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Pathirana CK, Ranaweera LT, Madhujith T, Ketipearachchi KW, Gamlath KL, Eeswara JP, Sooriyapathirana SS. Assessment of the elite accessions of bael [Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.] in Sri Lanka based on morphometric, organoleptic, and elemental properties of the fruits and phylogenetic relationships. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233609. [PMID: 32442219 PMCID: PMC7244165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aegle marmelos L. (Bael) is a native tree fruit species in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Bael is a popular fruit because of its significant nutritional and medicinal properties. However, bael is an underutilized fruit species in Sri Lanka. Thus, Fruit Crop Research and Development Station of the Department of Agriculture of Sri Lanka has selected five elite bael accessions (Beheth Beli, Paragammana, Mawanella, Rambukkana, and Polonnaruwa-Supun). We assessed these five accessions for the variation of the fruit size, pulp, organoleptic preference, elemental properties, genetic diversity, and evolutionary history. The fruits at the golden-ripe stage were collected during the peak fruiting seasons in 2015, 2016, and 2017. The fruit size, pulp, shell thickness, and seed size were measured and subjected to the General Linear Model (GLM) and Principal Component (PC) Analyses. The fruit pulp was distributed among a group of 30 taste-panelists to rank for the parameters: external appearance, flesh color, aroma, texture, sweetness, and overall preference. The rank data were subjected to association and PC analyses. The elemental contents of the fruit pulp samples were measured using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and subjected to GLM and PC analyses. We observed a significant diversity in fruit size, organoleptic preference, and elemental contents among bael accessions. Rambukkana and Polonnaruwa-Supun yield the biggest and most preferred fruits. We used trnH-psbA, atpB-rbcL spacer, matk-trnT spacer, and trnL markers to construct phylogenies. Sri Lankan bael split from an Indian counterpart, approximately 8.52 MYA in the Pliocene epoch. However, broader germplasm of Indian bael must be assessed to see the presence of any independent evolution within Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamila Kumari Pathirana
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Lahiru Thilanka Ranaweera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Terrence Madhujith
- Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Janakie Prasanthika Eeswara
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Ranaweera LT, Wijesundara UK, Jayarathne HSM, Knowles N, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, Adikari J, Weebadde C, Sooriyapathirana SS. Characterization of the FMDV-serotype-O isolates collected during 1962 and 1997 discloses new topotypes, CEY-1 and WCSA-1, and six new lineages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14526. [PMID: 31601911 PMCID: PMC6787213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of the FMD viruses collected from the outbreaks during the second half of the 20th Century in Sri Lanka was assessed in the present study. We sequenced the VP1 genomic region of the samples collected during FMDV epidemics caused by serotype O in Sri Lanka during 1962 and 1997. For comparison, we sequenced the VP1 of the related viral isolates collected from other Asian countries. We analyzed the VP1 sequences of the viral strains using the UPGMA method with uncorrected pairwise distances. Nucleotide divergence (ND) thresholds of 15%-20% and 5%-<15% were used to differentiate topotypes and lineages, respectively. We calibrated the divergence times and lineage-specific substitution rates using Bayesian-skyline models. Based on the ND estimations and phylogenetic relationships, we identified and named two new topotypes [CEYLON 1 (CEY-1) and WEST, CENTRAL AND SOUTH ASIA 1 (WCSA-1)] and six new lineages (Syr-62, Srl-77, Tur-69, May-78, Tai-87 and Bur-77) of serotype O. We believe that the novel topotypes and lineages named may have disappeared although they have similar substitution rates for epizootic outbreaks. Because the amino acid selection analysis revealed that the two topotypes and six lineages identified were under purifying selection during the outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahiru Thilanka Ranaweera
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Upendra Kumari Wijesundara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Nick Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jayantha Adikari
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Cholani Weebadde
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Suneth S Sooriyapathirana
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
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