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Singanallur NB, Eblé PL, Ludi AB, Statham B, Bin-Tarif A, King DP, Dekker A, Vosloo W. A Vaccine Based on the A/ASIA/G-VII Lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Offers Low Levels of Protection against Circulating Viruses from the A/ASIA/Iran-05 lineage. Viruses 2022; 14:97. [PMID: 35062300 PMCID: PMC8781018 DOI: 10.3390/v14010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence and circulation of the A/ASIA/G-VII (A/G-VII) lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the Middle East has resulted in the development of homologous vaccines to ensure susceptible animals are sufficiently protected against clinical disease. However, a second serotype A lineage called A/ASIA/Iran-05 (A/IRN/05) continues to circulate in the region and it is therefore imperative to ensure vaccine strains used will protect against both lineages. In addition, for FMDV vaccine banks that usually hold a limited number of strains, it is necessary to include strains with a broad antigenic coverage. To assess the cross protective ability of an A/G-VII emergency vaccine (formulated at 43 (95% CI 8-230) PD50/dose as determined during homologous challenge), we performed a heterologous potency test according to the European Pharmacopoeia design using a field isolate from the A/IRN/05 lineage as the challenge virus. The estimated heterologous potency in this study was 2.0 (95% CI 0.4-6.0) PD50/dose, which is below the minimum potency recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Furthermore, the cross-reactive antibody titres against the heterologous challenge virus were poor (≤log10 0.9), even in those cattle that had received the full dose of vaccine. The geometric mean r1-value was 0.2 (95% CI 0.03-0.8), similar to the potency ratio of 0.04 (95% CI 0.004-0.3). Vaccination decreased viraemia and virus excretion compared to the unvaccinated controls. Our results indicate that this A/G-VII vaccine does not provide sufficient protection against viruses belonging to the A/IRN/05 lineage and therefore the A/G-VII vaccine strain cannot replace the A/IRN/05 vaccine strain but could be considered an additional strain for use in vaccines and antigen banks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phaedra Lydia Eblé
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bob Statham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK
| | | | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 ONF, UK
| | - Aldo Dekker
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO-Health & Biosecurity, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Jamal SM, Khan S, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Mioulet V, Bin-Tarif A, Ludi AB, Shah SAA, Abubakar M, Manzoor S, Afzal M, Eschbaumer M, King DP, Belsham GJ. Foot-and-mouth disease viruses of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage in Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3126-3135. [PMID: 33915027 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage within Pakistan was initially detected in two samples collected during 2019. Analysis of further serotype O FMDVs responsible for disease outbreaks in 2019-2020 in the country has now identified the spread of this sublineage to 10 districts within two separate provinces in North-Eastern and North-Western Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these viruses are closely related to those circulating in Bhutan, Nepal and India. The VP1 coding sequences of these viruses from Pakistan belong to three distinct clusters, which may indicate multiple introductions of this virus sublineage, although the routes of introduction are unknown. Vaccine matching studies against O1 Manisa, O 3039 and O TUR/5/2009 support the suitability of existing vaccine strains to control current field outbreaks, but further studies are warranted to monitor the spread and evolution of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage in the region. (145 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Abdelghani Bin-Tarif
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Anna B Ludi
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | | | | | - Shumaila Manzoor
- The Project for Enhancement of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Pakistan (OSRO/PAK/801/JPN), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- The Project for Enhancement of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Pakistan (OSRO/PAK/801/JPN), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Waters R, Ludi AB, Fowler VL, Wilsden G, Browning C, Gubbins S, Statham B, Bin-Tarif A, Mioulet V, King DJ, Colenutt C, Brown E, Hudelet P, King DP. Efficacy of a high-potency multivalent foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine in cattle against heterologous challenge with a field virus from the emerging A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. Vaccine 2018; 36:1901-1907. [PMID: 29506922 PMCID: PMC5864508 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the Middle East were discovered to be caused by a viral lineage (A/ASIA/G-VII), which has recently emerged from the Indian sub-continent. In vitro vaccine matching data generated by the World Reference Laboratory (WRLFMD) indicated that A/ASIA/G-VII field viruses were poorly matched with vaccines (A-SAU-95, A22 IRQ and A-IRN-05) that are already used in the region. In order to assess the likely performance of one of these commercially available FMD vaccines, sixteen cattle were vaccinated with a polyvalent vaccine which contained two serotype A components (A-SAU-95 and A-IRN-05) with a homologous potency of at least 6PD50, and two cattle were left unvaccinated as controls. Twenty-one days later, all 18 cattle were challenged by tongue inoculation with an FMDV field isolate A/IRN/22/2015 from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage, in line with the European Pharmacopeia PPG test conditions. The two control animals developed generalised FMD, and 7/16 vaccinated animals developed at least one foot lesion, thus only 56.3% were defined as protected. For the vaccine components, there was a significant increase in the probability of protection with increasing serological titres for A-SAU-95 (p = 0.03), but not for A-IRN-05 (p = 0.42). Analysis of FMDV in blood and nasal swabs suggested that vaccination reduced shedding and potential onward spread of FMD virus even if the animal developed foot lesions. In summary, the results from this study suggest that whilst this vaccine would not be appropriate for use in an emergency situation (in previously FMD-free countries), it may be partially effective in the field in endemic countries where repeat prophylactic vaccination is practiced. For emergency reactive vaccination, the findings from this study support the idea that a new vaccine strain should be developed that is tailored to the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Veronica L Fowler
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Browning
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Bob Statham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Abdelghani Bin-Tarif
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - David J King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Colenutt
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Brown
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Hudelet
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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Fishbourne E, Ludi AB, Wilsden G, Hamblin P, Statham B, Bin-Tarif A, Brocchi E, Grazioli S, Dekker A, Eblé P, King DP. Efficacy of a high potency O 1 Manisa foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in cattle against heterologous challenge with a field virus from the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage collected in North Africa. Vaccine 2017; 35:2761-2765. [PMID: 28396208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in North Africa (2013) and the Gulf States (2013) of the Middle East have been caused by a FMD viral lineage (O/ME-SA/Ind-2001) that was before 2013 restricted to the Indian Sub-continent. This study was undertaken to assess the in vivo efficacy of a FMD virus emergency vaccine type O1 Manisa against heterologous challenge with a representative field virus (O/ALG/3/2014) from this emerging lineage. This widely available vaccine was selected since in vitro vaccine-matching results gave inconclusive results as to whether or not it would be protective. Three groups of five cattle were vaccinated with O1 Manisa (homologous potency ≥6PD50/dose) using study guidelines outlined in the European Pharmacopeia, and challenged at 21days post-vaccination by tongue inoculation. All animals that were vaccinated with the lowest dose (1/16) of vaccine developed generalised FMD, defined as vesicular lesions at the feet. One animal vaccinated with a 1/4 dose of the vaccine also developed generalised disease, as did two animals vaccinated with the full dose of vaccine. These results indicate that the heterologous potency of this high potency O1 Manisa vaccine was approximately 3.5 PD50/dose. These data support the use of the O1 Manisa vaccine for FMD control in areas where FMDV is endemic e.g. North Africa, and motivate further studies to evaluate other vaccine candidates (or multivalent combinations) that might be potentially used for emergency purposes in FMD-free settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Fishbourne
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Pip Hamblin
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Bob Statham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi, 9, 25024 Brescia, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi, 9, 25024 Brescia, Italy
| | - Aldo Dekker
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Phaedra Eblé
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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Lasecka L, Bin-Tarif A, Bridgen A, Juleff N, Waters RA, Baron MD. Antibodies to the core proteins of Nairobi sheep disease virus/Ganjam virus reveal details of the distribution of the proteins in infected cells and tissues. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124966. [PMID: 25905707 PMCID: PMC4407892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV; also called Ganjam virus in India) is a bunyavirus of the genus Nairovirus. It causes a haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in sheep and goats with mortality up to 90%. The virus is closely related to the human pathogen Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). Little is currently known about the biology of NSDV. We have generated specific antibodies against the virus nucleocapsid protein (N) and polymerase (L) and used these to characterise NSDV in infected cells and to study its distribution during infection in a natural host. Due to its large size and the presence of a papain-like protease (the OTU-like domain) it has been suggested that the L protein of nairoviruses undergoes an autoproteolytic cleavage into polymerase and one or more accessory proteins. Specific antibodies which recognise either the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the NSDV L protein showed no evidence of L protein cleavage in NSDV-infected cells. Using the specific anti-N and anti-L antibodies, it was found that these viral proteins do not fully colocalise in infected cells; the N protein accumulated near the Golgi at early stages of infection while the L protein was distributed throughout the cytoplasm, further supporting the multifunctional nature of the L protein. These antibodies also allowed us to gain information about the organs and cell types targeted by the virus in vivo. We could detect NSDV in cryosections prepared from various tissues collected post-mortem from experimentally inoculated animals; the virus was found in the mucosal lining of the small and large intestine, in the lungs, and in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), where NSDV appeared to target monocytes and/or macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Lasecka
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Abdelghani Bin-Tarif
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Bridgen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Juleff
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan A. Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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Baron J, Bin-Tarif A, Herbert R, Frost L, Taylor G, Baron MD. Early changes in cytokine expression in peste des petits ruminants disease. Vet Res 2014; 45:22. [PMID: 24559207 PMCID: PMC3941941 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants is a viral disease of sheep and goats that has spread through most of Africa as well as the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. Although, the spread of the disease and its economic impact has made it a focus of international concern, relatively little is known about the nature of the disease itself. We have studied the early stages of pathogenesis in goats infected with six different isolates of Peste des petits ruminants virus representing all four known lineages of the virus. No lineage-specific difference in the pathogenicity of the virus isolates was observed, although there was evidence that even small numbers of cell culture passages could affect the degree of pathogenicity of an isolate. A consistent reduction in CD4+ T cells was observed at 4 days post infection (dpi). Measurement of the expression of various cytokines showed elements of a classic inflammatory response but also a relatively early induction of interleukin 10, which may be contributing to the observed disease.
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Jabbar TK, Calvo-Pinilla E, Mateos F, Gubbins S, Bin-Tarif A, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Alpar O, Ortego J, Takamatsu HH, Mertens PPC, Castillo-Olivares J. Protection of IFNAR (-/-) mice against bluetongue virus serotype 8, by heterologous (DNA/rMVA) and homologous (rMVA/rMVA) vaccination, expressing outer-capsid protein VP2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60574. [PMID: 23593251 PMCID: PMC3625202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective efficacy of recombinant vaccines expressing serotype 8 bluetongue virus (BTV-8) capsid proteins was tested in a mouse model. The recombinant vaccines comprised plasmid DNA or Modified Vaccinia Ankara viruses encoding BTV VP2, VP5 or VP7 proteins. These constructs were administered alone or in combination using either a homologous prime boost vaccination regime (rMVA/rMVA) or a heterologous vaccination regime (DNA/rMVA). The DNA/rMVA or rMVA/rMVA prime-boost were administered at a three week interval and all of the animals that received VP2 generated neutralising antibodies. The vaccinated and non-vaccinated-control mice were subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of BTV-8. Mice vaccinated with VP7 alone were not protected. However, mice vaccinated with DNA/rMVA or rMVA/rMVA expressing VP2, VP5 and VP7 or VP2 alone were all protected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Mateos
- Centro en Investigación y Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Oya Alpar
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research, London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro en Investigación y Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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Batten CA, Henstock MR, Bin-Tarif A, Steedman HM, Waddington S, Edwards L, Oura CAL. Bluetongue virus serotype 26: infection kinetics and pathogenesis in Dorset Poll sheep. Vet Microbiol 2011; 157:119-24. [PMID: 22177889 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus serotype 26 (BTV-26) has recently been isolated from sheep in Kuwait. The aim of this study was to assess the pathogenicity and infection kinetics of BTV-26 in Dorset Poll sheep. Six sheep were experimentally infected with BTV-26 and samples taken throughout the study were used to determine the kinetics of infection using a pan specific BTV real time RT-PCR assay and two group specific ELISAs. Five of the six sheep showed mild clinical signs characteristic of bluetongue including conjunctivitis, reddening of the mouth mucosal membranes, slight oedema of the face and nasal discharge. Viral RNA was detected in 5 of the 6 sheep by real time RT-PCR, however the levels of viral RNA detected in the samples were lower and of shorter duration than seen with other field strains of BTV. Virus was isolated from the blood of infected animals at the peak of viraemia at around 9 dpi. Antibodies against BTV were first detected by 7 dpi using the early detection BTV ELISA and a little later (7-14 dpi) using a BTV specific competitive ELISA. Four of the five remaining sheep developed neutralising antibodies to BTV-26, measured by a serum neutralisation test (SNT), with titres (log(10)) ranging from 1.40 to 2.08.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Batten
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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Batten CA, Edwards L, Bin-Tarif A, Henstock MR, Oura CAL. Infection kinetics of Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease virus serotype 6 in Holstein-Friesian cattle. Vet Microbiol 2011; 154:23-8. [PMID: 21767921 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease virus serotype 6 (EHDV-6) has recently caused serious outbreaks of Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease (EHD) on the edges of Europe, in Turkey, Israel and Morocco. The aim of this study was to assess the pathogenicity and infection kinetics of EHD in Holstein-Friesian cattle infected with the two distinct strains of EHDV-6 isolated from the recent Turkish and Moroccan outbreaks. Samples taken throughout the study were used to validate two recently developed diagnostic assays that detect EHDV antibodies and viral genome. Two groups of five Holstein-Friesian cattle were experimentally infected with either the Moroccan or the Turkish isolate of EHDV-6. Cattle in both groups remained clinically unaffected throughout the study, but displayed high levels of viral RNA and virus in their blood, confirming that sub-clinical infection of cattle is likely to play an important role in EHDV transmission. A recently developed and commercialised real-time RT-PCR assay detected viral RNA as early as 2 days post infection (dpi) in both infection studies and viral RNA persisted for the course of the study. Antibodies against EHDV were first detected by 9dpi using a recently developed EHDV blocking ELISA and antibodies persisted up to the end of the study. All animals developed high levels of neutralising antibodies to EHDV-6, measured by a serum neutralisation test (SNT), with titres (log(10)) ranging from 2.20 to 2.38 at the end of the study. Virus was isolated from the blood of infected animals from as early as 2dpi up to 28dpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Batten
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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De Clercq K, Mertens P, De Leeuw I, Oura C, Houdart P, Potgieter AC, Maan S, Hooyberghs J, Batten C, Vandemeulebroucke E, Wright IM, Maan N, Riocreux F, Sanders A, Vanderstede Y, Nomikou K, Raemaekers M, Bin-Tarif A, Shaw A, Henstock M, Bréard E, Dubois E, Gastaldi-Thiéry C, Zientara S, Verheyden B, Vandenbussche F. Emergence of bluetongue serotypes in Europe, part 2: the occurrence of a BTV-11 strain in Belgium. Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 56:355-61. [PMID: 19909474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2009.01092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An EDTA-blood sample from a cow without clinical signs, which gave early birth to a newborn calf that died soon after delivery, was shown to be positive for bluetongue virus (BTV)-RNA using a group-specific real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). In-house serotype-specific RT-qPCR assays for bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1), -6 and -8 all gave negative results. Subsequent assays were carried out using conventional (gel-based) RT-PCR primers for all 25 BTV serotypes and only two primer sets, both specific for BTV-11, gave bands of the expected size. The cDNAs generated were sequenced and comparisons of the genome segment 2 sequence with that of the modified 'live' vaccine strain of BTV-11 from South Africa showed 100% identity. A survey of all ruminants in a 1-km area around the first positive farm using a BTV-11 serotype-specific RT-qPCR revealed five other holdings with in total nine BTV-11 positive animals. A cross-sectional monitoring of dairy cattle in Belgium showed an overall prevalence of 3.8% on herd level and 0.2% on animal level. A BTV-11 has been introduced into the Belgian cattle herd during the 2008 vector season. The source of the infection and the way by which the virus was introduced are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- K De Clercq
- Section Development of Diagnostic Tools for Epizootic Diseases, Department of Virology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Ukkel, Belgium.
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Batten C, Sanders A, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Bin-Tarif A, Oura C. Bluetongue virus: European Community proficiency test (2007) to evaluate ELISA and RT-PCR detection methods with special reference to pooling of samples. Vet Microbiol 2009; 135:380-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Batten C, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Bin-Tarif A, Kgosana L, Swain A, Corteyn M, Darpel K, Mellor P, Elliott H, Oura C. Bluetongue virus: European Community inter-laboratory comparison tests to evaluate ELISA and RT-PCR detection methods. Vet Microbiol 2008; 129:80-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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