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Kappelman J, Todd LC, Davis CA, Cerling TE, Feseha M, Getahun A, Johnsen R, Kay M, Kocurek GA, Nachman BA, Negash A, Negash T, O'Brien K, Pante M, Ren M, Smith EI, Tabor NJ, Tewabe D, Wang H, Yang D, Yirga S, Crowell JW, Fanuka MF, Habtie T, Hirniak JN, Klehm C, Loewen ND, Melaku S, Melton SM, Myers TS, Millonig S, Plummer MC, Riordan KJ, Rosenau NA, Skinner A, Thompson AK, Trombetta LM, Witzel A, Assefa E, Bodansky M, Desta AA, Campisano CJ, Dalmas D, Elliott C, Endalamaw M, Ford NJ, Foster F, Getachew T, Haney YL, Ingram BH, Jackson J, Marean CW, Mattox S, de la Cruz Medina K, Mulubrhan G, Porter K, Roberts A, Santillan P, Sollenberger A, Sponholtz J, Valdes J, Wyman L, Yadeta M, Yanny S. Adaptive foraging behaviours in the Horn of Africa during Toba supereruption. Nature 2024; 628:365-372. [PMID: 38509364 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Although modern humans left Africa multiple times over 100,000 years ago, those broadly ancestral to non-Africans dispersed less than 100,000 years ago1. Most models hold that these events occurred through green corridors created during humid periods because arid intervals constrained population movements2. Here we report an archaeological site-Shinfa-Metema 1, in the lowlands of northwest Ethiopia, with Youngest Toba Tuff cryptotephra dated to around 74,000 years ago-that provides early and rare evidence of intensive riverine-based foraging aided by the likely adoption of the bow and arrow. The diet included a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic animals. Stable oxygen isotopes from fossil mammal teeth and ostrich eggshell show that the site was occupied during a period of high seasonal aridity. The unusual abundance of fish suggests that capture occurred in the ever smaller and shallower waterholes of a seasonal river during a long dry season, revealing flexible adaptations to challenging climatic conditions during the Middle Stone Age. Adaptive foraging along dry-season waterholes would have transformed seasonal rivers into 'blue highway' corridors, potentially facilitating an out-of-Africa dispersal and suggesting that the event was not restricted to times of humid climates. The behavioural flexibility required to survive seasonally arid conditions in general, and the apparent short-term effects of the Toba supereruption in particular were probably key to the most recent dispersal and subsequent worldwide expansion of modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kappelman
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Lawrence C Todd
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Thure E Cerling
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mulugeta Feseha
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Paleoanthropology and Paleoenvironment Program, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Getahun
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Racheal Johnsen
- Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Marvin Kay
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Gary A Kocurek
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Brett A Nachman
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Agazi Negash
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Paleoanthropology and Paleoenvironment Program, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tewabe Negash
- Paleoanthropology and Paleoenvironment Program, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Anthropology and Geography, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kaedan O'Brien
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Natural History Museum of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael Pante
- Department of Anthropology and Geography, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Minghua Ren
- Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Eugene I Smith
- Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Neil J Tabor
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dereje Tewabe
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Bahir Dar Fisheries and Other Aquatic Life Research Centre, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Hong Wang
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Yang
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Solomon Yirga
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jordan W Crowell
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Matthew F Fanuka
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Teshager Habtie
- Department of History and Heritage Management, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Jayde N Hirniak
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Carla Klehm
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Sierra M Melton
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Timothy S Myers
- Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Millonig
- Department of Anthropology and Geography, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Megan C Plummer
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Keenan J Riordan
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Rosenau
- Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anne Skinner
- Chemistry Department, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - Abraham K Thompson
- Department of Anthropology and Geography, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lindsey M Trombetta
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Adrienne Witzel
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ephrem Assefa
- Paleoanthropology and Paleoenvironment Program, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Maria Bodansky
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ayenachew A Desta
- Department of Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Christopher J Campisano
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel Dalmas
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Connor Elliott
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Metasebia Endalamaw
- Paleoanthropology and Paleoenvironment Program, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Heritage Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nicholas J Ford
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Frederick Foster
- Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Tomas Getachew
- Ethiopian Heritage Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Laboratoire Paléontologie Évolution Paléoécosystèmes Paléoprimatologie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yibai Li Haney
- Chemistry Department, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - Brittney H Ingram
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jonayah Jackson
- Chemistry Department, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - Curtis W Marean
- Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- African Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Sissi Mattox
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Karla de la Cruz Medina
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gebretsadkan Mulubrhan
- Paleoanthropology and Paleoenvironment Program, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Keri Porter
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Alexis Roberts
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Perla Santillan
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Alaric Sollenberger
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Julia Sponholtz
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Valdes
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lani Wyman
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Meklit Yadeta
- Paleoanthropology and Paleoenvironment Program, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sierra Yanny
- National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates Program, Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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Abolnik C. Spillover of an endemic avian Influenza H6N2 chicken lineage to ostriches and reassortment with clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity viruses in chickens. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1233-1237. [PMID: 37966679 PMCID: PMC10998810 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Prior to 2017, chicken production in South Africa had only ever been affected by an endemic strain of H6N2 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI), but since 2017, an outbreak of Goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) introduced by wild birds, followed by clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAI (2021-present), affected the country. In the present study, the viruses from seven cases of H6N2 LPAI from commercial poultry between October 2019 and August 2020 were genome-sequenced along with an H5N2 HPAI virus, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. The H5N2 HPAI virus caused localized outbreaks in a small-scale chicken farm and a large commercial layer farm in the KwaZulu-Natal province between late October and early December 2022. The phylogenetic results confirmed the first incidence of the chicken-adapted H6N2 lineage in commercial ostriches in the Western Cape province, with a likely epidemiological origin in chickens from the KwaZulu Natal province. The results also showed that the H5N2 HPAI virus was a novel reassortant of PB2, PB1, PA, NP and NA genome segments derived from a parental H6N2 virus that circulated in region, whereas the HA, M and NS genome segments were derived from sub-genotype SA10 H5N1 HPAI parental virus that had circulated in the local wild bird reservoir since July 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
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3
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Corrêa LBNS, Dos Santos CM, Abidu-Figueiredo M, De Brito-Gitirana L, Chagas MA. Histochemical analysis, smooth muscle immunolocalization and volumetric density of the elastic system fibres of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) phallus. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e12997. [PMID: 37971195 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
There are few scientific reports on the histology of the phallus of ratite birds. The aim of this study was to conduct a histochemical analysis to determine the distribution of smooth muscle cells and the volumetric density (Vv) of the fibres of the elastic system in the ostrich phallus. Adult ostriches, 14 months old, were used. The phalluses were fixed in Bouin's solution and then transferred to a buffered formalin solution. They were then processed using standard histological stains for paraffin and slices were obtained. The following techniques were performed: HE, Picrosirius red, Alcian Blue at pH 1.0 and 2.5. The Periodic acid-Schiff reagent and Weigert's Resorcin-Fuchsin with previous oxidation were performed. The M42 test system was used to quantify the elastic system fibres. For immunohistochemical analysis, an anti alpha smooth muscle actin monoclonal antibody was used. The surface of the phallus is covered by a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, which becomes stratified cylindrical in the region of the spermatic sulcus. No glands associated with the connective tissue were observed. The Vv of the elastic system fibres was 4.75%. Smooth muscle cells were visualized only in the walls of blood vessels through immunostaining, with an absence in the lymphatic sinuses. Despite similarities with other birds, such as the presence of a fibrous external axis, a lymphatic core, and a spermatic groove, the ostrich phallus shows marked differences, including the absence of an elastic core, a non-keratinized lining epithelium, and the absence of glands throughout its extension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clarice Machado Dos Santos
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo
- Departamento de Anatomia Animal e Humana, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lycia De Brito-Gitirana
- Laboratório de Histologia Integrativa, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Alves Chagas
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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4
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Plateau O, Green TL, Gignac PM, Foth C. Comparative digital reconstruction of Pica pica and Struthio camelus and their cranial suture ontogenies. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:5-48. [PMID: 37338258 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
To date, several studies describe post-hatching ontogenetic variation in birds; however, none of these studies document and compare ontogenetic variation of the entire skull in multiple avian species. Therefore, we studied ontogenetic skull variation of two bird species with very different ecologies, Pica pica, and Struthio camelus, using μCT based 3D reconstructions. For each specimen, we performed bone-by-bone segmentation in order to visualize and describe the morphological variation of each bone during ontogeny and estimated the average sutural closure of the skulls to identify different ontogenetic stages. Although bone fusion of P. pica occurs more rapidly than that of S. camelus the general sequence of bone fusion follows a similar trend from posterior to anterior, but a more detailed analysis reveals some interspecific variation in the fusion patterns. Although growth persists over a longer period in S. camelus than in P. pica and adults of the former species are significantly larger, the skull of the most mature S. camelus is still less fused than that of P. pica. Different growth and fusion patterns of the two species indicate that the interspecific ontogenetic variation could be related to heterochronic developments. Nevertheless, this hypothesis needs to be tested in a broader phylogenetic framework in order to detect the evolutionary direction of the potential heterochronic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Plateau
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Todd L Green
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Paul M Gignac
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Christian Foth
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Liu J, Guan W, Sun Z, Ni Y, He L, Tian F, Cai L. Application of Cyclocarya paliurus-Kiwifruit Composite Fermented to Enhance Antioxidant Capacity, Flavor, and Sensory Characteristics of Kiwi Wine. Molecules 2023; 29:32. [PMID: 38202614 PMCID: PMC10780096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A new fermentation method for kiwi wine was explored by developing the well-known medicinal and edible plant Cyclocarya paliurus (C. paliurus) to create more value with undersized kiwifruits. In this study, the changes in bioactive substances during the C. paliurus-kiwi winemaking process were analyzed on the basis of response surface optimization results, and the antioxidant capacity, aromatic compounds, and sensory quality of the C. paliurus-kiwi composite wine with kiwi wine and two commercial kiwi wines were compared. The results showed that DPPH radical, OH- radical, and ABTS+ scavenging rates remained at over 60.0%, 90.0%, and 70.0% in C. paliurus-kiwi wine, respectively. The total flavonoid content (TFC) and total polyphenol content (TPC) of C. paliurus-kiwi wine were significantly higher than those of the other three kiwi wines. C. paliurus-kiwi wine received the highest score and detected 43 volatile compounds. Ethyl hexanoate, which showed stronger fruity and sweet aromas, was one of the main aroma components of C. paliurus-kiwi wine and different from commercial wines. This wine has a good flavor with a natural and quality feeling of C. paliurus-kiwifruit extract, low-cost processing, and great market potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; (J.L.); (Y.N.); (L.H.)
| | - Weiliang Guan
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315000, China; (W.G.); (Z.S.)
- Ningbo Innovation Center, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhidong Sun
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315000, China; (W.G.); (Z.S.)
| | - Yunfan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; (J.L.); (Y.N.); (L.H.)
| | - Long He
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; (J.L.); (Y.N.); (L.H.)
| | - Fang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316000, China; (J.L.); (Y.N.); (L.H.)
| | - Luyun Cai
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315000, China; (W.G.); (Z.S.)
- Ningbo Innovation Center, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
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Urban CA, Legendre LJ, Clarke JA. Description of natal down of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) and comparison with common quail (Coturnix coturnix): Developmental and evolutionary implications. J Anat 2023; 243:1007-1023. [PMID: 37515428 PMCID: PMC10641043 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Natal down is a feather stage that differs in both form and function from the definitive feathers of adult birds. It has a simpler structure that has been speculated to be similar to the body coverings of non-avian dinosaurs. However, inference of the evolution of natal down has been limited by our understanding of its structural variation in extant birds. Most descriptive work has focused on neognathous birds, limiting our knowledge of the full diversity of feathers in extant taxa. Here, we describe the natal down of a post-hatch ostrich (Struthio camelus) and compare it to that of a post-hatch quail (Coturnix coturnix). We confirm the presence of featherless spaces (apteria) in S. camelus and the lack of barbules on the tips of natal down in both species. We also find differences between dorsal and ventral natal down structures, such as barbule density in S. camelus and the extent of the bare portion of the barb in both species. Surprisingly, we do not find that the neoptiles of either species follow the ideal morphologies for increasing insulation. Finally, we hypothesize that the different barb types present in S. camelus natal down result from a large addition of new barb ridges during development, which is not known except in feathers with a rachis. These results have implications for our understanding of how structure informs function and development in understudied feather types, such as those shared by non-avian dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A Urban
- Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Lucas J Legendre
- Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Julia A Clarke
- Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Manap K, Serikkyzy M. Production of ostrich meat pâtés: Design of a food safety management system. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2023; 29:847-856. [PMID: 36083150 DOI: 10.1177/10820132221124195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in ostrich breeding, and the commercial breeding of these birds has attracted the attention of new breeders, and it has become a great alternative to agricultural production. The study on the production of pâtés was conducted in 2019 in Almaty (Kazakhstan). During the formation of two new formulations of pâtés, the following safety system parameters were taken into account: microflora development; oxidation number (intensity of oxidation products accumulation). The aim of the study is to obtain the optimal characteristics of ostrich meat preservation in the production of pâtés. As a result of the study, it was found that ostrich meat samples have high nutritional value. Meat is characterized by a high content of protein, low content of fat, and carbohydrates are almost absent. Also, it was found that concentration of arachidonic acid in ostrich meat was 3 times higher as compared to beef (p ≤ 0.05). Therefore, the introduction of inulin and carrageenan polysaccharides into the recipe of ostrich pâtés allows one to significantly improve their shelf life and based on the developed recipe it is possible to start the production of pâtés.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalima Manap
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Mira Serikkyzy
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Brand Z, Cloete SWP, Brown C. Effect of storage periods and conditions on embryonic mortalities and hatchability of artificially incubated ostrich eggs. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:535-543. [PMID: 37466393 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2237931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
1. Despite substantial research, the hatching failure of ostrich eggs remains a key concern for many commercial breeding farms.2. This source of reproductive failure needs to be addressed for ostrich farming to become more profitable.3. Information from 2212 eggs were obtained from the ostrich resource flock at the Oudtshoorn Research Farm (2013-2014). Egg data were divided on a daily basis into two groups: Group 1 included eggs stored from 1 to 13 d in cold storage (CS) at a controlled temperature of 17°C and a relative humidity (RH) of 90%. Group 2 was stored for the same time interval as Group 1, but in a cool room (CR) at ambient temperature to simulate the uncontrolled storage conditions prevalent on most breeding farms.4. Overall embryonic mortalities (OEM) were significantly higher for eggs stored for 1 d (0.38 ± 0.04) and for 8 d or more (between 0.31 ± 0.04 and 0.43 ± 0.04) compared to eggs stored for between 2 and 7 d (between 0.20 ± 0.03 and 0.26 ± 0.04).5. The moisture loss during storage (ML) for eggs stored for 13 d in CS during spring was on average slightly higher (1.28%) than that during summer (0.95%). In contrast, the ML of eggs stored in the CR for 13 d was significantly higher, at 1.59% in spring and 2.08% in summer.6. A general reduction in chick weight occurred for all the seasons (winter, spring and summer) as the number of storage days increased. Ostrich eggs should be stored for between 2 and 8 d under controlled storage conditions for improved hatchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Brand
- Animal Sciences, Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Oudtshoorn, South Africa
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
| | - S W P Cloete
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
- Animal Sciences, Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Elsenburg, South Africa
| | - C Brown
- Institute of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
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9
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Lima HC, Alves ACT, Mendes MRC, Moresco A, Rahal SC. Partial Amputation of a Nonreducing Prolapsed Phallus in an Ostrich ( Struthio camelus). J Avian Med Surg 2023; 37:188-192. [PMID: 37733458 DOI: 10.1647/20-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
A 19-year-old male ostrich (Struthio camelus) was referred to a veterinary teaching hospital (São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil) due to a 6-month history of recurrent prolapse of the phallus. On physical examination, 2 ulcerative wounds were present on the phallus, as well as caseous plaques and myiasis. Conservative treatment resulted in improvement but prolapse of the phallus remained. Thus, a decision was made to perform a partial phallectomy. The surgery was successful and no postoperative complications occurred. When the ostrich was reexamined 6 months postsurgery, the ostrich was alert, in good health, and the surgical site completely healed. The owner verbally reported no recurrence of the phallus prolapse 1 year after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloísa C Lima
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Rubião Júnior s/n, 18618970, Brazil,
| | - Arthur C T Alves
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Rubião Júnior s/n, 18618970, Brazil
| | - Madalena R C Mendes
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Rubião Júnior s/n, 18618970, Brazil
| | - Anneke Moresco
- Reproductive Health Surveillance Program, Morrison, CO, USA
| | - Sheila C Rahal
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Rubião Júnior s/n, 18618970, Brazil
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10
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Kassem MAM, Tahon RR, Khalil KM, El-Ayat MA. Morphometric studies on the appendicular bony skeleton of the ostriches (Struthio Camelus). BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:109. [PMID: 37542302 PMCID: PMC10401756 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphometric study of the bony elements of the appendicular skeleton in the ostrich was fully described and identified. The appendicular skeleton included the bones of the pectoral girdle, the wing, the pelvic girdle and the pelvic limb. RESULTS The shoulder girdle of the ostrich included the scapula and coracoid bones. The scapula appeared as a flattened spoon-like structure. The coracoid bone appeared quadrilateral in outline. The mean length of the scapula and coracoid (sternal wing) were 15.00 ± 0.23 and 10.00 ± 0.17 cm, respectively. The wing included the humerus, ulna, radius, radial carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, carpometacarpus and phalanges of three digits. The mean length of the humerus, radius, and ulna were 33.00 ± 0.46, 10.50 ± 0.40 and 11.50 ± 0.29 cm respectively. The carpometacarpus was formed by the fusion of the distal row of carpal bones and three metacarpal bones. Digits of the wing were three in number; the alular, major and minor digits. Os coxae comprised the ilium, ischium and pubis. Their mean lengths were 36.00 ± 0.82 cm, 32.00 ± 0.20 and 55.00 ± 0.2.9 cm, respectively. The femur was a stout short bone, that appeared shorter than the tibiotarsus. The mean length of the femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus were 30.00 ± 0.23, 52.00 ± 0.50 and 46.00 ± 0.28 cm. Tibiotarsus was the longest bone in the pelvic limb. The fibula was a long bone (44.00 ± 0.41 cm) lying along the lateral surface of the tibiotarsus. The tarsometatarsus was a strong long bone formed by the fusion of the metatarsal (II, III, IV) and the distal row of tarsal bones. It was worth mentioning that metatarsal II was externally absent in adults. CONCLUSIONS In the appendicular skeleton of ostrich, there were special characteristic features that were detected in our study; the clavicle was absent, the coracoid bone was composed of a sternal wing and scapular wing, the ulna was slightly longer in length than the radius. The coupled patellae i.e., the proximal and distal patella were observed; and the ostrich pedal digits were only two; viz., the third (III) and fourth (IV) digits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menna Allah M Kassem
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reem R Tahon
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Karim M Khalil
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Medhat A El-Ayat
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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11
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Qutieshat A, Mason AG, Chadwick RG. Evaluation of Struthio camelus eggshell as an in vitro alternative to extracted human teeth in preliminary screening studies on dental erosion. Clin Exp Dent Res 2023; 9:630-640. [PMID: 37106488 PMCID: PMC10441603 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro work investigates the potential of ostrich eggshell as a substitute for extracted human teeth in preliminary screening studies on dental erosion. Additionally, it aims to demonstrate the potential of ostrich eggshell compared to human enamel in evaluating the efficacy of a preventive agent in protecting against dental erosion, using an artificial mouth model. METHODS The experiment utilized 96 erosion testing specimens from each substrate, human enamel, and ostrich eggshell. The specimens were subjected to six different experimental regimens of increasing erosive challenge, simulating the consumption of an acidic drink. The acidic drink was delivered at a consistent volume and duration range. Both artificially stimulated and unstimulated saliva flowed throughout the experimental regimens. Surface hardness was measured using a Through-Indenter Viewing hardness tester with a Vickers diamond, while surface profiling was done using a surface contacting profilometer with a diamond stylus. An automated chemistry analyzer system was used to detect calcium and phosphate ions. RESULTS The study found that ostrich eggshell specimens demonstrated predictable surface loss, hardness drop, and ion loss due to the acidic challenge. Meanwhile, enamel appeared to fall short in terms of surface hardness predictability. The transient hardness loss phase, which manifests as an overlooked decrease in surface hardness despite significant ion and structural loss, may explain this phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS The experiment showed that assessing surface loss is essential in addition to hardness testing, particularly as certain experimental conditions may produce a false perception of tissue recovery despite the actual surface loss. By analyzing the response of ostrich eggshell specimens to erosive challenges, researchers were able to identify an "overlooked" reduction in hardness in enamel specimens. The differences in the structure, chemical composition, and biological response to erosion in the presence of artificial saliva between enamel and ostrich eggshell could explain their distinct behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubaker Qutieshat
- Department of Adult Restorative DentistryOman Dental CollegeMuscatSultanate of Oman
- Department of Restorative DentistryDundee Dental Hospital & SchoolDundeeUK
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12
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Makanya AN, Jimoh SA, Maina JN. Methods of In Ovo and Ex Ovo Ostrich Embryo Culture with Observations on the Development and Maturation of the Chorioallantoic Membrane. Microsc Microanal 2023; 29:1523-1530. [PMID: 37488818 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Culture of shell-free and windowed eggs for drug testing and other experiments has been perfected for smaller eggs such as those of chickens, where the developing blood vessels of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) become accessible for manipulative studies. However, due to the thickness and hardness of the ostrich egg shell, such techniques are not applicable. Using a tork craft mini rotary and a drill bit, we established windowed egg, in-shell-membrane windowed egg, and in-shell-membrane shell-free methods in the ostrich egg, depending on whether the shell membranes were retained or not. Concomitant study of the developing CAM revealed that at embryonic day 16 (E16), the three layers of the CAM were clearly delineated and at E25, the chorionic capillaries had fused with the epithelium while the CAM at E37 had reached maturity and the chorion and the allantois were both 3-4 times thicker and villous cavity (VC) and capillary-covering cells were well delineated. Both intussusceptive and sprouting angiogenesis were found to be the predominant modes of vascular growth in the ostrich CAM. Development and maturation of the ostrich CAM are similar to those of the well-studied chicken egg, albeit its incubation time being twice in duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Makanya
- Department of Vet Anatomy & Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, Chiromo Campus, Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sikiru A Jimoh
- Department of Human Biology, Walter Sisulu University, Nelson Mandela Drive, Private Bag X1, UNITRA 5117, Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - John N Maina
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
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13
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Zafalon-Silva B, Costa PM, Schmidt VRQ, C Beck CA, Alievi MM. Subtotal Cervical Esophagectomy and Anastomosis in an Ostrich ( Struthio camelus domesticus). J Avian Med Surg 2023; 36:421-425. [PMID: 36935215 DOI: 10.1647/21-00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
An adult, female, captive ostrich (Struthio camelus domesticus) was referred to a veterinary teaching hospital for a 2-week history of lethargy and a mass effect in the proximal cervical region. Physical examination revealed a fistula in the middle cervical esophagus surrounded by devitalized and necrotic tissue; feed material was found leaking from the site. Cervical radiography identified an esophageal stricture with anterior dilation due to the accumulation of feed. After receiving supportive care for 48 hours, the patient's overall status improved, allowing partial esophagectomy and resection of the affected tissues with end-to-end anastomosis. Postoperative management included fasting for 24 hours, followed by the administration of a liquid hand-rearing formula prepared with commercially available ostrich feed and administered via a feeding tube for 15 days. Proper healing of the surgical site was confirmed by esophagoscopy using a flexible endoscope 17 days after surgery. The ostrich was discharged after 27 days, with no complications recorded within the 180 days of the follow-up period. Partial cervical esophagectomy with end-to-end anastomosis along with pre- and postoperative management provided a successful outcome for the treatment of a fistulated esophageal stricture in a captive ostrich, resulting in full recovery without surgical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Zafalon-Silva
- Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,
| | - Priscila Medina Costa
- Faculdade Murialdo, Rua Marquês do Herval, 701, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Afonso C Beck
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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14
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Fehrsen J, Wemmer S, van Wyngaardt W. Construction of Chicken and Ostrich Antibody Libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2702:77-92. [PMID: 37679616 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3381-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant antibody libraries based on chicken immunoglobulin genes are potentially valuable sources of phage-displayed scFvs for use in veterinary diagnostics and research. To add diversity to the scFv repertoire, we expanded the library to include genes from the ostrich, indigenous to southern Africa. The libraries described in this chapter are based on the chicken and ostrich variable heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes joined by a short flexible linker cloned in the phagemid vector pHEN1. The resulting phagemids produce either scFvs displayed on the surface of the fusion phage subsequent to co-infection with helper phage or soluble scFvs following IPTG induction. This chapter provides detailed and proven methods for the construction of such libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanni Fehrsen
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Susan Wemmer
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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Westbury MV, De Cahsan B, Shepherd LD, Holdaway RN, Duchene DA, Lorenzen ED. Genomic insights into the evolutionary relationships and demographic history of kiwi. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266430. [PMID: 36215252 PMCID: PMC9550048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Kiwi are a unique and emblematic group of birds endemic to New Zealand. Deep-time evolutionary relationships among the five extant kiwi species have been difficult to resolve, in part due to the absence of pre-Quaternary fossils to inform speciation events. Here, we utilise single representative nuclear genomes of all five extant kiwi species (great spotted kiwi, little spotted kiwi, Okarito brown kiwi, North Island brown kiwi, and southern brown kiwi) and investigate their evolutionary histories with phylogenomic, genetic diversity, and deep-time (past million years) demographic analyses. We uncover relatively low levels of gene-tree phylogenetic discordance across the genomes, suggesting clear distinction between species. However, we also find indications of post-divergence gene flow, concordant with recent reports of interspecific hybrids. The four species for which unbiased levels of genetic diversity could be calculated, due to the availability of reference assemblies (all species except the southern brown kiwi), show relatively low levels of genetic diversity, which we suggest reflects a combination of older environmental as well as more recent anthropogenic influence. In addition, we suggest hypotheses regarding the impact of known past environmental events, such as volcanic eruptions and glacial periods, on the similarities and differences observed in the demographic histories of the five kiwi species over the past million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Westbury
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (MVW); (EDL)
| | - Binia De Cahsan
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lara D. Shepherd
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Richard N. Holdaway
- Palaecol Research Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Eline D. Lorenzen
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (MVW); (EDL)
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16
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Melgar J, Schou MF, Bonato M, Brand Z, Engelbrecht A, Cloete SWP, Cornwallis CK. Experimental evidence that group size generates divergent benefits of cooperative breeding for male and female ostriches. eLife 2022; 11:e77170. [PMID: 36193678 PMCID: PMC9531942 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperative breeding allows the costs of parental care to be shared, but as groups become larger, such benefits often decline as competition increases and group cohesion breaks down. The counteracting forces of cooperation and competition are predicted to select for an optimal group size, but variation in groups is ubiquitous across cooperative breeding animals. Here, we experimentally test if group sizes vary because of sex differences in the costs and benefits of cooperative breeding in captive ostriches, Struthio camelus, and compare this to the distribution of group sizes in the wild. We established 96 groups with different numbers of males (1 or 3) and females (1, 3, 4, or 6) and manipulated opportunities for cooperation over incubation. There was a clear optimal group size for males (one male with four or more females) that was explained by high costs of competition and negligible benefits of cooperation. Conversely, female reproductive success was maximised across a range of group sizes due to the benefits of cooperation with male and female group members. Reproductive success in intermediate sized groups was low for both males and females due to sexual conflict over the timing of mating and incubation. Our experiments show that sex differences in cooperation and competition can explain group size variation in cooperative breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mads F Schou
- Department of Biology, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Maud Bonato
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of StellenboschStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Zanell Brand
- Directorate Animal Sciences, Western Cape Department of AgricultureElsenburgSouth Africa
| | - Anel Engelbrecht
- Directorate Animal Sciences, Western Cape Department of AgricultureElsenburgSouth Africa
| | - Schalk WP Cloete
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of StellenboschStellenboschSouth Africa
- Directorate Animal Sciences, Western Cape Department of AgricultureElsenburgSouth Africa
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17
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Raeeszadeh M, Gravandi H, Akbari A. Determination of some heavy metals levels in the meat of animal species (sheep, beef, turkey, and ostrich) and carcinogenic health risk assessment in Kurdistan province in the west of Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:62248-62258. [PMID: 35277826 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals accumulation in food products as a result of industrialization is one of the main potential threats to public health. This study was aimed to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals in the meat of some prevalent farm animal species including sheep, beef, turkeys, and ostriches in Sanandaj (one of the strategic cities in Kurdistan province, Iran). In this study, the contents of some heavy metals (selenium, lead, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt, zinc, nickel, copper, and chromium) were assessed in 170 meat samples collected from meat distribution centers in Sanandaj, Kurdistan province. The ICP-MS method was used to assess the levels of these elements in the meat of beef, sheep, turkey, and ostrich as the main consumed meats in this region. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and one-sample t-test, and the correlation coefficient of the concentrations of metals was also calculated. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the average contents of selenium, nickel, cobalt, and chromium among various meats (P > 0.05). However, the amounts of lead, cadmium, arsenic, zinc, copper, chromium, and nickel were meaningfully different to maximum permissible limits (MPL) (P < 0.05). In addition, a significant negative correlation was found between arsenic and selenium in meats. Except for cobalt, the concentrations of other metals were higher than MPL in the evaluated meats. Despite the target hazard quotient (THQ) for cadmium in sheep and beef meats being higher than their MPL (> 1), its target risk of cancer (TR) was acceptable. It can be concluded that monitoring and elimination of heavy metals pollution are essential because of their high accumulation in the meat of main farm animal species in Sanandaj, Kurdistan province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Raeeszadeh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Hamed Gravandi
- Graduate of Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbari
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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18
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Hatton A, Collins B, Schoville BJ, Wilkins J. Ostrich eggshell beads from Ga-Mohana Hill North Rockshelter, southern Kalahari, and the implications for understanding social networks during Marine Isotope Stage 2. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268943. [PMID: 35648787 PMCID: PMC9159631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostrich eggshell (OES) beads from southern African archaeological contexts shed light on past traditions of personal ornamentation, and they are also argued to provide a proxy for understanding past social networks. However, OES beads are often understudied and not reported on in detail. In particular, there has been little research on OES bead variation during Marine Isotope Stage 2 (29,000–12,000 years ago) which includes the Last Glacial Maximum when changing climatic conditions are hypothesized to have significant impact on forager social networks. Here, we present the first technological analysis of terminal Pleistocene OES beads and fragments in the Kalahari from the ~15 ka levels at Ga-Mohana Hill North Rockshelter. We contextualise these findings through comparison with coeval OES bead assemblages across southern Africa during MIS 2. Results indicate that OES beads were manufactured at Ga-Mohana Hill North during the terminal Pleistocene occupation, based on the presence of most stages of bead manufacture. The review shows that OES beads were present across southern Africa through MIS 2, suggesting that culturing of the body was an embodied and persistent practice during that time. While the importance of OES beads as decorative objects was shared by populations across southern Africa, variation in bead diameters indicate that there was stylistic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hatton
- Extreme Events Research Group, Max Planck Institutes for Science of Human History, Chemical Ecology and Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Human Evolution Research Institute, Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin Collins
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Human Evolution Research Institute, Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Benjamin J. Schoville
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Human Evolution Research Institute, Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, South Africa
- School of Social Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jayne Wilkins
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Human Evolution Research Institute, Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, South Africa
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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19
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Gerber K, Hayes B, Bloomer MJ, Perich C, Lock K, Slee JA, Lee DCY, Yates DP. The ostrich approach - Prognostic avoidance, strategies and barriers to assessing older hospital patients' risk of dying. Geriatr Nurs 2022; 46:105-111. [PMID: 35659649 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicting older patients' life expectancy is an important yet challenging task. Hospital aged care assessment teams advise treating teams on older patients' type and place of care, directly affecting quality of care. Yet, little is known about their experiences with prognostication. METHODS Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven geriatricians/ registrars, ten nurses and three allied health staff from aged care assessment teams across two hospitals in Melbourne, Australia. Data were analysed thematically. RESULTS To generate prognoses, clinicians used analytical thinking, intuition, assessments from others, and pattern matching. Prognostic tools were an underutilised resource. Barriers to recognition of dying included: diffusion of responsibility regarding whose role it is to identify patients at end-of-life; lack of feedback about whether a prognosis was correct; system pressures to pursue active treatment and vacate beds; avoidance of end-of-life discussions; lack of confidence, knowledge and training in prognostication and pandemic-related challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Gerber
- Melbourne Ageing Research Collaboration, National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville VIC, 3052 Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, 3010 Australia.
| | - Barbara Hayes
- Cancer Services, Northern Health, Bundoora VIC, 3083 Australia; Northern Clinical School, University of Melbourne, Bundoora VIC, 3083 Australia
| | - Melissa J Bloomer
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia; Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220 Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Griffith, QLD, 4222 Australia; Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102 Australia
| | - Carol Perich
- Ageing, Cancer and Continuing Care Division, Western Health, Williamstown VIC, 3016 Australia
| | - Kayla Lock
- Melbourne Ageing Research Collaboration, National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville VIC, 3052 Australia
| | - Jo-Anne Slee
- Quality, Improvement and Patient Experience, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville VIC, 3052 Australia
| | - Dr Cik Yin Lee
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University; Parkville VIC, 3052 Australia; Department of Nursing, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, 3052 Australia
| | - Dr Paul Yates
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg VIC, 3084 Australia
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Turabian
- Health Center Santa Maria de Benquerencia, Regional Health Service of Castilla la Mancha (SESCAM), Toledo, Spain
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21
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Abstract
Humans evolved in a patchwork of semi-connected populations across Africa1,2; understanding when and how these groups connected is critical to interpreting our present-day biological and cultural diversity. Genetic analyses reveal that eastern and southern African lineages diverged sometime in the Pleistocene epoch, approximately 350-70 thousand years ago (ka)3,4; however, little is known about the exact timing of these interactions, the cultural context of these exchanges or the mechanisms that drove their separation. Here we compare ostrich eggshell bead variations between eastern and southern Africa to explore population dynamics over the past 50,000 years. We found that ostrich eggshell bead technology probably originated in eastern Africa and spread southward approximately 50-33 ka via a regional network. This connection breaks down approximately 33 ka, with populations remaining isolated until herders entered southern Africa after 2 ka. The timing of this disconnection broadly corresponds with the southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which caused periodic flooding of the Zambezi River catchment (an area that connects eastern and southern Africa). This suggests that climate exerted some influence in shaping human social contact. Our study implies a later regional divergence than predicted by genetic analyses, identifies an approximately 3,000-kilometre stylistic connection and offers important new insights into the social dimension of ancient interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Miller
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Yiming V Wang
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
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Horbańczuk OK, Jóźwik A, Wyrwisz J, Marchewka J, Atanasov AG, Wierzbicka A. The Activity of Chosen Antioxidant Enzymes in Ostrich Meat in Relation to the Type of Packaging and Storage Time in Refrigeration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091338. [PMID: 34572551 PMCID: PMC8466384 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity in ostrich meat, as influenced by various packaging systems and storage time under refrigeration. Three packaging methods were used: vacuum packaging (VP) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) in two combinations of gases, MAP1 (40% O2/40% CO2/20% N2) and MAP2 (60% O2/30% CO2/10% N2). Meat samples were taken from the M. ilifibularis (IF) muscles of eight ostriches in each treatment group. The meat samples were stored in a refrigerator in 2 °C and analyzed at days 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16. The lowest level of SOD activity during storage was observed in ostrich muscles packed in vacuum, as compared to MAP1 and MAP2. In turn, the highest increase in GPx activity was recorded in VP, especially up to day 8 of storage, when this parameter reached maximum value (54.37). GR increased up to the eighth day of storage in MAP1 and VP. Between the 12th and 16th days of storage, stabilization of the GR activity level was observed only in VP, while under MAP1, it further decreased. DPPH remained relatively stable until the eighth day of storage and after this period, a decrease in this parameter was recorded, reaching the lowest value on day 12 for all types of packaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf K. Horbańczuk
- Department of Technique and Food Product Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.W.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Artur Jóźwik
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (A.J.); (J.M.); (A.G.A.)
| | - Jarosław Wyrwisz
- Department of Technique and Food Product Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Joanna Marchewka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (A.J.); (J.M.); (A.G.A.)
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (A.J.); (J.M.); (A.G.A.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnieszka Wierzbicka
- Department of Technique and Food Product Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.W.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (A.J.); (J.M.); (A.G.A.)
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Zhang X, Xiao K, Qiu W, Wang J, Li P, Peng K. The Immune Regulatory Effect of Boron on Ostrich Chick Splenic Lymphocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2695-2706. [PMID: 32984939 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Boron is a trace element which plays important roles in immune response. The relationship between boron and splenic lymphocyte proliferation, apoptosis, secretion of cytokines, and genes potentially related to immune response in ostrich chicks were investigated in the present study. Different concentrations of boron (0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mmol/L) were applied to splenic lymphocytes of African ostrich, respectively. The effect of boron on lymphocyte proliferation was checked by the CCK-8 method. Flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of boron on apoptosis. The secretion levels of IL-6 and IFN-α were determined by ELISA. Splenic lymphocyte gene expression profiles of ostrich chicks treated with boron (0, 0.1, 100 mmol/L) were studied using RNA-seq technology. The results showed that cell proliferation increased with 0.01-10 mmol/L boron, when it was 25-100 mmol/L, the cell proliferation gradually decreased as the boron concentration increased. Apoptosis ratio in ostrich splenic lymphocytes was closely related to boron concentrations. 0.01- and 0.1-mmol/L boron inhibited apoptosis in splenic lymphocytes, whereas 1, 10, 50, and 100-mmol/L boron promoted apoptosis. As the concentration of boron increased, the secretion of IL-6 gradually decreased; IFN-α was initially increased and then decreased with boron concentrations increased, reaching the maximum level with 1 mmol/L boron. In terms of the RNA-Seq data, there was no differentially expressed gene between the 0- and 0.1-mmol/L boron-treated samples; 21 differentially expressed genes were found between the 0- and 100-mmol/L boron-treated samples; 43 differentially expressed genes were found between the 0.1- and 100-mmol/L boron-treated samples. Functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes by Gene Ontology verified multiple functions associated with immune response. Pathway analysis showed that systemic lupus erythematosus, alcoholism, viral carcinogenesis, and necroptosis pathway were the major enriched pathways, and BIRC2-3, FTH1, and IL-1β genes showed differential expression in necroptosis pathway. These results demonstrated that low concentrations (0.01-0.1 mmol/L) of boron may promote the proliferation and the secretion of cytokines, inhibit cell apoptosis of ostrich splenic lymphocytes by enhancing the function of the cell membrane and the activity of intracellular catalytic enzymes, whereas high-concentration (25-100 mmol/L) boron had opposite effects on cells. The necroptosis pathway might play a pivotal role in regulating the immune response of boron-treated splenic lymphocytes in ostrich chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434103, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Weiwei Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiaxiang Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434103, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434103, China
| | - Kemei Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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El-Wahab AA, Schuchmann FF, Chuppava B, Visscher C, Pfarrer C, Kamphues J. Studies on the weight of the gastrointestinal tract, digesta composition and occurrence of gastro- and enteroliths in adult domesticated ostriches fed different diets. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101359. [PMID: 34340123 PMCID: PMC8342792 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Comminuting the ingested material in the stomach and fermentation in the large intestine of ostriches, allows an efficient utilization of fiber-rich feedstuffs. The entire gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of 61 adult ostriches (both sexes; av. age of 15 mo), which had previously been fed a ration consisting of either haylage and pelleted compound feed (HP) or haylage, corn silage and pelleted compound feed (HCP), was the subject of the present investigations. The weight of the different compartments of the GIT was measured. The digesta was differentiated into inorganic and organic substances. Wet sieving was used to separate the collected stones (>19 mm), small stones (1 mm), and sand (<1 mm). Ostriches fed the HCP diet had a significantly higher empty gizzard weight (3,435 g) compared to those fed the HP diet (3,064 g). Additionally, the weight of the empty cecum (left and right parts) was increased (P < 0.05) for ostriches fed the HCP diet (107 and 122 g, respectively) in comparison to those fed the HP diet (93.4 and 108 g, respectively). The weight of pure digesta in the gizzard and left or right cecum for ostriches fed the HP diet was higher (1,640, 448, and 471 g, respectively) compared to those fed the HCP diet (P < 0.05). The contents of crude ash and HCl-insoluble ash in the digesta of all the GIT compartments were higher for ostriches fed the HP diet in comparison to those fed the HCP diet (P < 0.05). Independent of the type of the offered diet, the large stones occurred only in the proventriculus and gizzard (2.71 and 4.76%, respectively), while sand dominated in the distal colon (30.3%). The high proportion of stones in the gizzard form the "mechanical equipment" which enables the animals to grind basic feed such as corn silage or haylage, and these are almost completely excreted as sand. Continuous stone replacement for ostriches is necessary but the amount mostly depends on the type of feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Abd El-Wahab
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt; Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frederick Fimmo Schuchmann
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Christiane Pfarrer
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Josef Kamphues
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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Horbańczuk OK, Jóźwik A, Wyrwisz J, Marchewka J, Wierzbicka A. Physical Characteristics and Microbial Quality of Ostrich Meat in Relation to the Type of Packaging and Refrigerator Storage Time. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113445. [PMID: 34204052 PMCID: PMC8200984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the packaging system type on the physical characteristics and microbial changes in ostrich meat during refrigerated storage. The applied packaging systems were vacuum packaging (VP) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) using two combinations of gases: MAP1 (40% O2/40% CO2/20% N2) and MAP2 (60% O2/30% CO2/10% N2). Eight meat samples were obtained in three replicates for all parameters, except for pH, for which six replicates were obtained from the M. ilifibularis (IF) muscle, and were stored in a refrigerator at 2 °C and analyzed at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days for the effect of packaging methods on physical meat quality. The initial pH (5.99) decreased at the end of the storage time for MAP1 to 5.81, whereas VP was stable from day 0 to 12 and increased up to 6.08 on day 16. Regarding meat color, the L* value increased during storage for MAP1 and MAP2 from 36.99 to 40.75 and 41.60, respectively, whereas it declined for VP to 34.22. The same tendencies were reported for redness (a*) and yellowness (b*). Drip loss was the lowest in MAP1 and highest in VP. The lowest total viable bacteria counts were identified in VP, as compared to MAP1 and MAP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf K. Horbańczuk
- Department of Technique and Food Product Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.W.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Artur Jóźwik
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (A.J.); (J.M.)
| | - Jarosław Wyrwisz
- Department of Technique and Food Product Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.W.); (A.W.)
| | - Joanna Marchewka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (A.J.); (J.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Wierzbicka
- Department of Technique and Food Product Development, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.W.); (A.W.)
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (A.J.); (J.M.)
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26
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Zhu D, Ansari AR, Xiao K, Wang W, Wang L, Qiu W, Zheng X, Song H, Liu H, Zhong J, Peng K. Boron Supplementation Promotes Osteogenesis of Tibia by Regulating the Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Expression in African Ostrich Chicks. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1544-1555. [PMID: 32676937 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of supplemental boron on osteogenesis of tibia and to investigate the possible relationship between additional boron and the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in tibia of ostrich chicks. Therefore, forty-eight African ostrich chicks (15 days old) were supplemented with 0 mg/L, 40 mg/L, 80 mg/L, 160 mg/L, 320 mg/L, and 640 mg/L of boron in drinking water for 75 days. The paraffin sections of tibia used to measure histomorphometric parameters by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Masson's staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to assess the level of BMP-2, osteocalcin (BGP), glucocorticoids (GCs), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in serum. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) technique was performed to detect the cell apoptosis. The results indicated that low dose of supplemental boron (40 mg/L-160 mg/L) in drinking water promotes bone development by increasing the mature ossein. The expression of BMP2 on 45 days was higher than 90 days. Serum level of BMP-2, BGP, and GCs changed significantly in groups with low dosage of boron, and OPG/RANKL ratio was upregulated from 0 to 160 mg/L. Cell apoptosis was least in 40 mg/L and 160 mg/L groups. Taken together, low dose of boron supplemented in drinking water could promote osteogenesis and growth and development of tibia by regulating the expression and secretion of BMP-2 and providing a dynamically balanced environment for tibia growth, development, and reconstruction by regulating the concentrations of BGP, GCs, and OPG/RANKL ratio in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyun Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdur Rahman Ansari
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS) Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ke Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinting Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Huazhen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Juming Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kemei Peng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Najafi S, Ghasemi HA, Hajkhodadadi I, Khodaei-Motlagh M. Nutritional value of whole date waste and evaluating its application in ostrich diets. Animal 2021; 15:100165. [PMID: 33500216 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although date waste products have been used as an alternative feed source in the diets of poultry for a long time, there is no quantitative information available regarding date waste used in ostrich diets. Therefore, two experiments were performed to evaluate the feeding value of whole date waste (WDW) as a feed ingredient in ostrich diets. In the first experiment, apparent metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen balance (AMEn) of WDW was determined using 12 young ostriches (6 months old). The treatments included a reference diet and a test diet consisting of 60% of the reference diet and 40% of WDW. The AMEn of the WDW determined by total collection was 3216 kcal/kg. In the second study, four groups of eight growing ostriches (seven month old), with almost similar BW (60.4 ± 1.6 kg), were individually housed in outdoor paddocks of ≈24 m2 and were tested from 7 to 9 months of age. The groups were fed four isocaloric (2420 kcal of AMEn/kg) and isonitrogenous (16.4% CP) diets containing 0, 10, 20, and 30% WDW. The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences among treatments in average daily feed intake, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and apparent total tract digestibility coefficients of DM, organic matter, energy, ether extract, ash, nitrogen-free extract, calcium, and phosphorus. In contrast, birds fed 0, 10, and 20% WDW diets had similar CP digestibility and this was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than that of birds on 30% WDW diet. The least crude fibre digestibility (P = 0.003) was also observed in birds fed 30% WDW diet. Blood RBC count, lymphocyte percentage, glucose concentration, and glutathione peroxidase activity increased linearly (P < 0.01), whereas heterophil percentage and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio decreased linearly (P = 0.002), in response to dietary inclusion of WDW. It can be concluded that WDW can be incorporated into the diets of ostrich chicks at levels of up to 30% without compromising growth performance. These results also suggest that WDW could be used as a feed ingredient for growing ostriches to improve stress-related variables and antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Najafi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-8-8349 Arak, Iran
| | - H A Ghasemi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-8-8349 Arak, Iran..
| | - I Hajkhodadadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-8-8349 Arak, Iran
| | - M Khodaei-Motlagh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, 38156-8-8349 Arak, Iran
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28
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Rogy P, Sinclair ARE. Long-term surveys of age structure in 13 ungulate and one ostrich species in the Serengeti, 1926-2018. Sci Data 2020; 7:359. [PMID: 33087720 PMCID: PMC7577988 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Serengeti ecosystem spans an extensive network of protected areas in Tanzania, eastern Africa, and a UNESCO Wold Heritage Site. It is home to some of the largest animal migrations on the planet. Here, we describe a dataset consisting of the sample counts of three age classes (infant, juvenile and adult) of 13 ungulate and one ostrich species. Sample counts were tallied visually from the ground, or, in some instances, aerial photographs, during a period extending from 1926 to 2018. Observed animals were assigned to age classes based on specific criteria for each species. For nine of the 14 species of this dataset, the number of sampling years is over 30. This resulted in a total of 533 different records of count across age classes. By computing age-class ratios, these data can be used to measure long-term recruitment success at different ages of the tallied species. In particular, the temporal extent of these data allows comparison of patterns to other long-term processes, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Rogy
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Anthony R E Sinclair
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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29
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Zhou L, Yang F, Zhao M, Zhang M, Liu J, Marchioni E. Determination and comparison of phospholipid profiles in eggs from seven different species using UHPLC-ESI-Triple TOF-MS. Food Chem 2020; 339:127856. [PMID: 32866698 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Egg yolk phospholipids from seven different species were purified (purity > 96%) using SPE columns, and subsequently the phospholipid profiles were identified and quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-triple time-of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-Triple TOF-MS). Eight phospholipid classes and 87 molecular species were characterized. Principal component analysis showed that the molecular species and concentration of phospholipids in pigeon and hen egg yolks had a significant difference with other eggs. Hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the phospholipid profiles of pigeon egg yolks were closest to hen egg yolks, followed by quail, duck, ostrich, emu and goose egg yolks. Different relative quantities of certain molecular species were different among egg yolk types; for instance, phosphatidylcholine (16:0/16:1) in goose egg yolks and phosphatidylethanolamine (16:0/18:3) in ostrich egg yolks. This study provides a basis for a better understanding of the phospholipid profiles of egg yolks, and better evaluation of the nutritional value of eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Fu Yang
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Minjie Zhao
- Equipe de Chimie Analytique des Molécules Bioactives et Pharmacognoise, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (UMR 7178, CNRS/UDS), 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Minghao Zhang
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jikai Liu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Eric Marchioni
- Equipe de Chimie Analytique des Molécules Bioactives et Pharmacognoise, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (UMR 7178, CNRS/UDS), 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
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30
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Fasanmi OG, Okuneye OJ, Ahmed SSU, Shittu A, Fasina FO. Preventing zoonotic influenza H5N1 in human: Pictorial versus literal health communication methods. Vet Ital 2020; 56:87-102. [PMID: 33382232 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.1156.6369.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian influenza H5N1 in poultry occurred in Africa's poultry and 16 countries have reported human infections globally. Intensified human-animal interactions necessitate correct communication of health messages to reduce zoonotic infection. This work was done to determine differences between pictorial and literal health education communication. Cross-sectional survey using literal and pictorial questionnaires in LBMs and poultry farms was carried out among respondents based on matching criteria. Responses were scored and analysed with probability of independence using Chi square test and pairwise correlation. The degree of knowledge of clinical signs in birds, species affected, communication means and biosecurity were good, that of the post-mortem signs was poor with increasing potentials of human exposure to virus-rich visceral tissues from slaughtered sick birds. Marked differences exist for the various items listed within each knowledge field, the odds of having correct responses from pictorial were better than with literal respondents. Risky practices were still practised in the LBMs despite the good degree of knowledge of hygiene and biosecurity. Knowledge and implementation does not always correlate and pictorial representation out surpasses literal method in communicating potential zoonotic H5N1 influenza A infection to the undiscerning public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubunmi Gabriel Fasanmi
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South, Africa and Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Olumide John Okuneye
- Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | | | - Aminu Shittu
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University and Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
| | - Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa and Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases-Food and Agriculture Organisation, Gigiri Kenya..
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Abstract
In recent years, a robust body of scholarship has emerged that examines ethical challenges facing the learning health organization model. In "Bystander Ethics and Good Samaritanism," James Sabin and colleagues make a valuable addition to this scholarship, identifying and exploring the important question of what researchers' obligations are to patients receiving "usual care" if "that care is seen as suboptimal." The central issue that Sabin et al. faced was whether it would be acceptable for researchers to identify patients with untreated atrial fibrillation but then assign them to a control group that would not receive education about the importance of oral anticoagulation. The authors present this challenge as an issue of "bystander ethics." To avoid being "bystanders" to identified instances of suboptimal care, the research team decided to instead identify a "delayed intervention" group for which they would not determine the members' anticoagulation status, thereby preventing them from knowing that specific patients met the criteria for oral anticoagulants but were not using them. This "workaround" approach strikes me as disingenuous.
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Stelmasiak A, Damaziak K, Riedel J, Zdanowska-Sąsiadek Ż, Bucław M, Gozdowski D, Kruziñska B. Assessment of poultry egg liking scores using sighted and blind people. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:421-430. [PMID: 31597199 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of the 18 043 bird species, the eggs of only hen and quail are generally available to consumers. Thus people are deprived of the opportunity to benefit from the huge diversity of eggs offered by nature. Poultry eggs can vary in their color of albumen and yolk, smell, taste and texture. In this study, sighted and blind people were employed for sensory evaluation with the aim of determining the preferences of consumers toward hard-boiled and scrambled eggs of different species of birds, and whether the appearance of these eggs has an effect on the perception of other sensory impressions. RESULTS Sighted people differently evaluated the texture of both boiled and scrambled eggs as compared with blind people. This was mainly because blind people largely used their sense of touch for evaluation. All other attributes of boiled eggs were evaluated similarly by both groups of panelists, whereas those of scrambled eggs were evaluated differently. CONCLUSION The obtained results unequivocally demonstrated that differences in taste of scrambled eggs when served hot are easier to evaluate than those of boiled eggs. On the basis of ranking by the sensory panel, it was established that eggs of birds belonging to the order Galliformes are more preferred by consumers than those of duck and goose. By contrast, eggs of ostrich and emu are characterized by unfavorable sensory profiles; moreover, the albumen of boiled ostrich eggs has an unsightly appearance. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Stelmasiak
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Division of Engineering in Nutrition, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Damaziak
- Department of Animal Breeding and Production, Poultry Breeding Division, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julia Riedel
- Department of Animal Breeding and Production, Poultry Breeding Division, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Żaneta Zdanowska-Sąsiadek
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Mateusz Bucław
- Department of Poultry and Ornamental Bird Breeding, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Gozdowski
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Brygida Kruziñska
- Department of Animal Breeding and Production, Poultry Breeding Division, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Etuah S, Ohene-Yankyera K, Liu Z, Mensah JO, Lan J. Determinants of cost inefficiency in poultry production: evidence from small-scale broiler farms in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:1149-1159. [PMID: 31811510 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines the extent of cost inefficiency at 120 small-scale broiler farms in the Ashanti Region of Ghana by the use of stochastic frontier cost function, which incorporates cost inefficiency effects. Furthermore, farm-specific determinants that help explain why cost inefficiencies are different across broiler farms are identified. The findings confirm the presence of cost inefficiencies in small-scale broiler production in the area studied. Specifically, the results suggest that the broiler farms in question have the potential to reduce their production costs by 13.6% by being more efficient in cost management. The findings further indicate that experience in broiler production, an increase in farm size, veterinary contacts, use of self-prepared quality broiler feed, and membership in the Poultry Farmers' Association (PFA) all help minimize cost inefficiency. On the other hand, the findings show that cost inefficiency appears to worsen with an increase in the market age of a farm's broiler birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Etuah
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kwasi Ohene-Yankyera
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Zhen Liu
- School of Business, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - James Osei Mensah
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness and Extension, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jing Lan
- College of Public Administration, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Horbańczuk OK, Moczkowska M, Marchewka J, Atanasov AG, Kurek MA. The Composition of Fatty Acids in Ostrich Meat Influenced by the Type of Packaging and Refrigerated Storage. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224128. [PMID: 31731584 PMCID: PMC6891528 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostrich meat is a high-quality dietetic product, however, it is very sensitive to deterioration during storage. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of packaging systems on the fatty acid (FA) profiles in ostrich meat during refrigerated storage. The systems were: Vacuum packaging (VP) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) in two combinations of gases: MAP1 (40% O2/40% CO2/20% N2) and MAP2 (60% O2/30% CO2/10% N2). Samples were taken from the M. ilifibularis (IF) muscles of eight ostriches in each treatment group. The packs were stored in a refrigerator at 2 °C and analyzed at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days. The packaging conditions and storage time had an impact on the concentration of bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), including n-3 such as C18:3, C20:5 (EPA) and C22:6 (DHA). The least changes in composition of n-3 and the sum of PUFA were recorded in ostrich meat packaged in vacuum, followed by that packaged using MAP1 and MAP2. The sum of n-6 PUFAs decreased significantly by 2.1% for MAP2, and only by 0.7% for vacuum packaging as the experiment progressed. A significant deterioration of these compounds was observed in all package systems, especially from day 12 until day 16 of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf K. Horbańczuk
- Division of Engineering in Nutrition, Department of Technique and Food Product Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW) 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-59-37-078
| | - Małgorzata Moczkowska
- Division of Engineering in Nutrition, Department of Technique and Food Product Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW) 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Joanna Marchewka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (J.M.); (A.G.A.)
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; (J.M.); (A.G.A.)
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcin A. Kurek
- Division of Engineering in Nutrition, Department of Technique and Food Product Development, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW) 159c Nowoursynowska, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.A.K.)
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Ramedani Z, Alimohammadian L, Kheialipour K, Delpisheh P, Abbasi Z. Comparing energy state and environmental impacts in ostrich and chicken production systems. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:28284-28293. [PMID: 31363980 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05972-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Energy state and environmental impacts of production systems are of main criteria to reach sustainability. In the present research, ostrich was compared with a broiler production system based on the criteria. The required data was gathered in Boukan Township, West Azerbaijan, Iran, by a questioner method. The total input energy in ostrich and broiler systems was calculated as 150,419.81 MJ (1 ton of bird year)-1 and 344,579.58 MJ (1 ton of bird year)-1, respectively. Diesel fuel and feed (41.39% and 36.95%, respectively) in broiler and electricity (45.87%) in the ostrich production system had the highest energy shares. Eleven impact categories were estimated by SimaPro software in the studied systems. Except for human toxicity, fresh water aquatic ecotoxicity, and terrestrial ecotoxicity, the amounts of other environmental impacts in the ostrich production system were lower than those of the poultry production system. The amount of global warming indicator for the production of 1 ton of broiler chicken was 17,400 kg CO2 eq year-1 that was equal to 4350 kg CO2 eq period-1. This value was obtained as 1.68 × 104 kg CO2 eq year-1 for the production of ostrich meat. In both production systems, feed was the main factor responsible for almost all studied environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Ramedani
- Department of Mechanization Engineering, Sonqor Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Sonqor, Iran.
| | - Loghman Alimohammadian
- Department of Mechanization Engineering, Sonqor Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Sonqor, Iran
| | - Kamran Kheialipour
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Parya Delpisheh
- Department of Mechanization Engineering, Sonqor Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Sonqor, Iran
| | - Zahra Abbasi
- Department of Mechanization Engineering, Sonqor Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Sonqor, Iran
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Xiao K, Yang K, Wang J, Sun P, Huang H, Khaliq H, Naeem MA, Zhong J, Peng K. Transcriptional Study Revealed That Boron Supplementation May Alter the Immune-Related Genes Through MAPK Signaling in Ostrich Chick Thymus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 189:209-223. [PMID: 30094741 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to construct a digital gene expression tag profile to identify genes potentially related to immune response in the ostrich. Exposure to boron leads to an immune response in the ostrich, although the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Thus, a dire need of biological resource in the form of transcriptomic data for ostriches arises to key out genes and to gain insights into the function of boron on the immune response of thymus. For this purpose, RNA-Seq analysis was performed using the Illumina technique to investigate differentially expressed genes in ostrich thymuses treated with different boric acid concentrations (0, 80, and 640 mg/L). Compared with the control group, we identified 309 upregulated and 593 downregulated genes in the 80 mg/L treated sample and 228 upregulated and 1816 downregulated genes in 640 mg/L treated sample, respectively. Trend analysis of these differentially expressed genes uncovers three statistically significant trends. Functional annotation analysis of the differentially expressed genes verifies multiple functions associated with immune response. When ostrich thymuses were treated with boron, expression changes were observed in genes predominantly associated with MAPK and calcium signaling pathways. The results of this study provide all-inclusive information on gene expression at the transcriptional level that further enhances our apprehension for the molecular mechanisms of boron on the ostrich immune system. The calcium and MAPK signaling pathways might play a pivotal role in regulating the immune response of boron-treated ostriches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Keli Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Haseeb Khaliq
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Naeem
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Juming Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Kemei Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Hoffman LC, Schoon K, Rudman M, Brand TS, Dalle Zotte A, Cullere M. Profile of cabanossi made with exotic meats and olive oil. Meat Sci 2019; 147:20-27. [PMID: 30179719 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of olive oil inclusion on the chemical and sensory characteristics in cabanossi made with ostrich and warthog meat was investigated. Ostrich meat from soybean oilcake (SBOC) and cottonseed oilcake dietary inclusion levels (CSOC), and olive oil were included at three levels (0%, 1% and 2%) resulting in six treatments. The fat content in the cabanossi increased with increasing levels of oil inclusion but were all <10%, which allows it to be classified as a low fat meat product. Total monounsaturated fatty acids in the cabanossi increased whilst total saturated fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased as olive oil increased. The SBOC cabanossi had a lower fat and higher crude protein content. The inclusion of olive oil at 2% resulted in a cabanossi with increased tenderness, juiciness and cured red meat colour, all factors that appeal to the consumer, while the overall flavour descriptors were not adversely affected by the inclusion of olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| | - K Schoon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - M Rudman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - T S Brand
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Elsenburg Institute for Animal Production, Western Cape, Department of Agriculture, Private Bag XI, Elsenburg 7606, South Africa
| | - A Dalle Zotte
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - M Cullere
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Willoughby PR, Compton T, Bello SM, Bushozi PM, Skinner AR, Stringer CB. Middle Stone Age human teeth from Magubike rockshelter, Iringa Region, Tanzania. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200530. [PMID: 30063742 PMCID: PMC6067719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2006, six isolated hominin teeth were excavated from Middle Stone Age (MSA) deposits at the Magubike rockshelter in southern Tanzania. They comprise two central incisors, one lateral incisor, one canine, one third premolar, and one fourth premolar. All are fully developed and come from the maxilla. None of the teeth are duplicated, so they may represent a single individual. While there is some evidence of post-depositional alteration, the morphology of these teeth clearly shares features with anatomically modern Homo sapiens. Both metric and non-metric traits are compared to those from other African and non-African dental remains. The degree of biological relatedness between eastern and southern African Stone Age hunter-gatherers has long been a subject of interest, and several characteristics of the Magubike teeth resemble those of the San of southern Africa. Another notable feature is that the three incisors are marked on the labial crown by scratches that are much coarser than microwear striations. These non-masticatory scratches on the Magubike teeth suggest that the use of the front teeth as tools included regularly repeated activities undertaken throughout the life of the individual. The exact age of these teeth is not clear as ESR and radiocarbon dates on associated snail shells give varying results, but a conservative estimate of their minimum age is 45,000 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Compton
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia M. Bello
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pastory M. Bushozi
- Department of History and Archaeology, College of Humanities, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Anne R. Skinner
- Department of Chemistry, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chris B. Stringer
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
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Zdanowska-Sąsiadek Ż, Marchewka J, Horbańczuk JO, Wierzbicka A, Lipińska P, Jóźwik A, Atanasov AG, Huminiecki Ł, Sieroń A, Sieroń K, Strzałkowska N, Stelmasiak A, De Smet S, Van Hecke T, Hoffman LC. Nutrients Composition in Fit Snacks Made from Ostrich, Beef and Chicken Dried Meat. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061267. [PMID: 29799493 PMCID: PMC6099787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare three types of meat snacks made from ostrich, beef, and chicken meat in relation to their nutrients content including fat, fatty acids, heme iron, and peptides, like anserine and carnosine, from which human health may potentially benefit. Dry meat samples were produced, from one type of muscle, obtained from ostrich (m.ambiens), beef (m. semimembranosus), and broiler chicken meat (m. pectoralis major). The composition of dried ostrich, beef, and chicken meat, with and without spices was compared. We show that meat snacks made from ostrich, beef, and chicken meat were characterized by high concentration of nutrients including proteins, minerals (heme iron especially in ostrich, than in beef), biologically active peptides (carnosine—in beef, anserine—in ostrich then in chicken meat). The, beneficial to human health, n-3 fatty acids levels differed significantly between species. Moreover, ostrich jerky contained four times less fat as compared to beef and half of that in chicken. In conclusion we can say that dried ostrich, beef, and chicken meat could be a good source of nutritional components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta Zdanowska-Sąsiadek
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Joanna Marchewka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Olav Horbańczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Wierzbicka
- Department of Technic and Food Development, Faculty of Humane Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Live Science, 02-787 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Paulina Lipińska
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Artur Jóźwik
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Łukasz Huminiecki
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Aleksander Sieroń
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego Street 15, 41902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Karolina Sieroń
- Department of Physical Medicine, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Nina Strzałkowska
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Adrian Stelmasiak
- Department of Technic and Food Development, Faculty of Humane Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Live Science, 02-787 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Van Hecke
- Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Louwrens C Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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Haseeb K, Wang J, Xiao K, Yang KL, Sun PP, Wu XT, Luo Y, Song H, Liu HZ, Zhong JM, Peng KM. Effects of Boron Supplementation on Expression of Hsp70 in the Spleen of African Ostrich. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 182:317-327. [PMID: 28730576 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased synthesis of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) occurs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes in response to physiological, environmental, and chemical exposures, thus allowing the cell survival from fatal conditions. Hsp70 cytoprotective properties may be clarified by its anti-apoptotic function. Boron has been reported to play an essential role in various organ developments and metabolisms. However, it is not known if boron is also able to modulate the Hsp70. In the present study, the actions of boron on ostrich spleen and expression level of Hsp70 were investigated. Thirty healthy ostrich chicks were randomly assigned to six groups: groups I, II, III, IV, V, and VI and fed the basal diet spiked with 0-, 40-, 80-, 160-, 320-, and 640-mg boric acid (BA)/L, respectively, in drinking water. The histomorphological examination in the spleen was done by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The expression level of Hsp70 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting, and mRNA expression of Hsp70 was investigated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). In order to investigate apoptosis, TUNEL assay reaction in all treatment groups was analyzed. Our results showed that the histological structure of spleen up to 160 mg/L BA supplementation groups well developed. The Hsp70 expression level first induced at low-dose groups (up to group IV) and then inhibited dramatically in high-dose groups (V and VI) while comparing with the group I (0 mg BA). The TUNEL assay reaction revealed that the cell apoptosis amount was decreased in group IV, but in group V and especially in group VI, it was significantly increased (P < 0.01). Taken altogether, proper dietary boron treatment might stimulate ostrich chick spleen development by promoting the Hsp70 expression level and inhibiting apoptosis, while a high amount of boron supplementation would impair the ostrich spleen structure by inhibiting Hsp70 expression level and promoting cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaliq Haseeb
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Li Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Peng Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Tong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - You Luo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Zhen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju-Ming Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Mei Peng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Gil A, Amiri MJ, Abedi-Koupai J, Eslamian S. Adsorption/reduction of Hg(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions by using bone ash/nZVI composite: effects of aging time, Fe loading quantity and co-existing ions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:2814-2829. [PMID: 29143259 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a versatile and highly efficient method for the stabilization of nanoscale zerovalent iron particles (nZVI) on the surface of ostrich bone ash (OBA) was presented as a novel inorganic adsorbent (OBA/nZVI) for the removal of Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions, even after 1 year of storage under room conditions. The removal behavior of the OBA/nZVI was assessed as a function of the initial pH, contact time, initial pollutants concentration, temperature, amount of adsorbent, effect of competitive metal ions, and ionic strength. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by several techniques including N2 adsorption at - 196 °C, FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and zeta potential. The results confirmed that the OBA is a good candidate as support of nZVI. The maxima adsorption capacity for Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions found from experimental results were 170 and 160 mg g-1, when the loading quantities of Fe were 20%. The equilibrium sorption data obeyed a Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm type model. The kinetic data of the adsorption followed the mechanism of the pseudo-second-order model. The thermodynamic experiments indicated that the removal of metal ions were feasible, endothermic, and spontaneous. It can be found that fresh and aged OBA/nZVI maintained its usability even after five cycles in the order: fresh (OBA/nZVI)-Hg(II) > fresh (OBA/nZVI)-Pb(II) > aged (OBA/nZVI)-Hg(II) > aged (OBA/nZVI)-Pb(II), which indicate that OBA/nZVI can be regenerated as adsorbent. The existence of Fe in the OBA/nZVI was proved by SEM-EDX results and X-ray diffraction analysis also confirmed adsorption/reduction of some of the Hg(II) to Hg0 and Pb(II) to Pb0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gil
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Public University of Navarra, Campus of Arrosadia, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Javad Amiri
- Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, 74617-81189, Iran.
| | - Jahangir Abedi-Koupai
- Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Saeid Eslamian
- Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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Guzek D, Głąbska D, Brodowska M, Godziszewska J, Górska-Horczyczak E, Pogorzelska E, Wojtasik-Kalinowska I, Wierzbicka A. The sensory quality of allergen-controlled, fat-reduced, salt-reduced pork-ostrich sausages during storage. J Sci Food Agric 2017; 97:5327-5334. [PMID: 28485500 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New meat products tailored to consumer health should be characterised by reduced sodium, fat and cholesterol contents and other health-promoting benefits. However, the food sector's greatest challenge is allergen-free production. Consumers are not willing to compromise the sensory quality of meat products for health. The aim of the present study was to analyse the influence of the storage time on the physical properties and consumer acceptance of allergen-controlled, fat-reduced, salt-reduced pork-ostrich sausages. The study focused on pork-ostrich sausages produced in accordance with a new patented technology, which focused on eliminating cross-contamination on-line in the plant, eliminating cross-contamination after preparation, and eliminating spices with high allergy potential. The production was focused on reducing fat (by approximately 50%) and salt (by approximately 30%) levels. RESULTS No changes in the texture parameters of the sausage were observed during storage time; however, some changes in colour were observed. There were no significant differences in sensory consumer acceptability of pork-ostrich sausage after 14 days of storage; thus, it may be stated that the instrumentally assessed differences in colour did not influence consumer acceptance. CONCLUSION The applied fat and NaCl reduction in the pork-ostrich sausages contributed to high consumer ratings and was not correlated with saltiness acceptability. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Guzek
- Department of Organization and Consumption Economics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Głąbska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Brodowska
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Godziszewska
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Górska-Horczyczak
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Pogorzelska
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojtasik-Kalinowska
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wierzbicka
- Department of Technique and Food Development, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional communities have been utilizing animal products for numerous purposes and have for a long time contributed to the accumulation of world knowledge. Local people in Tanzania and elsewhere in Africa, have been using birds including ostriches as pets or their products such as meat, eggs as food; their body parts such as feathers, bones and hide for ornaments but more importantly have used such products in traditional medicine and rituals. Nevertheless, there is a general lack of information about the differences that exist between local people with different cultures, and the best use of such products to improve their livelihoods. This study aimed to determine the use of ostrich products among people residing around Serengeti National Park and explore the potential of improving livelihoods through game ranching. METHODS Use of the products was compared between that of agriculturalists with long hunting traditions in the Serengeti District to the west of Serengeti National Park (SNP) and the largely pastoral community in the Ngorongoro District to the east by using semistructured questionnaires in June 2006. RESULTS A total of 115 respondents were interviewed, and the majority (74.5%) in the Serengeti district admitted that ostriches were mainly hunted for their products by snares, while in the Ngorongoro district, 98.2% of the respondents said that villagers only gathered products such as feathers and eggs. Ostriches were hunted for food, ornamentation, medical and economic purposes, and eggs and oil, which are believed to have medicinal properties, were used for the treatment of various ailments, including asthma. This indigenous knowledge of the medicinal value of ostrich products must be integrated with scientific knowledge to prove the supposed medical efficacy of the products. Ostrich products also had market value and were thus sold to the villagers. CONCLUSION Since it has been found that ostrich products are commercially used, legal establishment of markets through game ranching, might improve local livelihood while simultaneously promoting the conservation of ostriches, whose populations are declining, by reducing hunting pressure. Ostrich farming and conservation education programs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Magige
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eivin Røskaft
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, -7491 Trondheim, NO Norway
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Amiri MJ, Abedi-Koupai J, Eslamian S. Adsorption of Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions by nanoscale zero valent iron supported on ostrich bone ash in a fixed-bed column system. Water Sci Technol 2017; 76:671-682. [PMID: 28759449 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this research, ostrich bone ash (OBA) was modified with nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) particles and applied as a novel composite adsorbent (OBA/nZVI) for dynamic adsorption/reduction of Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions in a fixed-bed column system. Entrapment of nZVI in OBA beads barricades the particles from oxidation and aggregation. The dynamic behavior of metal ions removal by OBA/nZVI was assessed as a function of inlet flow rates, bed height, initial pollutants concentration and pH. The synthesized OBA/nZVI composite was characterized by several physicochemical techniques. Increase in pH and bed height and decrease in flow rates and initial metal concentration resulted in delay of breakthrough time. OBA breakthrough profile is sharper than the OBA/nZVI breakthrough curve for both metal ions and the breakthrough times increase in the order OBA/nZVI-Hg(II) > OBA/nZVI-Pb(II) > OBA-Pb(II) > OBA-Hg(II). Based on the experiment results, redox reaction is expected to occur to a certain extent, as the standard reduction potentials of Hg(II) and Pb(II) are more than that of Fe(II). From a practical point of view, the OBA/nZVI could be applied as a material to remove Hg(II) and Pb(II) ions from natural surface and ground water with a pH value of 5-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Amiri
- Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Fasa University, 74617-81189 Fasa, Iran E-mail:
| | - Jahangir Abedi-Koupai
- Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Saeid Eslamian
- Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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Araghi M, Azizi S, Vesal N, Dalir-Naghade B. Evaluation of the Sedative Effects of Diazepam, Midazolam, and Xylazine After Intranasal Administration in Juvenile Ostriches ( Struthio camelus ). J Avian Med Surg 2017; 30:221-226. [PMID: 27736233 DOI: 10.1647/2015-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The sedative effects of diazepam, midazolam, and xylazine after intranasal administration were evaluated in 72 (36 male and 36 female) juvenile healthy ostriches ( Struthio camelus ), weighing 50-61 kg and aged 4-5 months. The birds were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 24), then each group was further subdivided to 4 subgroups (n = 6). For each drug, 4 different doses were chosen and the total calculated dose was equally administered into either naris of the individual bird. The appropriate dose of each drug to produce standing chemical restraint or sternal recumbency was evaluated based on the onset time, the duration of maximum effect, and the duration of sedation. Midazolam showed significantly shorter onset time (2.9 ± 1.2 minutes) compared with xylazine (4.4 ± 1 minute) and diazepam (4.3 ± 0.4 minutes). Longer duration of sedation was also achieved with midazolam compared with xylazine and diazepam. Moderate sedation was achieved with diazepam (0.8 mg/kg), midazolam (0.4 mg/kg), and xylazine (2 mg/kg) for standing chemical restraint, with the maximum duration effects of 7.0 ± 1.4, 17.7 ± 4.1, and 9.2 ± 2.5 minutes, respectively. Deep sedation was also achieved with midazolam (0.8 mg/kg) and xylazine (4 mg/kg), with sternal recumbency duration of 21.7 ± 4.9 and 13.5 ± 2.6 minutes, respectively. The results of the present study show that intranasal administration can be an effective route for delivery of sedatives in juvenile ostriches. Intranasal midazolam and xylazine could be suggested for standing chemical restraint or inducing sternal recumbency in juvenile ostriches.
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Abstract
Ostriches are bred especially for their high-quality meat. There is a lack of knowledge concerning the ostrich's microflora. Escherichia coli is a commensal microorganism of the poultry intestine, ostriches included. However, some strains may become pathogenic. This study was therefore undertaken to detect coliform bacteria in ostrich faeces and to test their antibiotic profile and sensitivity to enterocins. Faeces (n=54, 18 mixture samples from 3 different age groups of 140 ostriches) were sampled to isolate coliform bacteria. The counts of coliform bacteria varied from 5.69 ± 2.4 log10 CFU/g to 5.73 ± 2.4 CFU/g. Pure colonies were identified using MALDI-TOF MS mass spectrometry and confirmed by phenotypization. Seventy-one strains were allotted to the species E. coli. Sixty-four of those 71 strains caused hemolysis. They were mostly polyresistant to antibiotics. Thirty-two poly-resistant strains of E. coli were sensitive to enterocins. These strains were most sensitive to Ent 9296 (26 strains). Moreover, Ent EM41 produced by E. faecium EM41 (isolated from ostrich faeces) inhibited the growth of 20 strains, reaching activity of 100 AU/ml. Our results indicate the possibility of enterocins being used for prevention/reduction of coliforms. Of course, in vivo studies are also being processed.
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Roberts P, Henshilwood CS, van Niekerk KL, Keene P, Gledhill A, Reynard J, Badenhorst S, Lee-Thorp J. Climate, Environment and Early Human Innovation: Stable Isotope and Faunal Proxy Evidence from Archaeological Sites (98-59ka) in the Southern Cape, South Africa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157408. [PMID: 27383620 PMCID: PMC4934875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Middle Stone Age (MSA) of southern Africa, and in particular its Still Bay and Howiesons Poort lithic traditions, represents a period of dramatic subsistence, cultural, and technological innovation by our species, Homo sapiens. Climate change has frequently been postulated as a primary driver of the appearance of these innovative behaviours, with researchers invoking either climate instability as a reason for the development of buffering mechanisms, or environmentally stable refugia as providing a stable setting for experimentation. Testing these alternative models has proved intractable, however, as existing regional palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental records remain spatially, stratigraphically, and chronologically disconnected from the archaeological record. Here we report high-resolution records of environmental shifts based on stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in ostrich eggshell (OES) fragments, faunal remains, and shellfish assemblages excavated from two key MSA archaeological sequences, Blombos Cave and Klipdrift Shelter. We compare these records with archaeological material remains in the same strata. The results from both sites, spanning the periods 98-73 ka and 72-59 ka, respectively, show significant changes in vegetation, aridity, rainfall seasonality, and sea temperature in the vicinity of the sites during periods of human occupation. While these changes clearly influenced human subsistence strategies, we find that the remarkable cultural and technological innovations seen in the sites cannot be linked directly to climate shifts. Our results demonstrate the need for scale-appropriate, on-site testing of behavioural-environmental links, rather than broader, regional comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Roberts
- School of Archaeology, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, the University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher S. Henshilwood
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karen L. van Niekerk
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Petro Keene
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrew Gledhill
- Division of Geographic, Archaeological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Reynard
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shaw Badenhorst
- Archaeozoology and Large Mammal Section, Ditsong National Museum of Natural History (former Transvaal Museum), Paul Kruger St, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of South Africa, UNISA, Durban, South Africa
| | - Julia Lee-Thorp
- School of Archaeology, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, the University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Tang J, Zheng XT, Xiao K, Wang KL, Wang J, Wang YX, Wang K, Wang W, Lu S, Yang KL, Sun PP, Khaliq H, Zhong J, Peng KM. Effect of Boric Acid Supplementation on the Expression of BDNF in African Ostrich Chick Brain. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 170:208-15. [PMID: 26226831 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The degree of brain development can be expressed by the levels of brain brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF plays an irreplaceable role in the process of neuronal development, protection, and restoration. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of boric acid supplementation in water on the ostrich chick neuronal development. One-day-old healthy animals were supplemented with boron in drinking water at various concentrations, and the potential effects of boric acid on brain development were tested by a series of experiments. The histological changes in brain were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Nissl staining. Expression of BDNF was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Apoptosis was evaluated with Dutp-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) reaction, and caspase-3 was detected with QRT-PCR. The results were as follows: (1) under the light microscope, the neuron structure was well developed with abundance of neurites and intact cell morphology when animals were fed with less than 160 mg/L of boric acid (groups II, III, IV). Adversely, when boric acid doses were higher than 320 mg/L(groups V, VI), the high-dose boric acid neuron structure was damaged with less neurites, particularly at 640 mg/L; (2) the quantity of BDNF expression in groups II, III, and IV was increased while it was decreased in groups V and VI when compared with that in group I; (3) TUNEL reaction and the caspase-3 mRNA level showed that the amount of cell apoptosis in group II, group III, and group IV were decreased, but increased in group V and group VI significantly. These results indicated that appropriate supplementation of boric acid, especially at 160 mg/L, could promote ostrich chicks' brain development by promoting the BDNF expression and reducing cell apoptosis. Conversely, high dose of boric acid particularly in 640 mg/L would damage the neuron structure of ostrich chick brain by inhibiting the BDNF expression and increasing cell apoptosis. Taken together, the 160 mg/L boric acid supplementation may be the optimal dose for the brain development of ostrich chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Huangshi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Huangshi Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Huangshi, 435000, HuBei, China.
| | - Xing-ting Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kun-lun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yun-xiao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ke Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shun Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ke-li Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Peng-Peng Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Haseeb Khaliq
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juming Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ke-Mei Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Wu S, Wang W, Yao C, Wang X, Hu S, Cao J, Wu Y, Liu W, Liu X. Genetic diversity of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from domestic poultry species in Eastern China during 2005-2008. Arch Virol 2015; 156:253-61. [PMID: 21061026 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-nine Newcastle disease viruses (NDV) isolated from clinical specimens of different poultry species including chickens, pigeons (Columba livia), geese and ostriches in Eastern China during 2005-2008 were characterized biologically and phylogenetically. The results showed genetic diversity of these viruses: three class I viruses and one genotype I and 12 genotype II viruses of class II circulating in chickens were avirulent; four genotype VIb viruses isolated from pigeons were moderately virulent; and two genotype III viruses and 57 genotype VIId viruses were highly virulent. The three class I viruses were further classified as genotypes 2 and 3. The very high F protein sequence identity of one genotype I virus with strain Queensland V4 and 12 genotype II viruses with strain La Sota indicated that these viruses originated from the two vaccine strains. Two genotype III viruses shared greater than 99% sequence identity with the moderately virulent vaccine strain Mukteswar but exhibited significantly higher virulence, suggesting that they evolved from the vaccine virus and that the Mukteswar vaccine should be banned in China. Fifty-seven of the 63 virulent NDVs in this study belonged to genotype VIId, indicating its predominance in Eastern China. Genotype VIId viruses could be further classified into two subgroups. Four of the five NDVs isolated from pigeons belonged to genotype VIb, indicating its host-specific preference. Both the genotype VIb and VIId NDVs showed low amino acid similarity to the vaccine strains currently used in China, implying the urgent need to develop better vaccines against the most prevalent NDVs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
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Homayouni-Tabrizi M, Asoodeh A, Abbaszadegan MR, Shahrokhabadi K, Nakhaie Moghaddam M. An identified antioxidant peptide obtained from ostrich (Struthio camelus) egg white protein hydrolysate shows wound healing properties. Pharm Biol 2015; 53:1155-1162. [PMID: 25697606 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.962061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ostrich (Struthio camelus) egg possesses a high amount of food proteins and thus plays an important role in nutrition. OBJECTIVE Ostrich egg white proteins were hydrolyzed with pepsin and pancreatin to examine its antioxidant properties and further characterized the most active peptide. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ostrich egg white protein hydrolysate (OEWPH) was fractionized using reversed phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity of OEWPH and its HPLC fraction were investigated based on their scavenging capacity1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), superoxide ([Formula: see text]), hydroxyl (OH(•-)) radicals, and Cu(+2) chelating. In a wound healing assay, paravertebral excision (1 cm diameter) was made on the skin and the percentage of wound closure was measured at defined intervals (0, 3, 7, and 14 d). RESULTS A potent antioxidant peptide named DG-10 with the sequence DAESLSRLLG (MW: 1060.18 ± 0.5 Da) was identified from OEWPH. The peptide DG-10 showed DPPH (IC50 = 0.0085 mg/ml), ABTS(•+) (IC50 = 0.56 mg/ml), superoxide (IC50 = 0.36 mg/ml), and hydroxyl (IC50 = 0.4 mg/ml) radical scavenger and copper chelating activity (IC50 = 0.28 mg/ml). In vitro cultured HFLF-pI 5, the cell model, also revealed that DG-10 could protect HFLF-pI 5 cells against H2O2-treated necrosis. Ointment composed of DG-10 peptide exhibited wound-healing properties on adult rats (Wistar strain). The percentage of wound closure in peptide-treated group was 98% by day 14. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our results suggested that DG-10 is a natural agent obtained from ostrich egg possessing considerable antioxidant and wound-healing properties.
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