1
|
Al-Rawahi WA, Elshafie EI, Baqir S, Al-Ansari A, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Knowles NJ, Di Nardo A, King DP, Zientara S, Al Salloom F, Sangula A, Bernelin-Cottet C, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Al Riyami B. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from the A/AFRICA/G-I genotype in the Sultanate of Oman. Prev Vet Med 2024; 223:106113. [PMID: 38194859 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Rapid identification and characterization of circulating foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains is crucial for effective disease control. In Oman, a few serological and molecular studies have been conducted to identify the strains of FMDV responsible for the outbreaks that have been occurring within the country. In this study, 13 oral epithelial tissue samples from cattle were collected from suspected cases of FMD in Ash Sharqiyah North, Al Batinah North, Dhofar and Ad Dhakhyilia governorates of Oman between 2018 and 2021. FMDV RNA was detected in all samples by real-time RT-PCR and viruses were isolated after one- or two-blind passages in the porcine Instituto Biologico-Rim Suino-2 cell line. Antigen capture ELISA characterized all isolates as serotype A and VP1 phylogenetic analysis placed all sequences within a single clade of the G-I genotype within the A/AFRICA topotype. These sequences shared the closest nucleotide identities to viruses circulating in Bahrain in 2021 (93.5% to 99.5%) and Kenya in 2017 (93.4% to 99.1%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that A/AFRICA/G-I viruses have been detected in Oman. Together with the closely related viruses detected recently in Bahrain, these findings reinforce the importance of deploying effective quarantine control measures to minimize the risks of transboundary transmission of FMD associated with the importation of cattle from East Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Elshafie Ibrahim Elshafie
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Senan Baqir
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Aliya Al-Ansari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Zientara
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fajer Al Salloom
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs & Agriculture, Animal Wealth Directorate, Block 553, Building 2219, Road 55, Budaiya, Bahrain
| | - Abraham Sangula
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Laboratory, Embakasi, Road A, off Enterprise Road, P.O. Box 18021-00500, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cindy Bernelin-Cottet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Labib Bakkali-Kassimi
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bahja Al Riyami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Veldscholte K, Al Fify M, Catchpole A, Talwar D, Wadsworth J, Vanhorebeek I, Casaer MP, Van den Berghe G, Joosten KFM, Gerasimidis K, Verbruggen SCAT. Plasma and red blood cell concentrations of zinc, copper, selenium and magnesium in the first week of paediatric critical illness. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:543-551. [PMID: 38237368 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Critically ill children are at risk of micronutrient deficiencies, which might lead to poor clinical outcomes. However, the interpretation of micronutrient concentrations in plasma is complicated due to age-dependent and critical illness-dependent changes. Certain red blood cell (RBC) concentrations might reflect the overall body status more reliably than plasma levels in the presence of systemic inflammatory response. This study longitudinally examined micronutrient concentrations in both plasma and RBC in critically ill children. METHODS This secondary analysis of the PEPaNIC RCT investigated the impact of early versus late initiation of parenteral macronutrient supplementation in critically ill children. All children received micronutrients when EN was insufficient (<80 % energy requirements). Blood samples were obtained on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 of Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) admission. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure zinc, selenium, and copper in plasma and selenium, copper, and magnesium in RBCs. Plasma magnesium was measured with colorimetric detection. Micronutrient concentrations were compared with age-specific reference values in healthy children and expressed using Z-scores. Changes in micronutrient concentrations over time were examined using the Friedman and post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. RESULTS For 67 critically ill children, median (Q1; Q3) age 9.5 (5.5; 13.2) years, PIM3 score -2.3 (-3.1; -0.8), samples were available at various time points during their PICU stay. For 22 patients, longitudinal samples were available. On day 1, the median plasma Z-score for zinc was -5.2 (-5.2; -2.9), copper -1.6 (-2.9; -0.2), selenium -2.6 (-3.8; -1.0), magnesium -0.2 (-1.6; 1.3), and median RBC Z-score for copper was 0.5 (-0.1; 1.3), selenium -0.3 (-1.1; 0.7), magnesium 0.2 (-0.4; 1.3). In the longitudinal analysis, plasma zinc was significantly higher on day 5 (Z-score -3.2 (-4.6; -1.4)) than on day 1 (Z-score -5.2 (-5.2; -3.0), p = 0.032), and plasma magnesium was significantly higher on day 3 (Z-score 1.1 (-0.7; 4.0)) than on day 1 (Z-score -0.3 (-1.6; 0.5), p = 0.018). Plasma copper and selenium remained stable, and the RBC concentrations of all micronutrients remained stable during the first five days. CONCLUSIONS Most patients had low plasma zinc, copper and selenium concentrations in the first week of their PICU stay, whereas they had normal to high RBC concentrations. More research is needed to examine the relationships between micronutrients and clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Veldscholte
- Department of Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care, Division of Paediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Al Fify
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK; Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Catchpole
- Scottish Trace Element and Micronutrient Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, MacEwen Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Castle Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - D Talwar
- Scottish Trace Element and Micronutrient Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, MacEwen Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Castle Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Wadsworth
- Scottish Trace Element and Micronutrient Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, MacEwen Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Castle Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - I Vanhorebeek
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M P Casaer
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Van den Berghe
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K F M Joosten
- Department of Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care, Division of Paediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Gerasimidis
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, New Lister Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - S C A T Verbruggen
- Department of Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care, Division of Paediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eltahir YM, Ishag HZA, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Knowles NJ, Mioulet V, King DP, Mohamed MS, Bensalah OK, Yusof MF, Gasim EFM, Hammadi ZMA, Shah AAM, Abdelmagid YA, Gahlan MAME, Kassim MF, Kayaf K, Zahran A, Nuaimat MMA. Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Vet Sci 2024; 11:32. [PMID: 38250938 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in both wild and domestic animals. Despite this, no systematic FMD outbreak investigation accompanied by molecular characterisation of FMD viruses (FMDVs) in small ruminants or cattle has been performed, and only a single report that describes sequences for FMDVs in wildlife from the Emirate has been published. In this study, FMD outbreaks that occurred in 2021 in five animal farms and one animal market in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi were investigated. Cases involved sheep, goats, and cattle, as well as Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). Twelve samples were positive for FMDV via RT-qPCR, and four samples (Arabian oryx n = 1, goat n = 2, and sheep n = 1) were successfully genotyped using VP1 nucleotide sequencing. These sequences shared 88~98% identity and were classified within the serotype O, Middle East-South Asia topotype (O/ME-SA). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Arabian oryx isolate (UAE/2/2021) belonged to the PanAsia-2 lineage, the ANT-10 sublineage, and was closely related to the FMDVs recently detected in neighbouring countries. The FMDV isolates from goats (UAE/10/2021 and UAE/11/2021) and from sheep (UAE/14/2021) formed a monophyletic cluster within the SA-2018 lineage that contained viruses from Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka. This is the first study describing the circulation of the FMDV O/ME-SA/SA-2018 sublineage in the UAE. These data shed light on the epidemiology of FMD in the UAE and motivate further systematic epidemiological studies and genomic sequencing to enhance the ongoing national animal health FMD control plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yassir M Eltahir
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24, UK
| | - Meera Saeed Mohamed
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Oum Keltoum Bensalah
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohd Farouk Yusof
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Esmat Faisal Malik Gasim
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zulaikha Mohamed Al Hammadi
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma Abdi Mohamed Shah
- Biosecurity Affairs Division, Development & Innovation Sector, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Ali Abdelmagid
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moustafa Abdel Meguid El Gahlan
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohanned Fawzi Kassim
- Animals Extension and Health Services Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kaltham Kayaf
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Zahran
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mervat Mari Al Nuaimat
- Animal Development & Health Department, Ministry of Climate Change & Environment, Dubai P.O. Box 1509, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saduakassova MA, Wood BA, Henry E, Gray AR, Mioulet V, Sultanov AA, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Di Nardo A, King DP, Bachanek-Bankowska K. Establishing a molecular toolbox of lineage-specific real-time RT-PCR assays for the characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Asia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1271690. [PMID: 38098997 PMCID: PMC10720594 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1271690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in many Asian countries, with outbreaks occurring regularly due to viruses from serotypes O, A, and Asia1 that co-circulate in the region. The ability to rapidly characterize new virus occurrences provides critical information to understand the epidemiology and risks associated with field outbreaks, and helps in the selection of appropriate vaccines to control the disease. FMD lineage-specific characterization is usually determined through sequencing; however, this capacity is not always readily available. In this study, we provide a panel of real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assays to allow differentiation of the FMD virus (FMDV) lineages known to have been co-circulating in Asia during 2020. This panel included five new rRT-PCR assays designed to detect lineages O/ME-SA/PanAsia-PanAsia-2, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001, O/SEA/Mya-98, O/CATHAY, and A/ASIA/Sea-97, along with three published rRT-PCR assays for A/ASIA/Iran-05, A/ASIA/G-VII, and Asia1 serotypes. Samples of known FMD lineage (n = 85) were tested in parallel with all eight lineage-specific assays and an established 3D pan-FMD rRT-PCR assay, and comparative limit of detection (LOD) experiments were conducted for the five newly developed assays. All samples (85/85) were assigned to the correct serotype, and the correct lineage was assigned for 70 out of 85 samples where amplification only occurred with the homologous assay. For 13 out of 85 of the samples, there was amplification in two assays; however, the correct lineage could be designated based on the strongest Ct values for 12 out of 13 samples. An incorrect lineage was assigned for 3 out of 85 samples. The amplification efficiencies for the five new rRT-PCR assays ranged between 79.7 and 100.5%, with nucleic acid dilution experiments demonstrating broadly equivalent limits of detection when compared to the 3D pan-FMD rRT-PCR assay. These new tests, together with other published lineage-specific rRT-PCR assays, constitute a panel of assays (or molecular toolbox) that can be selected for use in FMD endemic countries (individually or a subset of the assays depending on region/lineages known to be circulating) for rapid characterization of the FMDV lineages circulating in Asia at a relatively low cost. This molecular toolbox will enhance the ability of national laboratories in endemic settings to accurately characterize circulating FMDV strains and facilitate prompt implementation of control strategies, and may be particularly useful in settings where it is difficult to access sequencing capability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert A. Saduakassova
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Virology Department, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Britta A. Wood
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Henry
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley R. Gray
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Akhmetzhan A. Sultanov
- Virology Department, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zainuddin N, Susila EB, Wibawa H, Daulay RSD, Wijayanti PE, Fitriani D, Hidayati DN, Idris S, Wadsworth J, Polo N, Hicks HM, Mioulet V, Knowles NJ, King DP. Genome Sequence of a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Detected in Indonesia in 2022. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0108122. [PMID: 36622181 PMCID: PMC9933659 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01081-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During 2022, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) were reported across the islands of Indonesia, a country that had previously maintained an FMD-free (without vaccination) status since 1990. This report describes the near-complete genome sequence of a representative FMD virus collected from these cases belonging to the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuryani Zainuddin
- Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Edy Budi Susila
- Pusat Veteriner Farma, National Center for Veterinary Biologics, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hendra Wibawa
- Balai Besar Veteriner Wates, Disease Investigation Center, Wates, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Dini Fitriani
- Pusat Veteriner Farma, National Center for Veterinary Biologics, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Noor Hidayati
- Pusat Veteriner Farma, National Center for Veterinary Biologics, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Syafrison Idris
- Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services, Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raouf YA, Wadsworth J, Bin‐Tarif A, Gray AR, Habiela M, Almutalb AA, Yousif H, Ragab M, Alfouz W, Ahmed NH, Ibrahim I, Hassan AM, Tibbo M, Almajali AM, van Maanen C, Lyons NA, King DP, Knowles NJ. Genotyping of foot-and-mouth disease viruses collected in Sudan between 2009 and 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1393-e1406. [PMID: 35150073 PMCID: PMC9790298 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is widely distributed in Sudan where outbreaks occur on an annual basis especially during the winter months (December-February). This study aimed to increase our understanding of the epidemiological patterns of FMD in Sudan and connections to neighbouring countries by characterizing the genetic sequences of FMD viruses (FMDV) collected from samples collected in 10 Sudanese states over a 10-year period (between 2009 and 2018). FMDV was detected in 91 of the 265 samples using an antigen-detection ELISA. Three serotypes were detected: O (46.2%), A (34.0%), and SAT 2 (19.8%). Fifty-two of these samples were submitted for sequence analyses, generating sequences that were characterized as belonging to O/EA-3 (n = 17), A/AFRICA/G-IV (n = 23) and SAT 2/VII/Alx-12 (n = 12) viral lineages. Phylogenetic analyses provided evidence that FMDV lineages were maintained within Sudan, and also highlighted epidemiological connections to FMD outbreaks reported in neighbouring countries in East and North Africa (such as Ethiopia and Egypt). This study motivates continued FMD surveillance in Sudan to monitor the circulating viral lineages and broader initiatives to improve our understanding of the epidemiological risks in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazeed A. Raouf
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| | - Abdelghani Bin‐Tarif
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| | - Ashley R. Gray
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| | - Mohammed Habiela
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Ameera A. Almutalb
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Hanan Yousif
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Maysa Ragab
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Wefag Alfouz
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Nussiba H. Ahmed
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Inas Ibrahim
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Ahmed M. Hassan
- Foot‐and‐Mouth‐Disease DepartmentCentral Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, Al AmaratKhartoumSudan
| | - Markos Tibbo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)Subregional Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council States and YemenAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad M. Almajali
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)Subregional Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council States and YemenAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates,Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Veterinary Clinical SciencesJordan University of Science and TechnologyIrbidJordan
| | - Cornelis van Maanen
- The European Commission for the Control of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (EuFMD)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)RomeItaly
| | - Nicholas A. Lyons
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK,The European Commission for the Control of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (EuFMD)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)RomeItaly
| | - Donald P. King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)The Pirbright Institute, WokingSurreyUK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Banda F, Shilongo A, Hikufe EH, Khaiseb S, Kabajani J, Shikongo B, Set P, Kapapero JK, Shoombe KK, Zaire G, Kabilika S, Quan M, Fana EM, Mokopasetso M, Hyera JMK, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Nardo AD, King DP. The first detection of a serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus in Namibia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3261-e3267. [PMID: 35416412 PMCID: PMC9790293 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the molecular characterization of a serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) recovered from a field outbreak in the Zambezi region, Namibia during July 2021. Sequence analysis demonstrates that this FMDV belongs to the O/EA-2 topotype sharing closest nucleotide identity (99.5%) to FMD viruses collected since 2018 in Zambia. This is the first detection of serotype O in Namibia, and together with the cases that have been recently detected in southern Zambia, represent the first time that this serotype has been detected in the Southern African FMD endemic pool since 2000, when a virus of Asian origin (O/ME-SA/PanAsia) caused an outbreak in South Africa. This incursion poses a new threat for the region and the potential onward spread of O/EA-2 will now need to be closely monitored since serotype O vaccines are not widely used in Namibia, nor in neighbouring countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Banda
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Albertina Shilongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Emmanuel H Hikufe
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | | | - Beatrice Shikongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Paul Set
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Joseph K Kapapero
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Kenneth K Shoombe
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform Government Office Park, Luther Street, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Swithine Kabilika
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Melvyn Quan
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elliot M Fana
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory (SSARRL) for FMD, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Lejara, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mokganedi Mokopasetso
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory (SSARRL) for FMD, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Lejara, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Joseph M K Hyera
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory (SSARRL) for FMD, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Lejara, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jamal SM, Khan S, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Mioulet V, Bin-Tarif A, Ludi AB, Shah SAA, Abubakar M, Manzoor S, Afzal M, Eschbaumer M, King DP, Belsham GJ. Foot-and-mouth disease viruses of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage in Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3126-3135. [PMID: 33915027 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage within Pakistan was initially detected in two samples collected during 2019. Analysis of further serotype O FMDVs responsible for disease outbreaks in 2019-2020 in the country has now identified the spread of this sublineage to 10 districts within two separate provinces in North-Eastern and North-Western Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these viruses are closely related to those circulating in Bhutan, Nepal and India. The VP1 coding sequences of these viruses from Pakistan belong to three distinct clusters, which may indicate multiple introductions of this virus sublineage, although the routes of introduction are unknown. Vaccine matching studies against O1 Manisa, O 3039 and O TUR/5/2009 support the suitability of existing vaccine strains to control current field outbreaks, but further studies are warranted to monitor the spread and evolution of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage in the region. (145 words).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Abdelghani Bin-Tarif
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Anna B Ludi
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | | | | | - Shumaila Manzoor
- The Project for Enhancement of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Pakistan (OSRO/PAK/801/JPN), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- The Project for Enhancement of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Pakistan (OSRO/PAK/801/JPN), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lasecka-Dykes L, Tulloch F, Simmonds P, Luke GA, Ribeca P, Gold S, Knowles NJ, Wright CF, Wadsworth J, Azhar M, King DP, Tuthill TJ, Jackson T, Ryan MD. Mutagenesis Mapping of RNA Structures within the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Genome Reveals Functional Elements Localized in the Polymerase (3D pol)-Encoding Region. mSphere 2021; 6:e0001521. [PMID: 34259558 PMCID: PMC8386395 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00015-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA structures can form functional elements that play crucial roles in the replication of positive-sense RNA viruses. While RNA structures in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of several picornaviruses have been functionally characterized, the roles of putative RNA structures predicted for protein coding sequences (or open reading frames [ORFs]) remain largely undefined. Here, we have undertaken a bioinformatic analysis of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome to predict 53 conserved RNA structures within the ORF. Forty-six of these structures were located in the regions encoding the nonstructural proteins (nsps). To investigate whether structures located in the regions encoding the nsps are required for FMDV replication, we used a mutagenesis method, CDLR mapping, where sequential coding segments were shuffled to minimize RNA secondary structures while preserving protein coding, native dinucleotide frequencies, and codon usage. To examine the impact of these changes on replicative fitness, mutated sequences were inserted into an FMDV subgenomic replicon. We found that three of the RNA structures, all at the 3' termini of the FMDV ORF, were critical for replicon replication. In contrast, disruption of the other 43 conserved RNA structures that lie within the regions encoding the nsps had no effect on replicon replication, suggesting that these structures are not required for initiating translation or replication of viral RNA. Conserved RNA structures that are not essential for virus replication could provide ideal targets for the rational attenuation of a wide range of FMDV strains. IMPORTANCE Some RNA structures formed by the genomes of RNA viruses are critical for viral replication. Our study shows that of 46 conserved RNA structures located within the regions of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome that encode the nonstructural proteins, only three are essential for replication of an FMDV subgenomic replicon. Replicon replication is dependent on RNA translation and synthesis; thus, our results suggest that the three RNA structures are critical for either initiation of viral RNA translation and/or viral RNA synthesis. Although further studies are required to identify whether the remaining 43 RNA structures have other roles in virus replication, they may provide targets for the rational large-scale attenuation of a wide range of FMDV strains. FMDV causes a highly contagious disease, posing a constant threat to global livestock industries. Such weakened FMDV strains could be investigated as live-attenuated vaccines or could enhance biosecurity of conventional inactivated vaccine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Tulloch
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Garry A. Luke
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Ribeca
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gold
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Mehreen Azhar
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Martin D. Ryan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex (BSRC), School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nardo AD, Ferretti L, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, Gelman B, Karniely S, Scherbakov A, Ziay G, Özyörük F, Parlak Ü, Göktuna PT, Hassanzadeh R, Khalaj M, Dastoor SM, Abdollahi D, Khan EUH, Afzal M, Hussain M, Knowles NJ, King DP. Evolutionary and Ecological Drivers Shape the Emergence and Extinction of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Lineages. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4346-4361. [PMID: 34115138 PMCID: PMC8476141 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock farming across the world is constantly threatened by evolutionary turnover of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains in endemic systems, the underlying dynamics of which remain to be elucidated. Here, we map the eco-evolutionary landscape of co-circulating FMDV lineages within an important endemic virus pool encompassing Western, Central and parts of Southern Asia, reconstructing the evolutionary history and spatial dynamics over the last 20 years that shapes the current epidemiological situation. We demonstrate that new FMDV variants periodically emerge from Southern Asia, precipitating waves of virus incursions that systematically travel in a westerly direction. We evidence how metapopulation dynamics drive the emergence and extinction of spatially structured virus populations, and how transmission in different host species regulates the evolutionary space of virus serotypes. Our work provides the first integrative framework that defines co-evolutionary signatures of FMDV in regional contexts to help understand the complex interplay between virus phenotypes, host characteristics, and key epidemiological determinants of transmission that drive FMDV evolution in endemic settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Gelman
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Sharon Karniely
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Alexey Scherbakov
- Federal Governmental Budgetary Institution "Federal Centre for Animal Health" (FGBI "ARRIAH"), Yur'evets, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Ghulam Ziay
- Central Veterinary Diagnostic and Research Laboratory, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Fuat Özyörük
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ünal Parlak
- Foot and Mouth Disease (ŞAP) Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Reza Hassanzadeh
- Iran Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khalaj
- Iran Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Darab Abdollahi
- Iran Veterinary Organization, Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehtisham-Ul-Haq Khan
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Government of Punjab, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Pakistan Office, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Manzoor Hussain
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Pakistan Office, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Waters RA, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, Shaw AE, Knowles NJ, Abdollahi D, Hassanzadeh R, Sumption K, King DP. Foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), Iran. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:63. [PMID: 33526020 PMCID: PMC7852191 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious viral disease, recognised to affect animals in the order Artiodactyla. The disease is rarely fatal in adult animals, however high mortality is associated with neonatal and juvenile infection. CASE PRESENTATION Five puppies died after being fed lamb carcases, the lambs having died during an outbreak of FMD in Iran. Following a post-mortem examination, cardiac tissue from one of the dead puppies was subjected to virus isolation, antigen ELISA, real-time RT-PCR, sequencing and confocal microscopy to assess the presence and characteristics of any FMD virus. The virological and microscopic examination of the cardiac tissue provided evidence of FMD virus replication in the canine heart. CONCLUSIONS The data generated in this study demonstrate for the first time that FMD virus can internalise and replicate in dogs and may represent an epidemiologically significant event in FMD transmission, highlighting the dangers of feeding diseased animal carcases to other species. The reporting of this finding may also focus attention on similar disease presentations in dogs in FMD endemic countries allowing a better understanding of the prevalence of such events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, GU24 0NF, Woking, Surrey, UK.
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, GU24 0NF, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, GU24 0NF, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Andrew E Shaw
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, GU24 0NF, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, GU24 0NF, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Darab Abdollahi
- Iran Veterinary Organisation (IVO), Vali Asr Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Hassanzadeh
- Iran Veterinary Organisation (IVO), Vali Asr Avenue, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keith Sumption
- Food and Agriculture Organization for the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, GU24 0NF, Woking, Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Paton DJ, Di Nardo A, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Pituco EM, Cosivi O, Rivera AM, Kassimi LB, Brocchi E, de Clercq K, Carrillo C, Maree FF, Singh RK, Vosloo W, Park MK, Sumption KJ, Ludi AB, King DP. The history of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype C: the first known extinct serotype? Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab009. [PMID: 35186323 PMCID: PMC8102019 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious animal disease caused by an RNA virus subdivided into seven serotypes that are unevenly distributed in Asia, Africa, and South America. Despite the challenges of controlling FMD, since 1996 there have been only two outbreaks attributed to serotype C, in Brazil and in Kenya, in 2004. This article describes the historical distribution and origins of serotype C and its disappearance. The serotype was first described in Europe in the 1920s, where it mainly affected pigs and cattle but as a less common cause of outbreaks than serotypes O and A. No serotype C outbreaks have been reported in Europe since vaccination stopped in 1990. FMD virus is presumed to have been introduced into South America from Europe in the nineteenth century, although whether serotype C evolved there or in Europe is not known. As in Europe, this serotype was less widely distributed and caused fewer outbreaks than serotypes O and A. Since 1994, serotype C had not been reported from South America until four small outbreaks were detected in the Amazon region in 2004. Elsewhere, serotype C was introduced to Asia, in the 1950s to the 1970s, persisting and evolving for several decades in the Indian subcontinent and for eighteen years in the Philippines. Serotype C virus also circulated in East Africa between 1957 and 2004. Many serotype C viruses from European and Kenyan outbreaks were closely related to vaccine strains, including the most recently recovered Kenyan isolate from 2004. International surveillance has not confirmed any serotype C cases, worldwide, for over 15 years, despite more than 2,000 clinical submissions per year to reference laboratories. Serology provides limited evidence for absence of this serotype, as unequivocal interpretation is hampered by incomplete intra-serotype specificity of immunoassays and the continued use of this serotype in vaccines. It is recommended to continue strengthening surveillance in regions of FMD endemicity, to stop vaccination against serotype C and to reduce working with the virus in laboratories, since inadvertent escape of virus during such activities is now the biggest risk for its reappearance in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Edviges M Pituco
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health Center, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ottorino Cosivi
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health Center, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alejandro M Rivera
- Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health Center, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Labib Bakkali Kassimi
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, ANSES, ENVA, Paris-Est University, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Bianchi, 9. 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Kris de Clercq
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Ukkel 1180, Belgium
| | - Consuelo Carrillo
- Diagnostic Services of the Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratories, NVSL-VS-APHIS (USDA), Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Francois F Maree
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Raj K Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, Mukteswar 263138, India
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Min-Kyung Park
- Status Department, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris 75017, France
| | - Keith J Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gizaw D, Tesfaye Y, Wood BA, Di Nardo A, Shegu D, Muluneh A, Bilata T, Belayneh R, Fentie A, Asgdome H, Sombo M, Rufael T, Tadesse Woldemariyam F, Khan F, Yami M, Gelaye E, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, King DP. Molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Ethiopia between 2008 and 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2983-2992. [PMID: 32574400 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the constraints to controlling foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in East Africa is the incomplete knowledge of the specific FMD virus (FMDV) strains circulating and the way in which these viruses move across countries in the region. This retrospective study focuses on Ethiopia, which has one of the largest FMD-susceptible livestock populations in Africa. Analyses of FMDV positive samples collected between 2008 and 2019 demonstrate that serotypes O (n = 175), A (n = 51) and SAT 2 (n = 33) were present in the country. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 sequences for these viruses showed that there were at least seven different FMD viral clades circulating during this period: O/EA-3, O/EA-4, A/AFRICA/G-I, A/AFRICA/G-IV, A/AFRICA/G-VII, SAT2/VII and SAT2/XIII. Although these results only represent a snapshot and might not reflect all FMDV lineages that were present, they highlight the importance of serotype O, as well as the complexity and co-existence of FMDV serotypes in Ethiopia and surrounding countries. These sequence data also support the idea that there are two FMDV ecosystems existing in East Africa. Data from retrospective studies, such as these presented here, will be beneficial for vaccine selection and vaccination campaigns to control FMDV within Ethiopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Dereje Shegu
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayelech Muluneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tsion Bilata
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Rediet Belayneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenalem Fentie
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Hagose Asgdome
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Rufael
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tesfaye Y, Khan F, Yami M, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, King DP, Gelaye E. A vaccine-matching assessment of different genetic variants of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in Ethiopia between 2011 and 2014. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1749-1757. [PMID: 32435857 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the vaccine-matching and antigenic properties of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolates collected from Ethiopia between 2011 and 2014. Samples (n = 51) were collected from cattle and pigs with clinical signs consistent with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) on farms in Debre-Berhan, Debre-Zeit/Bishoftu, Sidamo, Mekelle, and Addis Ababa. Infectious FMDV was isolated using BHK-21 cell cultures from 38 of the 51 field samples (74.5%). All of these FMDV-positive samples were characterized as serotype O, belonging to two East Africa topotypes (EA-3 and EA-4), and their VP1-encoding sequences demonstrated amino acid sequence variability encompassing 27 positions in comparison to the vaccine strain (O/ETH/38/2005) currently provided by the National Veterinary Institute of Ethiopia. One-dimensional virus neutralization test (1 dm VNT) results showed that O/ETH/38/2005 was antigenically matched to 10 of the 16 serotype O viruses. These findings indicate that the O/ETH/38/2005 vaccine strain can provide protection against outbreaks caused by the O/EA-3 topotype, although poorer vaccine-matching results for the O/EA-4 topotype reinforce the importance of using a good-quality vaccine with high coverage in the susceptible herds with supporting post-vaccination serosurveillance to ensure that sufficient antibody titers are generated in the vaccinated animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201306, India
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.BOX: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201306, India
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.BOX: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.BOX: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lignereux L, Chaber AL, Saegerman C, Heath L, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, King DP. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in captive scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1716-1724. [PMID: 32011088 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes three episodes of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) that were detected during 2013-2015 in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) (SHO), a large Sahelo-Saharan antelope extinct in the wild housed in a wild ungulate breeding facility located 50 km east of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. While no mortality attributable to FMD was noted in the population of nearly 4,000 SHO during two of the three outbreaks, the morbidity varied according to the circulating strains and seroconversion reached a plateau of 78.0% within two weeks and remained at this level for at least nine months. Partial or complete sequencing of the VP1 encoding region demonstrated that the three outbreaks were caused by three different FMDV lineages (O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2, A/ASIA/Iran-05 and O/ME-SA/Ind-2001), consistent with FMD viruses that are circulating elsewhere in the region. These findings demonstrate that SHO are susceptible to FMD and highlight the risks of virus incursion into zoos and captive facilities in the Arabian Peninsula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lignereux
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Disease Program, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chung CH, Bonomi MR, Steuer CE, Schell MJ, Li J, Johnson M, Masannat J, Hernandez-Prera JC, McMullen C, Wadsworth J, Patel K, Kish JA, Muzaffar J, Kirtane K, Rocco JW, Saba NF. Concurrent cetuximab (CTX) and nivolumab (NIVO) in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic (R/M) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC): Results of phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.6515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
6515 Background: While anti-Programmed Death-1 (anti-PD-1) inhibitors have efficacy, only some patients (pts) with R/M HNSCC achieve clinically significant benefits. We designed the study to determine the 1-year overall survival (OS) rate of concurrent CTX and NIVO in patients who had progressed on at least one prior treatment for their R/M HNSCC. Methods: Pts were treated with CTX 500 mg/m2 IV on Day (D) -14 as a lead-in followed by CTX 500 mg/m2 IV and NIVO 240 mg/m2 IV on D1 and D15 every 28-D cycle (C). Pts with CTX infusion reaction or who did not receive C1D1 for any reason were non-evaluable and replaced. NIVO dose reduction was not allowed but withheld/discontinued based on adverse event (AE) severity. Results: Total 47 pts are enrolled. 2 pts are non-evaluable. 45 evaluable pts are analyzed. Median age is 64 (24-77). ECOG performance status at baseline is 0 (9, 20%), 1 (33, 73%), and 2 (3, 7%). Primary sites are oral cavity 10 (22%), oropharynx 24 (53%), hypopharynx 3 (7%), larynx 6 (13%), and unknown primary 2 (4%). p16 status is available in 33 (73%). Prior treatments before the study enrollment are: chemotherapy (CT) 42 (93%), no CT 3 (7%), radiotherapy (RT) 38 (84%), no RT 7 (16%), checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) 23 (51%), and no CPI 22 (49%). PD-L1 combined positive scores (CPS) is available in 30 (67%). Median follow up time for overall survival (OS) is 12.6 months. The most common grade 3 treatment-related AE (TRAE) occurring ≥2 are fatigue 6 (13%) and rash-acneiform 2 (4.4%). The only grade 4 TRAE is CTX infusion reaction in 1 (2.2%). The most common grade 3 immune-related AE (IRAE) occurring ≥2 is fatigue 3 (6.7%). No grade 4 IRAE is observed. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and median OS are summarized in Table. Pts with no prior exposure to CPI have favorable PFS and OS relative to pts with prior CPI (PFS: HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.25-0.97, p=0.04 and OS: HR 0.5, 95% CI 0.22-1.14, p=0.09). Conclusions: Our data suggest the combination of CTX and NIVO is active in pts without prior CPI exposure and overall well tolerated in all pts. These preliminary results support further evaluation of the combination in CPI naïve pts. Clinical trial information: NCT03370276 . [Table: see text]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jiannong Li
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Matthew Johnson
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Jude Masannat
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nabil F. Saba
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ranaweera LT, Wijesundara WWMUK, Jayarathne HSM, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Gray A, Adikari AMJB, Weebadde CK, Sooriyapathirana SDSS. Transboundary movements of foot-and-mouth disease from India to Sri Lanka: A common pattern is shared by serotypes O and C. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227126. [PMID: 31891636 PMCID: PMC6938362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affects the livestock industry in a transboundary manner. It is essential to understand the FMD phylodynamics to assist in the disease-eradication. FMD critically affects the Sri Lankan cattle industry causing substantial economic losses. Even though many studies have covered the serotyping and genotyping of FMD virus (FMDV) in Sri Lanka, there is a significant knowledge gap exists in understanding the FMDV phylodynamics in the country. In the present study, the VP1 genomic region of FMD viral isolates belonging to serotype C from Sri Lanka and other South Asian countries were sequenced. All the published VPI sequences of serotype C and most of the published VP1 sequences for lineage ME-SA/Ind-2001d of serotype O from Sri Lanka, India, and other South Asian countries were retrieved. The datasets of serotype C and serotype O were separately analyzed using Bayesian, maximum likelihood, and phylogenetic networking methods to infer the transboundary movements and evolutionary aspects of the FMDV incursions in Sri Lanka. A model-based approach was used to detect any possible recombination events of FMDV incursions. Our results revealed that the invasions of the topotype ASIA of serotype C and the lineage ME-SA/Ind-2001d have a similar pattern of transboundary movement and evolution. The haplotype networks and phylogenies developed in the present study confirmed that FMDV incursions in Sri Lanka mainly originate from the Indian subcontinent, remain quiet after migration, and then cause outbreaks in a subsequent year. Since there are no recombination events detected among the different viral strains across serotypes and topotypes, we can assume that the incursions tend to show the independent evolution compared to the ancestral viral populations. Thus, we highlight the need for thorough surveillance of cattle/ruminants and associated product-movement into Sri Lanka from other regions to prevent the transboundary movement of FMDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. T. Ranaweera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - W. W. M. U. K. Wijesundara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - H. S. M. Jayarathne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - N. J. Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - J. Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - A. Gray
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - A. M. J. B. Adikari
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - C. K. Weebadde
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - S. D. S. S. Sooriyapathirana
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ranaweera LT, Wijesundara UK, Jayarathne HSM, Knowles N, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, Adikari J, Weebadde C, Sooriyapathirana SS. Characterization of the FMDV-serotype-O isolates collected during 1962 and 1997 discloses new topotypes, CEY-1 and WCSA-1, and six new lineages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14526. [PMID: 31601911 PMCID: PMC6787213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of the FMD viruses collected from the outbreaks during the second half of the 20th Century in Sri Lanka was assessed in the present study. We sequenced the VP1 genomic region of the samples collected during FMDV epidemics caused by serotype O in Sri Lanka during 1962 and 1997. For comparison, we sequenced the VP1 of the related viral isolates collected from other Asian countries. We analyzed the VP1 sequences of the viral strains using the UPGMA method with uncorrected pairwise distances. Nucleotide divergence (ND) thresholds of 15%-20% and 5%-<15% were used to differentiate topotypes and lineages, respectively. We calibrated the divergence times and lineage-specific substitution rates using Bayesian-skyline models. Based on the ND estimations and phylogenetic relationships, we identified and named two new topotypes [CEYLON 1 (CEY-1) and WEST, CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA 1 (WCSA-1)] and six new lineages (Syr-62, Srl-77, Tur-69, May-78, Tai-87 and Bur-77) of serotype O. We believe that the novel topotypes and lineages named may have disappeared although they have similar substitution rates for epizootic outbreaks. Because the amino acid selection analysis revealed that the two topotypes and six lineages identified were under purifying selection during the outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lahiru Thilanka Ranaweera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Upendra Kumari Wijesundara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Nick Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jayantha Adikari
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Cholani Weebadde
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Suneth S Sooriyapathirana
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bachanek-Bankowska K, Di Nardo A, Wadsworth J, King D, Knowles N. A47 Reconstructing the evolutionary history of pandemic foot-and-mouth disease viruses: The impact of recombination within the emerging O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage. Virus Evol 2019. [PMCID: PMC6735776 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez002.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of livestock affecting animal production and trade throughout Asia and Africa. Understanding FMD virus (FMDV) global movements and evolution can help to reconstruct the disease spread between endemic regions and predict the risks of incursion into FMD-free countries. Global expansion of a single FMDV lineage is rare but can result in severe economic consequences. Using extensive sequence data, we have reconstructed the global space-time transmission history of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage (which normally circulates in the Indian sub-continent) providing evidence of at least fifteen independent escapes during 2013–7 that have led to outbreaks in North Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and the Far East and the FMD-free islands of Mauritius. We demonstrated that sequence heterogeneity of this emerging FMDV lineage is accommodated within two co-evolving divergent sublineages, and that recombination by exchange of capsid-coding sequences can impact upon the reconstructed evolutionary histories. Thus, we recommend that only sequences encoding the outer capsid proteins should be used for broad-scale phylogeographical reconstruction. These data emphasize the importance of the Indian subcontinent as a source of FMDV that can spread across large distances and illustrates the impact of FMDV genome recombination on FMDV molecular epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - J Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - D King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - N Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lycett S, Tanya VN, Hall M, King DP, Mazeri S, Mioulet V, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Ngu Ngwa V, Morgan KL, Bronsvoort BMDC. The evolution and phylodynamics of serotype A and SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses in endemic regions of Africa. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5614. [PMID: 30948742 PMCID: PMC6449503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major livestock disease with direct clinical impacts as well as indirect trade implications. Control through vaccination and stamping-out has successfully reduced or eradicated the disease from Europe and large parts of South America. However, sub-Saharan Africa remains endemically affected with 5/7 serotypes currently known to be circulating across the continent. This has significant implications both locally for livestock production and poverty reduction but also globally as it represents a major reservoir of viruses, which could spark new epidemics in disease free countries or vaccination zones. This paper describes the phylodynamics of serotypes A and SAT2 in Africa including recent isolates from Cameroon in Central Africa. We estimated the most recent common ancestor for serotype A was an East African virus from the 1930s (median 1937; HPD 1922-1950) compared to SAT2 which has a much older common ancestor from the early 1700s (median 1709; HPD 1502-1814). Detailed analysis of the different clades shows clearly that different clades are evolving and diffusing across the landscape at different rates with both serotypes having a particularly recent clade that is evolving and spreading more rapidly than other clades within their serotype. However, the lack of detailed sequence data available for Africa seriously limits our understanding of FMD epidemiology across the continent. A comprehensive view of the evolutionary history and dynamics of FMD viruses is essential to understand many basic epidemiological aspects of FMD in Africa such as the scale of persistence and the role of wildlife and thus the opportunities and scale at which vaccination and other controls could be applied. Finally we ask endemic countries to join the OIE/FAO supported regional networks and take advantage of new cheap technologies being rolled out to collect isolates and submit them to the World Reference Laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lycett
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment Group, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - V N Tanya
- Cameroon Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1457, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - M Hall
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
| | - D P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - S Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment Group, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - V Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - N J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - J Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Victor Ngu Ngwa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, B.P. 454, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - K L Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease and School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - B M de C Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Epidemiology Economics and Risk Assessment Group, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Armson B, Wadsworth J, Kibona T, Mshanga D, Fowler VL, Knowles NJ, Mioulet V, Reeve R, King DP, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Lembo T. Opportunities for enhanced surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease in endemic settings using milk samples. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1405-1410. [PMID: 30740915 PMCID: PMC6563157 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Under‐reporting of foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) masks the true prevalence in parts of the world where the disease is endemic. Laboratory testing for the detection of FMD virus (FMDV) is usually reliant upon the collection of vesicular epithelium and fluid samples that can only be collected from acutely infected animals, and therefore animals with sub‐clinical infection may not be identified. Milk is a non‐invasive sample type routinely collected from dairy farms that has been utilized for surveillance of a number of other diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the application of milk as an alternative sample type for FMDV detection and typing, and to evaluate milk as a novel approach for targeted surveillance of FMD in East Africa. FMDV RNA was detected in 73/190 (38%) individual milk samples collected from naturally infected cattle in northern Tanzania. Furthermore, typing information by lineage‐specific rRT‐PCR assays was obtained for 58% of positive samples, and corresponded with the virus types identified during outbreak investigations in the study area. The VP1‐coding sequence data obtained from milk samples corresponded with the sequence data generated from paired epithelial samples collected from the same animal. This study demonstrates that milk represents a potentially valuable sample type for FMDV surveillance and might be used to overcome some of the existing biases of traditional surveillance methods. However, it is recommended that care is taken during sample collection and testing to minimize the likelihood of cross‐contamination. Such approaches could strengthen FMDV surveillance capabilities in East Africa, both at the individual animal and herd level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Armson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK.,Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Tito Kibona
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Deogratius Mshanga
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Tiziana Lembo
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bo LL, Lwin KS, Ungvanijban S, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, King DP, Abila R, Qiu Y. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks due to an exotic serotype Asia 1 virus in Myanmar in 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1067-1072. [PMID: 30582879 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In January 2017, two villages located in Rakhine State of Myanmar reported clinical signs in cattle suggestive of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection. Laboratory analysis identified the outbreak virus as FMDV serotype Asia 1, which represented the first detection of this serotype in Myanmar since 2005 and in the region of South-East Asia (SEA) since 2007. Genetic analysis revealed that the outbreak virus was different from historical viruses from Myanmar and was more closely related to viruses circulating in Bangladesh and India during 2012-2013, indicating that a novel viral introduction had occurred. The precise origin of the outbreaks was not clear, but frequent informal livestock trade with South Asia was reported. Responses to the outbreaks involved disinfection, quarantine and animal movement restrictions; no further outbreaks were detected under the present passive surveillance system. Detection of serotype Asia 1 highlights the complex and dynamic nature of FMDV in SEA. Active surveillance is needed to assess the extent and distribution of this exotic Asia 1 strain and continued vigilance to timely detect the occurrence of emerging and re-emerging FMDV strains is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin Bo
- Epidemiology Unit, Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | - Sahawatchara Ungvanijban
- OIE Reference Laboratory for FMD/Regional Reference Laboratory for FMD in South-East Asia, Pakchong, Thailand
| | - Nick J Knowles
- OIE Reference Laboratory for FMD/FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- OIE Reference Laboratory for FMD/FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Donald P King
- OIE Reference Laboratory for FMD/FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Ronello Abila
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yu Qiu
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pezzoni G, Bregoli A, Grazioli S, Barbieri I, Madani H, Omani A, Sadaoui H, Bouayed N, Wadsworth J, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Knowles NJ, King DP, Brocchi E. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks due to an exotic virus serotype A lineage (A/AFRICA/G-IV) in Algeria in 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:7-13. [PMID: 30222914 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the genetic characterization of serotype A viruses collected during outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) that occurred in Algeria in 2017. These are the first reports of clinical cases due to this serotype in the country since 1977. One complete genomic sequence (comprising 8,119 nucleotides) and three additional near-complete genomic sequences were generated. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that these viruses were classified within the A/AFRICA/G-IV lineage, most closely related to viruses circulating in Nigeria between 2009 and 2015. These unexpected results motivate further studies to define the precise pathways by which this viral lineage has been introduced into North Africa in order to understand risks of future disease incursions into the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Bregoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Hafsa Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Amel Omani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hassiba Sadaoui
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nadera Bouayed
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Casey-Bryars M, Reeve R, Bastola U, Knowles NJ, Auty H, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Fowler VL, Fyumagwa R, Kazwala R, Kibona T, King A, King DP, Lankester F, Ludi AB, Lugelo A, Maree FF, Mshanga D, Ndhlovu G, Parekh K, Paton DJ, Perry B, Wadsworth J, Parida S, Haydon DT, Marsh TL, Cleaveland S, Lembo T. Waves of endemic foot-and-mouth disease in eastern Africa suggest feasibility of proactive vaccination approaches. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:1449-1457. [PMID: 30082738 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Livestock production in Africa is key to national economies, food security and rural livelihoods, and > 85% of livestock keepers live in extreme poverty. With poverty elimination central to the Sustainable Development Goals, livestock keepers are therefore critically important. Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious livestock disease widespread in Africa that contributes to this poverty. Despite its US$2.3 billion impact, control of the disease is not prioritized: standard vaccination regimens are too costly, its impact on the poorest is underestimated, and its epidemiology is too weakly understood. Our integrated analysis in Tanzania shows that the disease is of high concern, reduces household budgets for human health, and has major impacts on milk production and draft power for crop production. Critically, foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in cattle are driven by livestock-related factors with a pattern of changing serotype dominance over time. Contrary to findings in southern Africa, we find no evidence of frequent infection from wildlife, with outbreaks in cattle sweeping slowly across the region through a sequence of dominant serotypes. This regularity suggests that timely identification of the epidemic serotype could allow proactive vaccination ahead of the wave of infection, mitigating impacts, and our preliminary matching work has identified potential vaccine candidates. This strategy is more realistic than wildlife-livestock separation or conventional foot-and-mouth disease vaccination approaches. Overall, we provide strong evidence for the feasibility of coordinated foot-and-mouth disease control as part of livestock development policies in eastern Africa, and our integrated socioeconomic, epidemiological, laboratory and modelling approach provides a framework for the study of other disease systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Casey-Bryars
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland.,The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Umesh Bastola
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Harriet Auty
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), An Lòchran, Inverness, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Tito Kibona
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Felix Lankester
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman , WA, USA
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Ahmed Lugelo
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Francois F Maree
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Deogratius Mshanga
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | - Brian Perry
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Daniel T Haydon
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas L Marsh
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bachanek-Bankowska K, Di Nardo A, Wadsworth J, Henry EKM, Parlak Ü, Timina A, Mischenko A, Qasim IA, Abdollahi D, Sultana M, Hossain MA, King DP, Knowles NJ. Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Middle East Caused by an A/ASIA/G-VII Virus Lineage, 2015-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:1073-1078. [PMID: 29774839 PMCID: PMC6004861 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.170715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses of foot-and-mouth disease type A viruses in the Middle East during 2015-2016 identified viruses belonging to the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage, which originated in the Indian subcontinent. Changes in a critical antigenic site within capsid viral protein 1 suggest possible evolutionary pressure caused by an intensive vaccination program.
Collapse
|
26
|
De La Iglesia J, Martin L, Van Veen T, Song F, Gimbrone N, Ranaweera RS, Masannat J, Parameswaran J, Wadsworth J, Wenig B, Hernandez-Prera J, Harrison LB, Caudell JJ, Giuliano A, Slebos R, Chung CH. Immune profiling of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) by a multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) panel using multispectral microscopy. J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.15_suppl.6061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Martin
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Tessa Van Veen
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Feifei Song
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | - Jude Masannat
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | | | | | - Louis B Harrison
- Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, Tampa, FL
| | - Jimmy J. Caudell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Anna Giuliano
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Robbert Slebos
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abeyratne SAE, Amarasekera SSC, Ranaweera LT, Salpadoru TB, Thilakarathne SMNK, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Puvanendiran S, Kothalawala H, Jayathilake BK, Wijithasiri HA, Chandrasena MMPSK, Sooriyapathirana SDSS. The phylogenetic analysis of VP1 genomic region in foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O isolates in Sri Lanka reveals the existence of 'Srl-97', a newly named endemic lineage. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194077. [PMID: 29570746 PMCID: PMC5865751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) has devastated the cattle industry in Sri Lanka many times in the past. Despite its seriousness, limited attempts have been made to understand the disease to ameliorate its effects–current recommendation for vaccines being based solely on immunological assessments rather than on molecular identification. The general belief is that the cattle population in Sri Lanka acquired the FMD virus (FMDV) strains via introductions from India. However, there could be endemic FMDV lineages circulating in Sri Lanka. To infer the phylogenetic relationships of the FMDV strains in the island, we sequenced the VP1 genomic region of the virus isolates collected during the 2014 outbreak together with a few reported cases in 2012 and 1997 and compared them to VP1 sequences from South Asia. The FMDV strains collected in the 2014 outbreak belonged to the lineage, Ind-2001d, of the topotype, ME-SA. The strains collected in 2012 and 1997 belonged to another lineage called 'unnamed' by the World Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease (WRLFMD). Based on the present analysis, we designate the lineage 'unnamed' as Srl-97 which we found endemic to Sri Lanka. The evolutionary rates of Srl-97 and Ind-2001d in Sri Lanka were estimated to be 0.0004 and 0.0046 substitutions/site/year, respectively, suggesting that Srl-97 evolves slowly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. E. Abeyratne
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - S. S. C. Amarasekera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - L. T. Ranaweera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - T. B. Salpadoru
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - S. M. N. K. Thilakarathne
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - N. J. Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - J. Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - S. Puvanendiran
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - H. Kothalawala
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - B. K. Jayathilake
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - H. A. Wijithasiri
- Animal Virus Laboratory, Veterinary Research Institute, Polgolla, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - S. D. S. S. Sooriyapathirana
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Saduakassova MA, Sultanov AA, Kutumbetov LB, Wadsworth J, A Wood B, Knowles NJ, King DP, Bachanek-Bankowska K. Development and evaluation of a novel real-time RT-PCR to detect foot-and-mouth disease viruses from the emerging A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. J Virol Methods 2018; 252:37-41. [PMID: 29113733 PMCID: PMC5764150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), called A/ASIA/G-VII, emerged from the Indian subcontinent in 2015 and continues to spread in Western Asia. Currently, the distribution of viruses belonging to this lineage is defined using sequencing approaches, but other cheaper and faster diagnostic methods are urgently needed. Thus, this study describes the development and validation of a novel A/ASIA/G-VII lineage-specific real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were evaluated using representative field specimens and isolates from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage, as well as samples comprising other FMDV lineages that co-circulate in Asia (n=54). This lineage-specific assay accurately detected all A/ASIA/G-VII samples tested (n=29), and no detection was observed for samples belonging to other FMDV lineages (n=25), namely A/ASIA/Sea-97, A/ASIA/Iran-05SIS-10, A/ASIA/Iran-05FAR-11, Asia1/ASIA/Sindh-08, O/CATHAY, O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d, O/SEA/Mya-98. Additionally, the limit of detection was found to be at least equivalent to a pan-serotypic rRT-PCR assay. Therefore, these data indicate that this newly developed rRT-PCR assay can be applied to characterise field isolates in countries where the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage is endemic, as well as to monitor new incursions and outbreaks due to this lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert A Saduakassova
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Akhmetzhan A Sultanov
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Lespek B Kutumbetov
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Britta A Wood
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ularamu HG, Ibu JO, Wood BA, Abenga JN, Lazarus DD, Wungak YS, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, King DP, Shamaki D, Adah MI. Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses Collected in Nigeria Between 2007 and 2014: Evidence for Epidemiological Links Between West and East Africa. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:1867-1876. [PMID: 27718336 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the molecular characterization of 47 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses recovered from field outbreaks in Nigeria between 2007 and 2014. Antigen ELISA of viral isolates was used to identify FMD virus serotypes O, A and SAT 2. Phylogenetic analyses of VP1 nucleotide sequences provide evidence for the presence of multiple sublineages of serotype SAT 2, and O/EAST AFRICA 3 (EA-3) and O/WEST AFRICA topotypes in the country. In contrast, for serotype A, a single monophyletic cluster of viruses has persisted within Nigeria (2009-2013). These results demonstrate the close genetic relatedness of viruses in Nigeria to those from other African countries, including the first formal characterization of serotype O/EA-3 viruses in Nigeria. The introductions and persistence of certain viral lineages in Nigeria may reflect transmission patterns via nomadic pastoralism and animal trade. Continuous monitoring of field outbreaks is necessary to dissect the complexity of FMD epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H G Ularamu
- Virology Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - J O Ibu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - B A Wood
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - J N Abenga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - D D Lazarus
- Virology Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Y S Wungak
- Virology Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | | | | | - V Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - D P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - D Shamaki
- Virology Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - M I Adah
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Bachanek-Bankowska K, King DP. VP1 sequencing protocol for foot and mouth disease virus molecular epidemiology. REV SCI TECH OIE 2017; 35:741-755. [PMID: 28332654 DOI: 10.20506/rst.35.3.2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequences of field strains of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) contribute to our understanding of the distribution and evolution of viral lineages that circulate in different regions of the world. This paper outlines a practical reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing strategy that can be used to generate RNA sequences encoding the VP1 (1D) region of FMDV. The protocol contains a panel of PCR and sequencing primers that can be selected to characterise genetically diverse isolates representing all seven FMDV serotypes. A list of sequences is also described, comprising prototype sequences for all proposed FMDV topotypes, in order to provide a framework for phylogenetic analysis. The technical details and prototype sequences provided in this paper can be employed by FMD Reference Laboratories and others in an approach to harmonise the molecular epidemiology of FMDV.
Collapse
|
31
|
Bachanek-Bankowska K, Mero HR, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, Sallu R, Belsham GJ, Kasanga CJ, Knowles NJ, King DP. Development and evaluation of tailored specific real-time RT-PCR assays for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes circulating in East Africa. J Virol Methods 2016; 237:114-120. [PMID: 27575682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, reliable and accurate diagnostic methods provide essential support to programmes that monitor and control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). While pan-specific molecular tests for FMD virus (FMDV) detection are well established and widely used in endemic and FMD-free countries, current serotyping methods mainly rely either on antigen detection ELISAs or nucleotide sequencing approaches. This report describes the development of a panel of serotype-specific real-time RT-PCR assays (rRT-PCR) tailored to detect FMDV lineages currently circulating in East Africa. These assays target sequences within the VP1-coding region that share high intra-lineage identity, but do not cross-react with FMD viruses from other serotypes that circulate in the region. These serotype-specific assays operate with the same thermal profile as the pan-diagnostic tests making it possible to run them in parallel to produce CT values comparable to the pan-diagnostic test detecting the 3D-coding region. These assays were evaluated alongside the established pan-specific molecular test using field samples and virus isolates collected from Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia that had been previously characterised by nucleotide sequencing. Samples (n=71) representing serotype A (topotype AFRICA, lineage G-I), serotype O (topotypes EA-2 and EA-4), serotype SAT 1 (topotype I (NWZ)) and serotype SAT2 (topotype IV) were correctly identified with these rRT-PCR assays. Furthermore, FMDV RNA from samples that did not contain infectious virus could still be serotyped using these assays. These serotype-specific real-time RT-PCR assays can detect and characterise FMDVs currently circulating in East Africa and hence improve disease control in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Herieth R Mero
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology & Southern African Centre for Infectious diseases Surveillance, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Raphael Sallu
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, P. O. Box 9252, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave DK-4771, Denmark
| | - Christopher J Kasanga
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology & Southern African Centre for Infectious diseases Surveillance, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an animal pathogen of global economic significance. Identifying the sources of outbreaks plays an important role in disease control; however, this can be confounded by the ease with which FMDV can spread via movement of infected livestock and animal products, aerosols or fomites, e.g. contaminated persons and objects. As sequencing technologies have advanced, this review highlights the uses of viral genomic data in helping to understand the global distribution and transboundary movements of FMDV, and the role that these approaches have played in control and surveillance programmes. The recent application of next-generation sequencing platforms to address important epidemiological and evolutionary challenges is discussed with particular reference to the advent of 'omics' technologies.
Collapse
|
33
|
Cockell CS, Bush T, Bryce C, Direito S, Fox-Powell M, Harrison JP, Lammer H, Landenmark H, Martin-Torres J, Nicholson N, Noack L, O'Malley-James J, Payler SJ, Rushby A, Samuels T, Schwendner P, Wadsworth J, Zorzano MP. Habitability: A Review. Astrobiology 2016; 16:89-117. [PMID: 26741054 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Habitability is a widely used word in the geoscience, planetary science, and astrobiology literature, but what does it mean? In this review on habitability, we define it as the ability of an environment to support the activity of at least one known organism. We adopt a binary definition of "habitability" and a "habitable environment." An environment either can or cannot sustain a given organism. However, environments such as entire planets might be capable of supporting more or less species diversity or biomass compared with that of Earth. A clarity in understanding habitability can be obtained by defining instantaneous habitability as the conditions at any given time in a given environment required to sustain the activity of at least one known organism, and continuous planetary habitability as the capacity of a planetary body to sustain habitable conditions on some areas of its surface or within its interior over geological timescales. We also distinguish between surface liquid water worlds (such as Earth) that can sustain liquid water on their surfaces and interior liquid water worlds, such as icy moons and terrestrial-type rocky planets with liquid water only in their interiors. This distinction is important since, while the former can potentially sustain habitable conditions for oxygenic photosynthesis that leads to the rise of atmospheric oxygen and potentially complex multicellularity and intelligence over geological timescales, the latter are unlikely to. Habitable environments do not need to contain life. Although the decoupling of habitability and the presence of life may be rare on Earth, it may be important for understanding the habitability of other planetary bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Cockell
- 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - T Bush
- 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Bryce
- 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Direito
- 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Fox-Powell
- 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - J P Harrison
- 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - H Lammer
- 2 Austrian Academy of Sciences, Space Research Institute , Graz, Austria
| | - H Landenmark
- 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Martin-Torres
- 3 Division of Space Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology , Kiruna, Sweden; and Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - N Nicholson
- 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - L Noack
- 4 Department of Reference Systems and Planetology, Royal Observatory of Belgium , Brussels, Belgium
| | - J O'Malley-James
- 5 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews , St Andrews, UK; now at the Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S J Payler
- 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Rushby
- 6 Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Science (COAS), School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia , Norwich, UK
| | - T Samuels
- 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - P Schwendner
- 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Wadsworth
- 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, UK
| | - M P Zorzano
- 3 Division of Space Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology , Kiruna, Sweden; and Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Armilla, Granada, Spain
- 7 Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA) , Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pedersen CET, Frandsen P, Wekesa SN, Heller R, Sangula AK, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Muwanika VB, Siegismund HR. Time Clustered Sampling Can Inflate the Inferred Substitution Rate in Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus Analyses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143605. [PMID: 26630483 PMCID: PMC4667911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of analytical software for the inference of viral evolution, a number of studies have focused on estimating important parameters such as the substitution rate and the time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for rapidly evolving viruses. Coupled with an increasing abundance of sequence data sampled under widely different schemes, an effort to keep results consistent and comparable is needed. This study emphasizes commonly disregarded problems in the inference of evolutionary rates in viral sequence data when sampling is unevenly distributed on a temporal scale through a study of the foot-and-mouth (FMD) disease virus serotypes SAT 1 and SAT 2. Our study shows that clustered temporal sampling in phylogenetic analyses of FMD viruses will strongly bias the inferences of substitution rates and tMRCA because the inferred rates in such data sets reflect a rate closer to the mutation rate rather than the substitution rate. Estimating evolutionary parameters from viral sequences should be performed with due consideration of the differences in short-term and longer-term evolutionary processes occurring within sets of temporally sampled viruses, and studies should carefully consider how samples are combined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Frandsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rasmus Heller
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent B. Muwanika
- Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bruhn CAW, Nielsen SCA, Samaniego JA, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Gilbert MTP. Viral meningitis epidemics and a single, recent, recombinant and anthroponotic origin of swine vesicular disease virus. Evol Med Public Health 2015; 2015:289-303. [PMID: 26508717 PMCID: PMC4661520 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eov026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Swine vesicular disease, an important viral disease affecting domestic pigs, is shown to have a single and recent origin in humans, leading us closer to a full understanding of the sudden emergence of this enigmatic veterinary disease, and exemplifying the sometimes overlooked risk of human to animal disease transfers. Background and objectives: Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) is a close relative of the human Enterovirus B serotype, coxsackievirus B5. As the etiological agent of a significant emergent veterinary disease, several studies have attempted to explain its origin. However, several key questions remain, including the full biological ancestry of the virus, and its geographical and temporal origin. Methodology: We sequenced near-complete genomes of 27 SVDV and 13 coxsackievirus B5 samples, all originally isolated between 1966 and 2006, and analysed these in conjunction with existing sequences and historical information. Results: While analyses incorporating 24 additional near-complete SVDV genomic sequences indicate clear signs of within-SVDV recombination, all 51 SVDV isolates remain monophyletic. This supports a hypothesis of a single anthroponotic transfer origin. Analysis of individual coding and non-coding regions supports that SVDV has a recombinant origin between coxsackievirus B5 and another Enterovirus B serotype, most likely coxsackievirus A9. Extensive Bayesian sequence-based analysis of the time of the most recent common ancestor of all analysed sequences places this within a few years around 1961. Epidemiological evidence points to China as an origin, but there are no available samples to test this conclusively. Conclusions and implications: Historical investigation and the clinical aspects of the involved Enterovirus B serotypes, makes the current results consistent with a hypothesis stating that SVDV originated through co-infection, recombination, and a single anthroponotic event, during large viral meningitis epidemics around 1960/1961 involving the ancestral serotypes. The exact geographical origin of SVDV may remain untestable due to historical aspects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A W Bruhn
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Soelvgade 83 S, Copenhagen K, DK-1307, Denmark; Present address: Weinberger Lab, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, 60 College Street, 06510 New Haven, CT and
| | - Sandra C Abel Nielsen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Soelvgade 83 S, Copenhagen K, DK-1307, Denmark; Stanford University, School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jose Alfredo Samaniego
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Soelvgade 83 S, Copenhagen K, DK-1307, Denmark
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Soelvgade 83 S, Copenhagen K, DK-1307, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kasanga CJ, Wadsworth J, Mpelumbe-Ngeleja CAR, Sallu R, Kivaria F, Wambura PN, Yongolo MGS, Rweyemamu MM, Knowles NJ, King DP. Molecular Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses Collected in Tanzania Between 1967 and 2009. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 62:e19-29. [PMID: 24460931 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) recovered from outbreaks in Tanzania that occurred between 1967 and 2009. A total of 44 FMDV isolates, containing representatives of serotypes O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 from 13 regions of Tanzania, were selected from the FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD) virus collection. VP1 nucleotide sequences were determined for RT-PCR amplicons, and phylogenetic reconstructions were determined by maximum likelihood and neighbour-joining methods. These analyses showed that Tanzanian type O viruses fell into the EAST AFRICA 2 (EA-2) topotype, type A viruses fell into the AFRICA topotype (genotype I), type SAT 1 viruses into topotype I and type SAT 2 viruses into topotype IV. Taken together, these findings reveal that serotypes O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 that caused FMD outbreaks in Tanzania were genetically related to lineages and topotypes occurring in the East African region. The close genetic relationship of viruses in Tanzania to those from other countries suggests that animal movements can contribute to virus dispersal in sub-Saharan Africa. This is the first molecular description of viruses circulating in Tanzania and highlights the need for further sampling of representative viruses from the region so as to elucidate the complex epidemiology of FMD in Tanzania and sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Kasanga
- Southern African Centre for Infectious Diseases Surveillance, Sokoine University of Agriculture, FVM, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - J Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Woking Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | | | - R Sallu
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - F Kivaria
- National Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - P N Wambura
- Southern African Centre for Infectious Diseases Surveillance, Sokoine University of Agriculture, FVM, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - M G S Yongolo
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - M M Rweyemamu
- Southern African Centre for Infectious Diseases Surveillance, Sokoine University of Agriculture, FVM, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - N J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Woking Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - D P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Woking Surrey, Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chamberlain K, Fowler VL, Barnett PV, Gold S, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Jackson T. Identification of a novel cell culture adaptation site on the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2684-2692. [PMID: 26296881 PMCID: PMC4635497 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination remains the most effective tool for control of foot-and-mouth disease both in endemic countries and as an emergency preparedness for new outbreaks. Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines are chemically inactivated virus preparations and the production of new vaccines is critically dependent upon cell culture adaptation of field viruses, which can prove problematic. A major driver of cell culture adaptation is receptor availability. Field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) use RGD-dependent integrins as receptors, whereas cell culture adaptation often selects for variants with altered receptor preferences. Previously, two independent sites on the capsid have been identified where mutations are associated with improved cell culture growth. One is a shallow depression formed by the three major structural proteins (VP1–VP3) where mutations create a heparan sulphate (HS)-binding site (the canonical HS-binding site). The other involves residues of VP1 and is located at the fivefold symmetry axis. For some viruses, changes at this site result in HS binding; for others, the receptors are unknown. Here, we report the identification of a novel site on VP2 where mutations resulted in an expanded cell tropism of a vaccine variant of A/IRN/87 (called A − ). Furthermore, we show that introducing the same mutations into a different type A field virus (A/TUR/2/2006) resulted in the same expanded cell culture tropism as the A/IRN/87 A − vaccine variant. These observations add to the evidence for multiple cell attachment mechanisms for FMDV and may be useful for vaccine manufacture when cell culture adaptation proves difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Chamberlain
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Veronica L Fowler
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Paul V Barnett
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Sarah Gold
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Valdazo-González B, Kim JT, Soubeyrand S, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Haydon DT, King DP. The impact of within-herd genetic variation upon inferred transmission trees for foot-and-mouth disease virus. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 32:440-8. [PMID: 25861750 PMCID: PMC7106308 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
45 full FMDV genomes were analysed from farms infected in the UK during 2007. Analyses revealed intra-herd clustering consistent with virus transmission events. Inter-herd sequence differences were estimated to be 4.6 nucleotides. Random selection of 1 sequence from each herd generated similar transmission trees. These results will help to design cost-effective approaches for the control of FMD.
Full-genome sequences have been used to monitor the fine-scale dynamics of epidemics caused by RNA viruses. However, the ability of this approach to confidently reconstruct transmission trees is limited by the knowledge of the genetic diversity of viruses that exist within different epidemiological units. In order to address this question, this study investigated the variability of 45 foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome sequences (from 33 animals) that were collected during 2007 from eight premises (10 different herds) in the United Kingdom. Bayesian and statistical parsimony analysis demonstrated that these sequences exhibited clustering which was consistent with a transmission scenario describing herd-to-herd spread of the virus. As an alternative to analysing all of the available samples in future epidemics, the impact of randomly selecting one sequence from each of these herds was used to assess cost-effective methods that might be used to infer transmission trees during FMD outbreaks. Using these approaches, 85% and 91% of the resulting topologies were either identical or differed by only one edge from a reference tree comprising all of the sequences generated within the outbreak. The sequence distances that accrued during sequential transmission events between epidemiological units was estimated to be 4.6 nucleotides, although the genetic variability between viruses recovered from chronic carrier animals was higher than between viruses from animals with acute-stage infection: an observation which poses challenges for the use of simple approaches to infer transmission trees. This study helps to develop strategies for sampling during FMD outbreaks, and provides data that will guide the development of further models to support control policies in the event of virus incursions into FMD free countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan T Kim
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Soubeyrand
- INRA, UR546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes, F-84914 Avignon, France
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Knowles NJ, Bachanek‐Bankowska K, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, Valdazo‐González B, Eldaghayes IM, Dayhum AS, Kammon AM, Sharif MA, Waight S, Shamia AM, Tenzin S, Wernery U, Grazioli S, Brocchi E, Subramaniam S, Pattnaik B, King DP. Outbreaks of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease in Libya and Saudi Arabia During 2013 Due to an Exotic O/
ME
‐
SA
/Ind‐2001 Lineage Virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e431-5. [PMID: 25483996 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - V. Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute Woking Surrey UK
| | | | - I. M. Eldaghayes
- National Center for Animal Health Zawia Libya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tripoli Tripoli Libya
| | - A. S. Dayhum
- National Center for Animal Health Zawia Libya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tripoli Tripoli Libya
| | - A. M. Kammon
- National Center for Animal Health Zawia Libya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tripoli Tripoli Libya
| | - M. A. Sharif
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Omar Al‐Mukhtar Albeida Libya
| | | | | | - S. Tenzin
- Department of Livestock National Centre for Animal Health Thimphu Bhutan
| | - U. Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai United Arab Emirates
| | - S. Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna Brescia Italy
| | - E. Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna Brescia Italy
| | - S. Subramaniam
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Mukteswar Uttarakhand India
| | - B. Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Mukteswar Uttarakhand India
| | - D. P. King
- The Pirbright Institute Woking Surrey UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fowler VL, Bankowski BM, Armson B, Di Nardo A, Valdazo-Gonzalez B, Reid SM, Barnett PV, Wadsworth J, Ferris NP, Mioulet V, King DP. Recovery of viral RNA and infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus from positive lateral-flow devices. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109322. [PMID: 25313787 PMCID: PMC4196899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease Virus (FMDV) is an economically important, highly contagious picornavirus that affects both wild and domesticated cloven hooved animals. In developing countries, the effective laboratory diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is often hindered by inadequate sample preservation due to difficulties in the transportation and storage of clinical material. These factors can compromise the ability to detect and characterise FMD virus in countries where the disease is endemic. Furthermore, the high cost of sending infectious virus material and the biosecurity risk it presents emphasises the need for a thermo-stable, non-infectious mode of transporting diagnostic samples. This paper investigates the potential of using FMDV lateral-flow devices (LFDs) for dry transportation of clinical samples for subsequent nucleic acid amplification, sequencing and recovery of infectious virus by electroporation. FMDV positive samples (epithelial suspensions and cell culture isolates) representing four FMDV serotypes were applied to antigen LFDs: after which it was possible to recover viral RNA that could be detected using real-time RT-PCR. Using this nucleic acid, it was also possible to recover VP1 sequences and also successfully utilise protocols for amplification of complete FMD virus genomes. It was not possible to recover infectious FMDV directly from the LFDs, however following electroporation into BHK-21 cells and subsequent cell passage, infectious virus could be recovered. Therefore, these results support the use of the antigen LFD for the dry, non-hazardous transportation of samples from FMD endemic countries to international reference laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L. Fowler
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Bartlomiej M. Bankowski
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony Armson
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Begoña Valdazo-Gonzalez
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M. Reid
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), New Haw, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Paul V. Barnett
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate, New Haw, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel P. Ferris
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Di Nardo A, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Haydon DT, King DP. Phylodynamic reconstruction of O CATHAY topotype foot-and-mouth disease virus epidemics in the Philippines. Vet Res 2014; 45:90. [PMID: 25209700 PMCID: PMC4177241 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing the evolutionary history, demographic signal and dispersal processes from viral genome sequences contributes to our understanding of the epidemiological dynamics underlying epizootic events. In this study, a Bayesian phylogenetic framework was used to explore the phylodynamics and spatio-temporal dispersion of the O CATHAY topotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) that caused epidemics in the Philippines between 1994 and 2005. Sequences of the FMDV genome encoding the VP1 showed that the O CATHAY FMD epizootic in the Philippines resulted from a single introduction and was characterised by three main transmission hubs in Rizal, Bulacan and Manila Provinces. From a wider regional perspective, phylogenetic reconstruction of all available O CATHAY VP1 nucleotide sequences identified three distinct sub-lineages associated with country-based clusters originating in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), the Philippines and Taiwan. The root of this phylogenetic tree was located in Hong Kong SAR, representing the most likely source for the introduction of this lineage into the Philippines and Taiwan. The reconstructed O CATHAY phylodynamics revealed three chronologically distinct evolutionary phases, culminating in a reduction in viral diversity over the final 10 years. The analysis suggests that viruses from the O CATHAY topotype have been continually maintained within swine industries close to Hong Kong SAR, following the extinction of virus lineages from the Philippines and the reduced number of FMD cases in Taiwan.
Collapse
|
42
|
Nielsen SCA, Bruhn CAW, Samaniego JA, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Gilbert MTP. Near-complete genome sequencing of swine vesicular disease virus using the Roche GS FLX sequencing platform. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97180. [PMID: 24816564 PMCID: PMC4016283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) is an enterovirus that is both genetically and antigenically closely related to human coxsackievirus B5 within the Picornaviridae family. SVDV is the causative agent of a highly contagious (though rarely fatal) vesicular disease in pigs. We report a rapid method that is suitable for sequencing the complete protein-encoding sequences of SVDV isolates in which the RNA is relatively intact. The approach couples a single PCR amplification reaction, using only a single PCR primer set to amplify the near-complete SVDV genome, with deep-sequencing using a small fraction of the capacity of a Roche GS FLX sequencing platform. Sequences were initially verified through one of two criteria; either a match between a de novo assembly and a reference mapping, or a match between all of five different reference mappings performed against a fixed set of starting reference genomes with significant genetic distances within the same species of viruses. All reference mappings used an iterative method to avoid bias. Further verification was achieved through phylogenetic analysis against published SVDV genomes and additional Enterovirus B sequences. This approach allows high confidence in the obtained consensus sequences, as well as provides sufficiently high and evenly dispersed sequence coverage to allow future studies of intra-host variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C. Abel Nielsen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian A. W. Bruhn
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jose Alfredo Samaniego
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MTPG); (NJK)
| | - M. Thomas P. Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (MTPG); (NJK)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kasanga CJ, Valdazo-González B, Dwarka R, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Wambura PN, Rweyemamu MM, Mulumba M, Deve J, King DP. Full genome sequencing to study the evolutionary characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease virus in southern Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 81:729. [PMID: 28235268 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v81i2.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kasanga
- Southern African Centre for Infectious diseases Surveillance, Sokoine University of Agriculture.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kasanga CJ, Dwarka R, Thobokwe G, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Mulumba M, Ranga E, Deve J, Mundia C, Chikungwa P, Joao L, Sallu R, Yongolo M, Wambura PN, Rweyemamu MM, King DP. Molecular biological characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease virus in the African buffalo in southern Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 81:728. [PMID: 28235272 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v81i2.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kasanga
- Southern African Centre for Infectious diseases Surveillance, Sokoine University of Agriculture.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Wekesa SN, Muwanika VB, Siegismund HR, Sangula AK, Namatovu A, Dhikusooka MT, Tjørnehøj K, Balinda SN, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Belsham GJ. Analysis of Recent Serotype O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses from Livestock in Kenya: Evidence of Four Independently Evolving Lineages. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:305-14. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. N. Wekesa
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory; Ministry of Livestock Development; Embakasi Nairobi Kenya
- Department of Environmental Management; College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Makerere University; Kampala Uganda
| | - V. B. Muwanika
- Department of Environmental Management; College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Makerere University; Kampala Uganda
| | - H. R. Siegismund
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen N Denmark
| | - A. K. Sangula
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory; Ministry of Livestock Development; Embakasi Nairobi Kenya
| | - A. Namatovu
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre; Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries; Entebbe Uganda
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity; Makerere University; Kampala Uganda
| | - M. T. Dhikusooka
- Department of Environmental Management; College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Makerere University; Kampala Uganda
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre; Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries; Entebbe Uganda
| | - K. Tjørnehøj
- National Veterinary Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Lindholm Kalvehave Denmark
| | - S. N. Balinda
- Department of Environmental Management; College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Makerere University; Kampala Uganda
| | | | | | - G. J. Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Lindholm Kalvehave Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Juleff N, Valdazo-González B, Wadsworth J, Wright CF, Charleston B, Paton DJ, King DP, Knowles NJ. Accumulation of nucleotide substitutions occurring during experimental transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:108-119. [PMID: 23034594 PMCID: PMC3542721 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of full-genome sequences was previously used to trace the origin and transmission pathways of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outbreaks in the UK in 2001 and 2007. Interpretation of these data was sometimes at variance with conventional epidemiological tracing, and was also used to predict the presence of undisclosed infected premises that were later discovered during serological surveillance. Here we report the genome changes associated with sequential passage of a highly BHK-21-cell-adapted (heparan sulphate-binding) strain of FMDV arising from two independent transmission chains in cattle. In vivo virus replication rapidly selected for a wild-type variant with an amino acid substitution at VP3(56). Full-genome sequence analysis clearly demonstrated sequence divergence during parallel passage. The genetic diversity generated over the course of infection and the rate at which these changes became fixed and were transmitted between cattle occurred at a rate sufficient to enable reliable tracing of transmission pathways at the level of the individual animal. However, tracing of transmission pathways was only clear when sequences from epithelial lesions were compared. Sequences derived from oesophageal-pharyngeal scrapings were problematic to interpret, with a varying number of ambiguities suggestive of a more diverse virus population. These findings will help to correctly interpret full-genome sequence analyses to resolve transmission pathways within future FMDV epidemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Juleff
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Caroline F Wright
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - David J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ahmed HA, Salem SAH, Habashi AR, Arafa AA, Aggour MGA, Salem GH, Gaber AS, Selem O, Abdelkader SH, Knowles NJ, Madi M, Valdazo-González B, Wadsworth J, Hutchings GH, Mioulet V, Hammond JM, King DP. Emergence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus SAT 2 in Egypt During 2012. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 59:476-81. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. A. Ahmed
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | | | - A. R. Habashi
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | - A. A. Arafa
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | | | - G. H. Salem
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | - A. S. Gaber
- Animal Health Research Institute; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | - O. Selem
- General Organisation for Veterinary Services; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | - S. H. Abdelkader
- General Organisation for Veterinary Services; Dokki; Giza; Egypt
| | | | - M. Madi
- Institute for Animal Health; Pirbright; UK
| | | | | | | | - V. Mioulet
- Institute for Animal Health; Pirbright; UK
| | | | - D. P. King
- Institute for Animal Health; Pirbright; UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Knowles NJ, He J, Shang Y, Wadsworth J, Valdazo-González B, Onosato H, Fukai K, Morioka K, Yoshida K, Cho IS, Kim SM, Park JH, Lee KN, Luk G, Borisov V, Scherbakov A, Timina A, Bold D, Nguyen T, Paton DJ, Hammond JM, Liu X, King DP. Southeast Asian foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Eastern Asia. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18:499-501. [PMID: 22377196 PMCID: PMC3309575 DOI: 10.3201/eid1803.110908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks recently affected 2 countries (Japan and South Korea) in eastern Asia that were free of FMD without vaccination. Analysis of viral protein 1 nucleotide sequences indicated that FMD serotype A and O viruses that caused these outbreaks originated in mainland Southeast Asia to which these viruses are endemic.
Collapse
|