mutations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that individuals were infected with multiple distinct haplogroups that were pre-existent within the ancestral inoculum used to infect all animals. Multiple shifts of dominant viral haplotype took place during the early and transitional phases of infection, whereas few shifts occurred during persistent infection. Overall, this work suggests that the establishment of the carrier state is not associated with specific viral genomic characteristics. These insights into FMDV population dynamics have important implications for virus sampling methodology and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Ian Fish
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Shannon L Johnson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Patrick S Chain
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
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14
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Arzt J, Fish I, Pauszek SJ, Johnson SL, Chain PS, Rai DK, Rieder E, Goldberg TL, Rodriguez LL, Stenfeldt C. The evolution of a super-swarm of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210847. [PMID: 31022193 DOI: 10.1101/512178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that severely impacts global food security and is one of the greatest constraints on international trade of animal products. Extensive viral population diversity and rapid, continuous mutation of circulating FMD viruses (FMDVs) pose significant obstacles to the control and ultimate eradication of this important transboundary pathogen. The current study investigated mechanisms contributing to within-host evolution of FMDV in a natural host species (cattle). Specifically, vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle were infected with FMDV under controlled, experimental conditions and subsequently sampled for up to 35 days to monitor viral genomic changes as related to phases of disease and experimental cohorts. Consensus-level genomic changes across the entire FMDV coding region were characterized through three previously defined stages of infection: early, transitional, and persistent. The overall conclusion was that viral evolution occurred via a combination of two mechanisms: emergence of full-genomic minority haplotypes from within the inoculum super-swarm, and concurrent continuous point mutations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that individuals were infected with multiple distinct haplogroups that were pre-existent within the ancestral inoculum used to infect all animals. Multiple shifts of dominant viral haplotype took place during the early and transitional phases of infection, whereas few shifts occurred during persistent infection. Overall, this work suggests that the establishment of the carrier state is not associated with specific viral genomic characteristics. These insights into FMDV population dynamics have important implications for virus sampling methodology and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Ian Fish
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Shannon L Johnson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Patrick S Chain
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
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15
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Perez A, Alvarez J, Iglesias I, VanderWaal K, Mardones F, Alkhamis M, Rieder E. 513 Food safety and animal health and production: one health, many challenges, no silver bullets. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky404.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Perez
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota,St Paul, MN, United States
| | - J Alvarez
- VISAVET - Universidad Complutense de Madrid,Madrid, Spain
| | - I Iglesias
- Center for Animal Health Research of the National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CISA),Madrid, Spain
| | - K VanderWaal
- University of Minnesota,Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - F Mardones
- Universidad Andres Bello,Santiago, Chile
| | - M Alkhamis
- School of Public Health, Kuwait University,Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - E Rieder
- USDA:ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center,Orient Point, NY, United States
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16
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Gelkop S, Sobarzo A, Brangel P, Vincke C, Romão E, Fedida-Metula S, Strom N, Ataliba I, Mwiine FN, Ochwo S, Velazquez-Salinas L, McKendry RA, Muyldermans S, Lutwama JJ, Rieder E, Yavelsky V, Lobel L. The Development and Validation of a Novel Nanobody-Based Competitive ELISA for the Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease 3ABC Antibodies in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:250. [PMID: 30370272 PMCID: PMC6194346 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective management of foot and mouth disease (FMD) requires diagnostic tests to distinguish between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). To address this need, several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) platforms have been developed, however, these tests vary in their sensitivity and specificity and are very expensive for developing countries. Camelid-derived single-domain antibodies fragments so-called Nanobodies, have demonstrated great efficacy for the development of serological diagnostics. This study describes the development of a novel Nanobody-based FMD 3ABC competitive ELISA, for the serological detection of antibodies against FMD Non-Structural Proteins (NSP) in Uganda cattle herds. This in-house ELISA was validated using more than 600 sera from different Uganda districts, and virus serotype specificities. The evaluation of the performance of the assay demonstrated high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 94 % (95 % CI: 88.9-97.2), and 97.67 % (95 % CI: 94.15-99.36) respectively, as well as the capability to detect NSP-specific antibodies against multiple FMD serotype infections. In comparison with the commercial PrioCHECK FMDV NSP-FMD test, there was a strong concordance and high correlation and agreement in the performance of the two tests. This new developed Nanobody based FMD 3ABC competitive ELISA could clearly benefit routine disease diagnosis, the establishment of disease-free zones, and the improvement of FMD management and control in endemically complex environments, such as those found in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Gelkop
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Ariel Sobarzo
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Polina Brangel
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Div. of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Vincke
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ema Romão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shlomit Fedida-Metula
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Nick Strom
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Irene Ataliba
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Frank Norbet Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), New York, NY, United States
| | - Rachel A. McKendry
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Div. of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julius Julian Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), New York, NY, United States
| | - Victoria Yavelsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Leslie Lobel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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17
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Chung CJ, Clavijo A, Bounpheng MA, Uddowla S, Sayed A, Dancho B, Olesen IC, Pacheco J, Kamicker BJ, Brake DA, Bandaranayaka-Mudiyanselage CL, Lee SS, Rai DK, Rieder E. An improved, rapid competitive ELISA using a novel conserved 3B epitope for the detection of serum antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:699-707. [PMID: 29916768 PMCID: PMC6505784 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718779641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) afflicts cloven-hoofed animals, resulting in significant costs because of loss of trade and recovery from disease. We developed a sensitive, specific, and rapid competitive ELISA (cELISA) to detect serum antibodies to FMDV. The cELISA utilized a monoclonal blocking antibody specific for a highly conserved FMDV nonstructural 3B epitope, a recombinant mutant FMDV 3ABC coating protein, and optimized format variables including serum incubation for 90 min at 20-25°C. Samples from 16 animals experimentally infected with one FMDV serotype (A, O, Asia, or SAT-1) demonstrated early detection capacity beginning 7 d post-inoculation. All samples from 55 vesicular stomatitis virus antibody-positive cattle and 44 samples from cloven-hoofed animals affected by non-FMD vesicular diseases were negative in the cELISA, demonstrating 100% analytical specificity. The diagnostic sensitivity was 100% against sera from 128 cattle infected with isolates of all FMDV serotypes, emphasizing serotype-agnostic results. Diagnostic specificities of U.S. cattle ( n = 1135) and swine ( n = 207) sera were 99.4% and 100%, respectively. High repeatability and reproducibility were demonstrated with 3.1% coefficient of variation in percent inhibition data and 100% agreement using 2 kit lots and 400 negative control serum samples, with no difference between bench and biosafety cabinet operation. Negative results from vaccinated, uninfected cattle, pig, and sheep sera confirmed the DIVA (differentiate infected from vaccinated animals) capability. This rapid (<3 h), select agent-free assay with high sensitivity and specificity, DIVA capability, and room temperature processing capability will serve as a useful tool in FMDV surveillance, emergency preparedness, response, and outbreak recovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungwon J Chung
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology Directorate (Chung) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, College Station, TX (Clavijo)
| | - Mangkey A Bounpheng
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Bounpheng)
| | - Sabena Uddowla
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN (Uddowla, Pacheco, Rai)
| | - Abu Sayed
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Sayed, Dancho, Olesen) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Brooke Dancho
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Sayed, Dancho, Olesen) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Ian C Olesen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Sayed, Dancho, Olesen) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Juan Pacheco
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN (Uddowla, Pacheco, Rai)
| | | | - David A Brake
- BioQuest Associates LLC (Brake) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | | | - Stephen S Lee
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN (Uddowla, Pacheco, Rai)
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (Rieder) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
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18
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Abstract
Viral genomes have evolved to maximize their potential of overcoming host defense mechanisms and to induce a variety of disease syndromes. Structurally, a genome of a virus consists of coding and noncoding regions, and both have been shown to contribute to initiation and progression of disease. Accumulated work in picornaviruses has stressed out the importance of the noncoding RNAs, or untranslated 5′- and 3′-regions (UTRs), in both replication and translation of viral genomes. Unsurprisingly, defects in these processes have been reported to cause viral attenuation and affect viral pathogenicity. However, substantial evidence suggests that these untranslated RNAs may influence the outcome of the host innate immune response. This review discusses the involvement of 5′- and 3′-terminus UTRs in induction and regulation of host immunity and its consequences for viral life cycle and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kloc
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
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19
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Riegler M, Kristo I, Nikolic M, Rieder E, Schoppmann SF. Update on the management of Barrett's esophagus in Austria. Eur Surg 2017; 49:282-287. [PMID: 29250106 PMCID: PMC5725510 DOI: 10.1007/s10353-017-0504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is the premalignant manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with and without endoscopic resection (ER) is a novel treatment for BE. Methods Here we present a single-center update of the recommendations of a recent (June 2015) interdisciplinary expert panel meeting on the management of BE with dysplasia as well as cancer-positive and cancer-negative BE. We conducted a PubMed search of studies published in 2016 and 2017 on the topic of BE and RFA. Results Our update reconfirms that BE positive for T1a cancer as well as low- and high-grade dysplasia justifies the use of RFA ± ER, offering an 80–100% rate of BE clearance. RFA ± ER of dysplastic BE is tenfold more effective for cancer prevention when compared with surveillance. Risk factors for recurrence and follow-up treatments include baseline histopathology (dysplasia/T1a cancer), esophagitis, hiatal hernia >3 cm, smoking habits, BE segments >3 cm, and >10 years of GERD symptoms. A baseline diagnosis for dysplasia and T1a cancer should include a second expert pathologist opinion. Recent data justify the use of RFA for nondysplastic BE only in controlled clinical trials. Antireflux surgery can be offered to those with function-test-proven, GERD-symptom-positive BE before, during, or after RFA ± ER. Additionally, there is growing evidence that the intake of a sugar-rich diet is positively correlated with the development of GERD, BE, and cancer. Conclusion RFA ± ER should be offered for dysplastic BE and T1a cancer after ER as well as for nondysplastic BE with additional risk factors in controlled trials. Antireflux surgery can be offered to patients with function-test-proven GERD-symptom-positive BE. Diet considerations should be included in the management of GERD and BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Riegler
- Reflux Medical Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Kristo
- Department of Surgery, Upper-GI-Service, Comprehensive Cancer Center, GET-Unit, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Nikolic
- Department of Surgery, Upper-GI-Service, Comprehensive Cancer Center, GET-Unit, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Rieder
- Department of Surgery, Upper-GI-Service, Comprehensive Cancer Center, GET-Unit, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S F Schoppmann
- Department of Surgery, Upper-GI-Service, Comprehensive Cancer Center, GET-Unit, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Introduction Barrett’s esophagus (BE) represents the premalignant morphology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Evidence indicates a positive correlation between GERD vs. obesity and increased sugar consumption. Methods Here we analyzed recently published data (2006–2017) on the role of dietary sugar intake for BE development (main focus year 2017). Results Recent investigations found a positive association between obesity, hip waist ratio and dietary sugar intake and Barrett’s esophagus. Conclusion Sugar intake positively associates with BE. A low carbohydrate diet should be recommended for persons with BE and GERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Riegler
- Reflux Medical Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Kristo
- Upper-GI Service, CCC-GET, University Clinic of Surgery, Vienna General Hospital - Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Asari
- Upper-GI Service, CCC-GET, University Clinic of Surgery, Vienna General Hospital - Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Rieder
- Upper-GI Service, CCC-GET, University Clinic of Surgery, Vienna General Hospital - Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S F Schoppmann
- Upper-GI Service, CCC-GET, University Clinic of Surgery, Vienna General Hospital - Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Rai DK, Diaz-San Segundo F, Campagnola G, Keith A, Schafer EA, Kloc A, de Los Santos T, Peersen O, Rieder E. Attenuation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus by Engineered Viral Polymerase Fidelity. J Virol 2017; 91:e00081-17. [PMID: 28515297 PMCID: PMC5651715 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00081-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) (3Dpol) catalyzes viral RNA synthesis. Its characteristic low fidelity and absence of proofreading activity allow FMDV to rapidly mutate and adapt to dynamic environments. In this study, we used the structure of FMDV 3Dpol in combination with previously reported results from similar picornaviral polymerases to design point mutations that would alter replication fidelity. In particular, we targeted Trp237 within conserved polymerase motif A because of the low reversion potential inherent in the single UGG codon. Using biochemical and genetic tools, we show that the replacement of tryptophan 237 with phenylalanine imparts higher fidelity, but replacements with isoleucine and leucine resulted in lower-fidelity phenotypes. Viruses containing these W237 substitutions show in vitro growth kinetics and plaque morphologies similar to those of the wild-type (WT) A24 Cruzeiro strain in BHK cells, and both high- and low-fidelity variants retained fitness during coinfection with the wild-type virus. The higher-fidelity W237F (W237FHF) mutant virus was more resistant to the mutagenic nucleoside analogs ribavirin and 5-fluorouracil than the WT virus, whereas the lower-fidelity W237I (W237ILF) and W237LLF mutant viruses exhibited lower ribavirin resistance. Interestingly, the variant viruses showed heterogeneous and slightly delayed growth kinetics in primary porcine kidney cells, and they were significantly attenuated in mouse infection experiments. These data demonstrate, for a single virus, that either increased or decreased RdRp fidelity attenuates virus growth in animals, which is a desirable feature for the development of safer and genetically more stable vaccine candidates.IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is the most devastating disease affecting livestock worldwide. Here, using structural and biochemical analyses, we have identified FMDV 3Dpol mutations that affect polymerase fidelity. Recombinant FMDVs containing substitutions at 3Dpol tryptophan residue 237 were genetically stable and displayed plaque phenotypes and growth kinetics similar to those of the wild-type virus in cell culture. We further demonstrate that viruses harboring either a W237FHF substitution or W237ILF and W237LLF mutations were highly attenuated in animals. Our study shows that obtaining 3Dpol fidelity variants by protein engineering based on polymerase structure and function could be exploited for the development of attenuated FMDV vaccine candidates that are safer and more stable than strains obtained by selective pressure via mutagenic nucleotides or adaptation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra K Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, USA
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, USA
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Grace Campagnola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anna Keith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Schafer
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - Anna Kloc
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, USA
| | - Olve Peersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York, USA
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22
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Kenney M, Waters RA, Rieder E, Pega J, Perez-Filguera M, Golde WT. Enhanced sensitivity in detection of antiviral antibody responses using biotinylation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsids. J Immunol Methods 2017; 450:1-9. [PMID: 28689695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the immune response to infection of livestock by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is most often reported as the serum antibody response to the virus. While measurement of neutralizing antibody has been sensitive and specific, measurements of the quality of the antibody response are less robust. Determining the immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype of the serum antibody response provides a deeper understanding of the biology of the response and more sensitive methods for these assays will facilitate analyses of B cell mediated immunity. We tested the hypothesis that using the virus as the molecular probe could be achieved by adding tags to the surface of the FMDV capsid, and that would enhance sensitivity in assays for anti-FMDV antibody responses. The use of a FLAG-tagged virus in these assays failed to yield improvement whereas chemically biotinylating the virus capsid resulted in significant enhancement of the signal. Here we describe methods using biotinylated virus for measuring anti-viral antibody in serum and antibody secreting cells (ASCs) in blood that are sensitive and specific. Finally, we describe using the biotinylated virus in flow cytometry where such assays should greatly enhance the analysis of anti-virus antibody producing B cells, allowing the investigator to focus on only the FMDV specific B cells when analyzing the development of the B cell response to either infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kenney
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Ryan A Waters
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Juan Pega
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Perez-Filguera
- Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - William T Golde
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
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23
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Rieder E, Asari R, Paireder M, Lenglinger J, Schoppmann SF. Endoscopic stent suture fixation for prevention of esophageal stent migration during prolonged dilatation for achalasia treatment. Dis Esophagus 2017; 30:1-6. [PMID: 28375470 DOI: 10.1093/dote/dow002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare endoscopic stent suture fixation with endoscopic clip attachment or the use of partially covered stents (PCS) regarding their capability to prevent stent migration during prolonged dilatation in achalasia. Large-diameter self-expanding metal stents (30 mm × 80 mm) were placed across the gastroesophageal junction in 11 patients with achalasia. Stent removal was scheduled after 4 to 7 days. To prevent stent dislocation, endoscopic clip attachment, endoscopic stent suture fixation, or PCS were used. The Eckardt score was evaluated before and 6 months after prolonged dilatation. After endoscopic stent suture fixation, no (0/4) sutured stent migrated. When endoscopic clips were used, 80% (4/5) clipped stents migrated (p = 0.02). Of two PCS (n = 2), one migrated and one became embedded leading to difficult stent removal. Technical adverse events were not seen in endoscopic stent suture fixation but were significantly correlated with the use of clips or PCS (r = 0.828, p = 0.02). Overall, 72% of patients were in remission regarding their achalasia symptoms 6 months after prolonged dilatation. Endoscopic suture fixation of esophageal stents but not clip attachment appears to be the best method of preventing early migration of esophageal stents placed at difficult locations such as at the naive gastroesophageal junction.
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24
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Lawrence P, Rieder E. Insights into Jumonji C-domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6): a multifactorial role in foot-and-mouth disease virus replication in cells. Virus Genes 2017; 53:340-351. [PMID: 28364140 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Jumonji C-domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6) has had a convoluted history, and recent reports indicating a multifactorial role in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection have further complicated the functionality of this protein. It was first identified as the phosphatidylserine receptor on the cell surface responsible for recognizing phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic cells resulting in their engulfment by phagocytic cells. Subsequent study revealed a nuclear subcellular localization, where JMJD6 participated in lysine hydroxylation and arginine demethylation of histone proteins and other non-histone proteins. Interestingly, to date, JMDJ6 remains the only known arginine demethylase with a growing list of known substrate molecules. These conflicting associations rendered the subcellular localization of JMJD6 to be quite nebulous. Further muddying this area, two different groups illustrated that JMJD6 could be induced to redistribute from the cell surface to the nucleus of a cell. More recently, JMJD6 was demonstrated to be a host factor contributing to the FMDV life cycle, where it was not only exploited for its arginine demethylase activity, but also served as an alternative virus receptor. This review attempts to coalesce these divergent roles for a single protein into one cohesive account. Given the diverse functionalities already characterized for JMJD6, it is likely to continue to be a confounding protein resulting in much contention going into the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lawrence
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA/FADRU, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944-0848, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA/FADRU, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944-0848, USA
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25
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Medina GN, Knudsen GM, Greninger AL, Kloc A, Díaz-San Segundo F, Rieder E, Grubman MJ, DeRisi JL, de Los Santos T. Interaction between FMDV L pro and transcription factor ADNP is required for optimal viral replication. Virology 2017; 505:12-22. [PMID: 28219017 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader protease (Lpro) inhibits host translation and transcription affecting the expression of several factors involved in innate immunity. In this study, we have identified the host transcription factor ADNP (activity dependent neuroprotective protein) as an Lpro interacting protein by mass spectrometry. We show that Lpro can bind to ADNP in vitro and in cell culture. RNAi of ADNP negatively affected virus replication and higher levels of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated gene expression were detected. Importantly, infection with FMDV wild type but not with a virus lacking Lpro (leaderless), induced recruitment of ADNP to IFN-α promoter sites early during infection. Furthermore, we found that Lpro and ADNP are in a protein complex with the ubiquitous chromatin remodeling factor Brg-1. Our results uncover a novel role of FMDV Lpro in targeting ADNP and modulation of its transcription repressive function to decrease the expression of IFN and ISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Giselle M Knudsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anna Kloc
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Marvin J Grubman
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Teresa de Los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service US Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
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26
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Oberlin KE, Rieder E, Tosti A. Nailing the shared etiology in the formation of curved hair and nail growth. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:e353-e354. [PMID: 28129463 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K E Oberlin
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Jackson Health System/University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - E Rieder
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - A Tosti
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Jackson Health System/University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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27
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Paireder M, Asari R, Kristo I, Rieder E, Tamandl D, Ba-Ssalamah A, Schoppmann SF. Impact of sarcopenia on outcome in patients with esophageal resection following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for esophageal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2016; 43:478-484. [PMID: 28024944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional status and body composition parameters such as sarcopenia are important risk factors for impaired outcome in patients with esophageal cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sarcopenia on long-term outcome after esophageal resection following neoadjuvant treatment. METHODS Skeletal muscle index (SMI) and body composition parameters were measured in patients receiving neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer. Endpoints included relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS The study included 130 patients. Sarcopenia was found in 80 patients (61.5%). Patients with squamous-cell cancer (SCC) showed a decreased median SMI of 48 (range 28.4-60.8) cm/m2 compared with that of patients with adenocarcinoma (AC) of 52 (range 34.4-74.2) cm/m2, P < 0.001. The presence of sarcopenia had a significant impact on patient outcome: HR 1.69 (1.04-2.75), P = 0.036. Median OS was 20.5 (7.36-33.64) versus 52.1 (13.55-90.65) months in sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients, respectively. Sarcopenia was identified as an independent risk factor: HR 1.72 (1.049-2.83), P = 0.032. CONCLUSION Our data provide evidence that sarcopenia impacts long-term outcome after esophageal resection in patients who have undergone neoadjuvant therapy. Assessment of the body composition parameter can be a reasonable part of patient selection and may influence treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paireder
- Department of Surgery, Upper-GI-Service, Comprehensive Cancer Center GET-Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Asari
- Department of Surgery, Upper-GI-Service, Comprehensive Cancer Center GET-Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Kristo
- Department of Surgery, Upper-GI-Service, Comprehensive Cancer Center GET-Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Rieder
- Department of Surgery, Upper-GI-Service, Comprehensive Cancer Center GET-Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Tamandl
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Ba-Ssalamah
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S F Schoppmann
- Department of Surgery, Upper-GI-Service, Comprehensive Cancer Center GET-Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Lawrence P, Pacheco J, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J, Rai DK, Rieder E. Pathogenesis and micro-anatomic characterization of a cell-adapted mutant foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle: Impact of the Jumonji C-domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6) and route of inoculation. Virology 2016; 492:108-17. [PMID: 26914509 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A companion study reported Jumonji-C domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6) is involved in an integrin- and HS-independent pathway of FMDV infection in CHO cells. JMJD6 localization was investigated in animal tissues from cattle infected with either wild type A24-FMDV (A24-WT) or mutant FMDV (JMJD6-FMDV) carrying E95K/S96L and RGD to KGE mutations in VP1. Additionally, pathogenesis of mutant JMJD6-FMDV was investigated in cattle through aerosol and intraepithelial lingual (IEL) inoculation. Interestingly, JMJD6-FMDV pathogenesis was equivalent to A24-WT administered by IEL route. In contrast, JMJD6-FMDV aerosol-infected cattle did not manifest signs of FMD and animals showed no detectable viremia. Immunofluorescent microscopy of post-mortem tissue revealed JMJD6-FMDV exclusively co-localized with JMJD6(+) cells while A24-WT was occasionally found in JMJD6(+) cells. In vitro, chemical uptake inhibitors demonstrated JMJD6-FMDV entered cells via clathrin-coated pit endocytosis. In vivo, JMJD6-FMDV exhibited preference for JMJD6(+) cells, but availability of this alternative receptor likely depends on route of inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lawrence
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Juan Pacheco
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
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29
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Lawrence P, Rai D, Conderino JS, Uddowla S, Rieder E. Role of Jumonji C-domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6) in infectivity of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virology 2016; 492:38-52. [PMID: 26896934 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) utilizes four integrins (αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ6, and αvβ8) as its primary cell receptor. During cell culture propagation, FMDV frequently adapts to use heparan sulfate (HS), and rarely utilizes an unidentified third receptor. Capsid mutations acquired by a soluble integrin resistant FMDV cause (i) adaptation to CHO-677 cells (ii) increased affinity to membrane-bound Jumonji C-domain containing protein 6 (JMJD6) (iii) induced JMJD6 re-localization from the cell surface and cytoplasm to the nucleus. Interestingly, pre-treatment of cells with N- and C-terminal JMJD6 antibodies or by simultaneous incubation of mutant virus with soluble JMJD6 (but not by treatment with HS or αvβ6) impaired virus infectivity in cultured cells. JMJD6 and mutant virus co-purified by reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation. Molecular docking predictions suggested JMJD6 C-terminus interacts with mutated VP1 capsid protein. We conclude when specific VP1 mutations are displayed, JMJD6 contributes to FMDV infectivity and may be a previously unidentified FMDV receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lawrence
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Devendra Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Joseph S Conderino
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Sabena Uddowla
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, United States.
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30
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Rai DK, Lawrence P, Kloc A, Schafer E, Rieder E. Analysis of the interaction between host factor Sam68 and viral elements during foot-and-mouth disease virus infections. Virol J 2015; 12:224. [PMID: 26695943 PMCID: PMC4689063 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear protein Src-associated protein of 68 kDa in mitosis (Sam68) is known to bind RNA and be involved in cellular processes triggered in response to environmental stresses, including virus infection. Interestingly, Sam68 is a multi-functional protein implicated in the life cycle of retroviruses and picornaviruses and is also considered a marker of virus-induced stress granules (SGs). Recently, we demonstrated the partial redistribution of Sam68 to the cytoplasm in FMDV infected cells, its interaction with viral protease 3C(pro), and found a significant reduction in viral titers as consequence of Sam68-specific siRNA knockdowns. Despite of that, details of how it benefits FMDV remains to be elucidated. METHODS Sam68 cytoplasmic localization was examined by immunofluorescent microscopy, counterstaining with antibodies against Sam68, a viral capsid protein and markers of SGs. The relevance of RAAA motifs in the IRES was investigated using electromobility shift assays with Sam68 protein and parental and mutant FMDV RNAs. In addition, full genome WT and mutant or G-luc replicon RNAs were tested following transfection in mammalian cells. The impact of Sam68 depletion to virus protein and RNA synthesis was investigated in a cell-free system. Lastly, through co-immunoprecipitation, structural modeling, and subcellular fractionation, viral protein interactions with Sam68 were explored. RESULTS FMDV-induced cytoplasmic redistribution of Sam68 resulted in it temporarily co-localizing with SG marker: TIA-1. Mutations that disrupted FMDV IRES RAAA motifs, with putative affinity to Sam68 in domain 3 and 4 cause a reduction on the formation of ribonucleoprotein complexes with this protein and resulted in non-viable progeny viruses and replication-impaired replicons. Furthermore, depletion of Sam68 in cell-free extracts greatly diminished FMDV RNA replication, which was restored by addition of recombinant Sam68. The results here demonstrated that Sam68 specifically co-precipitates with both FMDV 3D(pol) and 3C(pro) consistent with early observations of FMDV 3C(pro)-induced cleavage of Sam68. CONCLUSION We have found that Sam68 is a specific binding partner for FMDV non-structural proteins 3C(pro) and 3D(pol) and showed that mutations at RAAA motifs in IRES domains 3 and 4 cause a decrease in Sam68 affinity to these RNA elements and rendered the mutant RNA non-viable. Interestingly, in FMDV infected cells re-localized Sam68 was transiently detected along with SG markers in the cytoplasm. These results support the importance of Sam68 as a host factor co-opted by FMDV during infection and demonstrate that Sam68 interact with both, FMDV RNA motifs in the IRES and viral non-structural proteins 3C(pro) and 3D(pol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra K Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
| | - Paul Lawrence
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
| | - Anna Kloc
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Schafer
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA/ARS/NAA, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
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Kristo I, Asari R, Rieder E, Riegler V, Schoppmann SF. Treatment of Barrett's esophagus: update on new endoscopic surgical modalities. MINERVA CHIR 2015; 70:107-118. [PMID: 25645114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus represents a premalignant condition, which is strongly associated with the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Currently, there are no validated markers to extract exactly that certain patient that will proceed to neoplastic progression. Therefore, therapeutic options have to include a larger population to provide prophylaxis for affected patients. Recently developed endoscopic therapeutic approaches offer treatment options for prevention or even treatment of limited esophageal adenocarcinoma. At present, high eradication rates of intestinal metaplasia as well as dysplasia are observed, whereas low complication rates offer a convenient safety profile. These striking new methods symbolize a changing paradigm in a field, where minimal-invasive tissue ablating methods and tissue preserving techniques have led to modified regimens. This review will focus on current standards and newly emerging methods to treat Barrett's esophagus and its progression to cancer and will highlight their evolution, potential benefits and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kristo
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria -
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Rai DK, Lawrence P, Pauszek SJ, Piccone ME, Knowles NJ, Rieder E. Bioinformatics and Molecular Analysis of the Evolutionary Relationship between Bovine Rhinitis A Viruses and Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus. Bioinform Biol Insights 2015; 9:43-58. [PMID: 27081310 PMCID: PMC4822724 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s37223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine rhinitis viruses (BRVs) cause mild respiratory disease of cattle. In this study, a near full-length genome sequence of a virus named RS3X (formerly classified as bovine rhinovirus type 1), isolated from infected cattle from the UK in the 1960s, was obtained and analyzed. Compared to other closely related Aphthoviruses, major differences were detected in the leader protease (Lpro), P1, 2B, and 3A proteins. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that RS3X was a member of the species bovine rhinitis A virus (BRAV). Using different codon-based and branch-site selection models for Aphthoviruses, including BRAV RS3X and foot-and-mouth disease virus, we observed no clear evidence for genomic regions undergoing positive selection. However, within each of the BRV species, multiple sites under positive selection were detected. The results also suggest that the probability (determined by Recombination Detection Program) for recombination events between BRVs and other Aphthoviruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus was not significant. In contrast, within BRVs, the probability of recombination increases. The data reported here provide genetic information to assist in the identification of diagnostic signatures and research tools for BRAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra K Rai
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA.; Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Paul Lawrence
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Steve J Pauszek
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Piccone
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
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Mohapatra JK, Pandey LK, Rai DK, Das B, Rodriguez LL, Rout M, Subramaniam S, Sanyal A, Rieder E, Pattnaik B. Cell culture adaptation mutations in foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A capsid proteins: implications for receptor interactions. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:553-564. [PMID: 25381054 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.071597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we describe the adaptive changes fixed on the capsid of several foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A strains during propagation in cell monolayers. Viruses passaged extensively in three cell lines (BHK-21, LFBK and IB-RS-2) consistently gained positively charged amino acids in the putative heparin-sulfate-binding pocket (VP2 βE-βF loop, VP1 C-terminus and VP3 β-B knob) surrounding the fivefold symmetry axis (VP1 βF-βG loop) and at other discrete sites on the capsid (VP3 βG-βH loop, VP1 C-terminus, VP2 βC strand and VP1 βG-βH loop). A lysine insertion in the VP1 βF-βG loop of two of the BHK-21-adapted viruses supports the biological advantage of positively charged residues acquired in cell culture. The charge transitions occurred irrespective of cell line, suggesting their possible role in ionic interaction with ubiquitous negatively charged cell-surface molecules such as glycosaminoglycans (GAG). This was supported by the ability of the cell-culture-adapted variants to replicate in the integrin-deficient, GAG-positive CHO-K1 cells and their superior fitness in competition assays compared with the lower passage viruses with WT genotypes. Substitutions fixed in the VP1 βG-βH loop (-3, -2 and +2 'RGD' positions) or in the structural element known to be juxtaposed against that loop (VP1 βB-βC loop) suggest their possible role in modulating the efficiency and specificity of interaction of the 'RGD' motif with αv-integrin receptors. The nature and location of the substitutions described in this study could be applied in the rapid cell culture adaptation of viral strains for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jajati K Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Laxmi K Pandey
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Biswajit Das
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
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Lawrence P, Conderino JS, Rieder E. Redistribution of demethylated RNA helicase A during foot-and-mouth disease virus infection: role of Jumonji C-domain containing protein 6 in RHA demethylation. Virology 2014; 452-453:1-11. [PMID: 24606677 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, RNA helicase A (RHA) re-localization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infected cells was shown to coincide with loss of RHA methylated arginine residues at its C-terminus. The potential interaction between RHA and Jumonji C-domain (JmjC) protein 6 (JMJD6) arginine demethylase in infected cells was investigated. Treatment with N-oxalylglycine (NOG) inhibitor of JmjC demethylases prevented FMDV-induced RHA demethylation and re-localization, and also decreased viral protein synthesis and virus titers. Physical interaction between JMJD6 and RHA was demonstrated via reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation, where RHA preferentially bound JMJD6 monomers. Nuclear efflux of demethylated RHA (DM-RHA) coincided with nuclear influx of JMJD6, which was not observed using another picornavirus. A modified biochemical assay demonstrated JMJD6 induced dose-dependent demethylation of RHA and two RHA-derived isoforms, which could be inhibited by NOG. We propose a role for JMJD6 in RHA demethylation stimulated by FMDV, that appears to facilitate virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lawrence
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, NAA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944-0848, USA
| | - Joseph S Conderino
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, NAA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944-0848, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, NAA, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944-0848, USA.
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García-Nuñez S, Gismondi MI, König G, Berinstein A, Taboga O, Rieder E, Martínez-Salas E, Carrillo E. Enhanced IRES activity by the 3′UTR element determines the virulence of FMDV isolates. Virology 2014; 448:303-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Maree FF, Blignaut B, de Beer TAP, Rieder E. Analysis of SAT type foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins and the identification of putative amino acid residues affecting virus stability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61612. [PMID: 23717387 PMCID: PMC3661562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) initiates infection by adhering to integrin receptors on target cells, followed by cell entry and disassembly of the virion through acidification within endosomes. Mild heating of the virions also leads to irreversible dissociation into pentamers, a characteristic linked to reduced vaccine efficacy. In this study, the structural stability of intra- and inter-serotype chimeric SAT2 and SAT3 virus particles to various conditions including low pH, mild temperatures or high ionic strength, was compared. Our results demonstrated that while both the SAT2 and SAT3 infectious capsids displayed different sensitivities in a series of low pH buffers, their stability profiles were comparable at high temperatures or high ionic strength conditions. Recombinant vSAT2 and intra-serotype chimeric viruses were used to map the amino acid differences in the capsid proteins of viruses with disparate low pH stabilities. Four His residues at the inter-pentamer interface were identified that change protonation states at pH 6.0. Of these, the H145 of VP3 appears to be involved in interactions with A141 in VP3 and K63 in VP2, and may be involved in orientating H142 of VP3 for interaction at the inter-pentamer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois F Maree
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Lawrence P, Pacheco JM, Uddowla S, Hollister J, Kotecha A, Fry E, Rieder E. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) with a stable FLAG epitope in the VP1 G-H loop as a new tool for studying FMDV pathogenesis. Virology 2013; 436:150-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lawrence P, LaRocco M, Baxt B, Rieder E. Examination of soluble integrin resistant mutants of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virol J 2013; 10:2. [PMID: 23282061 PMCID: PMC3547720 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) initiates infection via recognition of one of at least four cell-surface integrin molecules αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ6, or αvβ8 by a highly conserved Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) amino acid sequence motif located in the G-H loop of VP1. Within the animal host, the αvβ6 interaction is believed to be the most relevant. Sub-neutralizing levels of soluble secreted αvβ6 (ssαvβ6) was used as a selective pressure during passages in vitro to explore the plasticity of that interaction. Results Genetically stable soluble integrin resistant (SIR) FMDV mutants derived from A24 Cruzeiro were selected after just 3 passages in cell culture in the presence of sub-neutralizing levels of ssαvβ6. SIR mutants were characterized by: replication on selective cell lines, plaque morphology, relative sensitivity to ssαvβ6 neutralization, relative ability to utilize αvβ6 for infection, as well as sequence and structural changes. All SIR mutants maintained an affinity for αvβ6. Some developed the ability to attach to cells expressing heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan, while others appear to have developed affinity for a still unknown third receptor. Two classes of SIR mutants were selected that were highly or moderately resistant to neutralization by ssαvβ6. Highly resistant mutants displayed a G145D substitution (RGD to RDD), while moderately resistant viruses exhibited a L150P/R substitution at the conserved RGD + 4 position. VP1 G-H loop homology models for the A-type SIR mutants illustrated potential structural changes within the integrin-binding motif by these 2 groups of mutations. Treatment of O1 Campos with ssαvβ6 resulted in 3 SIR mutants with a positively charged VP3 mutation allowing for HS binding. Conclusions These findings illustrate how FMDV particles rapidly gain resistance to soluble receptor prophylactic measures in vitro. Two different serotypes developed distinct capsid mutations to circumvent the presence of sub-neutralizing levels of the soluble cognate receptor, all of which resulted in a modified receptor tropism that expanded the cell types susceptible to FMDV. The identification of some of these adaptive mutations in known FMDV isolates suggests these findings have implications beyond the cell culture system explored in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lawrence
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944-0848, USA
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Rieder E, Dunst CM, Martinec DV, Cassera MA, Swanstrom LL. Endoscopic suture fixation of gastrointestinal stents: proof of biomechanical principles and early clinical experience. Endoscopy 2012. [PMID: 23188662 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1325730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Gastrointestinal stents have become an important therapeutic option for several indications. However, migration in up to 40 % of cases represents a significant drawback, especially when covered prostheses are used. We hypothesized that a novel endoscopic suturing device could enable endoluminal stent fixation, which might increase attachment and thereby potentially reduce migration. PATIENTS AND METHODS In an initial ex vivo porcine model, stents were attached to the esophageal wall with either endoscopic hemoclips or by endoscopic suture stent fixation (ESSF). The distal tension force required to induce dislocation was measured in Newtons (N) by a digital force gauge and was compared with conventional stent placement. ESSF was then performed clinically in five patients, in whom self-expanding metal stents were sutured in place for endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal fistulas or strictures. RESULTS Esophageal ESSF was achieved in all experiments and significantly increased the force needed to displace the stent (n = 12; mean force 20.4 N; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 15.4 - 25.4; P < 0.01) compared with clip fixation (n = 8; mean 6.1 N; 95 %CI 4.7 - 7.6) or stent placement without fixation (n = 16; mean 4.8 N; 95 %CI 4.0 - 5.6). All clinical cases of ESSF were performed successfully (5 /5) and took a median of 15 minutes. Elective stent removal was achieved without complications. One stent migration (1 /5) due to sutures being placed too superficially was observed. More loosely tied sutures remained intact, with the stent attached in place. CONCLUSION Endoscopic suture fixation of gastrointestinal stents provided significantly enhanced migration resistance in an ex vivo setting. In addition, early clinical experience found ESSF to be technically feasible and easy to accomplish.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rieder
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Program, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon 97210, USA
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Loughran G, Libbey JE, Uddowla S, Scallan MF, Ryan MD, Fujinami RS, Rieder E, Atkins JF. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus contrasts with encephalomyocarditis and foot-and-mouth disease viruses in its functional utilization of the StopGo non-standard translation mechanism. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:348-353. [PMID: 23100365 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.047571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The picornaviruses' genome consists of a positive-sense ssRNA. Like many picornaviruses, cardioviruses synthesize two distinct polyprotein precursors from adjacent but non-overlapping genome segments. Both the [L-1ABCD-2A] and the [2BC-3ABCD] polyproteins are proteolytically processed to yield mature capsid and non-structural proteins, respectively. An unusual translational event, known as 'StopGo' or 'Stop-Carry on', is responsible for the release of the [L-1ABCD-2A] polyprotein from the ribosome and synthesis of the N-terminal amino acid of the [2BC-3ABCD] polyprotein. A common feature of these viruses is the presence of a highly conserved signature sequence for StopGo: -D(V/I)ExNPG(↓)P-, where -D(V/I)ExNPG are the last 7 aa of 2A, and the last P- is the first amino acid of 2B. Here, we report that, in contrast to encephalomyocarditis virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus, a functional StopGo does not appear to be essential for Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus viability when tested in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Loughran
- Department of Biochemistry, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - S Uddowla
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - M F Scallan
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - M D Ryan
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - R S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - E Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - J F Atkins
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Biochemistry, Western Gateway Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Bana M, Stolz-Baskett P, Rieder E. 23 Education for Advanced and Specialist Oncology Nursing Practice – a Swiss Experience. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1462-3889(12)70038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lawrence P, Schafer EA, Rieder E. The nuclear protein Sam68 is cleaved by the FMDV 3C protease redistributing Sam68 to the cytoplasm during FMDV infection of host cells. Virology 2012; 425:40-52. [PMID: 22280896 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Picornavirus infection can lead to disruption of nuclear pore traffic, shut-off of cell translation machinery, and cleavage of proteins involved in cellular signal transduction and the innate response to infection. Here, we demonstrated that the FMDV 3C(pro) induced the cleavage of nuclear RNA-binding protein Sam68 C-terminus containing the nuclear localization sequence (NLS). Consequently, it stimulated the redistribution of Sam68 to the cytoplasm. The siRNA knockdown of Sam68 resulted in a 1000-fold reduction in viral titers, which prompted us to study the effect of Sam68 on FMDV post-entry events. Interestingly, Sam68 interacts with the internal ribosomal entry site within the 5' non-translated region of the FMDV genome, and Sam68 knockdown decreased FMDV IRES-driven activity in vitro suggesting that it could modulate translation of the viral genome. The results uncover a novel role for Sam68 in the context of picornaviruses and the proteolysis of a new cellular target of the FMDV 3C(pro).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lawrence
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
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Rieder E, Makris KI, Martinec DV, Swanström LL. The suture-pulley method for endolumenal triangulation in endoscopic submucosal dissection. Endoscopy 2012; 43 Suppl 2 UCTN:E319-20. [PMID: 22020705 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1256774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Rieder
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Program, Legacy Health, Portland, Oregon 97210, USA.
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Abstract
Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a new surgical paradigm involving performance of intra-abdominal surgery via a natural orifice and thereafter peritoneal access through an intentionally created hole in a hollow viscus. The vast majority of research in this rapidly evolving field had involved access via an oral or vaginal route. Access via a transanal route, other than the obvious concern over contamination, has many appealing attributes. In addition, transanal surgery has long been a common procedure lending a valuable clinical experience to the foundation of this field of research. Examples of preclinical and clinical research on transanal NOTES colorectal resections are here presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rieder
- Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery Division, The Oregon Clinic, Portland, Oregon 97210, USA
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Maree FF, Blignaut B, Esterhuysen JJ, de Beer TAP, Theron J, O'Neill HG, Rieder E. Predicting antigenic sites on the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid of the South African Territories types using virus neutralization data. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2297-2309. [PMID: 21697350 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.032839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outer capsid proteins 1B, 1C and 1D contribute to the virus serotype distribution and antigenic variants that exist within each of the seven serotypes. This study presents phylogenetic, genetic and antigenic analyses of South African Territories (SAT) serotypes prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we show that the high levels of genetic diversity in the P1-coding region within the SAT serotypes are reflected in the antigenic properties of these viruses and therefore have implications for the selection of vaccine strains that would provide the best vaccine match against emerging viruses. Interestingly, although SAT1 and SAT2 viruses displayed similar genetic variation within each serotype (32 % variable amino acids), antigenic disparity, as measured by r(1)-values, was less pronounced for SAT1 viruses compared with SAT2 viruses within our dataset, emphasizing the high antigenic variation within the SAT2 serotype. Furthermore, we combined amino acid variation and the r(1)-values with crystallographic structural data and were able to predict areas on the surface of the FMD virion as antigenically relevant. These sites were mostly consistent with antigenic sites previously determined for types A, O and C using mAbs and escape mutant studies. Our methodology offers a quick alternative to determine antigenic relevant sites for FMDV field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Maree
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.,Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - B Blignaut
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.,Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - J J Esterhuysen
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - T A P de Beer
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - J Theron
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - H G O'Neill
- Biochemistry Division, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - E Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
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Arzt J, Baxt B, Grubman MJ, Jackson T, Juleff N, Rhyan J, Rieder E, Waters R, Rodriguez LL. The Pathogenesis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease II: Viral Pathways in Swine, Small Ruminants, and Wildlife; Myotropism, Chronic Syndromes, and Molecular Virus-Host Interactions. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 58:305-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Maree FF, Blignaut B, Aschenbrenner L, Burrage T, Rieder E. Analysis of SAT1 type foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins: Influence of receptor usage on the properties of virus particles. Virus Res 2011; 155:462-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Blignaut B, Visser N, Theron J, Rieder E, Maree FF. Custom-engineered chimeric foot-and-mouth disease vaccine elicits protective immune responses in pigs. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:849-59. [PMID: 21177923 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) of which the antigenic properties can be readily manipulated is a potentially powerful approach in the control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in sub-Saharan Africa. FMD vaccine application is complicated by the extensive variability of the South African Territories (SAT) type viruses, which exist as distinct genetic and antigenic variants in different geographical regions. A cross-serotype chimeric virus, vKNP/SAT2, was engineered by replacing the external capsid-encoding region (1B-1D/2A) of an infectious cDNA clone of the SAT2 vaccine strain, ZIM/7/83, with that of SAT1 virus KNP/196/91. The vKNP/SAT2 virus exhibited comparable infection kinetics, virion stability and antigenic profiles to the KNP/196/91 parental virus, thus indicating that the functions provided by the capsid can be readily exchanged between serotypes. As these qualities are necessary for vaccine manufacturing, high titres of stable chimeric virus were obtained. Chemically inactivated vaccines, formulated as double-oil-in-water emulsions, were produced from intact 146S virion particles of both the chimeric and parental viruses. Inoculation of guinea pigs with the respective vaccines induced similar antibody responses. In order to show compliance with commercial vaccine requirements, the vaccines were evaluated in a full potency test. Pigs vaccinated with the chimeric vaccine produced neutralizing antibodies and showed protection against homologous FMDV challenge, albeit not to the same extent as for the vaccine prepared from the parental virus. These results provide support that chimeric vaccines containing the external capsid of field isolates can be successfully produced and that they induce protective immune responses in FMD host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Blignaut
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme (TADP), Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
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Durk RC, Singh K, Cornelison CA, Rai DK, Matzek KB, Leslie MD, Schafer E, Marchand B, Adedeji A, Michailidis E, Dorst CA, Moran J, Pautler C, Rodriguez LL, McIntosh MA, Rieder E, Sarafianos SG. Inhibitors of foot and mouth disease virus targeting a novel pocket of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15049. [PMID: 21203539 PMCID: PMC3006429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a picornavirus that infects cloven-hoofed animals and leads to severe losses in livestock production. In the case of an FMD outbreak, emergency vaccination requires at least 7 days to trigger an effective immune response. There are currently no approved inhibitors for the treatment or prevention of FMDV infections. Methodology/Principal Findings Using a luciferase-based assay we screened a library of compounds and identified seven novel inhibitors of 3Dpol, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of FMDV. The compounds inhibited specifically 3Dpol (IC50s from 2-17 µM) and not other viral or bacterial polymerases. Enzyme kinetic studies on the inhibition mechanism by compounds 5D9 and 7F8 showed that they are non-competitive inhibitors with respect to NTP and nucleic acid substrates. Molecular modeling and docking studies into the 3Dpol structure revealed an inhibitor binding pocket proximal to, but distinct from the 3Dpol catalytic site. Residues surrounding this pocket are conserved among all 60 FMDV subtypes. Site directed mutagenesis of two residues located at either side of the pocket caused distinct resistance to the compounds, demonstrating that they indeed bind at this site. Several compounds inhibited viral replication with 5D9 suppressing virus production in FMDV-infected cells with EC50 = 12 µM and EC90 = 20 µM). Significance We identified several non-competitive inhibitors of FMDV 3Dpol that target a novel binding pocket, which can be used for future structure-based drug design studies. Such studies can lead to the discovery of even more potent antivirals that could provide alternative or supplementary options to contain future outbreaks of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Durk
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kamalendra Singh
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ceili A. Cornelison
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Devendra K. Rai
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kayla B. Matzek
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maxwell D. Leslie
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Schafer
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
| | - Bruno Marchand
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Adeyemi Adedeji
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Dorst
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Moran
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christie Pautler
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark A. McIntosh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Reeve R, Blignaut B, Esterhuysen JJ, Opperman P, Matthews L, Fry EE, de Beer TAP, Theron J, Rieder E, Vosloo W, O'Neill HG, Haydon DT, Maree FF. Sequence-based prediction for vaccine strain selection and identification of antigenic variability in foot-and-mouth disease virus. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1001027. [PMID: 21151576 PMCID: PMC3000348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying when past exposure to an infectious disease will protect against newly emerging strains is central to understanding the spread and the severity of epidemics, but the prediction of viral cross-protection remains an important unsolved problem. For foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) research in particular, improved methods for predicting this cross-protection are critical for predicting the severity of outbreaks within endemic settings where multiple serotypes and subtypes commonly co-circulate, as well as for deciding whether appropriate vaccine(s) exist and how much they could mitigate the effects of any outbreak. To identify antigenic relationships and their predictors, we used linear mixed effects models to account for variation in pairwise cross-neutralization titres using only viral sequences and structural data. We identified those substitutions in surface-exposed structural proteins that are correlates of loss of cross-reactivity. These allowed prediction of both the best vaccine match for any single virus and the breadth of coverage of new vaccine candidates from their capsid sequences as effectively as or better than serology. Sub-sequences chosen by the model-building process all contained sites that are known epitopes on other serotypes. Furthermore, for the SAT1 serotype, for which epitopes have never previously been identified, we provide strong evidence – by controlling for phylogenetic structure – for the presence of three epitopes across a panel of viruses and quantify the relative significance of some individual residues in determining cross-neutralization. Identifying and quantifying the importance of sites that predict viral strain cross-reactivity not just for single viruses but across entire serotypes can help in the design of vaccines with better targeting and broader coverage. These techniques can be generalized to any infectious agents where cross-reactivity assays have been carried out. As the parameterization uses pre-existing datasets, this approach quickly and cheaply increases both our understanding of antigenic relationships and our power to control disease. New strains of viruses arise continually. Consequently, predicting when past exposure to closely related strains will protect against infection by novel strains is central to understanding the dynamics of a broad range of the world's most important infectious diseases. While previous research has developed valuable tools for describing the observed antigenic landscapes, our ability to predict cross-protection between different viral strains depends almost entirely on cumbersome and expensive live animal work, often restricted to model species rather than the natural host. The development of computer-based approaches to the estimation of cross-protection from viral sequence data would be hugely valuable, and our study represents a significant step towards this research goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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