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Fehrsen J, Wemmer S, van Wyngaardt W. Construction of Chicken and Ostrich Antibody Libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2702:77-92. [PMID: 37679616 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3381-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant antibody libraries based on chicken immunoglobulin genes are potentially valuable sources of phage-displayed scFvs for use in veterinary diagnostics and research. To add diversity to the scFv repertoire, we expanded the library to include genes from the ostrich, indigenous to southern Africa. The libraries described in this chapter are based on the chicken and ostrich variable heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes joined by a short flexible linker cloned in the phagemid vector pHEN1. The resulting phagemids produce either scFvs displayed on the surface of the fusion phage subsequent to co-infection with helper phage or soluble scFvs following IPTG induction. This chapter provides detailed and proven methods for the construction of such libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanni Fehrsen
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Susan Wemmer
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
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Chitray M, Opperman PA, Rotherham L, Fehrsen J, van Wyngaardt W, Frischmuth J, Rieder E, Maree FF. Diagnostic and Epitope Mapping Potential of Single-Chain Antibody Fragments Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotypes A, SAT1, and SAT3. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:475. [PMID: 32851044 PMCID: PMC7432252 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects cloven-hoofed domestic and wildlife animals and an outbreak can cause severe losses in milk production, reduction in meat production and death amongst young animals. Several parts of Asia, most of Africa, and the Middle East remain endemic, thus emphasis on improved FMD vaccines, diagnostic assays, and control measures are key research areas. FMD virus (FMDV) populations are quasispecies, which pose serious implications in vaccine design and efficacy where an effective vaccine should include multiple independent neutralizing epitopes to elicit an adequate immune response. Further investigation of the residues that comprise the antigenic determinants of the virus will allow the identification of mutations in outbreak strains that potentially lessen the efficacy of a vaccine. Additionally, of utmost importance in endemic regions, is the accurate diagnosis of FMDV infection for the control and eradication of the disease. To this end, a phage display library was explored to identify FMDV epitopes for recombinant vaccines and for the generation of reagents for improved diagnostic FMD enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). A naïve semi-synthetic chicken single chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library i.e., the Nkuku ® library was used for bio-panning against FMD Southern-African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT3, and serotype A viruses. Biopanning yielded one unique scFv against SAT1, two for SAT3, and nine for A22. SAT1 and SAT3 specific scFvs were exploited as capturing and detecting reagents to develop an improved diagnostic ELISA for FMDV. The SAT1 soluble scFv showed potential as a detecting reagent in the liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) as it reacted specifically with a panel of SAT1 viruses, albeit with different ELISA absorbance signals. The SAT1svFv1 had little or no change on its paratope when coated on polystyrene plates whilst the SAT3scFv's paratope may have changed. SAT1 and SAT3 soluble scFvs did not neutralize the SAT1 and SAT3 viruses; however, three of the nine A22 binders i.e., A22scFv1, A22scFv2, and A22scFv8 were able to neutralize A22 virus. Following the generation of virus escape mutants through successive virus passage under scFv pressure, FMDV epitopes were postulated i.e., RGD+3 and +4 positions respectively, proving the epitope mapping potential of scFvs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Chitray
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pamela Anne Opperman
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lia Rotherham
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeanni Fehrsen
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wouter van Wyngaardt
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Janine Frischmuth
- Biotechnology Division, National Bioproducts Institute, Pinetown, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Centre, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Francois Frederick Maree
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Vaccines and Diagnostic Development, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Abstract
Recombinant antibody libraries based on chicken immunoglobulin genes are potentially valuable sources of phage displayed scFvs for use in veterinary diagnostics and research. The libraries described in this chapter are based on chicken variable heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes joined by a short flexible linker cloned in the phagemid vector pHEN1. The resulting phagemids produce either scFvs displayed on the surface of the fusion phage subsequent to co-infection with helper phage, or soluble scFvs following IPTG induction. This chapter provides detailed and proven methods for the construction of such libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanni Fehrsen
- Immunology Division, New Generation Vaccines Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Susan Wemmer
- Immunology Division, New Generation Vaccines Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Wouter van Wyngaardt
- Immunology Division, New Generation Vaccines Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
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Abolnik C, Fehrsen J, Olivier A, van Wyngaardt W, Fosgate G, Ellis C. Serological investigation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 in ostriches (Struthio camelus). Avian Pathol 2013; 42:206-14. [PMID: 23607480 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.779637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An ostrich farm of 929 birds that tested polymerase chain reaction-positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 in a single sample was designated for culling, despite no evidence of sero-conversion as assessed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. A month later and immediately prior to culling, all birds were bled and tested with an IDEXX avian influenza virus (AIV) nucleoprotein (NP)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a high sero-prevalence was detected. To address the question of whether the NP-specific antibodies detected indicated exposure to H5 or non-H5 subtypes (H6N2 and H1N2 strains were also circulating regionally at the time), we developed two H5-specific ELISAs, both based on a recombinant H5 HA1 antigen. The H5 indirect ELISA used a horseradish peroxidase ostrich IgY conjugate that we produced in chicken eggs. The single-chain variable fragment (scFv) competitive ELISA (H5 scFv cELISA) used a scFv derived from an H5-immune chicken scFv library. By comparing IDEXX AIV ELISA results with those of the two H5-specific ELISAs and HI tests, we determined that up to 89% of the flock had been exposed to H5N2 AIV. We also detected evidence of suspected vaccination, since 17% of sera contained antibodies against the H5 glycoprotein but not the NP protein. Comparative analytical sensitivity indicated that HI tests are likely to miss up to 35% of H5-positive samples, and thus we consider that H5/H7-specific ELISAs should replace HI tests for ostrich testing in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
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van Wyngaardt W, Mashau C, Wright I, Fehrsen J. Serotype- and serogroup-specific detection of African horsesickness virus using phage displayed chicken scFvs for indirect double antibody sandwich ELISAs. J Vet Sci 2013; 14:95-8. [PMID: 23388433 PMCID: PMC3615239 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.1.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing need for standardized, easily renewable immunoreagents for detecting African horsesickness virus (AHSV). Two phage displayed single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies, selected from a semi-synthetic chicken antibody library, were used to develop double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (DAS-ELISAs) to detect AHSV. In the DAS-ELISAs, the scFv previously selected with directly immobilized AHSV-3 functioned as a serotype-specific reagent that recognized only AHSV-3. In contrast, the one selected with AHSV-8 captured by IgG against AHSV-3 recognized all nine AHSV serotypes but not the Bryanston strain of equine encephalosis virus. Serving as evidence for its serogroup-specificity. These two scFvs can help to rapidly confirm the presence of AHSV while additional serotype-specific scFvs may simplify AHSV serotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter van Wyngaardt
- Immunology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
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van Wyngaardt W, Malatji T, Mashau C, Fehrsen J, Jordaan F, Miltiadou D, du Plessis DH. A large semi-synthetic single-chain Fv phage display library based on chicken immunoglobulin genes. BMC Biotechnol 2004; 4:6. [PMID: 15059288 PMCID: PMC406508 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibody fragments selected from large combinatorial libraries have numerous applications in diagnosis and therapy. Most existing antibody repertoires are derived from human immunoglobulin genes. Genes from other species can, however, also be used. Because of the way in which gene conversion introduces diversity, the naïve antibody repertoire of the chicken can easily be accessed using only two sets of primers. Results With in vitro diagnostic applications in mind, we have constructed a large library of recombinant filamentous bacteriophages displaying single chain antibody fragments derived from combinatorial pairings of chicken variable heavy and light chains. Synthetically randomised complementarity determining regions are included in some of the heavy chains. Single chain antibody fragments that recognise haptens, proteins and virus particles were selected from this repertoire. Affinities of three different antibody fragments were determined using surface plasmon resonance. Two were in the low nanomolar and one in the subnanomolar range. To illustrate the practical value of antibodies from the library, phage displayed single chain fragments were incorporated into ELISAs aimed at detecting African horsesickness and bluetongue virus particles. Virus antibodies were detected in a competitive ELISA. Conclusion The chicken-derived phage library described here is expected to be a versatile source of recombinant antibody fragments directed against a wide variety of antigens. It has the potential to provide monoclonal reagents with applications in research and diagnostics. For in vitro applications, naïve phage libraries based on avian donors may prove to be useful adjuncts to the selectable antibody repertoires that already exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter van Wyngaardt
- Immunology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - Teresiah Malatji
- Immunology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa
- Present address: John and Kernick, PO Box 3511, Midrand, 1685, Republic of South Africa
| | - Cordelia Mashau
- Immunology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jeanni Fehrsen
- Immunology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - Frances Jordaan
- Immunology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - Dubravka Miltiadou
- Immunology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - Dion H du Plessis
- Immunology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa
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