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Al-Rawahi WA, Elshafie EI, Baqir S, Al-Ansari A, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Knowles NJ, Di Nardo A, King DP, Zientara S, Al Salloom F, Sangula A, Bernelin-Cottet C, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Al Riyami B. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from the A/AFRICA/G-I genotype in the Sultanate of Oman. Prev Vet Med 2024; 223:106113. [PMID: 38194859 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Rapid identification and characterization of circulating foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains is crucial for effective disease control. In Oman, a few serological and molecular studies have been conducted to identify the strains of FMDV responsible for the outbreaks that have been occurring within the country. In this study, 13 oral epithelial tissue samples from cattle were collected from suspected cases of FMD in Ash Sharqiyah North, Al Batinah North, Dhofar and Ad Dhakhyilia governorates of Oman between 2018 and 2021. FMDV RNA was detected in all samples by real-time RT-PCR and viruses were isolated after one- or two-blind passages in the porcine Instituto Biologico-Rim Suino-2 cell line. Antigen capture ELISA characterized all isolates as serotype A and VP1 phylogenetic analysis placed all sequences within a single clade of the G-I genotype within the A/AFRICA topotype. These sequences shared the closest nucleotide identities to viruses circulating in Bahrain in 2021 (93.5% to 99.5%) and Kenya in 2017 (93.4% to 99.1%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that A/AFRICA/G-I viruses have been detected in Oman. Together with the closely related viruses detected recently in Bahrain, these findings reinforce the importance of deploying effective quarantine control measures to minimize the risks of transboundary transmission of FMD associated with the importation of cattle from East Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Elshafie Ibrahim Elshafie
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Senan Baqir
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Aliya Al-Ansari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Zientara
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fajer Al Salloom
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs & Agriculture, Animal Wealth Directorate, Block 553, Building 2219, Road 55, Budaiya, Bahrain
| | - Abraham Sangula
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Laboratory, Embakasi, Road A, off Enterprise Road, P.O. Box 18021-00500, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cindy Bernelin-Cottet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Labib Bakkali-Kassimi
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bahja Al Riyami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman.
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2
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Eltahir YM, Ishag HZA, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Knowles NJ, Mioulet V, King DP, Mohamed MS, Bensalah OK, Yusof MF, Gasim EFM, Hammadi ZMA, Shah AAM, Abdelmagid YA, Gahlan MAME, Kassim MF, Kayaf K, Zahran A, Nuaimat MMA. Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Vet Sci 2024; 11:32. [PMID: 38250938 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in both wild and domestic animals. Despite this, no systematic FMD outbreak investigation accompanied by molecular characterisation of FMD viruses (FMDVs) in small ruminants or cattle has been performed, and only a single report that describes sequences for FMDVs in wildlife from the Emirate has been published. In this study, FMD outbreaks that occurred in 2021 in five animal farms and one animal market in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi were investigated. Cases involved sheep, goats, and cattle, as well as Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). Twelve samples were positive for FMDV via RT-qPCR, and four samples (Arabian oryx n = 1, goat n = 2, and sheep n = 1) were successfully genotyped using VP1 nucleotide sequencing. These sequences shared 88~98% identity and were classified within the serotype O, Middle East-South Asia topotype (O/ME-SA). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Arabian oryx isolate (UAE/2/2021) belonged to the PanAsia-2 lineage, the ANT-10 sublineage, and was closely related to the FMDVs recently detected in neighbouring countries. The FMDV isolates from goats (UAE/10/2021 and UAE/11/2021) and from sheep (UAE/14/2021) formed a monophyletic cluster within the SA-2018 lineage that contained viruses from Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka. This is the first study describing the circulation of the FMDV O/ME-SA/SA-2018 sublineage in the UAE. These data shed light on the epidemiology of FMD in the UAE and motivate further systematic epidemiological studies and genomic sequencing to enhance the ongoing national animal health FMD control plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassir M Eltahir
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Meera Saeed Mohamed
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Oum Keltoum Bensalah
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohd Farouk Yusof
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Esmat Faisal Malik Gasim
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zulaikha Mohamed Al Hammadi
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma Abdi Mohamed Shah
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Ali Abdelmagid
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moustafa Abdel Meguid El Gahlan
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohanned Fawzi Kassim
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kaltham Kayaf
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Zahran
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mervat Mari Al Nuaimat
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirates
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Senawi J, Wilsden G, Browning CFJ, Ludi AB, Ismail MM, Senin H, Gubbins S, King DP, Paton DJ. Maternally Derived Antibodies to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Modulate the Antigenic Specificity of Humoral Responses in Vaccinated Cattle. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1844. [PMID: 38140247 PMCID: PMC10747493 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is widely used to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), but maternal antibodies may interfere with the response to vaccination in calves. This study, conducted on a regularly vaccinated Malaysian dairy farm, aimed to optimise the vaccination regime by measuring the in vitro neutralising virus antibody responses of 51 calves before and after vaccination with a one or two dose vaccination regime starting at 2-7 months old. The presence of maternal antibodies was associated with poor post-vaccination antibody responses after a single dose of vaccine in calves less than 6 months old. However, a second dose of vaccine given three weeks later, improved the antibody responses in all ages of calves. This confirms the view that in regularly vaccinated farms, some combination of delay and revaccination is needed to achieve effective immunization of calves. Sera from cows and pre-vaccinated calves neutralised homologous serotype A vaccine virus more strongly than a heterologous serotype A field virus, but this pattern was reversed in some calves after vaccination. The strength of heterologous responses in calves 49 days after first vaccination correlated to the amount of transferred maternal antibody, suggesting that pre-existing antibodies could have modulated the specificity of these active antibody responses. If confirmed, such an effect by pre-existing antibodies could have wider implications for broadening the coverage of FMD vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamaliah Senawi
- Department of Veterinary Services, Putrajaya 62630, Malaysia
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK (S.G.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK (S.G.); (D.P.K.)
| | | | - Anna B. Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK (S.G.); (D.P.K.)
| | | | - Halimah Senin
- Department of Veterinary Services, Putrajaya 62630, Malaysia
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK (S.G.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK (S.G.); (D.P.K.)
| | - David J. Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK (S.G.); (D.P.K.)
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4
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Banda F, Ludi AB, Wilsden G, Browning C, Kangwa HL, Mooya L, Ngoma M, Muuka GM, Mundia C, Fandamu P, Paton DJ, King DP, Quan M. The Immunogenicity of a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O Vaccine in Commercial and Subsistence Cattle Herds in Zambia. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1818. [PMID: 38140222 PMCID: PMC10747988 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent introduction of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotype O (O/EA-2 topotype) in Southern Africa has changed the epidemiology of the disease and vaccine requirements of the region. Commercial and subsistence cattle herds in Zambia were vaccinated with an FMD virus serotype O Manisa vaccine according to a double- or single-dose vaccination schedule. Heterologous antibody responses induced by this vaccine against a representative O/EA-2 virus from Zambia were determined. Virus neutralisation tests (VNTs) showed double-dosed cattle had a mean reciprocal log virus neutralisation titre of 2.02 (standard error [SE] = 0.16, n = 9) for commercial herds and 1.65 (SE = 0.17, n = 5) for subsistence herds 56 days after the first vaccination (dpv). Significantly lower mean titres were observed for single-dosed commercial herds (0.90, SE = 0.08, n = 9) and subsistence herds (1.15, SE = 0.18, n = 3) 56 dpv. A comparison of these results and those generated by solid-phase competitive ELISA (SPCE) tests showed a statistically significant positive correlation by Cohen's kappa coefficient. Therefore, SPCE might be used in assessing the immunogenicity of vaccines in place of VNT. Furthermore, for this vaccine and field strain, a vaccination regime employing a two-dose primary course and revaccination after 4-6 months is likely to be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Banda
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (H.L.K.); (L.M.); (M.N.)
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
| | - Anna B. Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (A.B.L.); (G.W.); (C.B.); (D.J.P.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (A.B.L.); (G.W.); (C.B.); (D.J.P.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Clare Browning
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (A.B.L.); (G.W.); (C.B.); (D.J.P.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Henry L. Kangwa
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (H.L.K.); (L.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Lynnfield Mooya
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (H.L.K.); (L.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Masuzyo Ngoma
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (H.L.K.); (L.M.); (M.N.)
| | - Geoffrey M. Muuka
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.M.M.); (C.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Cornelius Mundia
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.M.M.); (C.M.); (P.F.)
| | - Paul Fandamu
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (G.M.M.); (C.M.); (P.F.)
| | - David J. Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (A.B.L.); (G.W.); (C.B.); (D.J.P.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (A.B.L.); (G.W.); (C.B.); (D.J.P.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Melvyn Quan
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
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Saduakassova MA, Wood BA, Henry E, Gray AR, Mioulet V, Sultanov AA, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Di Nardo A, King DP, Bachanek-Bankowska K. Establishing a molecular toolbox of lineage-specific real-time RT-PCR assays for the characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Asia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1271690. [PMID: 38098997 PMCID: PMC10720594 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1271690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in many Asian countries, with outbreaks occurring regularly due to viruses from serotypes O, A, and Asia1 that co-circulate in the region. The ability to rapidly characterize new virus occurrences provides critical information to understand the epidemiology and risks associated with field outbreaks, and helps in the selection of appropriate vaccines to control the disease. FMD lineage-specific characterization is usually determined through sequencing; however, this capacity is not always readily available. In this study, we provide a panel of real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assays to allow differentiation of the FMD virus (FMDV) lineages known to have been co-circulating in Asia during 2020. This panel included five new rRT-PCR assays designed to detect lineages O/ME-SA/PanAsia-PanAsia-2, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001, O/SEA/Mya-98, O/CATHAY, and A/ASIA/Sea-97, along with three published rRT-PCR assays for A/ASIA/Iran-05, A/ASIA/G-VII, and Asia1 serotypes. Samples of known FMD lineage (n = 85) were tested in parallel with all eight lineage-specific assays and an established 3D pan-FMD rRT-PCR assay, and comparative limit of detection (LOD) experiments were conducted for the five newly developed assays. All samples (85/85) were assigned to the correct serotype, and the correct lineage was assigned for 70 out of 85 samples where amplification only occurred with the homologous assay. For 13 out of 85 of the samples, there was amplification in two assays; however, the correct lineage could be designated based on the strongest Ct values for 12 out of 13 samples. An incorrect lineage was assigned for 3 out of 85 samples. The amplification efficiencies for the five new rRT-PCR assays ranged between 79.7 and 100.5%, with nucleic acid dilution experiments demonstrating broadly equivalent limits of detection when compared to the 3D pan-FMD rRT-PCR assay. These new tests, together with other published lineage-specific rRT-PCR assays, constitute a panel of assays (or molecular toolbox) that can be selected for use in FMD endemic countries (individually or a subset of the assays depending on region/lineages known to be circulating) for rapid characterization of the FMDV lineages circulating in Asia at a relatively low cost. This molecular toolbox will enhance the ability of national laboratories in endemic settings to accurately characterize circulating FMDV strains and facilitate prompt implementation of control strategies, and may be particularly useful in settings where it is difficult to access sequencing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert A. Saduakassova
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Virology Department, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Britta A. Wood
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Henry
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley R. Gray
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Akhmetzhan A. Sultanov
- Virology Department, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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6
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Horsington J, Abbeloos E, Kassimi LB, Boonsuya Seeyo K, Capozzo AV, Chepkwony E, Eblé P, Galdo-Novo S, Gizaw D, Gouverneur L, Grazioli S, Heath L, Hudelet P, Hyera JMK, Ilott M, King A, Lefebvre DJ, Mackay D, Metwally S, Mwiine FN, Nfon CK, Park MK, Pituco EM, Rosso F, Simon F, Ularamu HG, Vermeij P, Vosloo W, King DP. Application of the Nagoya Protocol to veterinary pathogens: concerns for the control of foot-and-mouth disease. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1271434. [PMID: 38076547 PMCID: PMC10703042 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1271434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Nagoya Protocol is an international agreement adopted in 2010 (and entered into force in 2014) which governs access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from their utilisation. The agreement aims to prevent misappropriation of genetic resources and, through benefit sharing, create incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. While the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources is a widely accepted concept, the way in which the provisions of the Nagoya Protocol are currently being implemented through national access and benefit-sharing legislation places significant logistical challenges on the control of transboundary livestock diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Delays to access FMD virus isolates from the field disrupt the production of new FMD vaccines and other tailored tools for research, surveillance and outbreak control. These concerns were raised within the FMD Reference Laboratory Network and were explored at a recent multistakeholder meeting hosted by the European Commission for the Control of FMD. The aim of this paper is to promote wider awareness of the Nagoya Protocol, and to highlight its impacts on the regular exchange and utilisation of biological materials collected from clinical cases which underpin FMD research activities, and work to develop new epidemiologically relevant vaccines and other diagnostic tools to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Horsington
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Labib Bakkali Kassimi
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, ANSES, ENVA, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Kingkarn Boonsuya Seeyo
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD in Southeast Asia, Pakchong, Thailand
| | | | - Eunice Chepkwony
- Foot and Mouth Disease National Laboratory, Embakasi, Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Phaedra Eblé
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Galdo-Novo
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Lizelle Gouverneur
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Santina Grazioli
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Livio Heath
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Transboundary Animal Disease Laboratory, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | | | - Joseph M. K. Hyera
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for FMD, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Lejara, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Martin Ilott
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Rome, Italy
| | | | - David J. Lefebvre
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic and Vector-borne Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Mackay
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Rome, Italy
| | - Samia Metwally
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Frank N. Mwiine
- Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources, and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles K. Nfon
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Min-Kyung Park
- World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), Paris, France
| | - Edviges Maristela Pituco
- Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabrizio Rosso
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Hussaini G. Ularamu
- Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | | | - Wilna Vosloo
- Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Alliance (GFRA)
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Donald P. King
- WOAH/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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7
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Ulziibat G, Raizman E, Lkhagvasuren A, Bartels CJM, Oyun-Erdene O, Khishgee B, Browning C, King DP, Ludi AB, Lyons NA. Comparison of vaccination schedules for foot-and-mouth disease among cattle and sheep in Mongolia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:990043. [PMID: 37252379 PMCID: PMC10211336 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.990043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are a critical tool for the control strategy for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Mongolia where sporadic outbreaks regularly occur. A two-dose primary vaccination course is recommended for most commercial vaccines though this can be logistically challenging to deliver among nomadic pastoralist systems which predominate in the country. Although there is evidence that very high potency vaccines can provide prolonged duration of immunity, this has not been demonstrated under field conditions using commercially available vaccines. This study compared neutralizing titres to a O/ME-SA/Panasia strain over a 6-month period following either a two-dose primary course or a single double-dose vaccination among Mongolian sheep and cattle using a 6.0 PD50 vaccine. Titers were not significantly different between groups except in sheep at six-months post vaccination when the single double-dose group had significantly lower titers. These results indicate the single double-dose regimen may be a cost-effective approach for vaccination campaigns supporting FMD control in Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerelmaa Ulziibat
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Eran Raizman
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Chris J. M. Bartels
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas A. Lyons
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest, Hungary
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8
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Liu H, Zhu Z, Xue Q, Yang F, Li Z, Xue Z, Cao W, He J, Guo J, Liu X, Shaw AE, King DP, Zheng H. Innate sensing of picornavirus infection involves cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral responses triggered by mitochondrial DNA release. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011132. [PMID: 36745686 PMCID: PMC9934381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) plays a key role in the innate immune responses to both DNA and RNA virus infection. Here, we found that enterovirus 71 (EV-A71), Seneca Valley virus (SVV), and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection triggered mitochondria damage and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release in vitro and vivo. These responses were mediated by picornavirus 2B proteins which induced mtDNA release during viral replication. SVV infection caused the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and led to voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1)- and BCL2 antagonist/killer 1 (Bak) and Bak/BCL2-associated X (Bax)-dependent mtDNA leakage into the cytoplasm, while EV-A71 and FMDV infection induced mPTP opening and resulted in VDAC1-dependent mtDNA release. The released mtDNA bound to cGAS and activated cGAS-mediated antiviral immune response. cGAS was essential for inhibiting EV-A71, SVV, and FMDV replication by regulation of IFN-β production. cGAS deficiency contributed to higher mortality of EV-A71- or FMDV-infected mice. In addition, we found that SVV 2C protein was responsible for decreasing cGAS expression through the autophagy pathway. The 9th and 153rd amino acid sites in 2C were critical for induction of cGAS degradation. Furthermore, we also show that EV-A71, CA16, and EMCV 2C antagonize the cGAS-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway through interaction with STING, and highly conserved amino acids Y155 and S156 were critical for this inhibitory effect. In conclusion, these data reveal novel mechanisms of picornaviruses to block the antiviral effect mediated by the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, which will provide insights for developing antiviral strategies against picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoning Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Andrew E. Shaw
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, WOAH/National reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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9
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Ludi AB, McLaws M, Armson B, Clark J, Di Nardo A, Parekh K, Henstock M, Muellner P, Muellner UJ, Rosso F, Prada JM, Horton DL, Paton DJ, Sumption K, King DP. PRAGMATIST: A tool to prioritize foot-and-mouth disease virus antigens held in vaccine banks. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1029075. [PMID: 36590816 PMCID: PMC9798001 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1029075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen banks have been established to supply foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines at short notice to respond to incursions or upsurges in cases of FMDV infection. Multiple vaccine strains are needed to protect against specific FMDV lineages that circulate within six viral serotypes that are unevenly distributed across the world. The optimal selection of distinct antigens held in a bank must carefully balance the desire to cover these risks with the costs of purchasing and maintaining vaccine antigens. PRAGMATIST is a semi-quantitative FMD vaccine strain selection tool combining three strands of evidence: (1) estimates of the risk of incursion from specific areas (source area score); (2) estimates of the relative prevalence of FMD viral lineages in each specific area (lineage distribution score); and (3) effectiveness of each vaccine against specific FMDV lineages based on laboratory vaccine matching tests (vaccine coverage score). The output is a vaccine score, which identifies vaccine strains that best address the threats, and consequently which are the highest priority for inclusion in vaccine antigen banks. In this paper, data used to populate PRAGMATIST are described, including the results from expert elicitations regarding FMD risk and viral lineage circulation, while vaccine coverage data is provided from vaccine matching tests performed at the WRLFMD between 2011 and 2021 (n = 2,150). These data were tailored to working examples for three hypothetical vaccine antigen bank perspectives (Europe, North America, and Australia). The results highlight the variation in the vaccine antigens required for storage in these different regions, dependent on risk. While the tool outputs are largely robust to uncertainty in the input parameters, variation in vaccine coverage score had the most noticeable impact on the estimated risk covered by each vaccine, particularly for vaccines that provide substantial risk coverage across several lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Ludi
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa McLaws
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Melissa McLaws
| | - Bryony Armson
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Clark
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Krupali Parekh
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Henstock
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Petra Muellner
- Epi-Interactive, Miramar, Wellington, New Zealand,School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Fabrizio Rosso
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Joaquin M. Prada
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel L. Horton
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Paton
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom,The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Keith Sumption
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Donald P. King
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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10
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Gubbins S, Paton DJ, Dekker A, Ludi AB, Wilsden G, Browning CFJ, Eschbaumer M, Barnabei J, Duque H, Pauszek LL, King DP. Predicting cross-protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus strains by serology after vaccination. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1027006. [PMID: 36532344 PMCID: PMC9751447 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1027006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Serology is widely used to predict whether vaccinated individuals and populations will be protected against infectious diseases, including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which affects cloven-hoofed animals. Neutralising antibody titres to FMD challenge viruses correlate to protection against FMD, for vaccinated cattle that are infected with the same strain as in the vaccine (homologous protection). Similar relationships exist for cross-strain protection between different vaccine and challenge viruses, although much less data are available for these heterologous studies. Poor inter-laboratory reproducibility of the virus neutralisation test (VNT) also hampers comparisons between studies. Therefore, day-of-challenge sera (n = 180) were assembled from 13 previous FMD cross-protection experiments for serotypes O (n = 2), A (n = 10), and SAT 2 (n = 1). These were tested by VNT against the challenge viruses at the FMD FAO World Reference Laboratory (WRLFMD) and the titres were compared to challenge outcomes (protected or not). This dataset was combined with equivalent serology and protection data for 61 sera from four cross-protection experiments carried out at WRLFMD for serotypes O (n = 2), A (n = 1), and Asia 1 (n = 1). VNT results and protection outcomes were also analysed for a serotype O cross-protection experiment involving 39 cattle, where the sera were not available for retesting at WRLFMD. Three categories of association between heterologous neutralising antibody titre and heterologous protection were found (Group 1-3). The log10 reciprocal titres associated on average with 75% protection (with 95% credible limits) were: Group 1: 2.46 (2.11-2.97); Group 2: 1.67 (1.49-1.92); Group 3: 1.17 (1.06-1.30). Further cross-protection data are needed to understand the factors that underpin this variability and to develop more robust antibody thresholds. Establishing cut-off serological titres that can be used to score the adequacy of vaccine-induced immunity will facilitate the monitoring and thereby the performance of FMD vaccination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aldo Dekker
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Anna B. Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jamie Barnabei
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Hernando Duque
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Lisa L. Pauszek
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
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11
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Raouf YA, Wadsworth J, Bin‐Tarif A, Gray AR, Habiela M, Almutalb AA, Yousif H, Ragab M, Alfouz W, Ahmed NH, Ibrahim I, Hassan AM, Tibbo M, Almajali AM, van Maanen C, Lyons NA, King DP, Knowles NJ. Genotyping of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected in Sudan between 2009 and 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1393-e1406. [PMID: 35150073 PMCID: PMC9790298 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is widely distributed in Sudan where outbreaks occur on an annual basis especially during the winter months (December-February). This study aimed to increase our understanding of the epidemiological patterns of FMD in Sudan and connections to neighbouring countries by characterizing the genetic sequences of FMD viruses (FMDV) collected from samples collected in 10 Sudanese states over a 10-year period (between 2009 and 2018). FMDV was detected in 91 of the 265 samples using an antigen-detection ELISA. Three serotypes were detected: O (46.2%), A (34.0%), and SAT 2 (19.8%). Fifty-two of these samples were submitted for sequence analyses, generating sequences that were characterized as belonging to O/EA-3 (n = 17), A/AFRICA/G-IV (n = 23) and SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 (n = 12) viral lineages. Phylogenetic analyses provided evidence that FMDV lineages were maintained within Sudan, and also highlighted epidemiological connections to FMD outbreaks reported in neighbouring countries in East and North Africa (such as Ethiopia and Egypt). This study motivates continued FMD surveillance in Sudan to monitor the circulating viral lineages and broader initiatives to improve our understanding of the epidemiological risks in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazeed A. Raouf
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| | - Abdelghani Bin‐Tarif
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| | - Ashley R. Gray
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| | - Mohammed Habiela
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Ameera A. Almutalb
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Hanan Yousif
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Maysa Ragab
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Wefag Alfouz
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Nussiba H. Ahmed
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Inas Ibrahim
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Ahmed M. Hassan
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Markos Tibbo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)Subregional Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council States and YemenAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad M. Almajali
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)Subregional Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council States and YemenAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates,Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary Clinical SciencesJordan University of Science and TechnologyIrbidJordan
| | - Cornelis van Maanen
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (EuFMD)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)RomeItaly
| | - Nicholas A. Lyons
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK,The European Commission for the Control of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (EuFMD)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)RomeItaly
| | - Donald P. King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
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12
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Banda F, Shilongo A, Hikufe EH, Khaiseb S, Kabajani J, Shikongo B, Set P, Kapapero JK, Shoombe KK, Zaire G, Kabilika S, Quan M, Fana EM, Mokopasetso M, Hyera JMK, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Nardo AD, King DP. The first detection of a serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus in Namibia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3261-e3267. [PMID: 35416412 PMCID: PMC9790293 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the molecular characterization of a serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) recovered from a field outbreak in the Zambezi region, Namibia during July 2021. Sequence analysis demonstrates that this FMDV belongs to the O/EA-2 topotype sharing closest nucleotide identity (99.5%) to FMD viruses collected since 2018 in Zambia. This is the first detection of serotype O in Namibia, and together with the cases that have been recently detected in southern Zambia, represent the first time that this serotype has been detected in the Southern African FMD endemic pool since 2000, when a virus of Asian origin (O/ME-SA/PanAsia) caused an outbreak in South Africa. This incursion poses a new threat for the region and the potential onward spread of O/EA-2 will now need to be closely monitored since serotype O vaccines are not widely used in Namibia, nor in neighbouring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Banda
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Albertina Shilongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Emmanuel H Hikufe
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | | | - Beatrice Shikongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Paul Set
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Joseph K Kapapero
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Kenneth K Shoombe
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Swithine Kabilika
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Melvyn Quan
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elliot M Fana
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory (SSARRL) for FMD, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Lejara, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mokganedi Mokopasetso
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory (SSARRL) for FMD, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Lejara, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Joseph M K Hyera
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory (SSARRL) for FMD, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Lejara, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
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13
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Ward JC, Lasecka-Dykes L, Neil C, Adeyemi OO, Gold S, McLean-Pell N, Wright C, Herod MR, Kealy D, Warner E, Jackson T, King DP, Tuthill TJ, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ. The RNA pseudoknots in foot-and-mouth disease virus are dispensable for genome replication, but essential for the production of infectious virus. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010589. [PMID: 35666744 PMCID: PMC9203018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding regions of viral RNA (vRNA) genomes are critically important in the regulation of gene expression. In particular, pseudoknot (PK) structures, which are present in a wide range of RNA molecules, have a variety of roles. The 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vRNA is considerably longer than in other viruses from the picornavirus family and consists of a number of distinctive structural motifs that includes multiple (2, 3 or 4 depending on the virus strain) putative PKs linked in tandem. The role(s) of the PKs in the FMDV infection are not fully understood. Here, using bioinformatics, sub-genomic replicons and recombinant viruses we have investigated the structural conservation and importance of the PKs in the FMDV lifecycle. Our results show that despite the conservation of two or more PKs across all FMDVs, a replicon lacking PKs was replication competent, albeit at reduced levels. Furthermore, in competition experiments, GFP FMDV replicons with less than two (0 or 1) PK structures were outcompeted by a mCherry FMDV wt replicon that had 4 PKs, whereas GFP replicons with 2 or 4 PKs were not. This apparent replicative advantage offered by the additional PKs correlates with the maintenance of at least two PKs in the genomes of FMDV field isolates. Despite a replicon lacking any PKs retaining the ability to replicate, viruses completely lacking PK were not viable and at least one PK was essential for recovery of infections virus, suggesting a role for the PKs in virion assembly. Thus, our study points to roles for the PKs in both vRNA replication and virion assembly, thereby improving understanding the molecular biology of FMDV replication and the wider roles of PK in RNA functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Ward
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Neil
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Oluwapelumi O. Adeyemi
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gold
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Niall McLean-Pell
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Wright
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan R. Herod
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David Kealy
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Warner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Jackson
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - David J. Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DJR); (NJS)
| | - Nicola J. Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DJR); (NJS)
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14
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Yang M, Zhmendak D, Mioulet V, King DP, Burman A, Nfon CK. Combining a Universal Capture Ligand and Pan-Serotype Monoclonal Antibody to Develop a Pan-Serotype Lateral Flow Strip Test for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Detection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040785. [PMID: 35458515 PMCID: PMC9032765 DOI: 10.3390/v14040785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes FMD, a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, goats, pigs and sheep. Rapid detection of FMDV is critical to limit the devastating economic losses due to FMD. Current laboratory methods for FMDV detection such as virus isolation, real-time reverse transcription PCR and antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AgELISA) are labor-intensive, requiring trained personnel and specialized equipment. We present the development and validation of a pan-serotype lateral flow strip test (LFST) that uses recombinant bovine integrin αvβ6 as a universal capture ligand and a pan-serotype monoclonal antibody (mAb) to detect FMDV. The LFST detected all seven FMDV serotypes, where the diagnostic sensitivity was comparable to the AgELISA, and the diagnostic specificity was 100% without cross-reactivity to other viruses causing vesicular disease in livestock. This rapid test will be useful for on-site FMDV detection, as well as in laboratories in endemic countries where laboratory resources are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada;
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (C.K.N.)
| | - Dmytro Zhmendak
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada;
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (V.M.); (D.P.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (V.M.); (D.P.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Alison Burman
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (V.M.); (D.P.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Charles K. Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada;
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (C.K.N.)
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15
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Karabassova AS, Sultanov AA, Saduakassova MA, King DP, Ludi AB, Browning CFJ, Wilsden G. Toward the calibration of serological assays using sera collected from cattle and sheep following a single dose of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine. Vet World 2022; 15:524-530. [PMID: 35400944 PMCID: PMC8980403 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.524-530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Serological assays are widely used to monitor the performance of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines to estimate vaccination coverage and to ensure that vaccinated animals generate adequate immune responses. This study aimed to measure the FMD virus (FMDV)-specific responses in cattle and sheep after a single dose of a trivalent FMD vaccine containing serotypes A, O, and Asia-1, and to use these sera to calibrate virus neutralization tests (VNTs) and serotype-specific serological enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) that can measure post-vaccination responses. Materials and Methods: Sera were collected from cattle (n=10) and sheep (n=10) on 0, 21, and 56 days after immunization with an imported aqueous formulated FMD vaccine. These samples were tested by VNT using field FMDV isolates that are representative of the epidemiological risks in Central Asia (A/ASIA/Iran-05, A/ASIA/GVII, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001, O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, and Asia-1 Shamir). Heterologous VNT antibody responses were compared to those measured using commercial FMDV-specific ELISAs for serotypes O, A, and Asia 1. Results: Administration of the FMD vaccine increased FMDV-specific antibody titers for both species in sera collected on day 21, but these elevated titers were short-lived and were decreased by day 56. Conclusion: These results highlight the short duration of immunity with a single dose of this aqueous vaccine and motivate further studies to assess immune responses in cattle and small ruminants after a two-dose course vaccination schedule. Further comparative data for VNT and serotype-specific ELISAs are needed to define cutoffs that can be used to monitor post-vaccination immune responses in low-containment laboratories where it is not possible to handle live FMDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiken S. Karabassova
- Department for Epizootological Monitoring and Risks Assessment of Animal Viral Diseases, The Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Akhmetzhan A. Sultanov
- Department for Epizootological Monitoring and Risks Assessment of Animal Viral Diseases, The Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Meruyert A. Saduakassova
- Department for Epizootological Monitoring and Risks Assessment of Animal Viral Diseases, The Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B. Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Clare F. J. Browning
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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16
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Singanallur NB, Eblé PL, Ludi AB, Statham B, Bin-Tarif A, King DP, Dekker A, Vosloo W. A Vaccine Based on the A/ASIA/G-VII Lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Offers Low Levels of Protection against Circulating Viruses from the A/ASIA/Iran-05 lineage. Viruses 2022; 14:97. [PMID: 35062300 PMCID: PMC8781018 DOI: 10.3390/v14010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence and circulation of the A/ASIA/G-VII (A/G-VII) lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the Middle East has resulted in the development of homologous vaccines to ensure susceptible animals are sufficiently protected against clinical disease. However, a second serotype A lineage called A/ASIA/Iran-05 (A/IRN/05) continues to circulate in the region and it is therefore imperative to ensure vaccine strains used will protect against both lineages. In addition, for FMDV vaccine banks that usually hold a limited number of strains, it is necessary to include strains with a broad antigenic coverage. To assess the cross protective ability of an A/G-VII emergency vaccine (formulated at 43 (95% CI 8-230) PD50/dose as determined during homologous challenge), we performed a heterologous potency test according to the European Pharmacopoeia design using a field isolate from the A/IRN/05 lineage as the challenge virus. The estimated heterologous potency in this study was 2.0 (95% CI 0.4-6.0) PD50/dose, which is below the minimum potency recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Furthermore, the cross-reactive antibody titres against the heterologous challenge virus were poor (≤log10 0.9), even in those cattle that had received the full dose of vaccine. The geometric mean r1-value was 0.2 (95% CI 0.03-0.8), similar to the potency ratio of 0.04 (95% CI 0.004-0.3). Vaccination decreased viraemia and virus excretion compared to the unvaccinated controls. Our results indicate that this A/G-VII vaccine does not provide sufficient protection against viruses belonging to the A/IRN/05 lineage and therefore the A/G-VII vaccine strain cannot replace the A/IRN/05 vaccine strain but could be considered an additional strain for use in vaccines and antigen banks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phaedra Lydia Eblé
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bob Statham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK
| | | | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK
| | - Aldo Dekker
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO-Health & Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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17
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Jamal SM, Khan S, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Mioulet V, Bin-Tarif A, Ludi AB, Shah SAA, Abubakar M, Manzoor S, Afzal M, Eschbaumer M, King DP, Belsham GJ. Foot-and-mouth disease viruses of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage in Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3126-3135. [PMID: 33915027 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage within Pakistan was initially detected in two samples collected during 2019. Analysis of further serotype O FMDVs responsible for disease outbreaks in 2019-2020 in the country has now identified the spread of this sublineage to 10 districts within two separate provinces in North-Eastern and North-Western Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these viruses are closely related to those circulating in Bhutan, Nepal and India. The VP1 coding sequences of these viruses from Pakistan belong to three distinct clusters, which may indicate multiple introductions of this virus sublineage, although the routes of introduction are unknown. Vaccine matching studies against O1 Manisa, O 3039 and O TUR/5/2009 support the suitability of existing vaccine strains to control current field outbreaks, but further studies are warranted to monitor the spread and evolution of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage in the region. (145 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Abdelghani Bin-Tarif
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Anna B Ludi
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | | | | | - Shumaila Manzoor
- The Project for Enhancement of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Pakistan (OSRO/PAK/801/JPN), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- The Project for Enhancement of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Pakistan (OSRO/PAK/801/JPN), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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18
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Lasecka-Dykes L, Tulloch F, Simmonds P, Luke GA, Ribeca P, Gold S, Knowles NJ, Wright CF, Wadsworth J, Azhar M, King DP, Tuthill TJ, Jackson T, Ryan MD. Mutagenesis Mapping of RNA Structures within the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Genome Reveals Functional Elements Localized in the Polymerase (3D pol)-Encoding Region. mSphere 2021; 6:e0001521. [PMID: 34259558 PMCID: PMC8386395 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00015-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA structures can form functional elements that play crucial roles in the replication of positive-sense RNA viruses. While RNA structures in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of several picornaviruses have been functionally characterized, the roles of putative RNA structures predicted for protein coding sequences (or open reading frames [ORFs]) remain largely undefined. Here, we have undertaken a bioinformatic analysis of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome to predict 53 conserved RNA structures within the ORF. Forty-six of these structures were located in the regions encoding the nonstructural proteins (nsps). To investigate whether structures located in the regions encoding the nsps are required for FMDV replication, we used a mutagenesis method, CDLR mapping, where sequential coding segments were shuffled to minimize RNA secondary structures while preserving protein coding, native dinucleotide frequencies, and codon usage. To examine the impact of these changes on replicative fitness, mutated sequences were inserted into an FMDV subgenomic replicon. We found that three of the RNA structures, all at the 3' termini of the FMDV ORF, were critical for replicon replication. In contrast, disruption of the other 43 conserved RNA structures that lie within the regions encoding the nsps had no effect on replicon replication, suggesting that these structures are not required for initiating translation or replication of viral RNA. Conserved RNA structures that are not essential for virus replication could provide ideal targets for the rational attenuation of a wide range of FMDV strains. IMPORTANCE Some RNA structures formed by the genomes of RNA viruses are critical for viral replication. Our study shows that of 46 conserved RNA structures located within the regions of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome that encode the nonstructural proteins, only three are essential for replication of an FMDV subgenomic replicon. Replicon replication is dependent on RNA translation and synthesis; thus, our results suggest that the three RNA structures are critical for either initiation of viral RNA translation and/or viral RNA synthesis. Although further studies are required to identify whether the remaining 43 RNA structures have other roles in virus replication, they may provide targets for the rational large-scale attenuation of a wide range of FMDV strains. FMDV causes a highly contagious disease, posing a constant threat to global livestock industries. Such weakened FMDV strains could be investigated as live-attenuated vaccines or could enhance biosecurity of conventional inactivated vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Tulloch
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Garry A. Luke
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gold
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Mehreen Azhar
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Martin D. Ryan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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19
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Ludi AB, Mioulet V, Kassimi LB, Lefebvre DJ, De Clercq K, Chitsungo E, Nwankpa N, Vosloo W, Paton DJ, King DP. Selection and use of reference panels: a case study highlighting current gaps in the materials available for foot and mouth disease. REV SCI TECH OIE 2021; 40:239-251. [PMID: 34140727 DOI: 10.20506/rst.40.1.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals describes a diverse array of assays that can be used to detect, characterise and monitor the presence of infectious agents of farmed livestock. These methods have been developed in different laboratories, at different times, and often include tests or kits provided by the commercial sector. Reference panels are essential tools that can be used during assay development and in validation exercises to compare the performance of these varied (and sometimes competing) diagnostic technologies. World Organisation for Animal Health Reference Laboratories already provide approved international standard reagents to help calibrate diagnostic tests for a range of diseases, but there remain important gaps in their availability for comparative purposes and the calibration of test results across different laboratories. Using foot and mouth disease (FMD) as an example, this review highlights four specific areas where new reference reagents are required. These are to: reduce bias in estimates of the diagnostic sensitivity and inter-serotypic specificity of tests used to detect diverse strains of FMD virus (FMDV), provide bio-safe positive controls for new point-of-care test formats that can be deployed outside high containment, harmonise FMDV antigens for post-vaccination serology, and address inter-laboratory differences in serological assays used to measure virus-specific FMD antibody responses. Since there are often limited resources to prepare and distribute these materials, sustainable progress in this arena will only be achievable if there is consensus and coordination of these activities among OIE Reference Laboratories.
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20
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Nardo AD, Ferretti L, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, Gelman B, Karniely S, Scherbakov A, Ziay G, Özyörük F, Parlak Ü, Göktuna PT, Hassanzadeh R, Khalaj M, Dastoor SM, Abdollahi D, Khan EUH, Afzal M, Hussain M, Knowles NJ, King DP. Evolutionary and Ecological Drivers Shape the Emergence and Extinction of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Lineages. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4346-4361. [PMID: 34115138 PMCID: PMC8476141 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock farming across the world is constantly threatened by evolutionary turnover of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains in endemic systems, the underlying dynamics of which remain to be elucidated. Here, we map the eco-evolutionary landscape of co-circulating FMDV lineages within an important endemic virus pool encompassing Western, Central and parts of Southern Asia, reconstructing the evolutionary history and spatial dynamics over the last 20 years that shapes the current epidemiological situation. We demonstrate that new FMDV variants periodically emerge from Southern Asia, precipitating waves of virus incursions that systematically travel in a westerly direction. We evidence how metapopulation dynamics drive the emergence and extinction of spatially structured virus populations, and how transmission in different host species regulates the evolutionary space of virus serotypes. Our work provides the first integrative framework that defines co-evolutionary signatures of FMDV in regional contexts to help understand the complex interplay between virus phenotypes, host characteristics, and key epidemiological determinants of transmission that drive FMDV evolution in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Gelman
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Sharon Karniely
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Alexey Scherbakov
- Federal Governmental Budgetary Institution "Federal Centre for Animal Health" (FGBI "ARRIAH"), Yur'evets, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Ghulam Ziay
- Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Fuat Özyörük
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ünal Parlak
- Foot and Mouth Disease (ŞAP) Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Reza Hassanzadeh
- Iran Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khalaj
- Iran Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Darab Abdollahi
- Iran Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehtisham-Ul-Haq Khan
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Government of Punjab, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Pakistan Office, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Manzoor Hussain
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Pakistan Office, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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21
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Compston P, Limon G, Sangula A, Onono J, King DP, Häsler B. Understanding what shapes disease control: An historical analysis of foot-and-mouth disease in Kenya. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105315. [PMID: 33735817 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interpreting the interplay between politics, social demographics and epidemiology is essential for understanding how a disease's occurrence and control evolve over time. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus was first detected in Kenya in 1915 and serotyped in 1932. This review aims to describe and appraise initiatives to control FMD in Kenya since its independence from British rule in 1964, using information from the scientific literature. We describe the historical dynamics of FMD epidemiology in the country and determine socio-political factors that have shaped the control strategies used. PubMed, Scopus, CAB abstracts, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar were used to search and retrieve papers, using predetermined search criteria encompassing FMD, Kenya and disease control programme descriptors. In total 1234 papers were identified and screened for relevance using the World Health Organization's guidelines for rapid review. Ultimately 69 references from this search were included, and information extracted and consolidated. These papers highlight that following independence, there was a structured effort to control FMD consisting of a compulsory subsidised vaccination programme in the Rift Valley with movement controls and quarantine when outbreaks occurred. This programme led to an initial decrease in recorded FMD outbreaks. However, endemic circulation continued and this programme was discontinued due to multiple factors, including political deprioritisation and changes in the structure of veterinary services. Only low levels of active surveillance have been applied since 1964; most surveillance is passive and relies on outbreak reports. Currently control focuses on outbreak management and a mixture of public- and privately-funded vaccination. This review highlights critical drivers influencing disease control programme implementation including veterinary service structure, the active participation of stakeholders with farming systems and availability of affordable and matched FMD vaccine. Additionally, it appraises the availability of historical information and draws attention to gaps in the historical record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Compston
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Georgina Limon
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Abraham Sangula
- Foot-and-mouth Disease National Reference Laboratory, Embakasi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Joshua Onono
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, AL9 7TA, UK.
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22
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Waters RA, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, Shaw AE, Knowles NJ, Abdollahi D, Hassanzadeh R, Sumption K, King DP. Foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), Iran. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:63. [PMID: 33526020 PMCID: PMC7852191 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious viral disease, recognised to affect animals in the order Artiodactyla. The disease is rarely fatal in adult animals, however high mortality is associated with neonatal and juvenile infection. CASE PRESENTATION Five puppies died after being fed lamb carcases, the lambs having died during an outbreak of FMD in Iran. Following a post-mortem examination, cardiac tissue from one of the dead puppies was subjected to virus isolation, antigen ELISA, real-time RT-PCR, sequencing and confocal microscopy to assess the presence and characteristics of any FMD virus. The virological and microscopic examination of the cardiac tissue provided evidence of FMD virus replication in the canine heart. CONCLUSIONS The data generated in this study demonstrate for the first time that FMD virus can internalise and replicate in dogs and may represent an epidemiologically significant event in FMD transmission, highlighting the dangers of feeding diseased animal carcases to other species. The reporting of this finding may also focus attention on similar disease presentations in dogs in FMD endemic countries allowing a better understanding of the prevalence of such events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, GU24 0NF, Woking, Surrey, UK.
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, GU24 0NF, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, GU24 0NF, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Andrew E Shaw
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, GU24 0NF, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, GU24 0NF, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Darab Abdollahi
- Iran Veterinary Organisation (IVO), Vali Asr Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Hassanzadeh
- Iran Veterinary Organisation (IVO), Vali Asr Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keith Sumption
- Food and Agriculture Organization for the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, GU24 0NF, Woking, Surrey, UK
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23
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Paton DJ, Di Nardo A, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Pituco EM, Cosivi O, Rivera AM, Kassimi LB, Brocchi E, de Clercq K, Carrillo C, Maree FF, Singh RK, Vosloo W, Park MK, Sumption KJ, Ludi AB, King DP. The history of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype C: the first known extinct serotype? Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab009. [PMID: 35186323 PMCID: PMC8102019 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious animal disease caused by an RNA virus subdivided into seven serotypes that are unevenly distributed in Asia, Africa, and South America. Despite the challenges of controlling FMD, since 1996 there have been only two outbreaks attributed to serotype C, in Brazil and in Kenya, in 2004. This article describes the historical distribution and origins of serotype C and its disappearance. The serotype was first described in Europe in the 1920s, where it mainly affected pigs and cattle but as a less common cause of outbreaks than serotypes O and A. No serotype C outbreaks have been reported in Europe since vaccination stopped in 1990. FMD virus is presumed to have been introduced into South America from Europe in the nineteenth century, although whether serotype C evolved there or in Europe is not known. As in Europe, this serotype was less widely distributed and caused fewer outbreaks than serotypes O and A. Since 1994, serotype C had not been reported from South America until four small outbreaks were detected in the Amazon region in 2004. Elsewhere, serotype C was introduced to Asia, in the 1950s to the 1970s, persisting and evolving for several decades in the Indian subcontinent and for eighteen years in the Philippines. Serotype C virus also circulated in East Africa between 1957 and 2004. Many serotype C viruses from European and Kenyan outbreaks were closely related to vaccine strains, including the most recently recovered Kenyan isolate from 2004. International surveillance has not confirmed any serotype C cases, worldwide, for over 15 years, despite more than 2,000 clinical submissions per year to reference laboratories. Serology provides limited evidence for absence of this serotype, as unequivocal interpretation is hampered by incomplete intra-serotype specificity of immunoassays and the continued use of this serotype in vaccines. It is recommended to continue strengthening surveillance in regions of FMD endemicity, to stop vaccination against serotype C and to reduce working with the virus in laboratories, since inadvertent escape of virus during such activities is now the biggest risk for its reappearance in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Edviges M Pituco
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health Center, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ottorino Cosivi
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health Center, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alejandro M Rivera
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health Center, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Labib Bakkali Kassimi
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, ANSES, ENVA, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi, 9. 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Kris de Clercq
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Ukkel 1180, Belgium
| | - Consuelo Carrillo
- Diagnostic Services of the Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratories, NVSL-VS-APHIS (USDA), Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Francois F Maree
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Raj K Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, Mukteswar 263138, India
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Min-Kyung Park
- Status Department, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris 75017, France
| | - Keith J Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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24
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Gray AR, Wood BA, Henry E, King DP, Mioulet V. Elimination of Non-cytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus From the LFBK-α vβ 6 Cell Line. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:715120. [PMID: 34458357 PMCID: PMC8385193 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.715120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The LFBK-αvβ6 cell line is highly sensitive for the isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and porcinophilic vesicular viruses. However, LFBK-αvβ6 cells are contaminated with a non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), which complicates handling procedures in areas where other cell lines are maintained, as well downstream use of viral isolates. In this study, we used an aromatic cationic compound (DB772) to treat LFBK-αvβ6 cells using an approach that has been previously used to eliminate persistent BVDV from fetal fibroblast cell lines. After three cell passages with 4 μM DB772, BVDV could no longer be detected in unclarified cell suspensions using a pan-pestivirus real-time RT-PCR assay, and remained undetectable after treatment was stopped (nine passages) for an additional 28 passages. The analytical sensitivity of the DB772-treated LFBK-αvβ6 cultures (renamed WRL-LFBK-αvβ6) to titrations of FMDV and other vesicular virus isolates was comparable to untreated LFBK-αvβ6 cells. These new BVDV-free cells can be handled without the risk of cross-contaminating other cells lines or reagents, and used for routine diagnostics, in vivo studies and/or preparation of new vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Gray
- World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Britta A Wood
- World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Henry
- World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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25
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Eschbaumer M, Vögtlin A, Paton DJ, Barnabei JL, Sanchez-Vazquez MJ, Pituco EM, Rivera AM, O'Brien D, Nfon C, Brocchi E, Bakkali Kassimi L, Lefebvre DJ, Navarro López R, Maradei E, Duffy SJ, Loitsch A, De Clercq K, King DP, Zientara S, Griot C, Beer M. Non-discriminatory Exclusion Testing as a Tool for the Early Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Incursions. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:552670. [PMID: 33330684 PMCID: PMC7710516 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.552670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endemic circulation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Africa and Asia poses a continuous risk to countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania which are free from the disease. Introductions of the disease into a free region have dramatic economic impacts, especially if they are not detected at an early stage and controlled rapidly. However, farmers and veterinarians have an obvious disincentive to report clinical signs that are consistent with FMD, due to the severe consequences of raising an official suspicion, such as farm-level quarantine. One way that the risk of late detection can be mitigated is offering non-discriminatory exclusion testing schemes for differential diagnostics, wherein veterinarians can submit samples without the involvement of the competent authority and without sanctions or costs for the farmer. This review considers the benefits and limitations of this approach to improve the early detection of FMD in free countries and gives an overview of the FMD testing schemes currently in use in selected countries in Europe and the Americas as well as in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andrea Vögtlin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie L Barnabei
- National Animal Vaccine and Veterinary Countermeasures Bank, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | | | - Edviges Maristela Pituco
- Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa y Salud Pública Veterinaria-PANAFTOSA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Dwane O'Brien
- Diagnostic Surveillance and Response, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Australian Center for Disease Preparedness, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Center for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Labib Bakkali Kassimi
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, Anses, ENVA, Paris-Est Créteil University, Paris, France
| | - David J Lefebvre
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roberto Navarro López
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Maradei
- Private Consultants for Animal Health and Epidemiology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio J Duffy
- Private Consultants for Animal Health and Epidemiology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, Anses, ENVA, Paris-Est Créteil University, Paris, France
| | - Christian Griot
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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26
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Gizaw D, Tesfaye Y, Wood BA, Di Nardo A, Shegu D, Muluneh A, Bilata T, Belayneh R, Fentie A, Asgdome H, Sombo M, Rufael T, Tadesse Woldemariyam F, Khan F, Yami M, Gelaye E, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, King DP. Molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Ethiopia between 2008 and 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2983-2992. [PMID: 32574400 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the constraints to controlling foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in East Africa is the incomplete knowledge of the specific FMD virus (FMDV) strains circulating and the way in which these viruses move across countries in the region. This retrospective study focuses on Ethiopia, which has one of the largest FMD-susceptible livestock populations in Africa. Analyses of FMDV positive samples collected between 2008 and 2019 demonstrate that serotypes O (n = 175), A (n = 51) and SAT 2 (n = 33) were present in the country. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 sequences for these viruses showed that there were at least seven different FMD viral clades circulating during this period: O/EA-3, O/EA-4, A/AFRICA/G-I, A/AFRICA/G-IV, A/AFRICA/G-VII, SAT2/VII and SAT2/XIII. Although these results only represent a snapshot and might not reflect all FMDV lineages that were present, they highlight the importance of serotype O, as well as the complexity and co-existence of FMDV serotypes in Ethiopia and surrounding countries. These sequence data also support the idea that there are two FMDV ecosystems existing in East Africa. Data from retrospective studies, such as these presented here, will be beneficial for vaccine selection and vaccination campaigns to control FMDV within Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Dereje Shegu
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayelech Muluneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tsion Bilata
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Rediet Belayneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenalem Fentie
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Hagose Asgdome
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Rufael
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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27
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King DJ, Freimanis G, Lasecka-Dykes L, Asfor A, Ribeca P, Waters R, King DP, Laing E. A Systematic Evaluation of High-Throughput Sequencing Approaches to Identify Low-Frequency Single Nucleotide Variants in Viral Populations. Viruses 2020; 12:E1187. [PMID: 33092085 PMCID: PMC7594041 DOI: 10.3390/v12101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing such as those provided by Illumina are an efficient way to understand sequence variation within viral populations. However, challenges exist in distinguishing process-introduced error from biological variance, which significantly impacts our ability to identify sub-consensus single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). Here we have taken a systematic approach to evaluate laboratory and bioinformatic pipelines to accurately identify low-frequency SNVs in viral populations. Artificial DNA and RNA "populations" were created by introducing known SNVs at predetermined frequencies into template nucleic acid before being sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform. These were used to assess the effects of abundance and starting input material type, technical replicates, read length and quality, short-read aligner, and percentage frequency thresholds on the ability to accurately call variants. Analyses revealed that the abundance and type of input nucleic acid had the greatest impact on the accuracy of SNV calling as measured by a micro-averaged Matthews correlation coefficient score, with DNA and high RNA inputs (107 copies) allowing for variants to be called at a 0.2% frequency. Reduced input RNA (105 copies) required more technical replicates to maintain accuracy, while low RNA inputs (103 copies) suffered from consensus-level errors. Base errors identified at specific motifs identified in all technical replicates were also identified which can be excluded to further increase SNV calling accuracy. These findings indicate that samples with low RNA inputs should be excluded for SNV calling and reinforce the importance of optimising the technical and bioinformatics steps in pipelines that are used to accurately identify sequence variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (D.J.K.); (G.F.); (L.L.-D.); (A.A.); (R.W.); (D.P.K.)
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Graham Freimanis
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (D.J.K.); (G.F.); (L.L.-D.); (A.A.); (R.W.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Lidia Lasecka-Dykes
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (D.J.K.); (G.F.); (L.L.-D.); (A.A.); (R.W.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Amin Asfor
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (D.J.K.); (G.F.); (L.L.-D.); (A.A.); (R.W.); (D.P.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH9 3FD, UK;
| | - Ryan Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (D.J.K.); (G.F.); (L.L.-D.); (A.A.); (R.W.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (D.J.K.); (G.F.); (L.L.-D.); (A.A.); (R.W.); (D.P.K.)
| | - Emma Laing
- Department of Microbial and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
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28
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Browning CFJ, Di Nardo A, Henry L, Pollard T, Hendry L, Romey A, Relmy A, Eble P, Brocchi E, Grazioli S, King DP, Ludi AB. Inter-laboratory comparison of 2 ELISA kits used for foot-and-mouth disease virus nonstructural protein serology. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:933-937. [PMID: 33025858 PMCID: PMC7645616 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720962070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serologic assays used to detect antibodies to nonstructural proteins (NSPs) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) are used for disease surveillance in endemic countries, and are essential to providing evidence for freedom of the disease with or without vaccination and to recover the free status of a country after an outbreak. In a 5-site inter-laboratory study, we compared the performance of 2 commercial NSP ELISA kits (ID Screen FMD NSP ELISA single day [short] and overnight protocols, ID.Vet; PrioCHECK FMDV NS antibody ELISA, Thermo Fisher Scientific). The overall concordance between the PrioCHECK and ID Screen test was 93.8% (95% CI: 92.0–95.2%) and 94.8% (95% CI: 93.1–96.1%) for the overnight and short ID Screen incubation protocols, respectively. Our results indicate that the assays (including the 2 different formats of the ID Screen test) can be used interchangeably in post-outbreak serosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lissie Henry
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Pollard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Hendry
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, United Kingdom
| | - Aurore Romey
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anthony Relmy
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale de Maisons-Alfort, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Phaedra Eble
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
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29
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Tesfaye Y, Khan F, Yami M, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, King DP, Gelaye E. A vaccine-matching assessment of different genetic variants of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in Ethiopia between 2011 and 2014. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1749-1757. [PMID: 32435857 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the vaccine-matching and antigenic properties of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolates collected from Ethiopia between 2011 and 2014. Samples (n = 51) were collected from cattle and pigs with clinical signs consistent with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) on farms in Debre-Berhan, Debre-Zeit/Bishoftu, Sidamo, Mekelle, and Addis Ababa. Infectious FMDV was isolated using BHK-21 cell cultures from 38 of the 51 field samples (74.5%). All of these FMDV-positive samples were characterized as serotype O, belonging to two East Africa topotypes (EA-3 and EA-4), and their VP1-encoding sequences demonstrated amino acid sequence variability encompassing 27 positions in comparison to the vaccine strain (O/ETH/38/2005) currently provided by the National Veterinary Institute of Ethiopia. One-dimensional virus neutralization test (1 dm VNT) results showed that O/ETH/38/2005 was antigenically matched to 10 of the 16 serotype O viruses. These findings indicate that the O/ETH/38/2005 vaccine strain can provide protection against outbreaks caused by the O/EA-3 topotype, although poorer vaccine-matching results for the O/EA-4 topotype reinforce the importance of using a good-quality vaccine with high coverage in the susceptible herds with supporting post-vaccination serosurveillance to ensure that sufficient antibody titers are generated in the vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201306, India
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.BOX: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201306, India
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.BOX: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.BOX: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
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30
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Lignereux L, Chaber AL, Saegerman C, Heath L, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, King DP. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in captive scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1716-1724. [PMID: 32011088 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes three episodes of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) that were detected during 2013-2015 in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (SHO), a large Sahelo-Saharan antelope extinct in the wild housed in a wild ungulate breeding facility located 50 km east of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. While no mortality attributable to FMD was noted in the population of nearly 4,000 SHO during two of the three outbreaks, the morbidity varied according to the circulating strains and seroconversion reached a plateau of 78.0% within two weeks and remained at this level for at least nine months. Partial or complete sequencing of the VP1 encoding region demonstrated that the three outbreaks were caused by three different FMDV lineages (O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2, A/ASIA/Iran-05 and O/ME-SA/Ind-2001), consistent with FMD viruses that are circulating elsewhere in the region. These findings demonstrate that SHO are susceptible to FMD and highlight the risks of virus incursion into zoos and captive facilities in the Arabian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lignereux
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Disease Program, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
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Armson B, Di Nardo A, Nyaguthii DM, Sanz‐Bernardo B, Kitala PM, Chepkwony E, Mioulet V, King DP, Lyons NA. Utilizing milk from pooling facilities as a novel approach for foot-and-mouth disease surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1532-1542. [PMID: 31961008 PMCID: PMC7384003 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential of pooled milk as an alternative sample type for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) surveillance. Real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) results of pooled milk samples collected weekly from five pooling facilities in Nakuru County, Kenya, were compared with half-month reports of household-level incidence of FMD. These periodic cross-sectional surveys of smallholder farmers were powered to detect a threshold household-level FMD incidence of 2.5% and collected information on trends in milk production and sales. FMD virus (FMDV) RNA was detected in 9/219 milk samples, and using a type-specific rRT-PCR, serotype SAT 1 was identified in 3/9 of these positive samples, concurrent with confirmed outbreaks in the study area. Four milk samples were FMDV RNA-positive during the half-months when at least one farmer reported FMD; that is, the household-level clinical incidence was above a threshold of 2.5%. Additionally, some milk samples were FMDV RNA-positive when there were no reports of FMD by farmers. These results indicate that the pooled milk surveillance system can detect FMD household-level incidence at a 2.5% threshold when up to 26% of farmers contributed milk to pooling facilities, but perhaps even at lower levels of infection (i.e., below 2.5%), or when conventional disease reporting systems fail. Further studies are required to establish a more precise correlation with estimates of household-level clinical incidence, to fully evaluate the reliability of this approach. However, this pilot study highlights the potential use of this non-invasive, routinely collected, cost-effective surveillance tool, to address some of the existing limitations of traditional surveillance methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Armson
- The Pirbright InstituteSurreyUK
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem HealthInstitute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Dickson M. Nyaguthii
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and ToxicologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | | | - Philip M. Kitala
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and ToxicologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | - Eunice Chepkwony
- Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease LaboratoryState Department of LivestockEmbakasiNairobiKenya
| | | | | | - Nicholas A. Lyons
- The Pirbright InstituteSurreyUK
- European Commission for the Control of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (EuFMD)Animal Production and Health DivisionFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeItaly
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Howson ELA, Orton RJ, Mioulet V, Lembo T, King DP, Fowler VL. GoPrime: Development of an In Silico Framework to Predict the Performance of Real-Time PCR Primers and Probes Using Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus as a Model. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040303. [PMID: 32326039 PMCID: PMC7238122 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time PCR (rPCR) is a widely accepted diagnostic tool for the detection and quantification of nucleic acid targets. In order for these assays to achieve high sensitivity and specificity, primer and probe-template complementarity is essential; however, mismatches are often unavoidable and can result in false-negative results and errors in quantifying target sequences. Primer and probe sequences therefore require continual evaluation to ensure they remain fit for purpose. This paper describes the development of a linear model and associated computational tool (GoPrime) designed to predict the performance of rPCR primers and probes across multiple sequence data. Empirical data were generated using DNA oligonucleotides (n = 90) that systematically introduced variation in the primer and probe target regions of a diagnostic assay routinely used to detect foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV); an animal virus that exhibits a high degree of sequence variability. These assays revealed consistent impacts of patterns of substitutions in primer and probe-sites on rPCR cycle threshold (CT) and limit of detection (LOD). These data were used to populate GoPrime, which was subsequently used to predict rPCR results for DNA templates (n = 7) representing the natural sequence variability within FMDV. GoPrime was also applicable to other areas of the FMDV genome, with predictions for the likely targets of a FMDV-typing assay consistent with published experimental data. Although further work is required to improve these tools, including assessing the impact of primer-template mismatches in the reverse transcription step and the broader impact of mismatches for other assays, these data support the use of mathematical models for rapidly predicting the performance of rPCR primers and probes in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L A Howson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (E.LAH.); (V.M.); (V.LF.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (R.JO.); (T.L.)
| | - Richard J Orton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (R.JO.); (T.L.)
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (E.LAH.); (V.M.); (V.LF.)
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (R.JO.); (T.L.)
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (E.LAH.); (V.M.); (V.LF.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1483-232441
| | - Veronica L Fowler
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (E.LAH.); (V.M.); (V.LF.)
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Ulziibat G, Maygmarsuren O, Khishgee B, Basan G, Sandag B, Ruuragc S, Limon G, Wilsden G, Browning C, King DP, Ludi AB, Lyons NA. Immunogenicity of imported foot-and-mouth vaccines in different species in Mongolia. Vaccine 2020; 38:1708-1714. [PMID: 31926753 PMCID: PMC7008245 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FMD vaccines were independently assessed using published international guidelines. Highest titres were seen with oil-adjuvanted vaccines with a 2 dose primary course. Lower titres were seen with aqueous vaccines requiring a boost after 3 months. It is unknown how the lower titres observed in camels correlate with protection. The results have important implications for vaccine policy in Mongolia.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a high impact viral disease of livestock for which vaccines are extensively used in control. Mongolia has regular incursions of FMD virus that are typically limited to the eastern region although large epidemics are occasionally reported in the normally disease-free western areas. Vaccines are imported and form an important component of the control strategy. In 2015, post-vaccination monitoring guidelines were published by the FAO-OIE recommending approaches for assessing the appropriateness of imported vaccines including small-scale immunogenicity studies. This study used these recommended approaches to guide the use of vaccine adjuvant type and the need for a one or two dose primary course in the national control programme considering cattle, sheep and Bactrian camels and also whether these vaccines were appropriate for the FMD virus lineages considered high risk to Mongolia (A/ASIA/Sea-97; O/SEA/Mya-98; O/ME-SA/PanAsia; O/ME-SA/Ind-2001). The results of these immunogenicity studies indicated that in cattle and sheep, oil-adjuvanted vaccines led to higher and more persistent neutralisation titres that were satisfactory against the target lineages if a two-dose primary course was utilised. In contrast, aqueous-adjuvanted vaccines were associated with lower titres that likely required a booster after 3 months. Levels of antibodies in Bactrian camels were significantly lower although it is unknown how these may correlate with protection under experimental or field exposure conditions. The results of this study have implications for vaccine policy in Mongolia and suggest further studies on the role of Bactrian camels in the epidemiology of FMD are necessary to indicate if further research on FMD vaccines are needed in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bodisaikhan Khishgee
- General Authority for Veterinary Services, Government Building-IX, Enkhtaivan Avenue-16a, 3th Khoroo, Bayanzurkh District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ganzorig Basan
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batkhuyag Sandag
- General Authority for Veterinary Services, Government Building-IX, Enkhtaivan Avenue-16a, 3th Khoroo, Bayanzurkh District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Georgina Limon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Browning
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
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Gray AR, Wood BA, Henry E, Azhar M, King DP, Mioulet V. Evaluation of Cell Lines for the Isolation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Other Viruses Causing Vesicular Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:426. [PMID: 32851014 PMCID: PMC7401924 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The most sensitive cell culture system for the isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is primary bovine thyroid (BTY) cells. However, BTY cells are seldom used because of the challenges associated with sourcing thyroids from FMDV-negative calves (particularly in FMD endemic countries), and the costs and time required to regularly prepare batches of cells. Two continuous cell lines, a fetal goat tongue cell line (ZZ-R 127) and a fetal porcine kidney cell line (LFBK-αVβ6), have been shown to be highly sensitive to FMDV. Here, we assessed the sensitivity of ZZ-R 127 and LFBK-αVβ6 cells relative to primary BTY cells by titrating a range of FMDV original samples and isolates. Both the ZZ-R 127 and LFBK-αVβ6 cells were susceptible to FMDV for >100 passages, and there were no significant differences in sensitivity relative to primary BTY cells. Notably, the LFBK-αVβ6 cell line was highly sensitive to the O/CATHAY porcine-adapted FMDV strain. These results support the use of ZZ-R 127 and LFBK-αVβ6 as sensitive alternatives to BTY cells for the isolation of FMDV, and highlight the use of LFBK-αVβ6 cells as an additional tool for the isolation of porcinophilic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Gray
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Britta A Wood
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Henry
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mehreen Azhar
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
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35
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Armson B, Gubbins S, Mioulet V, Qasim IA, King DP, Lyons NA. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Surveillance Using Pooled Milk on a Large-Scale Dairy Farm in an Endemic Setting. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:264. [PMID: 32537458 PMCID: PMC7267466 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pooled milk is used for the surveillance of several diseases of livestock. Previous studies demonstrated the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the milk of infected animals at high dilutions, and consequently, the collection of pooled milk samples could be used to enhance FMD surveillance. This study evaluated pooled milk for FMDV surveillance on a large-scale dairy farm that experienced two FMD outbreaks caused by the A/ASIA/G-VII and O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineages, despite regular vaccination and strict biosecurity practices. FMDV RNA was detected in 42 (5.7%) of the 732 pooled milk samples, and typing information was concordant with diagnostic reports of clinical disease. The FMDV positive milk samples were temporally clustered around reports of new clinical cases, but with a wider distribution. For further investigation, a model was established to predict real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) CT values using individual cattle movement data, clinical disease records and virus excretion data from previous experimental studies. The model explained some of the instances where there were positive results by rRT-PCR, but no new clinical cases and suggested that subclinical infection occurred during the study period. Further studies are required to investigate the effect of vaccination on FMDV excretion in milk, and to evaluate more representative sampling methods. However, the results from this pilot study indicate that testing pooled milk by rRT-PCR may be valuable for FMD surveillance and has provided evidence of subclinical virus infection in vaccinated herds that could be important in the epidemiology of FMD in endemic countries where vaccination is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Armson
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom.,Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim A Qasim
- Directorate of Animal Resources Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donald P King
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom.,European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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36
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Fereidouni S, Freimanis GL, Orynbayev M, Ribeca P, Flannery J, King DP, Zuther S, Beer M, Höper D, Kydyrmanov A, Karamendin K, Kock R. Mass Die-Off of Saiga Antelopes, Kazakhstan, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1169-1176. [PMID: 31107235 PMCID: PMC6537709 DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.180990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, a mass die-off of ≈200,000 saiga antelopes in central Kazakhstan was caused by hemorrhagic septicemia attributable to the bacterium Pasteurella multocida serotype B. Previous analyses have indicated that environmental triggers associated with weather conditions, specifically air moisture and temperature in the region of the saiga antelope calving during the 10-day period running up to the event, were critical to the proliferation of latent bacteria and were comparable to conditions accompanying historically similar die-offs in the same areas. We investigated whether additional viral or bacterial pathogens could be detected in samples from affected animals using 3 different high-throughput sequencing approaches. We did not identify pathogens associated with commensal bacterial opportunisms in blood, kidney, or lung samples and thus concluded that P. multocida serotype B was the primary cause of the disease.
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Orton RJ, Wright CF, King DP, Haydon DT. Estimating viral bottleneck sizes for FMDV transmission within and between hosts and implications for the rate of viral evolution. Interface Focus 2019; 10:20190066. [PMID: 31897294 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses exist as populations of closely related genomes, characterized by a high diversity of low-frequency variants. As viral genomes from one population disperse to establish new sites of replication, the fate of these low-frequency variants depends to a large extent on the size of the founding population. Focusing on foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) we conjecture that variants are more likely to be transmitted through wide bottlenecks, but more likely to approach fixation in new populations following narrow bottlenecks; therefore, the longer-term rate of accumulation of 'nearly neutral' variants at high frequencies is likely to be inversely related to the bottleneck size. We examine this conjecture in vivo by estimating bottleneck sizes relating 'parent' and 'daughter' populations observed at different scales ranging from within host to between host (within the same herd, and in different herds) using a previously established method. Within hosts, we find bottleneck sizes to range from 5 to 20 viral genomes between populations transmitted from the pharynx to the serum, and from 4 to 54 between serum and lesion populations. Between hosts, we find bottleneck sizes to range from 2 to 39, suggesting inter-host bottlenecks are of a similar size to intra-host bottlenecks. We establish a statistically significant negative relationship between the probability of genomic consensus level change and bottleneck size, and present a simple sampling model that captures this empirical relationship. We also present a novel in vitro experiment to investigate the impact of bottleneck size on the frequency of mutations within FMDV populations, demonstrate that variant frequency in a population increases more rapidly during small population passages, and provide evidence for positive selection during the passage of large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Orton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.,MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Sir Michael Stoker Building, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | | | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Daniel T Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Lycett S, Tanya VN, Hall M, King DP, Mazeri S, Mioulet V, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Ngu Ngwa V, Morgan KL, Bronsvoort BMDC. The evolution and phylodynamics of serotype A and SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses in endemic regions of Africa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5614. [PMID: 30948742 PMCID: PMC6449503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major livestock disease with direct clinical impacts as well as indirect trade implications. Control through vaccination and stamping-out has successfully reduced or eradicated the disease from Europe and large parts of South America. However, sub-Saharan Africa remains endemically affected with 5/7 serotypes currently known to be circulating across the continent. This has significant implications both locally for livestock production and poverty reduction but also globally as it represents a major reservoir of viruses, which could spark new epidemics in disease free countries or vaccination zones. This paper describes the phylodynamics of serotypes A and SAT2 in Africa including recent isolates from Cameroon in Central Africa. We estimated the most recent common ancestor for serotype A was an East African virus from the 1930s (median 1937; HPD 1922-1950) compared to SAT2 which has a much older common ancestor from the early 1700s (median 1709; HPD 1502-1814). Detailed analysis of the different clades shows clearly that different clades are evolving and diffusing across the landscape at different rates with both serotypes having a particularly recent clade that is evolving and spreading more rapidly than other clades within their serotype. However, the lack of detailed sequence data available for Africa seriously limits our understanding of FMD epidemiology across the continent. A comprehensive view of the evolutionary history and dynamics of FMD viruses is essential to understand many basic epidemiological aspects of FMD in Africa such as the scale of persistence and the role of wildlife and thus the opportunities and scale at which vaccination and other controls could be applied. Finally we ask endemic countries to join the OIE/FAO supported regional networks and take advantage of new cheap technologies being rolled out to collect isolates and submit them to the World Reference Laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lycett
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment Group, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - V N Tanya
- Cameroon Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1457, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - M Hall
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
| | - D P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - S Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment Group, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - V Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - N J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - J Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Victor Ngu Ngwa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, B.P. 454, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - K L Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - B M de C Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment Group, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Teye MV, Sebunya TK, Fana EM, King DP, Seoke L, Knowles NJ, Awuni JA, Matlho G, Leteane M, Hyera JMK. Foot-and-mouth disease in Southern Ghana: occurrence and molecular characterization of circulating viruses. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1667-1677. [PMID: 30879248 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is considered to be endemic in Ghana. However, our knowledge of the local epidemiology of the disease is restricted by a lack of serological information and data for characterized viruses causing field outbreaks. In order to improve our understanding of the prevailing situation, this study was initiated to establish the FMD viruses (FMDV) circulating in the country. During 2016, sera (n = 93) and epithelia/oral swab (n = 20) samples were collected from cattle from four districts in Southern Ghana that experienced FMD outbreaks. Sera were analyzed using the PrioCHECK® FMDV non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA whereas the epithelia/oral swab samples were examined by virus isolation, antigen ELISA, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and sequencing of VP1 followed by phylogenetic analysis. Assay for antibodies against FMDV NSPs provided evidence of exposure to FMDV in 88.2% (82/93) of the sera tested. Serotypes O and A viruses were detected from clinical samples by RT-PCR and sequencing of VP1. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 coding sequences revealed that the serotype O viruses belonged to the West Africa (WA) topotype and were most closely related to viruses from Niger and Benin, while the serotype A viruses clustered within genotype IV (G-IV) of the Africa topotype and were most closely related to viruses from Nigeria. This study provides useful information on FMDV serotypes and viral lineages that circulate in Ghana and West Africa that may aid in the formulation of effective FMD control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias V Teye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Teresa K Sebunya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Elliot M Fana
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - LaToya Seoke
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Joseph A Awuni
- Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Veterinary Services Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, P. O. Box M 161, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Matlho
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Melvin Leteane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Joseph M K Hyera
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana.
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40
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Armson B, Wadsworth J, Kibona T, Mshanga D, Fowler VL, Knowles NJ, Mioulet V, Reeve R, King DP, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Lembo T. Opportunities for enhanced surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease in endemic settings using milk samples. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1405-1410. [PMID: 30740915 PMCID: PMC6563157 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Under‐reporting of foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) masks the true prevalence in parts of the world where the disease is endemic. Laboratory testing for the detection of FMD virus (FMDV) is usually reliant upon the collection of vesicular epithelium and fluid samples that can only be collected from acutely infected animals, and therefore animals with sub‐clinical infection may not be identified. Milk is a non‐invasive sample type routinely collected from dairy farms that has been utilized for surveillance of a number of other diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the application of milk as an alternative sample type for FMDV detection and typing, and to evaluate milk as a novel approach for targeted surveillance of FMD in East Africa. FMDV RNA was detected in 73/190 (38%) individual milk samples collected from naturally infected cattle in northern Tanzania. Furthermore, typing information by lineage‐specific rRT‐PCR assays was obtained for 58% of positive samples, and corresponded with the virus types identified during outbreak investigations in the study area. The VP1‐coding sequence data obtained from milk samples corresponded with the sequence data generated from paired epithelial samples collected from the same animal. This study demonstrates that milk represents a potentially valuable sample type for FMDV surveillance and might be used to overcome some of the existing biases of traditional surveillance methods. However, it is recommended that care is taken during sample collection and testing to minimize the likelihood of cross‐contamination. Such approaches could strengthen FMDV surveillance capabilities in East Africa, both at the individual animal and herd level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Armson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK.,Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Tito Kibona
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Deogratius Mshanga
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Tiziana Lembo
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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41
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Bo LL, Lwin KS, Ungvanijban S, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, King DP, Abila R, Qiu Y. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks due to an exotic serotype Asia 1 virus in Myanmar in 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1067-1072. [PMID: 30582879 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In January 2017, two villages located in Rakhine State of Myanmar reported clinical signs in cattle suggestive of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection. Laboratory analysis identified the outbreak virus as FMDV serotype Asia 1, which represented the first detection of this serotype in Myanmar since 2005 and in the region of South-East Asia (SEA) since 2007. Genetic analysis revealed that the outbreak virus was different from historical viruses from Myanmar and was more closely related to viruses circulating in Bangladesh and India during 2012-2013, indicating that a novel viral introduction had occurred. The precise origin of the outbreaks was not clear, but frequent informal livestock trade with South Asia was reported. Responses to the outbreaks involved disinfection, quarantine and animal movement restrictions; no further outbreaks were detected under the present passive surveillance system. Detection of serotype Asia 1 highlights the complex and dynamic nature of FMDV in SEA. Active surveillance is needed to assess the extent and distribution of this exotic Asia 1 strain and continued vigilance to timely detect the occurrence of emerging and re-emerging FMDV strains is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin Bo
- Epidemiology Unit, Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | - Sahawatchara Ungvanijban
- OIE Reference Laboratory for FMD/Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD in South-East Asia, Pakchong, Thailand
| | - Nick J Knowles
- OIE Reference Laboratory for FMD/FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- OIE Reference Laboratory for FMD/FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Donald P King
- OIE Reference Laboratory for FMD/FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Ronello Abila
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yu Qiu
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
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42
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Souley Kouato B, De Clercq K, Abatih E, Dal Pozzo F, King DP, Thys E, Marichatou H, Saegerman C. Review of epidemiological risk models for foot-and-mouth disease: Implications for prevention strategies with a focus on Africa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208296. [PMID: 30543641 PMCID: PMC6292601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious transboundary disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animal species. The aim of this review was to identify and critically assess some modelling techniques for FMD that are well supported by scientific evidence from the literature with a focus on their use in African countries where the disease remains enzootic. In particular, this study attempted to provide a synopsis of the relative strengths and weaknesses of these models and their relevance to FMD prevention policies. A literature search was conducted to identify quantitative and qualitative risk assessments for FMD, including studies that describe FMD risk factor modelling and spatiotemporal analysis. A description of retrieved papers and a critical assessment of the modelling methods, main findings and their limitations were performed. Different types of models have been used depending on the purpose of the study and the nature of available data. The most frequently identified factors associated with the risk of FMD occurrence were the movement (especially uncontrolled animal movement) and the mixing of animals around water and grazing points. Based on the qualitative and quantitative risk assessment studies, the critical pathway analysis showed that the overall risk of FMDV entering a given country is low. However, in some cases, this risk can be elevated, especially when illegal importation of meat and the movement of terrestrial livestock are involved. Depending on the approach used, these studies highlight shortcomings associated with the application of models and the lack of reliable data from endemic settings. Therefore, the development and application of specific models for use in FMD endemic countries including Africa is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Souley Kouato
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN), Niamey, Niger
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Operational Directorate Viral Diseases, Unit Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Abatih
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Sciences and Statistics, University of Gent, Krijgslaan Gent, Belgium
| | - Fabiana Dal Pozzo
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Thys
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hamani Marichatou
- Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Faculté d'Agronomie, Niamey, Niger
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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43
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Pezzoni G, Bregoli A, Grazioli S, Barbieri I, Madani H, Omani A, Sadaoui H, Bouayed N, Wadsworth J, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Knowles NJ, King DP, Brocchi E. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks due to an exotic virus serotype A lineage (A/AFRICA/G-IV) in Algeria in 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:7-13. [PMID: 30222914 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the genetic characterization of serotype A viruses collected during outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) that occurred in Algeria in 2017. These are the first reports of clinical cases due to this serotype in the country since 1977. One complete genomic sequence (comprising 8,119 nucleotides) and three additional near-complete genomic sequences were generated. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that these viruses were classified within the A/AFRICA/G-IV lineage, most closely related to viruses circulating in Nigeria between 2009 and 2015. These unexpected results motivate further studies to define the precise pathways by which this viral lineage has been introduced into North Africa in order to understand risks of future disease incursions into the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Bregoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Hafsa Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Amel Omani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hassiba Sadaoui
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nadera Bouayed
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
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44
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Howson ELA, Soldan A, Webster K, Beer M, Zientara S, Belák S, Sanchez-Vizcaino JM, Van Borm S, King DP, Fowler VL. Technological advances in veterinary diagnostics: opportunities to deploy rapid decentralised tests to detect pathogens affecting livestock. REV SCI TECH OIE 2018; 36:479-498. [PMID: 30152469 DOI: 10.20506/rst.36.2.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable food production capable of feeding a growing human population is a significant global challenge, and is a priority encompassed within the United Nations Millennium Development Goal to 'eradicate extreme poverty and hunger'. Infectious diseases reduce the productivity of farm animals, and the globalised trade of animals and their products increases the threat of disease incursion. Accurate and rapid diagnostic tests are an essential component of contingency plans to detect, control and eradicate such diseases. Diagnosis involves a 'pipeline' that normally starts with clinical suspicion, followed by collecting samples, transporting specimens to a centralised laboratory setting (e.g. national/international Reference Laboratories), analysing these samples using a range of diagnostic tests and reporting the results. However, the transport of specimens from the field to the laboratory can be a lengthy process that can delay critical decision-making and severely affect the quality of the samples. This important limitation of centralised diagnostic testing has motivated the development of tools for the rapid, simple detection of livestock pathogens. Recent advances in the development of technologies for personalised human medicine have motivated the development of prototype diagnostic tests for a wide selection of diseases of livestock. However, many of these tests are not yet routinely used or commercially available. This paper critically reviews the most promising examples of such assays, and highlights the challenges that remain to transition these tests from applied research and development into routine use.
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45
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Casey-Bryars M, Reeve R, Bastola U, Knowles NJ, Auty H, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Fowler VL, Fyumagwa R, Kazwala R, Kibona T, King A, King DP, Lankester F, Ludi AB, Lugelo A, Maree FF, Mshanga D, Ndhlovu G, Parekh K, Paton DJ, Perry B, Wadsworth J, Parida S, Haydon DT, Marsh TL, Cleaveland S, Lembo T. Waves of endemic foot-and-mouth disease in eastern Africa suggest feasibility of proactive vaccination approaches. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1449-1457. [PMID: 30082738 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Livestock production in Africa is key to national economies, food security and rural livelihoods, and > 85% of livestock keepers live in extreme poverty. With poverty elimination central to the Sustainable Development Goals, livestock keepers are therefore critically important. Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious livestock disease widespread in Africa that contributes to this poverty. Despite its US$2.3 billion impact, control of the disease is not prioritized: standard vaccination regimens are too costly, its impact on the poorest is underestimated, and its epidemiology is too weakly understood. Our integrated analysis in Tanzania shows that the disease is of high concern, reduces household budgets for human health, and has major impacts on milk production and draft power for crop production. Critically, foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in cattle are driven by livestock-related factors with a pattern of changing serotype dominance over time. Contrary to findings in southern Africa, we find no evidence of frequent infection from wildlife, with outbreaks in cattle sweeping slowly across the region through a sequence of dominant serotypes. This regularity suggests that timely identification of the epidemic serotype could allow proactive vaccination ahead of the wave of infection, mitigating impacts, and our preliminary matching work has identified potential vaccine candidates. This strategy is more realistic than wildlife-livestock separation or conventional foot-and-mouth disease vaccination approaches. Overall, we provide strong evidence for the feasibility of coordinated foot-and-mouth disease control as part of livestock development policies in eastern Africa, and our integrated socioeconomic, epidemiological, laboratory and modelling approach provides a framework for the study of other disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Casey-Bryars
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland.,The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Umesh Bastola
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Harriet Auty
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), An Lòchran, Inverness, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Tito Kibona
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Felix Lankester
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman , WA, USA
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Ahmed Lugelo
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Francois F Maree
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Deogratius Mshanga
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Brian Perry
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel T Haydon
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas L Marsh
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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46
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Armson B, Mioulet V, Doel C, Madi M, Parida S, Lemire KA, Holder DJ, Das A, McIntosh MT, King DP. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in milk samples by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction: Optimisation and evaluation of a high-throughput screening method with potential for disease surveillance. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:189-194. [PMID: 30173746 PMCID: PMC6127443 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the utility of milk as a non-invasive sample type for the surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hooved animals. Four milking Jersey cows were infected via direct-contact with two non-milking Jersey cows that had been previously inoculated with FMD virus (FMDV: isolate O/UKG/34/2001). Milk and blood were collected throughout the course of infection to compare two high-throughput real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) protocols with different RT-PCR chemistries. Using both methods, FMDV was detected in milk by rRT-PCR one to two days before the presentation of characteristic foot lesions, similar to detection by virus isolation. Furthermore, rRT-PCR detection from milk was extended, up to 28 days post contact (dpc), compared to detection by virus isolation (up to 14 dpc). Additionally, the detection of FMDV in milk by rRT-PCR was possible for 18 days longer than detection by the same method in serum samples. FMDV was also detected with both rRT-PCR methods in milk samples collected during the UK 2007 outbreak. Dilution studies were undertaken using milk from the field and experimentally-infected animals, where for one sample it was possible to detect FMDV at 10-7. Based on the peak CT values detected in this study, these findings indicate that it could be possible to identify one acutely-infected milking cow in a typical-sized dairy herd (100-1000 individuals) using milk from bulk tanks or milk tankers. These results motivate further studies using milk in FMD-endemic countries for FMD surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Armson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Claudia Doel
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Mikidache Madi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Karissa A Lemire
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Diane J Holder
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Amaresh Das
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Michael T McIntosh
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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47
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Bachanek-Bankowska K, Di Nardo A, Wadsworth J, Henry EKM, Parlak Ü, Timina A, Mischenko A, Qasim IA, Abdollahi D, Sultana M, Hossain MA, King DP, Knowles NJ. Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Middle East Caused by an A/ASIA/G-VII Virus Lineage, 2015-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:1073-1078. [PMID: 29774839 PMCID: PMC6004861 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.170715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses of foot-and-mouth disease type A viruses in the Middle East during 2015-2016 identified viruses belonging to the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage, which originated in the Indian subcontinent. Changes in a critical antigenic site within capsid viral protein 1 suggest possible evolutionary pressure caused by an intensive vaccination program.
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48
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Brito B, Pauszek SJ, Hartwig EJ, Smoliga GR, Vu LT, Dong PV, Stenfeldt C, Rodriguez LL, King DP, Knowles NJ, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Long NT, Dung DH, Arzt J. A traditional evolutionary history of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Southeast Asia challenged by analyses of non-structural protein coding sequences. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6472. [PMID: 29691483 PMCID: PMC5915611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination of rapidly evolving RNA-viruses provides an important mechanism for diversification, spread, and emergence of new variants with enhanced fitness. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes an important transboundary disease of livestock that is endemic to most countries in Asia and Africa. Maintenance and spread of FMDV are driven by periods of dominance of specific viral lineages. Current understanding of the molecular epidemiology of FMDV lineages is generally based on the phylogenetic relationship of the capsid-encoding genes, with less attention to the process of recombination and evolution of non-structural proteins. In this study, the putative recombination breakpoints of FMDVs endemic to Southeast Asia were determined using full-open reading frame sequences. Subsequently, the lineages’ divergence times of recombination-free genome regions were estimated. These analyses revealed a close relationship between two of the earliest endemic viral lineages that appear unrelated when only considering the phylogeny of their capsid proteins. Contrastingly, one lineage, named O/CATHAY, known for having a particular host predilection (pigs) has evolved independently. Additionally, intra-lineage recombination occurred at different breakpoints compared to the inter-lineage process. These results provide new insights about FMDV recombination patterns and the evolutionary interdependence of FMDV serotypes and lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Brito
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA. .,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Ethan J Hartwig
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - George R Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Le T Vu
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham V Dong
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Ngo T Long
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Do H Dung
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA.
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49
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Brito B, Pauszek SJ, Hartwig EJ, Smoliga GR, Vu LT, Vu PP, Stenfeldt C, Rodriguez LL, King DP, Knowles NJ, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Long NT, Dung H, Arzt J. A56 Evolutionary analyses of foot-and-mouth disease virus in Southeast Asia using whole-genome sequences. Virus Evol 2018. [PMCID: PMC5905488 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey010.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Brito
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Ethan J Hartwig
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - George R Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Le T Vu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Regional Animal Health Office No 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham P Vu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Regional Animal Health Office No 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ngo T Long
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Regional Animal Health Office No 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
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Lasecka-Dykes L, Wright CF, Di Nardo A, Logan G, Mioulet V, Jackson T, Tuthill TJ, Knowles NJ, King DP. Full Genome Sequencing Reveals New Southern African Territories Genotypes Bringing Us Closer to Understanding True Variability of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Africa. Viruses 2018; 10:E192. [PMID: 29652800 PMCID: PMC5923486 DOI: 10.3390/v10040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven-hooved animals that poses a constant burden on farmers in endemic regions and threatens the livestock industries in disease-free countries. Despite the increased number of publicly available whole genome sequences, FMDV data are biased by the opportunistic nature of sampling. Since whole genomic sequences of Southern African Territories (SAT) are particularly underrepresented, this study sequenced 34 isolates from eastern and southern Africa. Phylogenetic analyses revealed two novel genotypes (that comprised 8/34 of these SAT isolates) which contained unusual 5′ untranslated and non-structural encoding regions. While recombination has occurred between these sequences, phylogeny violation analyses indicated that the high degree of sequence diversity for the novel SAT genotypes has not solely arisen from recombination events. Based on estimates of the timing of ancestral divergence, these data are interpreted as being representative of un-sampled FMDV isolates that have been subjected to geographical isolation within Africa by the effects of the Great African Rinderpest Pandemic (1887–1897), which caused a mass die-out of FMDV-susceptible hosts. These findings demonstrate that further sequencing of African FMDV isolates is likely to reveal more unusual genotypes and will allow for better understanding of natural variability and evolution of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline F Wright
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Grace Logan
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Tobias J Tuthill
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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